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CHAPTER-IV

RESULT & DISCUSSION

TEMPERATURE

The Temperature value of all samples are shown in the range 32 C

(Table4.1,Fig-4.1). The temperature is most important parameters of water because it

is responsible for decreasing or increasing ability of physic-chemical parameter.

Ground water sample of warmer temperature solubility of calcium carbonate is

decreased, at colder temperature solubility of barium sulphate, stronoum sulphate and

silica are decreased. The temperature always increases with the depth of the sources

of samples.

pH

The pH value of all the samples are shown in the range 7.8-8.2

(Table4.2,Fig-4.2). The pH Indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water. pH is a

important parameter because it controls the state of various nutrients including nitrate,

phosphate, dissolved oxygen etc

Table-4.1 Table-4.2

38

Sampl

e

Temperatur

e1 322 323 32

4 325 326 327 328 329 32

Sampl

e

pH

1 8.22 8.23 8.04 8.2

5 8.06 7.87 7.98 8.09 8.1


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Fig-4.1 Temperature of samples

Fig-4.2 pH of samples

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(EC)

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The EC value of all the samples are shown in the range 1000-7240

mho/cm (Table4.3,Fig-4.3). Electrical conductivity assume of water capacity to

convey electric current and it is directly related to its dissolved minerals content as

cation and anion. Higher value of EC was recorded in ground water sample due to thepresent of higher dissolved concentration in ground water.

TOTAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN(TDS)

The TDS value of all the samples are shown in the range 602-

3956mg/L (Table4.4,Fig-4.4). Total dissolved oxygen is directly related to electrical

conductivity. It is also estimated by sum of the extent of cation and anion present in

water. Extent of cation and anion reach in water through internal erosion and

weathering of rocks and anthropogenic activities.

Table-4.3 Table-4.4

40

Sampl

e

EC

mho/cm1 12702 12703 32104 18205 15606 35907 4380

8 72409 1000

Sample

TDSmg/L

1 7512 7103 18644 10055 8926 20267 25578 39569 602


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Fig-4.3 Electrical Conductivity of samples

Fig-4.4 Total Dissolved Solids of samples

41


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HARDNESS

The Hardness value of all the samples are shown in the range 240-

3200mg CaCO3/L (Table4.5,Fig-4.5). Hardness is originally defined as the soap

consuming capacity of water sample. Sum of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness value always

correlates the total hardness value. The value of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness were recorded

owing to presence of limestone, calcite, dolomite etc. As ca and mg hardness values

were high so the extent of ca and mg will be high in the ground water, so the water

may give harmful effect for the users, because more extent of ca and mg lead to cause

of kidney stone formation problem and jointness disease in foots upon the users.

Besides, negative effect as scaling in water heater, pipe, boiler etc.

NITRATE

The Nitrate value of all the samples are shown in the range 14-304mg/L

(Table4.6,Fig-4.6). Nitrate is the important pollution indicator parameter. It is

considered as important plant nutrient. It is the most oxidized or stable form of

nitrogen.

Table-4.5 Table-4.6

Fig-4.5 Total Hardness of samples

42

Sampl

e

TH

mg

CaCO3/L1 2752 4153 6404 6205 480

6 9007 3608 32009 240

Sampl

e

Nitrat

e

mg/L1 762 473 794 425 39

6 147 478 3049 58


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Fig-4.6 Nitrate

CALCIUM AND MAGNESSIUM

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The Calcium value of all the samples are shown in the range 40-

340mg/L (Table4.7,Fig-4.7). The magnesium value of all the sample show in the

range 34-572mg/L (Table4.8,Fig-4.8). Magnesium concentrations are always lower

than the calcium concentrations. Similar concentrations of calcium and magnesiumand are confirmed by our studies. The concentration of calcium observed was always

higher than that of magnesium during summer season.

At lower concentrations of the calcium and magnesium and higher

concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates there is a tendency to precipitate

calcium and magnesium in the soil system during irrigation practices. It may cause an

increase in sodium content in the soil, thus causing sodisity hazard.

