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Printed July 2012
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PAGES
3
CONTENTSpage
UNIT 1 1. Simple Present 2. Present Continuous 3. Simple Past 4. Past Continuous 4
UNIT 2 1. Simple Present Perfect 2. Present Perfect Continuous 3. Simple Past Perfect 4. Past Perfect Continuous 9
UNIT 3 1. Simple Future 2. Future Continuous 3. Simple Future Perfect 4. Future Perfect Continuous 14
UNIT 4 Articles 19
Revision 1 (Units 1-4) 24
UNIT 5 1. Plurals 2. Countable / Uncountable Nouns 3. Collective Nouns 27
UNIT 6 1. Some - Any - No 2. Many - Much - A lot of / Lots of - Plenty of - A great deal of - (A) few - (A) little 32
UNIT 7 1. Both - All - Whole 2. Either - Neither , No - No one - None 3. Conjunctions 37
UNIT 8 1. Adjectives 2. Adverbs 42
Revision 2 (Units 5-8) 47
UNIT 9 The Infinitive 50
UNIT 10 1. The Gerund 2. Infinitive or Gerund? 55
UNIT 11 1. Comparison 2. Very - Too - Enough 60
UNIT 12 Modals (1): can, could, may, might, must 65
UNIT 13 Modals (2): shall I / we ... ?, should / ought to, will, would, need 70
Revision 3 (Units 9-13) 75
UNIT 14 1. Question Tags 2. So do I - Neither / Nor do I 78
UNIT 15 Conditionals 83
UNIT 16 1. Unreal Past 2. Would rather - Had better 88
UNIT 17 The Passive 93
UNIT 18 Direct and Reported Speech 98
Revision 4 (Units 14-18) 103
UNIT 19 The ‘causative’ use of have 106
UNIT 20 1. Relative Clauses 2. Clauses of Time 111
UNIT 21 1. Clauses of Purpose 2. Clauses of Result 3. Clauses of Reason 4. Clauses of Contrast 116
UNIT 22 1. Participles 2. Two Objects 3. It 121
UNIT 23 1. Exclamatory Structures 2. Emphatic Structures 126
Revision 5 (Units 19-23) 131
General Revision (Units 1-23) 135
Irregular Verbs 144
Appendix 1: Prepositional Phrases 146
Appendix 2: Verbs / Adjectives / Nouns with Prepositions 148
Glossary 151
SAMPLE
SA
EEPL
MPMAMSS
En
y, might, m
hould / oug
ags So do I - N
als
real Past 2. Wou
assive
Direct and Re
n 4 Unit
19 The ‘c
1SA
PAGESSESGE
AGPAP
ns
al of - (A) few - (A)
None 3 Co
4
1. Simple Present 2. Present Continuous
3. Simple Past4. Past Continuous
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›ٷÈ: 1 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ,
Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Û˘¯Ó¿ ÎÏ.The Browns travel to Spain every
summer.He usually gets up at seven o’ clock.I never go out on Sundays.
2 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ›ӷÈÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ̤ÏÏÔÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ Û‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁÈ· ÏÔ›ˆÓ, ÙÚ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÏ ‹ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÎÏ.
Our plane leaves at ten o’clock tonight.
Tennis lessons start again next Monday.
¶ÚÔÛ¤ÍÙÂ! They have dinner / wine / a shower ...
(= ÙÚÒÓ / ›ÓÔ˘Ó / οÓÔ˘Ó ...)Do they have ... – They don’t have ...
[√Ãπ: Have they ... – They haven’t ...]
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›ٷÈ: 1 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È (Â›Ó·È Û ÂͤÏÈÍË),
·˘Ù‹Ó ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ‹ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô (‰ËÏ.ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿).
Mum is cooking dinner now.I’m learning Spanish this year.
2 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈÓ· οÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÎÔÓÙÈÓfi ̤ÏÏÔÓ.
Helen is leaving next Monday.My sister is coming back home next week.
3 Ì ϤÍÂȘ fiˆ˜ always, continually (= Û˘Ó¯Ҙ)ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË ‹ ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi ‹ ÁÈ·Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Î¿ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¿Ú· ÔÏ‡Û˘¯Ó¿.
You’re always interrupting me.He’s so kind; he is always helping others.
4 ÁÈ· ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ‹·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿.
His condition is improving every day.More and more people are recycling their
rubbish.
¶ÚÔÛ¤ÍÙÂ! Δ· Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Ì›· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î·Èfi¯È Ì›· Ú¿ÍË (.¯. like, love, prefer, want,know, forget, remember, see, hear, taste, smell,look ÎÏ) ‰Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜‰È·ÚΛ·˜.
This smells good. [√Ãπ: This is smelling ...] Do you know him? [√Ãπ: Are you knowing ...]
