NML v Argentina - Decision Granting Summary Judgment to 'Me Too' Holdouts - 5 June 2015

8/8/2019 NML v Argentina - Decision Granting Summary Judgment to 'Me Too' Holdouts - 5 June 2015

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78 Edv. 2422 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 295> (X^C)

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78 Edv. 2:8: (X^C)

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78 Edv. 2489 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 2483 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 25>5 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 8>4: (X^C)

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78 Edv. 8>47 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 2354 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 3354 (X^C)

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76 Edv. >37> (X^C)

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78 Edv. 2:85 (X^C)

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75 Edv. 2223 (X^C)




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77 Edv. 84>2 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 7>787 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 6495 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 77>4 (X^C)




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78 Edv. 57:3 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 7>>79 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 3737 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 3794 (X^C)




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78 Edv. 3798 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 3799 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 3953 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 4>45 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 7>:>7 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 4266 (X^C)

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78 Edv. 6284 (X^C)




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76 Edv. 783> (X^C)

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76 Edv. 7837 (X^C)

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76 Edv. >7665 (X^C)

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76 Edv. 7622 (X^C)




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76 Edv. 76>2 (X^C)

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hfif`hg`t, tbf Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g. ^kgd`tdiis mlvf ilr pgrtdgk summgry

ouhcmf`t, gsad`c tbf elurt tl rukf tbgt tbf Zfpujkde vdlkgtfh g`h el`tdùfs tl

vdlkgtf tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf u`hfrkyd`c jl`h gcrffmf`t. Ilr tbf ilkklwd`c

rfgsl`s, tbf elurt crg`ts pkgd`tdiis— mltdl`s ilr pgrtdgk summgry ouhcmf`t.

Igets

D` 7448, tbf Zfpujkde jfcg` dssud`c jl`hs pursug`t tl g Idsegk Gcfèy

Gcrffmf`t (‛IGG”). Xbf IGG el`tgd`s g prlvdsdl`, tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf, wbdeb

rfghs?

Xbf Ufeurdtdfs wdkk el`stdtutf (fxefpt gs prlvdhfh d` Ufetdl` 77jfklw) hdrfet, uèl`hdtdl`gk, u`sfeurfh g`h u`sujlrhd`gtfhljkdcgtdl`s li tbf Zfpujkde g`h sbgkk gt gkk tdmfs rgà pgrd pgssug`h wdtblut g`y prfifrfèf gml`c tbfmsfkvfs. Xbf pgymf`tljkdcgtdl`s li tbf Zfpujkde u`hfr tbf Ufeurdtdfs sbgkk gt gkk tdmfsrgà gt kfgst fqugkky wdtb gkk dts ltbfr prfsf`t g`h iuturf u`sfeurfhg`h u`sujlrhd`gtfh Fxtfr`gk D`hfjtfh`fss (gs hfid`fh d` tbdsGcrffmf`t).”

IGG ¹ 7(e). Xbf IGG gksl el`tgd`fh prlvdsdl`s wbfrfjy, d` tbf fvf`t kdtdcgtdl`

grlsf rfcgrhd`c tbf jl`hs, tbf Zfpujkde el`sf`tfh tl tbf ourdshdetdl` li g`y stgtf

lr ifhfrgk elurt d` @fw Tlra Edty. Dh. ¹¹ ::―:5.

Egsf 7?78-ev->2422-X^C Hleumf`t 5> Idkfh >9/>6/76 ^gcf 7> li :9



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:>>7, tbf Zfpujkde mghf rfcukgr pgymf`ts l` tbf IGG jl`hs. Xbgt yfgr,

blwfvfr, tbf Zfpujkde fxpfrdfèfh g` fel`lmde erdsds g`h hfiguktfh l` dts pujkde

hfjts, dèkuhd`c tbf IGG jl`hs. Fgeb yfgr sdèf :>>:, tbf Zfpujkde bgs pgssfh

kfcdskgtdl` prlbdjdtd`c pgymf`t l` tbf IGG jl`hs. Gs g rfsukt, mg`y IGG

jl`hblkhfrs jfcg` idkd`c getdl`s gcgd`st tbf Zfpujkde d` tbds elurt.