Table-4.7 Table-4.8

Fig-4.7 Calcium

44

Sampl

e

Magnesiu

m

mg/L1 41

2 723 1074 855 546 1127 498 5729 34

Sampl

e

Calcium

mg/L1 422 48

3 804 1085 1046 1767 648 3409 40


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Fig-4.8 Magnesium

SODIUM

The Sodium value of all the samples are shown in the range78-

828mg/L (Table4.9 Fig-4.9). Sodium is one of the important cations occurring

45


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naturally and its concentration in natural fresh water is generally lower than

calcium and magnesium. It ranks sixth among the elements in the order of

abundance.

POTASSIUM

The Potassium value of all the samples are shown in the range 43-

145mg/L (Table4.10, Fig-4.10). Potassium is an essential nutritional element

occurring naturally and ranks seventh among the elements in the order of

abundance.

Table-4.9 Table-4.10

Fig-4.9 Sodium

46

Sampl

e

Potassiu

m

mg/L1 472 433 1454 515 47

6 437 438 789 51

Sampl

e

Sodiu

m

mg/L1 1452 783 3684 1085 1246 4057 8288 2059 97


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Fig-4.10 Potassium

CHLORIDE

The chloride value of all the samples are shown in the range 170-2056

(Table4.11,Fig-4.11). Chloride is second most inorganic anion after bicarbonate

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anion. This anion is about to produce of hardness in water. High concentration of

chloride gives the bitter taste in water due to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration

reduces and salinity increases in water. Presence of chloride is the indicator of

pollution either due to organic waste or due to industrial effluents.

SULPHATE

The sulphate value of all the samples are shown in the range 17-173

(Table4.12,Fig-4.12). Ground water mostly enter through leaching of sulphate rocks

or ores.

Table-4.11 Table-4.12

48

Sample Sulphate

1 24

2 53

3 91

4 53

5 176 168

7 173

8 120

9 27

Sample chloride

1 177

2 213

3 567

4 3695 312

6 879

7 993

8 2056

9 170


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Fig-4.11 Chloride

Fig-4.12 Sulphate

BICARBONATE

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The bicarbonate value of all the samples are shown in the range 250-

854mg/l (Table4.13, Fig-4.13).

Table-4.13

Fig- 4.13 Bicarbonate

FLUORIDE

50

Sampl

e

Bicarbonate

mg/L1 3972 3113 8544 3785 3906 4587 7208 5619 250


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The fluoride value of all the samples are shown in the range

0.551.98mg/L(Table4.14,Fig-4.14). Fluoride is an important parameter in assessing

the drinking water quality. Human health is greatly depends upon the fluoride content

in drinking water. The fluoride content in the ground water derived from geologicalsource. The fluoride content in ground water and pointed that fluoride distribution is

associated with alkalinity, total dissolved solids and total hardness.

TURBIDITY:

The turbidity value of all the samples are shown in the range is nil.

Minimum values were found in ground water samples due to the high dept of ground

water. Besides, no contaminations as any drainage or leaching of solid waste along

with ground water sample reach in ground water stations.

Table-4.14

51

Sample

Fluoride

(mg/L)1 1.722 0.913 0.894 0.735 0.916 0.557 1.988 0.65

9 0.73


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Fig- 4.14 Fluoride

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TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

The Total suspended solids value of all the samples are shown in

the range 78-92 (Table4.15, Fig-4.15).

ALKALINITY

The alkalinity value of all the samples are shown in the range 205-700

(Table4.16,Fig-4.16). Alkalinity is mainly found in form of carbonate, bicarbonate,

and hydroxide. High concentration of alkalinity was recorded in the form of HCO 3- in

water which is justified on account of much occurrence of carbonate rocks there in.

Table 4.15 Table-4.16

53

Sampl

e

Alk_Tot

mg

CaCO3/L1 3252 2553 7004 3105 3206 3757 5908 4609 205

Sampl

e

TSS

1 782 923 90

4 895 786 857 858 869 89


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Fig- 4.15 Total Suspended Solids

Fig- 4.16 Alkalinity

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER

AFTER TREATMENT WITH BANANA LEAF POWDER

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All the ground water samples were shaken individually 1g of banana

leaf powder for 1 hour. The water samples were filtered and taken for analysis of

various parameters.

