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ROOFTOP ARCHITECTUREDESIGNING FOR URBAN WASTED SPACEJONATHON NOBLE
Studio Instructors: Harry Eggink; AE Sonne Palmer; Walter Grondzik
Project Advisor: Michael Gibson
Designing for our urban roofscapes demands a shift in current patterns of
development in order to redene the physical and social structure of our built
environments. Cities continue to sprawl out onto undeveloped land, wasting
valuable resources on infrastructure necessary to support an automobile-
centric lifestyle dependant on cheap oil and plentiful greenelds. Rooftop
architecture creates a new system of design and way of fabricating unique
buildings that sustain and enhance the social and physical elements of a
complex urban fabric.
circulation, structure and social perception.
What is most commonly considered live/work is
an artists loft with a mezzanine for a bedroom
and a ground oor dedicated to working.
However, in a more commercial setting with
multiple employees this method is not relevant.
Instead, a system described as live/near, where
the living functions happen in a dierent part of
the structure and the working function happens
in a location that can have access to multiple
employees and clients. Circulation within a live/
work complex is important to design in order to
keep the inhabitants from feeling isolated from
the larger community. Designing an exterior
gathering space gives the people who live in
the structure the opportunity to meet thosewho work but do not live in the structure. This
project has 6 living units and a working space
for up to 20 employees. In order to keep the
structure from being secluded it was important
to design for a larger working capacity so that
people could still live o site and walk or ride
transit to work, activating the structure from the
street level.
Urban Design
Rooftop architecture can have a powerful impact
at the urban scale, injecting new functions and
ways of living into an environment that has
previously been used for mechanical systemsand the occasional roof terraces. As rooftop
architecture penetrates the language of the
roofscape, it will act as a catalyst describing a
new norm for development. Neighborhoods
trying to revitalize their community can use
rooftop architecture as a way to bring new
interest and new programs to the area. As
rooftop architecture appears those with
neighboring empty rooftops will recognize the
new found potential in activating that wasted
space and create a new street level that thrives
within the existing grid of the city
THE PROJECT Cities suering the
consequences of sprawling development
contain roofscapes that oer opportunitiesfor thriving environments which can support
new ways of living and working. Rooftop
architecture creates a system of design and
construction that addresses a very specic and
unique site. The site is a new street level elevated
above the existing grid of the city, engaging the
surrounding community through new functions
and new lifestyles. What was once wasted
as rain, sun, and wind hit the existing rooftop
is now a valuable resource that is harnessed
as rooftop architecture collects, absorbs, and
reacts to the natural systems available. As
cities are forced to densify because of increased
oil prices and diminishing resources rooftoparchitecture will create a culture of sustainable
living and development, that will contribute to
a thriving urban rooftop culture.
THE IDEA
By 2050 there will be 392 million people in the
United States. Population growth continues
to be a concern for many cities around the
world While places like India and China face
more immediate concerns, America will soon
reach levels of growth that it can no longer
sustain unless current patterns of urbanization
and sprawl are recongured. Between 1960
and 1990 the total population increased from
95 million to 140 million (47 percent), whileurbanized land increased from 25,000 square
miles to 51,000 square miles (107 percent)
(Berger 2006, 19). Horizontal growth is not
a solution to the population growth that
will happen in the coming decades. Land is
being developed at an alarming rate; between
1982 and 1992 the annual conversion rate of
undeveloped land to developed land was 1.4
million acres per year (Berger 2007, 18).
Sprawl is a product of low transportation costs,
large amounts of open space and the relocation
of industry and manufacturing out of the city
core and to the peripheries. The ability of
people to travel cheaply and privately to work,play, shop etc, has encouraged continued
growth in the current pattern of horizontal
landscapes and surfaces with a lack of medium
or high density buildings. When we are unable
to sustain this method of urbanization we will
look to are developed land and re-use and re-
purpose existing surfaces for denser multi-use
functions.
Live/Work
Structures that incorporate live/work theory
have inherent problems pertaining to
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CHICAGo, ILLINoIS
Work
Adaptive work environment with raised
loor system. Capacity or 20 employees.
Two story spaces with partial second level
or recreation and dining. Access to smaller
courtyard on south side rom irst level and
access to large entrance courtyard rom
second level.
LIVE
Two story Preabricated living unit with
access at second level rom main gathering
courtyard. First and second level patios
provide valuable open space and can be
opened or closed with retracting shading
devices or winter and summer conditions.
