No Till Forage Workshop Houston, MO 8/6/2013extension.missouri.edu/webster/documents/presentations/...2013/08/06 · No‐Till Forage Workshop ‐Houston, MO 8/6/2013 1 Sarah Kenyon

No‐Till Forage Workshop ‐ Houston, MO 8/6/2013

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Sarah KenyonAgronomy Specialist

417-778-7490University of Missouri Extension

6th worst drought in history Hottest year in history

Drought weakens the root structure as well as the forage availability Can impact total forage production next year

Weed species may equal or exceed palatable forage species the first year after recovery

Poisonous weeds may be more common during this phase of recovery

Resources Extension Office Internet

• USDA Plants Databaseo http://plants.usda.gov

• University Weed Websiteso Missouri

o http://weedid.missouri.edu/o Arkansas

o http://www.aragriculture.org/forage_pasture/plant_id/grasses/o http://www.aragriculture.org/forage_pasture/plant_id/weeds/

o Virginia Techo http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm

Literature• Dichotomous Keys• Regional Books


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1. Cultural Control

2. Mechanical Control

3. Biological Control

4. Chemical Control

Weed Control

Cultural

Mechanical

Chemical

Biological

Cultural Control• Soil Fertility• Reseeding• Crop Rotation• Timed Planting & Harvesting• Purchasing Certified Seed

Mechanical Control• Mowing or Grazing• Prevents Seed Production• Depletes Carbohydrate

Reserves of Perennials

Biological Control• Organism found in

nature• Usually specific to target

plant• Some Commercially

Available

Removal of legumesWhite Clover AlfalfaRed Clover Birdsfoot Trefoil

Some herbicides have longer legume replant intervals which needs to be considered beforeyou spray for weeds.

Life Cycle Application Timing

Summer Annual • Young and Actively Growing

• April to July

Winter Annual • Young and Actively Growing

• November to March

Biennial • Rosette Stage

• November to March

Perennial • Growth stage dependent

• Young and Actively Growing

Herbicide Application Timing


Some herbicides have longer legume replant intervals which needs to be considered beforeyou spray for weeds.

Herbicide Application Timing

• Your goal is to control the plant when it is actively growing• Young plants that are growing quickly are

more likely to take up the herbicide

• Plants also need to be as healthy as possible before control is applied• Do not brush hog before or after herbicide

applications


Some herbicides have longer legume replant intervals which needs to be considered

before you spray for weeds.

Surfactants – allow better herbicide coverage by reducing surface tension of the water Check label to determine if one is needed

ALWAYS read the label

Without a surfactantWith a surfactant


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Surfactants – allow better herbicide coverage by reducing surface tension of the water Check label to determine if one is needed

Water Conditioners – may be needed if the water in the mix has an incorrect pH or if the water is hard

ALWAYS read the label

Many herbicides have grazing, haying, and replanting restriction

ALWAYS READ THE LABEL!

Sericea LespedezaHorsenettle / Bullnettle

Thistles Brambles

Black LocustPerilla Mint

SpurgesSpotted Knapweed

Most Troublesome Weeds in Pastures:

Biennial or Perennial Rosettes

90% of life span

Spines deter grazing Reduces pasture yield by

23% if left uncontrolled

Musk Thistle Bull Thistle

Teasel Tall Thistle

Mow within 2 days after the terminal flower head blooms.

Problem Flowers over a 7-9 week period Seed begins to spread about 10 days after first bloom

Multiple mowing may be necessary 11% killed by single mowing at late bud stage 79% killed by second mowing 4 weeks later

Source: Dr. W.H. Fick, KU

Spray during rosette stage, fall or early spring

Cimarron, Cimarron Max, Banvel, GrazonP+D, Milestone, GrazonNext, Forefront, PastureGard, Surmount, Tordon 22K, or 2,4-D

Do NOT spray during flowering


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Flower head weevil introduced from Europe in 1975

Rosette weevil from Italy introduced in 1979

1975

1985Introduction of

flower head weevil

Thistle Control

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Treat at this stage

Bull Thistle Musk Thistle

Too late to spray Chickweed Red Sorrel Queen Ann’s Lace

Spray during rosette stage, fall or early spring

Cimarron, Cimarron Max, Banvel, Grazon P+D, Milestone, GrazonNext, Forefront, PastureGard, Surmount,Tordon 22K, or 2,4-D

Perennial legume native to Asia

Prolific seed producer Allelopathic

2 pts PastureGard has been the most consistent treatment across all years of research, regardless of application timing.

Cimarron or Remedy can also be used

Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU

Perennial Resistant to grazing

spines present

Fertility Frequent mowing Herbicides


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Grazon P+D, GrazonNext, Forefront, Milestone, Surmount, or Tordon 22K

Apply at mid-bloom through fruiting

Control will take multiple years due to prolific seed production. Spray for 3 consecutive years to

achieve 90 – 100% control.