TEMPERATURE

The Temperature value of all samples are shown in the range 32 C

(Table4.1(a),Fig-4.1(a)). The temperature is most important parameters of water

because it is responsible for decreasing or increasing ability of physic-chemical

parameter. Ground water sample of warmer temperature solubility of calcium

carbonate is decreased, at colder temperature solubility of barium sulphate, stronoum

sulphate and silica are decreased. The temperature always increases with the depth ofthe sources of samples.

pH

The pH value of all the samples are shown in the range 6.8-

7.4(Table4.2(a),Fig-4.2(a)). The PH Indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water. PH is

a important parameter because it controls the state of various nutrients including

nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen etc

Table-4.1(a) Table-4.2(a)

Fig-4.1(a) Temperature of samples

55

Sample

Temperature

1 32

2 32

3 32

4 32

5 32

6 32

7 32

8 32

9 32

Sampl

e

pH

1 6.82 7.43 7.44 7.25 7.26 6.9

7 7.28 6.89 7.2


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Fig-4.2(a) pH of samples

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ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(EC)

The EC value of all the samples are shown in the range 1080-

7600mho/cm (Table4.3(a),Fig-4.3(a)). Electrical conductivity assume of water

capacity to convey electric current and it is directly related to its dissolved minerals

content as cation and anion. Higher value of EC was recorded in ground water sample

due to the present of higher dissolved concentration in ground water.

TOTAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN(TDS)

The TDS value of all the samples are shown in the range 625-

4206mg/L (Table4.4(a),Fig-4.4(a)). Total dissolved oxygen is directly related to

electrical conductivity. It is also estimated by sum of the extent of cation and anion

present in water. Extent of cation and anion reach in water through internal erosion

and weathering of rocks and anthropogenic activities.


57

Sampl

e

EC

1 10802 11023 34004 18305 16506 36807 43008 76009 1580

Sampl

e

TDS

mg/L1 6252 5743 20744 10265 9376 16647 1657

8 42069 843


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Fig-4.3(a) Electrical Conductivity of samples

Fig-4.4(a) Total Dissolved solids of samples

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HARDNESS

The Hardness value of all the samples are shown in the range 240-

3400mg CaCO3/L(Table4.5(a),Fig-4.5(a)). Hardness is originally defined as the soap

consuming capacity of water sample. Sum of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness value always

correlates the total hardness value. The value of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness were recorded

owing to presence of limestone, calcite, dolomite etc. As ca and mg hardness values

were high so the extent of ca and mg will be high in the ground water, so the water

may give harmful effect for the users, because more extent of ca and mg lead to cause

of kidney stone formation problem and jointness disease in foots upon the users.

Besides negative effect as scaling in water heater, pipe, boiler etc.

NITRATE

The Nitrate value of all the samples are shown in the range 2-

322mg/L(Table4.6(a),Fig-4.6(a)). Nitrate is the important pollution indicator

parameter. It is considered as important plant nutrient. It is the most oxidized or stable

form of nitrogen.


-

Fig-4.5(a) Total Hardness of samples

59

Sample

THmg

CaCO3/L1 2402 4203 7604 6705 5506 11207 4408 34009 440

Sample

Nitrate

1 56

2 2

3 298

4 95

5 89

6 7

7 47

8 322

9 58


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Fig-4.6(a) Nitrate

CALCIUM AND MAGNESSIUM

60


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The Calcium value of all the samples are shown in the range 38-540-

mg/L (Table4.7(a),Fig-4.7(a)). The magnesium value of all the sample show in the

range 30-499mg/L (Table4.8(a), Fig-4.8(a)). Magnesium concentrations are always

lower than the calcium concentrations. Similar concentrations of calcium andmagnesium and are confirmed by our studies. The concentration of calcium observed

was always higher than that of magnesium during summer season.