7. Xbf :>>6 g`h :>7> Fxebg`cf Liifrs

D` :>>6, tbf Zfpujkde dssufh g` fxebg`cf liifr (tbf ‛:>>6 Fxebg`cf”)

d`vdtd`c erfhdtlrs, dèkuhd`c IGG jl`hblkhfrs, tl fxebg`cf tbfdr lkh jl`hs ilr

`fwky dssufh jl`hs wlrtb :6% tl :4% li tbf lrdcd`gk jl`hs— vgkuf. Xbf Zfpujkde

tlla efrtgd` stfps tl fèlurgcf pgrtdedpgtdl` d` tbf :>>6 Fxebg`cf Liifr, g`h tl

hdselurgcf ‛blkhluts” irlm pursud`c jfttfr tfrms. Idrst, tbf Zfpujkde f`getfh

Kgw :9,>73 (tbf ‛Klea Kgw”), prlbdjdtd`c sfttkfmf`t wdtb tblsf wbl hfekd`fh tbf

fxebg`cf. Uff Kgw :9,>73 grt. 8. Ufel`h, tbf Zfpujkde dèkuhfh d` tbf :>>6

Fxebg`cf Liifr g Zdcbts Vpl` Iuturf Liifrs (‛ZVIL”) ekgusf. Uff :>>6

^rlspfetus Uuppkfmf`t gt U-72. Xbf ZVIL ekgusf cugrg`tffh tbgt di tbf

Zfpujkde wfrf tl rfgeb gcrffmf`t wdtb tbf blkhluts, dt wlukh bgvf tl liifr tbf

sgmf tfrms tl tblsf wbl bgh geefptfh tbf :>>6 Fxebg`cf Liifr. Dh. D` gkk, g`

fstdmgtfh 3:% tl 39% li tbf Zfpujkde—s erfhdtlrs geefptfh tbf :>>6 Fxebg`cf

Liifr.

D` :>7>, tbf Zfpujkde mghf g`ltbfr fxebg`cf liifr (tbf ‛:>7> Fxebg`cf”).

D` lrhfr tl el`huet tbf :>7> Fxebg`cf, tbf Zfpujkde f`getfh Kgw :9,683,

tfmplrgrdky suspf`hd`c tbf Klea Kgw. Uff Kgw :9,683 grt. 7. Kgw :9,683 mghf




7:

dt dkkfcgk ilr tbf Zfpujkde tl liifr tl `fw fxebg`cfrs fqugk lr jfttfr tfrms tbg`

wbgt wgs liifrfh d` :>>6. Dh. grt. 5. Mlrflvfr, Kgw :9,683 prlbdjdtfh tbf

Fxfeutdvf irlm liifrd`c blkhluts wbl bgh sufh tbf Zfpujkde tfrms mlrf

igvlrgjkf tbg` tblsf wbl hdh `lt suf tbf Zfpujkde. Dh. grt. 6.

D` gkk, g` fstdmgtfh 45% li tbf Zfpujkde—s erfhdtlrs geefptfh tbf :>>6 g`h

:>7> fxebg`cf liifrs. Gitfr fgeb fxebg`cf, tbf Zfpujkde mghf rfcukgr pgymf`ts

l` tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs. Blwfvfr, tbf Zfpujkde el`tdùfh d` dts rfiusgk tl pgy

l` tbf IGG jl`hs.