Horsenettle

Perennial Found in most pastures,

along wood lines, and streams

Bitter taste prevents grazing

Frequent Mowing Pasturegard, Remedy,

(Grazon P+D, orTordon 22K) w/ Remedy

Apply in early bud stage

Summer annual Abundant pollen

production Cattle will graze

Mowing or grazing 2, 4-D containing

herbicides

Total Forage Quality

Treatments CP ADF NDF

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐% ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Herbicide Treated 9 39 61(Weed Free)

Untreated 9 40 61(Weed Infested)

Pure Ragweed 21 23 28

Pure Fescue 7 36 56

Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU

Winter annual Square stem Bermudagrass:

Dormant: Gramoxone Inteon Newly Sprigged: Weedmaster Established: Weedmaster,

Cimarron Max, Cimarron Plus, or Banvel

Alfalfa: Dormant: Sinbar, Sencor,

Treflan, or Velpar Postemergence:

Buctril/Connect, Pursuit, or Raptor

Cool Season Grasses: 2,4-D + Dicamba

Summer annual Prolific seed production Overgrazing

Fertility Somewhat tolerant of

mowing 2, 4-D containing

herbicides, Cimarron, Grazon P+D, GrazonNext, or dicamba w/ 2,4-D

Spray when plants are actively growing – May to early June


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Spray this size

Bitter Sneezeweed

Not this size

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Perennial

Treat when 6 to 12 inches tall

Frequent mowing – late summer works best

PastureGard, Remedy, Grazon P+D, Weedmaster, 2,4-D, or Cimarron

Summer annual Prolific seed production Treat when small – early

May

Grazed by cattle 2, 4-D with Banvel/

Clarity, Grazon P+D, or Cimarron

Germinates all summer. Repeat applications needed.

Pigweed seed

Looks like grass – but its not a grass Three-rank leaves - stem forms a

triangle

Grazing Drainage may be a problem Reseeding grass to thicken

stand Fertility Outrider (May damage

fescue) or Glyphosate(Round-Up)

Ornamental & Soil Erosion Control

Found in areas with soil disturbance or thin, rocky soils

Fertility – increase organic matter

Surmount or Tordon 22K Damage leaf surface by

mowing or harrowing for better herbicide penetration

Perennial, deciduous shrub Spreads from root nodes Wildlife food

Mowing Cimarron, GrazonNext, or

2, 4-D containing herbicides

Spray before leaves reach full size – mid to late April


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Fertility Mowing Herbicide Application

FALL: Metsulfuron, Cimarron Max, Surmount, or Remedy

Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU

Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU 40

Dewberry

Do not mow during the year of herbicide application

Plan on making a follow up treatment the following year to control escape canes

Grow along ground to form a thicket, or climbs on structures or other plants

Capable of growing from rhizomes after mowing or fire

Important for wildlife habitat and food – birds spread the majority of seeds

Remedy, or Grazon P+D w/ Remedy

Control will require multiple years

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Ornamental plant native to Asia

Also used for erosion control

Rapid, aggressive growth

Cimarron, or 2,4-D and dicamba

Control will not be achieved in one year

Thorny, perennial shrub White or pink fragrant

flowers Red berries remain

through winter

Repeated, frequent mowing

Remedy, Grazon P+D, Tordon 22K, or Pasturegard when in full bloom

Soil treatment with Spike pellets

Goats have been found to remove 92% in one season

In the same study, total elimination was achieved after4 years of goat grazing

Biological control from rose rosette mite

Source: Dr. W.B. Bryan, WVU

Legume, long curling pea pod

Many thorns, 3 points or more

Multiple mowings Small sprouts

Grazon P+D, total coverage of the leaves is needed

Large trees Basal Bark treatment

with Pathfinder II Cut Stump treatment

with Tordon RTU

Small Plants Frequent mowing Prescribed burn Tillage Foliar spray: Remedy Ultra,

Grazon P+D, Tordon 22K, Grazon w/ Remedy, or Surmount

Large Plants Basal Bark Treatment: Remedy

Ultra, Grazon P+D, Tordon 22K, or Grazon w/ Remedy

Apply herbicide when plants are actively growing and leaves are expanding in the spring.


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Evergreen Sold as lumber Host to cedar-apple rust

Fire – thin bark makes this tree very susceptible

On trees larger than 3 feet Cutting below the lowest branch,

girdling, or removing all of the needles will kill the tree

Tordon 22K or Surmount Foliar or cut stump

Velpar soil treatment

Found in moist areas along streams or wooded areas

Mint odor Poisonous to all livestock

Contain ketones that cause acute respiratory distress syndrome

All plant parts poisonous, even in hay

Mowing Grazon P+D, Weedmaster,

or Remedy Apply when plant is

actively growing - late April to early June Before 12 inches tall

Nodding Spurge Spotted Spurge Tropic Croton Wooly Croton Snow on the Mountain Others

#1 pasture weed complaint throughout the “fescue belt” in late summer 2010- Kevin Bradley State Weed Scientist

Nodding Spurge (Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small) Spotted Spurge (Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small)


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Tropic Croton (Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis Müll. Arg.) Wooly Croton (Croton capitatus Michx.)

