“No man’s land “, from feed mill to the chicken farm – critical points related to

commercial layers healthDVM, Ludio Gomes

Technical Manager – Asia Pacific

Why it is so difficult to control poultry diseases in commercial layers ?

1 Apparently, we are improving biosecurity … but, why diseases are still popping up?

2 Why we don’t share information? Feed vs Field , endless battle…

3 How to strength poultry health ? Focus on immune response.

4 Conclusion

Questions to be addressed

1. Apparently ,we are improving biosecurity … but , why diseases are still popping up?

4

Poultry Disease Diagnose – SEA Integrator Number of outbreaks from 90’-2015

5

08

28

87

120

184

1223

3448

27

126

0 0 0

45

231245

13 18

134

186197

234

42

63

126

166

246

312

3 416 21

49

125

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

CAV IBH Astrovirus Reo IBV LAI

Nu

mb

er o

f o

utb

reak

s

6 |

Fieldvs

Feed mill DOC suppliers

Vaccine suppliersEquipment suppliers

…

8

Nutrition

Genetic

Husbandry

Poultry Health

How we think

Nutrition

Husbandry

Genetics

Health

In reality … “No man’s land “

“No m

an

’s lan

d “

“No m

an

’s lan

d “

“No man’s land “

1.1 Chicken resistance

Performance vs Immune response

9

What expect to 2050 ?

BROILER

Age .... 19 daysWeight .... 2,2 kg FC ..... 1.0

LAYERS

Age ..... 100 w Eggs ..... 550 FC ..... 1.0

2050 2050

• Phillip Wilkinson, Egg & Poultry Industry Conference

Performance

Resistance

Good News

The higher theperformance, thelower the antibodyresponse

New diseases will pop-up throughout the years

1.2 Virus and bacteria are constantly changing

12

Virulence of Marek’s disease virus is increasing through years

13

vvvvvMD

Phylogenetic tree of amino acid sequence of the S1 protein showing diversity of the Asian IBV isolates.

VETERINARY QUARTERLY, 2016 VOL. 36, NO. 1, 3044 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1126868

Asian IBV isolates

43%

57%

QX/

Q1

Like

Others

IB survey 2019 – Vietnam, Nepal , Bangladesh and Philippines

15 |

IB variant - “Penguin posture” & Cistic Oviduct

Chinese IB strains J2, Q1 and T3

500ml – 2 liters

17

18

IB

Normal

Egg shell problem and liquid white egg

• Pale, fragile, misshappened eggs

4/91

QX

Field IB – SEA 2019

Field IB – SEA 2019

1.3 Biosecurity - Farm location - Multi-age - Multi-type

21

Doesn’t matter how tough you are in your warnings

22

Virus never respect fences !

A

B

C

D

A

C

C

D

25

26

Multi-age farm is the main reason of perpetuating diseases

Medical City Dallas & Medical City Children's Hospital

Dedicated area to Adults

Dedicated area to Children’s

KPC and resistant Staphylococcus sppinfection dropped by 73% in Children

29

Growing

Laying

Growing Laying

Importance of separating Rearing and Laying period( Taiwan 2016)

28%

8%

39%

12%

7%

2.50%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Before ( Rearing & Laying at the same site ) After ( Rearing & Laying at different sites)

Enteric Problems Respiratory Problems Expenses with antibiotic % of Total cost

30

Same layer farm in Taiwan 2016. Evaluation on disease incidence , before and after separating Rearing and laying period

The majority of outbreaks are located close to roads

31 |

1.4 Over-trusting on Disinfectants

32

- Disinfectants are not “silver bullet”

“Magic” disinfection tunnel

“Magic” sprayer system disinfection

34

“Awareness disinfection”

The only way it would Works...

Simple rules that makes all the difference

85% of IBDV spreads through contaminated shoes (Ito, 2017) .

Water Chlorination

Maximum : 40 ppmMinimum : 5-10 ppm ( available )

1.3 Over-trusting on vaccines

39

Newcastle Disease

1) 1926 – 2019 : Still endemic in Asia

2) Variable clinical signs ( respiratory , nervous ...)

3) Genotype VII …. XIII

4) Vector as a single alone solution – Tooooo risky!!

5) “Old-fashioned” Live + Killed is still used to face ND in high challenge areas

It’s all a matter of challenge

High ND

Challenge

Low ND

challenge

5.3 % Mortality

25.4 % Mortality

Indonesia , 2017 . Incidence of ND outbrek in Low & High ND challenge area

using the same vaccination program

Super Vaccine

HI ND Log 2 , Biggest Integrator in SEA – Customizing the vaccination program by titration

Controlling program

2. Why we don’t share information? Feed vs Field , endless battle…

44

Feed mill manager

vs Field DVM

Main concerns regarding Toxigenic agents in the feed for Comertial Layers

High urease Index Byproducts Low quality Mycotoxins

Mycotoxin

• “See to believe”

47 |

Mycotoxin Lesions

Score 1

Score 1 Score 0(Normal)

Effects of Aflatoxin on antibody titers against infectious bursal disease(IBD) and Newcastle Disease (ND) in Broilers at 6 weeks of age

Mycotoxins and relation with egg production drop

Mycotoxin vs Egg production

51 |

6871

74 7570

7670

63

55 57 58

5047

6164

67

55 57

74 7469

75 7370

60

75

61

5348

62 6468

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Effect of Mycotoxin on Egg Production(%)

0 ppm AFL 0 ppm DON 5 ppm AFL 0 PPM DON

0 ppm AFL 8 ppm DON 5ppm AFL 8 ppm DON

With Mycotoxins Without Mycotoxins

Reproductive performance of Broiler Breeders under the exposure to Aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol ( DON) – UFSM, Brazil

• Isa Vedete

• Total of 8 weeks : • 4 weeks with mycotoxin • 4 Weeks without

53 |

East Java, December 2017

Mycotoxin - Ocratoxins

Normal Pale

How come it is mycotoxins ?