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Xbf Kfgh ^kgd`tdiis g`h tbf ^grd ^gssu Dòuètdl`

Gs hdseussfh, upl` tbf Zfpujkde—s rfiusgk tl bl`lr tbfdr jl`hs, mg`y li

tbf IGG jl`hblkhfrs idkfh getdl`s gcgd`st tbf Zfpujkde d` tbds elurt. Ulmf li

tbfsf jl`hblkhfrs ljtgd`fh ml`fy ouhcmf`ts irlm tbds elurt, d.f., ouhcmf`ts

tbgt tbf Zfpujkde lwfs tbfm prdèdpgk g`h d`tfrfst l` tbfdr IGG jl`hs. Uff , f.c.,

Ouhcmf`t, Lkh Egstkf Blkhd`cs, Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >:-EY-52>2

(Mgr. :3, :>>5). Blwfvfr, tbfsf jl`hblkhfrs ilu`h dt dmplssdjkf tl elkkfet l`

tbfdr ml`fy ouhcmf`ts.

D` :>7>, g crlup li pkgd`tdiis kfh jy @MK Egpdtgk, Kth. (tbf ‛Kfgh ̂ kgd`tdiis”)

idkfh mltdl`s sffad`c g hdiifrf`t ad`h li ouhcmf`t. Xbfsf pkgd`tdiis, jy mltdl` ilr

pgrtdgk summgry ouhcmf`t, gsafh tbf elurt tl hfekgrf tbgt tbf Zfpujkde bgh

vdlkgtfh g plrtdl` li tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf, tbf ‛Fqugk Xrfgtmf`t ^rlvdsdl`,” jy

‛erfgtd`c g ekgss li erfhdtlrs wbl grf cugrg`tffh pgymf`t wbdkf ilrmgkky

el`hfm`d`c @MK tl g klwfr rgà tbgt ds jgrrfh irlm rfefdvd`c g`y pgymf`t gt

gkk.” Uff Mfm. K. Uupp. Mlt. ^grt. Uummgry O. gt :, @MK Kth. v. Zfpujkde li

Egsf 7?78-ev->2422-X^C Hleumf`t 5> Idkfh >9/>6/76 ^gcf 7: li :9



75

Grcf`td`g , @l. >2-EY-9432 (Let. :>, :>7>). Gitfr fxtf`sdvf jrdfid`c, tbf elurt

gcrffh wdtb tbf Kfgh ^kgd`tdiis g`h ghouhcfh tbgt tbf Zfpujkde bgh vdlkgtfh tbf

pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf IGG wbf` dt ‛klwfrfh tbf rgà li @MK—s jl`hs . . . Qg`h]

wbf` dt mghf pgymf`ts eurrf`tky huf u`hfr tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hsQ] wbdkf

pfrsdstd`c d` dts rfiusgk tl sgtdsiy dts pgymf`t ljkdcgtdl`s eurrf`tky huf u`hfr

@MK—s Jl`hs.” Lrhfr 8―6, @MK Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >2-EY-9432

(Hfe. 3, :>77).

L` Ifjrugry :5, :>7:, tbf elurt igsbdl`fh g` dòuètdl` tl fìlref dts

ouhcmf`t tbgt tbf Zfpujkde bgh vdlkgtfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf. Uff Lrhfr, @MK

Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >2-EY-9432 (Ifj. :5, :>7:). Xbf Elurt li

Gppfgks ilr tbf Ufel`h Edreudt giidrmfh tbf dòuètdl`, jut rfmg`hfh dt tl tbds

elurt ‛tl ekgrdiy prfedsfky blw dt d`tf`hs tbds dòuètdl` tl lpfrgtf.” @MK Egpdtgk,

Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , 944 I.5h :89, :66 (:h Edr. :>7:). L` rfmg`h, tbf

elurt dssufh g` lrhfr ekgrdiyd`c tbgt?

g. Sbf`fvfr tbf Zfpujkde pgys g`y gmlu`t huf u`hfr tfrms li tbfjl`hs lr ltbfr ljkdcgtdl`s dssufh pursug`t tl tbf Zfpujkde—s :>>6lr :>7> Fxebg`cf Liifrs, lr g`y sujsfquf`t fxebg`cf li lrsujstdtutdl` ilr tbf :>>6 g`h :>7> Fxebg`cf Liifrs tbgt mgy leeurd` tbf iuturf (elkkfetdvfky, tbf ‛Fxebg`cf Jl`hs”), tbf Zfpujkde sbgkkelèurrf`tky lr d` ghvgèf mgaf g ‛Zgtgjkf ^gymf`t” tl @MK.