At lower concentrations of the calcium and magnesium and higher

concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates there is a tendency to precipitate

calcium and magnesium in the soil system during irrigation practices. It may cause an

increase in sodium content in the soil, thus causing sodisity hazard.


61

Sampl

e

Calcium

mg/L1 462 383 1124 152

5 1326 2327 968 5409 40

Sampl

e

Magnesiu

m

mg/L1 302 793 1174 715 546 1317 498 4999 83


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Fig- 4.7(a) Calcium

Fig- 4.8(a) Magnesium

SODIUM

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The Sodium value of all the samples are shown in the range 0-

368mg/L (Table4.9(a),Fig-4.9(a)). Sodium is one of the important cations occurring

naturally and its concentration in natural fresh water is generally lower than calcium

and magnesium.

It ranks sixth among the elements in the order of abundance.

POTASSIUM

The Potassium value of all the samples are shown in the range 6-149

-g/L (Table4.10(a),Fig-4.10(a)). Potassium is an essential nutritional element

occurring naturally and ranks seventh among the elements in the order of abundance.


Fig-4.9(a) Sodium

63

Sampl

e

Potassiu

m

mg/L1 112 93 1494 165 96 10

7 68 439 25

Sampl

e

Sodiu

m

mg/L1 1402 623 3684 1135 127

6 07 08 1829 145


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Fig-4.10(a) Potassium

CHLORIDE:

64


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The chloride value of all the samples are shown in the range 181-2127

mg/L (Table4.11(a),Fig-4.11(a)). Chloride is second most inorganic anion after

bicarbonate anion. This anion is about to produce of hardness in water. High

concentration of chloride gives the bitter taste in water due to dissolved oxygen (DO)concentration reduces and salinity increases in water. Presence of chloride is the

indicator of pollution either due to organic waste or due to industrial effluents.

SULPHATE:

The sulphate value of all the samples are shown in the range 19-288

mg/L(Table4.12, Fig-4.12(a)). Ground water mostly enter through leaching of

sulphate rocks or ores.


65

Sampl

e

Chloride

mg/L1 1702 181

3 5394 3555 2696 9087 8518 21279 106

Sample

Sulphate

mg/L1 192 383 1254 295 436 2697 2118 288

9 62


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Fig-4.11(a) Chloride

Fig-4.12(a) Sulphate

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BICARBONATE

The bicarbonate value of all the samples are shown in the range 214-

793-mg/l (Table4.13(a), Fig-4.13(a)).

Table-4.13(a)

Fig- 4.13(a) Bicarbonate

67

Sampl

e

Bicarbonate

mg/L1 3052 3293 732

4 3905 4276 2147 7938 4099 647


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FLUORIDE

The fluoride value of all the samples are shown in the range 0.32-

1.83mg/L (Table4.14(a),Fig-4.14(a). Fluoride is an important parameter in assessing

the drinking water quality. Human health is greatly depends upon the fluoride content

in drinking water. The fluoride content in the ground water derived from geological

source. The fluoride content in ground water and pointed that fluoride distribution is

associated with alkalinity, total dissolved solids and total hardness.

TURBIDITY:

The turbidity value of all the samples are shown in the range is

nil. Minimum values were found in ground water samples due to the high dept of

ground water. Besides, no contaminations as any drainage or leaching of solid waste

along with ground water sample reach in ground water stations.

Table-4.14(a)

Fig-4.14(a) Fluoride

68

Sampl

e

Fluorid

e

mg/L1 1.302 0.683 0.744 0.555 0.896 0.327 1.83

8 0.569 0.52


32/39

69


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TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

The Total suspended solids value of all the samples are shown in the

range is nil.

ALKALINITY

The alkalinity value of all the samples are shown in the range 205-700

(Table-4.15(a), Fig-4.15(a)). Alkalinity is mainly found in form of carbonate,

bicarbonate, and hydroxide. High concentration of alkalinity was recorded in the

form of HCO3- in water which is justified on account of much occurrence of carbonate

rocks there in.