Snow on the Mountain (Euphorbia marginata Pursh) Poisonous Most contain milky sap

All sap is poisonous when ingested Large quantities must be consumed Pain and swelling of the oral mucosa, blistering and

open sores may be present

Toxin is present even in hay Inspect hay produced late summer

and fall for the presence of spurges

Frequent Mowing Fertility Cimarron, Cimarron Max, Chaparral,

Grazon P+D, GrazonNext, or dicamba mixed with 2,4-D

2,4-D amine can be used early in the year when the plants are less than 12 inches tall

Spray timing is important summer annual – late summer

Perennial White milky sap – toxic

to livestock Poisonous green or dry 15-30 grams will kill

adult horse or cow

Very tough to control

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Milky juice


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Repeated mowing Planting a smother

crop – small grains Tillage of seedlings

6 wks. after emergence Tillage of established

plants spreads rootstock

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Milky juice

Crossbow, Surmount, or Banvel/ Clarity mixed with 2,4-D

Apply herbicide at the late bud to flower stage

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Milky juice

Biennial with a deep taproot

Allelopathic (catechin) Prolific seed production > 50% of seed remained

viable after burial in the soil for 5 years

(Davis et al., 1993)

An estimated 63% reduction in cattle grazing capacity in Montana

(Butcher, 1984)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Grass

Spotted Knapweed

Years

Pla

nts

/m2

Graph adapted from: Sheley and Jacobs. Weed Technol. 1997: 11:363-368.

1 pt/A Tordon 22K 5 oz/A Milestone

Chemicals will provide control for 2 -3 years but spotted knapweed will reinvade the area unless other control techniques are adoptedMontana State University &

Colorado State UniversityPhoto Courtesy of:

University of Arkansas

Irrigation to allow the forage to outcompete the knapweed Not tolerant of flooding or shade

Grazing Colorado State University found that cattle grazing

diffuse knapweed twice during the spring decreased seed production by 50%

Mowing alone is not recommended. The plant can produce seed below the mowing height.

For small areas hand pull/dig plant making sure to remove as much root stock as possible


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Knapweed Root Weevil Adults lay eggs near the roots

on the soil surface, and developing larvea feed on roots

Knapweed Flower Weevil Adults lay eggs on the

flower and the developing larvae feed on developing seeds

Can purchase online weedbustersbiocontrol.com

UV Knapweed Seed Head Gall Fly

Fly lays it eggs on the seed head and the larvae feed on the developing seed

Study is ongoing at University of Arkansas

Small populations are naturally occurring and not available for purchase

Photo Courtesy of: University of Arkansas

CHEMICAL 1 pt/A Tordon 22K 5 oz/A Milestone

BIOLOGICAL Knapweed Weevils UV Knapweed Fly

CULTURAL Fertility Irrigation Grazing Mowing Hand DiggingPhoto Courtesy of:

University of Arkansas


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Toxic to people, animals, or other plants Oncogenicity - tumors in laboratory animals Ground water concerns

Grazon P+D Surmount Tordon Weedmaster http://www.kellysolutions.com/MO/searchbyRUP.asp

MU study currently in progress Preliminary finding suggest that cattle prefer to

graze weed-free forage, even with the absence of clover

Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, MU


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Identification: 3 stripes on side and 1 orange stripe with dots on the 4 abdominal prolegs

Control when 4 or more ½ inch worms per square foot Hay or Graze Sevin, Mustang Max, Success, or Voliam Xpress Sensitive to natural parasites in wet conditions

Identification: 4 black dots forming a square on the abdomen and an inverted Y on the head

Control when 4 or more ½ inch worms per square foot Hay or Graze Sevin, Mustang Max, Success, or Voliam Xpress

Photo credit: Bastiaan (Bart) Drees

Begin feeding in the fall Reemerge during the spring Feeding activity can destroy root structure New seedings are the most vulnerable

• Alfalfa Weevil• Average of 1 or more larvae per stem and 30% or more

of the plant terminals show feeding damage

• Potato Leafhopper• Resistant Varieties• 0-3” – 0.2 ave. / sweep (0.6 for resistant varieties)• 6” – 0.5 (1.5)• 8-10” – 1.0 (3.0)• 12-14” – 2.0 (6.0)

• Potato Leafhopper• Aphid• Bacterial Wilt• Verticillium Wilt• Fusarium Wilt• Phytophthora Root Rot• Root Knot Nematode

See alfalfa.org for unbiased ratings

*Select dormancy class first*84

• Identify pest• Select the right product• Time the application correctly• Apply accurately• Follow grazing and haying restrictions• ALWAYS READ THE LABEL

Keys to Pesticide Use


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Incorporate…– Mowing/ Grazing

– Fertilization

– Biological

– Herbicides……in an integrated approach to management

Weed Control

Biological

Mechanical

Chemical

Cultural

Documents

No Till Forage Workshop Houston, MO 8/6/2013extension.missouri.edu/webster/documents/presentations/...2013/08/06 · No‐Till Forage Workshop ‐Houston, MO 8/6/2013 1 Sarah Kenyon