¢Â›Ù ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·: Ann has a new mobile phone. (= ¤¯ÂÈ)She is having a shower at the moment.(= οÓÂÈ)
Look out of the window and tell me what you see.(= ‚ϤÂȘ)
π’m seeing my dentist tomorrow.(= ÂÈÛΤÙÔÌ·È, ¤¯ˆ Ú·ÓÙ‚ԇ ÌÂ)
π’m not seeing James tonight. (= Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒ)
π think it’s a boring book. (= ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ)π’m thinking about buying a new car.
(= ÛΤÙÔÌ·È)
She looks very happy today. (= Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È)That policeman is looking at us. (= ÎÔÈÙ¿˙ÂÈ)
1 Simple Present 2 Present Continuous
■ ªÂ ÙÔÓ simple present¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù·Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (always, usually, often,sometimes, rarely / seldom, hardlyever, never). Δ· ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù·Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÈÓ ·fi ٷ·ÚÈ· Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Ù·‚ÔËıËÙÈο Î·È ÙÔ Ú‹Ì· to be. ™ÙȘۇÓÙÔ̘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ fï˜,Ì·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙÔ ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎfiÚ‹Ì· Î·È ÙÔ to be.
I often read before I go to bed.Does Pamela usually catch the bus to
work?Mr Wood is always polite to his
customers.‘Do you eat fish?’ ‘No, I rarely do.’‘Is the bus crowded in the morning?’‘Yes, it usually is.’
SAMPLELEE EÚ
Δ·
rdly
ÈÓ fi Ù··fi Ù·
‹Ì· be. ™ÙȘÂȘ fï˜,
· ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎbeefore I go to
Pamel ualrk?ood is alwa
ers.
PAGESÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù¤ÏÏÔÓ.
Monday.g back home next w
lways, continuallyÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË ‹ ÂÎÓÂ
ÙÈ Î¿ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›Ó
e always interrupo kind; he is
ÁÈ· ηٷÛÙ¿Û·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙ·
HisMore
¶ÚÔÛ¤ÍÙÂ!be / get used to + Ú‹Ì· + ingI am used to drinking coffee every morning. (= ›̷ÈÛ˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Ó· ›Óˆ ... , ¤¯ˆ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ Ó· ›Óˆ ...)You’ll soon get used to working at night. (= ı·Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂȘ ÛÈÁ¿-ÛÈÁ¿ Ó· ‰Ô˘Ï‡ÂȘ ...)
∏ ÂÚÒÙËÛË Î·È Ë ¿ÚÓËÛË Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÛ˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ì ÙÔ did.
He used to get up late.Did he use to get up late?He didn’t use to get up late.
[∂›Û˘: He never used to get up late.]
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›ٷÈ: 1 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. √ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓÂ Ë Ú¿ÍË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ‹ ÂÓÓÔ›ٷÈ.
Tom had a party last week. He invited all his friends to it.
2 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ‹ ÁÈ· Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜.He went skiing very often when he was younger. [∂›Û˘: He used to go skiing ...]She travelled a lot before she got married. [∂›Û˘: She used to travel a lot ...]
■ ΔÔ used to + ··Ú¤ÌÊ·ÙÔ (= Û˘Ó‹ıÈ˙· Ó·) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ‹ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜. ™Ù· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·Ù·ÙÈÎfi. I used to eat lots of fruit when I was younger. (= ¤ÙÚˆÁ· ‹: Û˘Ó‹ıÈ˙· Ó· ÙÚÒˆ)This building used to be a theatre.
3 Simple Past
5
1 Choose the correct answer.
5 ‘Does it snow here in winter?’‘No, it does seldom / seldom does.’
6 Louise knows / is knowing lots of people here.
7 Mark is often / often is late for work.
8 Laura is looking / looks very pretty in that dress.
1 ‘Where is David?’ ‘ He is doing / does his homeworkin his room.’
2 Have you / Do you have breakfast every day?
3 Mr Smith is talking / talks to a customer at the moment.
4 I don’t think / am not thinking he is a good singer.
1 What are you having for lunch? .........
2 What do you have for lunch? .........
3 What do you do? .........
4 What are you doing? .........
5 What do you do at weekends? .........
6 What are you doing at the weekend? .........
7 Where do you usually go on holiday? .........
8 Where are you going on holiday? .........
a I’m a lawyer.
b I’m going camping with my friends.
c I’m buying a sandwich from the canteen.
d I’m trying to change the lock.
e To Crete because we have a house there.
f I make a tuna or a chicken salad.
g Nowhere. We can’t afford one this year.
h I go to the cinema.
2 Fill in the simple present or the present continuous.
3 Match the questions with the answers.
1 You and your sister ........................ always ........................ (fight).
2 Tim usually ........................ (visit) us at the weekend, but this weekend he ........................ (stay) at home.