Courtyard
FIrST LEVEL
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Courtyard
SECoND LEVEL
Structure
The existing building on the site was built in
1926 o masonry and timber construction and
could not bear the load o a two story structure
sitting directly on top o it. Part o the system
o design and abrication is developing a way
to share the load o the new structure with the
old.
This project utilizes a space rame that is a
teen oot modular square rame that aligns
with the teen oot column bays o the existing
structure. The two existing stairwells would be
reinorced with steel and serve as two points
that carry the load to the ground while two new
columns, one on the ront and one on the back,
would carry the remainder o the load. The
space rame then acts as a series o beams that
cantilevers the living and working components
over the edge o the existing building.
The 76 module separating the existing roo
rom the bottom o the new structure carries
the mechanical systems and plumbing systems
that eed the rootop structure while also
providing a visual distinction between the old
and the new.
South facing glazing is shaded by overhanging
balconies. The work space is wrapped with glass
louvre system that allows personalized ventilation.
Slits cut into the rigid insulated panels reflect thehorizontality of the louvers
Work
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Fabrication
As a way o designing and abricating, rootop
architecture creates a system that applies a
design methodology o structural relationship
between units that can be plugged into the
structure, and pieces that are applied to the
structure. This gives the designer the control
to internalize or externalize structure and
mechanical unctions o the building.
The living units are preabricated primarily out
o lightweight steel structure, insulated rigid
paneling and a thin concrete foor system or
thermal heat gain. The unit is then lited into
place ater construction o the space rame and
plugged into mechanical equipment that is
suspended within the space rame. The unitizing
o the living spaces allows the structure and the
mechanical systems to be externalized or ease
o abrication and installation.
The wenvironment internalizes the structure
by applying the skin o glass, louvers and rigid
insulated wood and metal panels as a series o
components that are also preabricated and
placed on the space rame.
The fifteen foot lightweight steel space frame
floats over the existing roof and is anchored at f our
points. Circulation, mechanical, plumbing and
electrical systems are enclosed within the spaceframe to allow freedom in live/work units
LIVE
WorkLIVE
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LIVE Living Units
The living units are two levels with foor to foor
heights o 13 eet. Living spaces including
dining, kitchen, living room, and storage spaces
are located on the rst level and allows access
to a small balcony overlooking the city to the
south.
The second level is a lot layout with the bedroom
and bathroom. The entry is also at the second
level off o the courtyard and is separated rom
the bedroom by a sliding partition. The second
level has access to a larger patio that gets shade
rom louvers in the summer. The roo structure
o the living units are angled to harvest rain
water and direct it back towards the central
courtyard where a water tower stores it or later
use.
A thin extensive green roo that helps to insulate
the units. Photovoltaic panels are incorporated
into the rooscape as well. Clerestory lights
on the south allow limited direct light into the
space in the summer but allows winter light to
penetrate deeper into the unit. The kitchen and
bathroom are located to the back o the unit on
the north side and are placed within the teen
oot space rame structure that houses the
mechanical and plumbing xtures.
Limited interior lighting is needed because o
the narrow space and large foor cuts that allow
a single light to penetrate rom the rst to the
second level, reducing energy demands.
LIVE
LIVE
SECTIoN N-S
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Work
Work
Working Unit
The working environment is an open area with
raised foor system allowing easy adaptability
or young developing businesses. Facing east,
the work space has views to a new two acre
park and back toward downtown Chicago.
The orm that slides out and hangs over the edge
o the existing building gives the experience o
being on a rootop and is suspended, creating
an illusion o a foating structure rom the
ground level. The orm also rames the view
back toward the city rom the central work
area. The entrance to the work space is rom
the second level courtyard. The stairs are in
line with the orm leading you directly into the
space that gives the rootop experience.
The enestration on the east acade is glass
louvers that allow individual control over the air
circulation by the employees. The horizontality
o the louvers is picked up in the punched
openings o the rigid insulated structural panels
with a bamboo interior nish and a corrugated
steel exterior nish. The horizontal openings
are crated rom a 76 grid and properly shade
the southern light. The roo o the work space is
an intensive green roo and is accessed through
the central stair tower that has the vertical axis
wind turbine at its peak.
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Refections/Conclusions
Rootop architecture is a complex system o understanding the urban
environment and applying a knowledge o spatial relationships and the
interaction o structure and orm. This design encompasses a technical
answer to a demand or densiying a community and creates a new culture
o rootop dwelling that can extend onto the rooscape and act as a spark or
a neighborhood that is in the process o revitalization.
Works Cited
Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban
America. New York: Princeton
Architectural Press, 2006.
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