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No-till transplanting processing tomatoes into
cotton residue
Five Points, CA 2003
No-till transplanting processing tomatoes into
cotton residue
Five Points, CA 2003
Surface residue in CTCC systemFive Points, CA 2003
Surface residue in CTCC systemFive Points, CA 2003
Rye / triticale / vetch cover Rye / triticale / vetch cover crop in CTCC systemcrop in CTCC systemFive Points, CA 2000Five Points, CA 2000
DiscDiscChiselChiselList BedsList BedsClean FurrowsClean FurrowsCompact FurrowsCompact FurrowsSpray TreflanSpray TreflanLillistonLillistonChain BedsChain BedsPlant Cover CropPlant Cover CropMow Cover CropMow Cover CropSpray RoundupSpray RoundupPlant CottonPlant CottonFertilize***Fertilize***CultivateCultivateSpray Grnd-Spray Grnd-Insctcds/Grwth RegInsctcds/Grwth RegSpray Grnd-Spray Grnd-Custom: DefoliantsCustom: DefoliantsSpray Air-Spray Air-Custom:InsecticidesCustom:InsecticidesHarvestHarvest
Times over fieldTimes over field
XXXXXXXX
XXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX
2020
XXXXXXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX
2020
XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
99
XX
XX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
1111
No cover CoverNo cover Cover No cover CoverNo cover Cover
Standard TillageStandard Tillage** Conservation TillageConservation Tillage****
Comparison of Standard and Conservation Tillage Comparison of Standard and Conservation Tillage Costs and Resource Use - Cotton 2001Costs and Resource Use - Cotton 2001
OperationOperation
*30” rows **60” rows ***Applied with irrigation water*30” rows **60” rows ***Applied with irrigation water
Tomato yields 2000 – 2004(tons/acre)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
STNO 58 + 1 58 + 1 46 + 3 42 + 2 46 + 4
STCC 53 + 1 63 + 2 45 + 3 45 + 3 42 + 5
CTNO 56 + 1 62 + 2 56 + 1 54 + 4 52 + 3
CTCC 51 + 1 61 + 1 43 + 2 52 + 3 48 + 3
Cotton yields 2000 – 2005(lbs lint/acre)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
STNO 360 a 1783 1930 a 1228 ab 2217a 1528
STCC 360 a 1405 1921 a 1336 a 1990 ab 1595
CTNO 200 a 1579 1736 b 1058 b 1816 bc 1498
CTCC 372 a 1454 1252 c 1157 ab 1486 c 1528
0-15 cm
15-30 cm
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
CTCC STCC CTNO STNO
Treatment
Total Carbon
1999
2003
After 4 years:
Total C change in kg C/ha-30cm
CTCC — + 4995
STCC — + 4502
CTNO — - 2084
STNO — - 1112
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
TreatmentTreatmentSize FractionSize Fraction
Land PreparationLand PreparationDiscDiscChiselChiselList BedsList BedsRingroll BedsRingroll BedsPower IncorporatePower IncorporatePlant Cover CropPlant Cover CropMow/Chop Cvr CropMow/Chop Cvr CropCompact FurrowCompact Furrow
SubtotalSubtotal
In Season OperationsIn Season OperationsSpraySprayLillistonLillistonCultivate TomatoCultivate TomatoCultivate CottonCultivate Cotton
SubtotalSubtotal
TotalTotal
9898202012124444
127127
300300
121292923434
316316455455
Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)
**There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 with this number of significant figures.with this number of significant figures.
Resp.Resp.
1414113377
2020
4444
33442288
1717
TotalTotal
8181111111113939939344
222299
270270
2828222222250250
TotalTotal
10101122
242477
tracetrace**9966
5858
2210101212
TotalTotal
55
7575
8080
TotalTotal
22
44
66
TotalTotal
21216161
8282
22
7575
7777
TotalTotal
4466
99
11
77
88
STNOSTNO STCCSTCC CTNOCTNO CTCCCTCC
Planting / HarvestPlanting / HarvestPlant CottonPlant CottonTransplant TomatoTransplant TomatoClean FurrowClean FurrowShred-BedShred-BedMowMowUndercutUndercutHarvest CottonHarvest Cotton
SubtotalSubtotal
Cumulative Cumulative Dust ProductionDust Production
1122
3838292911118181
837837
Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)(continued)(continued)
**There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 with this number of significant figures.with this number of significant figures.
tracetrace**tracetrace**
663322
1111
7272
5599
515127271111
103103
623623
1111
662222
1212
8282
441717
1212
884040
120120
1122
44
2288
1414
1414171737372222
1313103103
262262
11225588
331919
3636
STNOSTNO STCCSTCC CTNOCTNO CTCCCTCC
• Reduced tillage can cut fuel-CO2 emissions by half
• Integration of reduced tillage with cover cropping!