j. Uueb ‛Zgtgjkf ^gymf`t” tbgt tbf Zfpujkde ds LZHFZFH tl mgaftl @MK sbgkk jf g` gmlu`t fqugk tl tbf ‛^gymf`t ^fref`tgcf” (gshfid`fh jfklw) muktdpkdfh jy tbf tltgk gmlu`t eurrf`tky huf tl @MK

d` rfspfet li tbf jl`hs gt dssuf d` tbfsf egsfs (>2 Edv. 9432, >4 Edv.73>3, g`h >4 Edv. 73>2), dèkuhd`c prf-ouhcmf`t d`tfrfst (tbf ‛@MKJl`hs”).

Lrhfr gt ¹ : (g)―(j), @MK Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >2-EY-9432 (@lv. :7,

:>7:). Xbds lrhfr bgs jfelmf a`lw` gs ‛tbf Gmf`hfh Dòuètdl`.”




78

Xbf Zfpujkde gppfgkfh tbf Gmf`hfh Dòuètdl` tl tbf Elurt li Gppfgks.

Xbf Ufel`h Edreudt giidrmfh tbf Gmf`hfh Dòuètdl` d` dts f`tdrfty. @MK Egpdtgk,

Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , 3:3 I.5h :5>, :82 (:h Edr. :>75). @l`ftbfkfss, dt

stgyfh tbf Gmf`hfh Dòuètdl` tl gkklw tbf Zfpujkde tl idkf g pftdtdl` ilr g wrdt

li efrtdlrgrd . Dh. Xbf Zfpujkde idkfh dts pftdtdl`, g`h tbf Uuprfmf Elurt hf`dfh dt

l` Ou`f 79, :>78. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g v. @MK Egpdtgk, Kth., 758 U. Et. :274

(:>78). Ull` tbfrfgitfr, tbf Elurt li Gppfgks kditfh tbf stgy li tbf Gmf`hfh

Dòuètdl`.

5.

Xbf Zfpujkde—s ^lst-Dòuètdl` El`huet

Kfss tbg` g ml`tb gitfr tbf Elurt li Gppfgks giidrmfh tbf Gmf`hfh

Dòuètdl`, tbf Zfpujkde pgssfh Kgw :9,229, rflpf`d`c tbf fxebg`cfs jut gcgd`

prlbdjdtd`c tblsf wbl wdsbfh tl pgrtdedpgtf irlm rfefdvd`c tfrms mlrf igvlrgjkf

tbg` bgh gkrfghy jff` liifrfh. Uff Kgw :9,229 grt. :. Mlrflvfr, tbf Zfpujkde

el`tdùfh tl ilrjdh sfttkfmf`t wdtb tbf blkhluts wbl bgh idkfh kgwsudts u`kfss

tblsf blkhluts geefptfh tbf sgmf tfrms cdvf` d` :>>6 g`h :>7>. Dh. grt 8.

Xbf hgy gitfr tbf Uuprfmf Elurt hf`dfh tbf Zfpujkde—s pftdtdl` ilr g wrdt

li efrtdlrgrd , tbf Zfpujkde g``luèfh g pkg` tl pgy l` tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs

wdtblut mgad`c g pgymf`t tl tbf IGG jl`hblkhfrs. Uff Utgtfmf`t li tbf

Md`dstfr li tbf Fel`lmy gt 8 (Ou`f 73, :>78) (‛Sf grf d`dtdgtd`c stfps tl d`dtdgtf

g hfjt fxebg`cf tbgt wlukh pfrmdt us tl pgy d` Grcf`td`g u`hfr Grcf`td`f kgw.”).