I’m using mycotoxin binders !!

• Q: Are you using mycotoxin binders ?

• A : Yes

• Q: Which one?

• A: I don’t know

• Q: Do you know the dose?

• A: “Yes” hummm maybe 0,5 kg /ton

• Q: For how long?

• A: “Yes”, …I don’t know

Field Talk

3. How to strength poultry health ? Focus on immune response.

56

3.1 Fostering a Robust immune system!

57

Immunosuppression diseases Control

58 |

Mycotoxins Infectious Bursal Disease ( IBD)

Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV)

Marek’s Diseases (MD)

Reovirus

(REO)

Fowl Adenovirus

Infections ...

In the younger the bird the worse the immunosuppression

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

IBV alone IBDV + IBV NDV alone IBDV + NDV ILTV alone IBDV + ILTV

17%

66%

14%

41%

3%

16%

Response to Several Avian Respiratory Viruses as Affected by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus - Mortality(%)

J. K. Rosenberger and J. Gelb, Jr. Avian Diseases Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1978), pp. 95-105

Immunosuppressed birdLess IgA = less local protection

Gomes & Zuanaze , WVPAC 2019 , Bangkok .

Results : Incidence of IBD/CAV in 136 IB outbreaks in Broilers

33.80%

17.60%

39.70%

8.80%

IBD Positve(%)

CAV Positve(%)

IBDV + CAV Positive(%)

Negative (%)

Bro

ilers

≈ 91%

Results : Incidence of IBD/CAV in 115 IB outbreaks in Commercial Layers

32.20%

8.70%

23.40%

35.60%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

MDV Positve(%) REV Positve(%) MDV + REV Positive(%) Negative (%)

Commertial Layers

≈ 65%

Fig. 07 Liver tumors Fig. 08 Proventriculo tumors Fig. 09 Kidneys tumors

Fig. 10 Spleen enlargement & tumors Fig. 11 Muscle & tumors Fig. 11 Liver & kidneys tumors

Essential amino acids to Immunoglobulins

Source: Bowland (1966) citaded by Han e Lee (2000) adapted by Nogueira (2006)

3.1 Choosing the right vaccination method

65

Lots of IB&ND outbreaks are associated to

inadequate application methods

or late vaccination

1. Live vaccines :Protect the mucosal surfaces at the port of entry with CMI and IgA

2. Killed vaccines :Prevent the invasion of the virus to internal organs with humoral Ab

Virus Local protection

What are we trying to do with IB & ND Vaccines?

Upper respiratory system - ciliated cells

1 ) Normal 2) IBV infection

Mucus

Timing : IB &ND vaccination must come as early as possible

“Silent layers” or “internal layers” – early infection (≤ 2w)

70

Eye-drop vaccination - Frequent mistakes

- Not allowing absorption(3-4 seconds) - Long period- Temperature

Spray vaccination in the Hatchery

72 |

15 to 21 ml/ box with 100 chicks( 1 to 4 nozzle) .Droplet size : Corse spray > 100 μm

IB Protection vs Spray Volume @ Hatchery

62 63

86 83

6671

8478

54

67

88 87

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

7ml 10ml 15ml 21ml

Commercial Broiler - % protection vs Hatchery Vaccine Volume

Farm 01 Farm 02 Farm 03

IB Mass(M41) Type at day-of-age - 103,8 EID/dose. Challenge homologous strain @ 25 DOA. Total of 3 farms , 4 houses /farm.

% o

f P

rote

ctio

n (

AV

G)

Brandão , 2013

DOC spray vaccination in the field

35-40 ml/ box with 100 chicks .Droplet size : Corse spray > 100 μm

Spray during Laying period

1. During feeding time 2. Aiming the middle of the cage 3. Constant acceleration 4. 2 liters / 1000 hens

De Wit et al, Avian Pathology, 29 (2), 123-131, 2010

Water Temperature (ºC)Each degree higher than 16-18ºC, represents 3,2% less IgM post vaccination (De Wit et al, 2010)

Perfect Model : using cold water for

vaccine dilution

De Wit et al, ISSN 2010

Cross Protection vs. S1 Homology

Correlation between the level of homology in the S1 region of the S gene of IBV strains and the level of cross-protection between these strains as reported in seven publications.

IB Vaccines serotypes in Asia

Massachusetts

serotype :

strains H120,

82828, B48, MM,

H52, etc...

Doorn variants :

strains D274 (D207), D1466

(D212), ...

CR88 type

variants :

strains 793/B,

CR88121, 4-91,

...

Nephropath

variants :

Q1 strain

BNF 28/86

QX Like

78 |

Conclusion

1. Commercial layers are getting more sensitive through the time… and likely new diseases will pop-up

2. Virus and bacteria are constantly changing

3. Biosecurity : back to the basis

4. Before anything : build strong immune system

5. Improve communication: bridging the gaps

Thank you !

80

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: GHAZI BROTHERS WORLD POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

– PAKISTAN BRANCH

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE ,

FAISALABAD

Questions?

81

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