Greenhouse gas budget: Five Points
SOC tCO2e ha-1
STNO STCC CTNO CTCCCotton -0.11 -2.42 -0.92 -4.20Tomato -0.65 -2.53 -0.87 -3.71
N2O 297
Cotton 1.62 1.04 1.33 0.80Tomato 1.69 1.63 1.36 1.17
CH4 31
Cotton -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11Tomato -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11
Fuel-CCotton 0.51 0.57 0.25 0.27Tomato 0.63 0.85 0.30 0.34
SUMCotton 1.91 -0.93 0.54 -3.25Tomato 1.56 -0.17 0.68 -2.31
system 1.73 -0.55 0.61 -2.78Six et al., 2005
Standard tillage land preparation following alfalfa or winter forage consisting of disking
cross checks prior to broadcast disking entire field
Barcellos Farms, Tipton, CA
• CT emissions reduced 93%
• CT emissions reduced 88%
Operations
AVG. EF
(mg/m2)
CARB EF
(mg/m2)Test
GradesAvg
GWCDisk (0ff-Set) 252 135 A,C,B 0.062nd Disk (0ff-Set) 917 135 A,A,A 0.06Listing 615 90 B,A,A 0.07Disk-Bedder (Go-Devil) 25 135 B,B 0.15Bed Mulcher 89 135 A,A 0.11Ring Roller 566 90 A,A 0.10Planter 96 90 A,G 0.14Ring Roller 186 90 C,B 0.08
CT Drill 198 90 B,E 0.26
CT Corn
SPRING 2004ST Corn
Operations
AVG. EF
(mg/m2)
CARB EF
(mg/m2)Test
GradesAvg
GWC
Disk (0ff-Set) 51 135 A,A,A 0.212nd Disk (0ff-Set) 123 135 A,A,A 0.19Circle Harrow w/ Roller 264 1403 B,C,D 0.18Listing 466 90 B,B,B 0.19Disk-Bedder (Go-Devil) 109 135 A,B,B 0.17Bed Mulcher 384 135 B,A,A 0.15Planter 481 90 B,A,A 0.17
CT Drill 224 90 C,B 0.19CT Corn
SPRING 2005ST Corn
Comparison of Costs Strip Tillage to Conventional Tillage
• Strip tillageA) strip till pass $15.00 per acreB) planting pass $15.00 per acre
• Conventional tillageA) discing pass $10.00 per acreB) ripping pass $18.00 per acreC) discing pass $10.00 per acreD) pre-irrigation $8.00-$15.00 per acreE) finish tool pass $12.00 per acreF) planting pass $15.00 per acre
Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003
Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003
Cover crop was sprayed or sprayed and choppedCover crop was sprayed or sprayed and chopped
Ridge-till plantingRidge-till planting
Strip-tilling ahead of planting
Strip-tilling ahead of planting
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Chop cover crop
Disk
Disk
Chisel
Disk
List beds
Plant cotton
Ring roll
Apply glyphosate over the top
Cultivate
Harvest cotton
Shred stalks
Disk
Disk
Subsoil / relist beds
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop
Chop cover crop Chop cover crop Chop cover crop
No-till plant cotton with JD 1430 planter
No-till plant cotton with JD 1430 planter
Ridge-till plant cotton with Buffalo 8000 planter
Ridge-till plant cotton with Buffalo 8000 planter
Strip-till seed bed
Strip-till seed bed
Apply glyphosate over the top
Apply glyphosate over the top
Apply glyphosate over the top
Apply glyphosate over the top
Apply glyphosate over the top
Apply glyphosate over the top
Plant cotton
Plant cotton
Cultivate
Cultivate
Cultivate Cultivate
CultivateCultivateHarvest cotton Harvest cotton
Harvest cotton
Harvest cotton
Shred stalks
Shred stalksShred stalks Shred stalks
Shred stalks
Harvest cotton Harvest cotton
Shred stalks
Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds
Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds
Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds
Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds Root pull stalks
and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds
Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds
System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5 System 6 System 7
Standard till No-till chopped cover
No-tillno chop
Ridge-till cover chopped
Ridge-till no-chop
Cover chopped Strip-till no-chop
Preplant and postharvest operations used in tillage systems evaluation at Borba Farms, Riverdale, CA, 2001 - 2003
Pounds of cotton lint / acre for cotton tillage systems evaluation at
Borba Farms, Riverdale, CA, 2001 - 2003
Standard tillage
No-till chopped cover crop
No-till sprayed cover crop
Ridge-till chopped cover crop
Ridge-till sprayed cover crop
Strip-till chopped cover crop
Strip-till sprayed cover crop
1183 abc
1081 bc
1292 ab
1229 abc
993 c
1352 a
1262 ab
1258 a
1215 a
709 b
809 b
1311 a
1278 a
1223 a
1156 ns
1283 ns
1291 ns
1258 ns
1303 ns
1365 ns
1340 ns
2001 2002 2003
Comparison of cover crop and tillage system tractor operations, estimated fuel use and production costs per acre
Standard tillage
No-till chopped cover crop
No-till sprayed cover crop
Ridge-till chopped cover crop
Ridge-till sprayed cover crop
Strip-till chopped cover crop
Strip-till sprayed cover crop
17
9
8
9
9
10
9
19.5
8.5
7.5
8.5
7.5
10.2
9.2
$237
$199
$195
$199
$195
$204
$200
Times over field
Gallons of fuel
Total operating costsFarming System