Table-4.15(a)

70

Sampl

e

Alkalinity

mg

CaCO3/L1 2502 2703 6004 3205 3506 1757 6508 3359 530


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Fig-4.15(a) Alkalinity

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CHAPTER-V

CONCLUSION

Finding of the study area indicate that areas are rich in some of the

parameters studied. Hardness, Chloride, TDS, Bicarbonate are found to be greater than

that of their permissible limits prescribed by WHO. While other parameters are found to

be within the permissible limit. The higher values of above parameter were noticed due to

the naturally or geogenic sources of aforesaid selected area. The water that is taken for

consumption should be treated well. The dry banana leaf powder can be used to treat

ground waters as adsorbent.

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REFERENCES

1. Shehabi Asam Chemical Analysis of Ground water of Sanganer

Area, Jaipur in Rajasthan. J.Env.Sci & Engg. Vol. 46, No. 1, P. 74-78, January 2004.

2. Singhal Effect of industrial waste water on ground water of Jabalpur -IJEP 24(9)

689-694 (2004).

3. Dulal Chandra Sarker et al Study on water quality in some selected areas of

Tiruchirapalli city after the failure of North East Monsoon-PollRes.24(1):169-174

(2005)

4. Jami et al An Assessment of groundwater pollution in and around Tuticorin, Tamil

Nadu-Poll Res. 23(4): 823-827 (2004).

5. Kumar shoe and Saha Groundwater quality of a typical urban settlement A case

study of impact of town planning- Poll Res. 21(2): 223-226 (2002.)

6. Sinha et al Effects of industrial effluents on the groundwater regime in

Vishakhapatnum Poll Res. 20(3): 383.

7. Ramaswami and Rajaguru Groundwater quality and Soil characterization of

Municipal Solid Waste Landfills of Chidambaram Town-Poll Res. 23(2): 379-382

(2004)-386 (2001).

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8. Singh Evolution of groundwater quality in Tarikere Taluk-IJEP 24(9): 683-

688(2004).

9. Vijay Kumar Assay on quality of water samples from medical college area in

Thanjavur IJEP 24(12):925-930(2004).

10. Rao Jeevan and Shantaram Ethical Implication of Industrial pollution on the

ground water quality at Tiruppur, TN, India-C.Thomson Jacob, Jayapaul Azariah, Paul

Appasamy and Gunnar Jacks.

11. Anil et al Ground water analysis in an industrial zone-Chumlthana

(Aurangabad)Poll Res.23 (4):649-65Status of subsurface water quality in relation to

some Physico-chemical parameters-A study in Vishakhapatnum-IJEP 24(1):11-

13(2004)3(2004).

12. Somashelthar et al Ground water quality index near industrial area-IJEP 24(1):29-

32(2004).

13. RajmohanStatus of surface and ground water of mandiakundar-part I: Physico

chemical parameters-Poll Res.20 (1): 13-110(2001).

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14. Das et al Concentration of fluoride ion in surface soils and underground water

samples in Vallioor union of Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India-Poll Res.21 (2):

203-207(2002).

15. Ramesh and Mahendran Investigation on the column performance of fluoride

adsorption by activated alumina in a fixed-bed-Chemical Engineering Journal 98 (2004)

165-173.

16. Jain et al Defluoridation of water using inexpensive adsorbents-J.Indian Inst. Sci.,Sep-Oct. 2004, 84, 163-171.

17. Bala Sankar and Nagarajan Isopleth mapping and in-situ fluoride dependence on

water quality in the Krishnagiri block of Tamil Nadu in South India- Fluoride Vol.33

No.3 121-127 2000 Research report 121.

18. Kumar Swamy et al Fluoride content of drinking water sources in Al-Gassim

region of central Saudi Arabia- Journal of Applied Sciences 4 (2): 189-192, 2004.

19. Sworobuk et al Fluoridation A need in ground water of Imphal district. Poll

Res. 25(3):531-534 2006.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE.No

I INTRODUCTION 1

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 24

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 29

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 38

V CONCLUSION 72

REFERENCES 73

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