Udx hgys kgtfr, tbf Zfpujkde gttfmptfh tl mgaf g pgymf`t li $25: mdkkdl` l` tbf

Fxebg`cf Jl`hs wdtblut mgad`c g rgtgjkf pgymf`t tl tbf Kfgh ̂ kgd`tdiis. Elbf`

Hfek. ¹ :4. Dt bgs gttfmptfh tl mgaf twl ghhdtdl`gk pgymf`ts sdèf tbf`. Dh . ¹¹




76

87―8:.

L` Ufptfmjfr 77, :>78, tbf Zfpujkde f`getfh kfcdskgtdl` wdtb tbf stgtfh

purplsf li pgyd`c l` tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs wdtblut ljsfrvd`c tbds elurt—s

ouhcmf`ts d` tbf Kfgh Egsfs. Uff Kgw :9,428 grt. :. Xbf kfcdskgtdl` purplrts tl

gppld`t g` Grcf`td`f f`tdty gs trustff li tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs, dh. grt 5, g`h tl

fstgjkdsb g prlefss ilr Fxebg`cf Jl`hblkhfrs tl swgp tbfdr Fxebg`cf Jl`hs ilr

sfeurdtdfs clvfr`fh jy Irfèb Kgw. Dh. grt. 3. Kgw :9,428 gksl hfekgrfs tbds

elurt—s lrhfrs gs ‛dkkfcdtdmgtf g`h dkkfcgk ljstruetdl`” li tbf pgymf`t prlefss l`

tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs. Dh. grt :.

8. Xbf ‛Mf Xll” ^kgd`tdiis g`h tbf D`stg`t Mltdl`s ilr ^grtdgk Uummgry

Ouhcmf`t

Gs hdseussfh, d` :>77 tbf Kfgh ^kgd`tdiis ljtgd`fh ouhcmf`ts irlm tbds

elurt tbgt tbf Zfpujkde vdlkgtfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf IGG wbf` dt klwfrfh

tbf rgà li tbfdr IGG jl`hs. ^kgd`tdiis d` tbf d`stg`t tbdrty-sdx egsfs `lw sffa g

sdmdkgr rukd`c. ^kgd`tdiis d` `d`ftff` li tbfsf egsfs7 gkrfghy bgvf ml`fy

ouhcmf`ts gcgd`st tbf Zfpujkde (elkkfetdvfky, tbf ‛^lst Ml`fy Ouhcmf`t

^kgd`tdiis.”) ^kgd`tdiis d` tbf rfmgd`d`c sdxtff` egsfs: hl `lt bgvf ml`fy

ouhcmf`ts (elkkfetdvfky, tbf ‛^rf-Ouhcmf`t k̂gd`tdiis”).

Xlcftbfr, pkgd`tdiis d` gkk li tbf d`stg`t egsfs `lw mlvf ilr pgrtdgk

summgry ouhcmf`t, gsad`c tbf elurt tl rukf tbgt tbf Zfpujkde vdlkgtfh g`h

7 Xbf ̀ d`ftff` ̂ lst Ml`fy Ouhcmf`t egsfs grf? 77-EY-84>21 78-EY-8>471 78-EY-8>4:1 78-EY-37981 78-EY-37991 78-EY-37941 78-EY-37371 78-EY-3:621 78-EY-33541 78-EY-2:8:1 78-EY-25>51 78-EY-29>71 78-EY-295>1 78-EY-24891 78-EY-24831 78-EY-4>451 76-EY->>37>1 76-EY->783>1 g`h 76-EY-76>2.: Xbf sdxtff` ̂ rf-Ouhcmf`t egsfs grf? 75-EY-22231 78-EY-7>>791 78-EY-7>>981 78-EY-7>787178-EY-7>:>71 78-EY-77>41 78-EY-57:31 78-EY-62841 78-EY-64951 78-EY-39531 78-EY-2:85178-EY-24221 78-EY-42661 76-EY-78371 76-EY-76651 g`h 76-EY-7622.