3 A: Simon ........................ (not like) the way I ........................ (cook).B: Why not? This chicken ........................ (taste) delicious.
4 .............. you .................. (know) what time the train from Paris ........................ (arrive)?
5 A: .......... Laura ........................ (think) about opening her own shop?B: Yes. She ........................ (see) the bank manager tomorrow to ask for a loan.
6 The children ........................ (have) breakfast at the moment.
7 Summer is almost here, so the weather ........................ (get) hotter and hotter.
E
MPLEMPLE
SASAÔÈ›ٷÈ: ›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘
ha par
¿Í
E...
....
LE.......
.........
PLweekend? .........
on holiday? ......
on holiday?
c
d
PPa law
(st
. (a( r e)e))e)e)?
r a loaaan
terr hotttter..
6
5 Fill in the simple past or the past continuous.
6 Match the questions with the answers.
It was a cold winter night. The snow [1] ............................. (fall) heavily and the wind [2] .............................(blow) strongly. Jamie [3] ............................. (lie) on his bed – he [4] ............................. (read) his favourite book.
Soon he [5] ............................. (feel) sleepy and [6] ............................. (close) his eyes. Suddenly, he [7] ............................. (hear) a strange noise over the sound of the wind. Jamie was very scared – his parents [8] ............................. (sleep) deeply in their bedroom. He [9] ............................. (want) to jump out of bed andrun to them, but his legs [10] ............................. (shake) too much. Then, there was another sound. [11] ............ someone .................. (try) to get into his room? Jamie [12] ............................. (scream) ...
4 Fill in the simple past or the past continuous.
1 A: Why ............... Brian .......................... (not answer) the phone?
B: He ............................. (sit) in the garden and............................. (not hear) it ring.
2 ............... Nancy .......................... (have) any freetime yesterday?
3 A: John ............................. (make) dinner when I............................. (get) home last night.
B: Oh, really. I ............................. (think) he............................. (not know) how to cook!
4 We ............... always .......................... (argue) whenwe were children.
5 A: Mary ............................. (search) for her pursewhen the taxi arrived.
B: ............... she .......................... (find) it?
6 Philip ............................. (cycle) to work before he............................. (buy) a car.
7 A: What ............... they .......................... (do) allweekend? They ............................. (look) verybusy!
B: They ............................. (paint) their house.
8 I ............................. (wash) the dishes and then............................. (iron) clothes for the rest of theevening.
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›ٷÈ: 1 ÁÈ· Ì›· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó (‹Ù·Ó Û ÂͤÏÈÍË) Û ̛· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.
I was studying at six o’clock.I was studying when my friend called.I was studying while my mum was making dinner.
(= ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Û·)}2 Ì ٷ always, continually fiˆ˜ Î·È Ô present continuous (ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË) ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.
The neighbours’ dog was continually barking.Grandma was always giving us sweets.
4 Past Continuous
¶ÚÔÛ¤ÍÙÂ!I went out every night when I was young. [√Ãπ: I was going out every night ...]‹: I used to go out every night when I was young.
1 When did you last hear from Greg? .........
2 What was Harry doing when you called him? .........
3 Why didn’t Colin come with us last night? .........
4 What did Brian do when the earthquake struck? .........
5 How did Robert spend his weekend? .........
6 Why didn’t David stay at the party? .........
a He was having a shower.
b He wrote to me last week.
c He wasn’t having a good time.
d He ran out of his house.
e He was tired and wanted to rest.
f He played tennis, visited somefriends and watched a DVD.
e past contin
ht. The snow 1]3] .............
.................... (fee.... (hear) a
................... (sem, but his legs
someon
ook!
) wh
.................... (searcaxi arrived.he ...............
...................................... (
7 A What .......webusy
SSESES
7
10a Look at the examples.
8 Tick (✓) if the sentence is correct or correct themistake.
1 He makes fun of people all the time.making He .............................................................. fun of people.
2 They rarely visit their grandparents.visit They .............................................................. their grandparents very often.
3 Janet worked in the garden. Her husband prepared the meal.while Janet was working in the garden .............................................................. the meal.
4 We haven’t visited Italy for six years.last The .............................................................. Italy was six years ago.
5 When did they move here?ago How .............................................................. here?
6 When I was a teacher, I worked long hours.used When I was a teacher, I .............................................................. long hours.
7 When did you leave school?since How long is .............................................................. school?
8 She hasn’t finished reading the newspaper yet.still She .............................................................. the newspaper.
is always making
don’t visit
while her husband was preparing
last time we visited
long ago did they move
used to work
it since you left
is still reading
1 It’s difficult to get used to driving on the left-handside of the road.
2 Brian is always making mistakes at work.
3 Jenny usually is going to Fiona’s house to study.
4 People weren’t driving cars two hundred years ago.
5 ‘Do you exercise?’ ‘Yes, I do often.’
6 He has always a biscuit with his coffee.
7 Jenny was used to wake up early in the morning.
8 Are you seeing your friends this evening?
9 Choose the correct answer.
6 Phil never got used to ..... with the windowsclosed, even in winter.
a sleep b sleeping
7 The traffic didn’t use to ..... as bad as this.a being b be
8 He ..... of going to Australia.a is thinking b thinks
9 Don’t disturb him now. He ..... a new customer.a is seeing b sees
10 Indian food is OK but I ..... Chinese.a prefer b am preferring
1 I’m not used to ..... so much money.a spend b spending
2 ..... at home on Saturdays?a Is Jenny usually stayingb Does Jenny usually stay
3 Dad ..... us a story every night when we were little.a read b was reading
4 I ..... a letter when the phone rang and disturbed me.a wrote b was writing
5 What time ..... lunch?a have you b do you have
7 Choose the correct answer.
1 I’ll soon get used to driving / drive inheavy traffic.
2 Henry is used to having / used to have astressful job, but he decided to leave andstart his own business.
3 He’s got used to walk / walkingeverywhere, hasn’t he?
4 I am not used to staying / didn’t use tostay up so late at night – that’s why I feelsleepy.
5 Did they use to travel / Were they usedto travelling to Italy every summer?
SAMAMes.
fun of people all the ..................
ey rarely visit tit They ....
worked iJa
is
sturbed me
you have
h his
up early in th
ur friends this even
Phil never got usedlosed, even
a l
7 The tra
8
8
Choose the correct answer.
12 CONFUSABLE WORDS
remember = ı˘Ì¿Ì·ÈDo you remember his phone number?
remind + ··Ú¤ÌÊ·ÙÔ Ì to = ı˘Ì›˙ˆ,˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ˆ Û οÔÈÔÓ Ó· οÓÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ
Please remind me to send this fax.
sb / sth reminds sb of sb / sth = Î / ÎÙ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ Û οÔÈÔÓ Î / ÎÙ
That man reminds me of my grandfather.This toy reminds me of my childhood.
1 You didn’t remind / remember it was mybirthday today!
2 This postcard remembers / reminds me ofItaly.
3 Did you remind / remember Dad to take thecar to the garage?
4 Will you remember / remind to feed the fishwhile I’m on holiday?
5 That woman reminds / remembers me of myteacher.
Fill in the correct phrasal verb in the appropriateform.
11 PHRASAL VERBS
1 break down = ·ı·›Óˆ ‚Ï¿‚Ë, ¯·Ï¿ˆ
2 break into = οӈ ‰È¿ÚÚËÍË
3 break out = ÍÂÛÒ (ÁÈ· ʈÙÈ¿, fiÏÂÌÔ ÎÏ)
4 break up = 1 ÛÙ·Ì·ÙÒ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ (Û¯ÔÏ.),2 ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈ¿˙ˆ, - ÔÌ·È
5 bring up = ·Ó·Ùڤʈ
1 School is ............................. for the summer in afew days.
2 Peter’s cousin was ............................. by hisgrandparents.
3 World War Two ............................. in 1939.
4 Burglars ............................. their house whenthey were on holiday.
5 My car ............................. while I was driving towork this morning.
6 I ............................. the biscuits and fed them to the ducks.
b Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given.
1 Mum cooked and Dad fixed the TV.while Mum was cooking .............................................................. the TV.
2 At summer camp, we got up really early in the morning.used At summer camp, we .............................................................. really
early in the morning.
3 When did you buy your bike?ago How .............................................................. your bike?
4 When did you move into your new flat?since How long is ..............................................................
into your new flat?
5 Tom hardly ever goes to the cinema during the week.go Tom .............................................................. to the cinema
very often during the week.
6 He plays loud music all the time.playing He .............................................................. loud music.
7 They haven’t finished painting our house yet.still They .............................................................. our house.
8 Chris hasn’t watered the flowers for a week.last The .............................................................. the flowers was a week ago.
MPLEMPLE
phrasal verb in
È¿, fiÏÂÌÔ )
· ‰È·ÎÔ¤ Û¯ÔÏ
is ..................ay
cousin waents.
ON
was a week a
SPOT ON Grammar for classes A, B, C, Daccompanies the SPOT ON Coursebook series.
Key features of SPOT ON Grammar include:■ simple presentation of grammar structures in
Greek■ a variety of carefully graded exercises■ revision units which help consolidate what has
been taught
SPOT ON Grammar will enable students to gain agood command of English grammar and expressthemselves confidently and accurately.
SPOT ONGrammar
for classes A, B, C, D
ISBN 13: 978-960-409-695-4
foSPOT O
res of SPOT simple presentatioGreek
■ a variet■ revision
been
B
C, D