79

el`tdùfs tl vdlkgtf tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf IGG. Xbf elurt bfgrh lrgk

grcumf`t l` tbf mltdl`s l` Mgy :4, :>76.

Hdseussdl`

Xbf stg`hgrh ilr summgry ouhcmf`t ds wfkk sfttkfh. Xbf elurt mgy crg`t

summgry ouhcmf`t l`ky wbfrf tbf mlvg`t sblws tbgt ‛tbfrf ds ̀ l cfùd`f dssuf

gs tl g`y mgtfrdgk iget g`h tbgt tbf mlvd`c pgrty ds f`tdtkfh tl ouhcmf`t gs g

mgttfr li kgw.” Ifh. Z. Edv. ^. 69(e)1 sff gksl Efkltfx Elrp. v. Egrtrftt , 833 V.U.

573, 5:: (7429).

Xbf Zfpujkde rgdsfs tbrff grcumf`ts d` lpplsdtdl` tl pkgd`tdiis— mltdl`s

ilr pgrtdgk summgry ouhcmf`t? (7) tbf ^lst Ml`fy Ouhcmf`t ^kgd`tdiis— ekgdms

grf jgrrfh jy tbf hletrd`fs li rfs ouhdegtg g`h mfrcfr1 (:) tbf ^rf-Ouhcmf`t

^kgd`tdiis bgvf `lt ghfqugtfky hfml`strgtfh tbgt tbfy lw` tbf jl`h d`tfrfsts

tbfy purplrt tl blkh1 g`h (5) tbf Zfpujkde bgs ̀ lt jrfgebfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf

li tbf IGG.

7. Sbftbfr tbf Hletrd`fs li Zfs Ouhdegtg g`h Mfrcfr Jgr tbf ^lst

Ml`fy Ouhcmf`t ̂ kgd`tdiis— ^grd ^gssu Ekgdm.

Xbf Zfpujkde grcufs tbgt tbf hletrd`fs li rfs ouhdegtg g`h mfrcfr rfqudrf

tbf elurt tl hf`y tbf pgrd pgssu ekgdm d` tbf ̀ d`ftff` egsfs wbfrf pkgd`tdiis bgvf

gkrfghy ljtgd`fh ml`fy ouhcmf`ts.

Xbf hletrd`f li rfs ouhdegtg ‛prlvdhfs tbgt g id`gk ouhcmf`t l` tbf mfrdts

li g` getdl` prfekuhfs tbf pgrtdfs irlm rfkdtdcgtd`c dssufs tbgt wfrf lr elukh bgvf

jff` rgdsfh d` tbgt getdl`.” Hug`f Zfghf, Dè. v. Ut. ^guk Idrf & Mgrd`f D`s. El.,

9>> I.5h 74>, 746 (:h Edr. :>7>) (d`tfr`gk mgras lmdttfh). Zfs ouhdegtg wdkk




73

prfekuhf sueefssdvf ekgdms di tbf fgrkdfr hfedsdl` wgs? ‛(7) g id`gk ouhcmf`t l`

tbf mfrdts, (:) jy g elurt li elmpftf`t ourdshdetdl`, (5) d` g egsf d`vlkvd`c tbf

sgmf pgrtdfs lr tbfdr prdvdfs, g`h (8) d`vlkvd`c tbf sgmf egusf li getdl`.” D` rf

Xfktrl`des Ufrvs., Dè., 39: I.:h 726, 74> (:h Edr. 7426). G egusf li getdl` ds tbf

sgmf di dt stfms irlm tbf sgmf lr el``fetfh trg`sgetdl`s, tbf sgmf prlli ds

`ffhfh tl supplrt dt gs d` tbf prdlr sudt, g`h di tbf igets fssf`tdgk tl tbf sfel`h

wfrf prfsf`t d` tbf idrst. Eurtds v. Edtdjgà, @.G., ::9 I.5h 755, 754 (:h Edr.

:>>>)1 @.K.Z.J. v. V`dtfh Xfeb`lklcdfs Elrp., 3>9 I.:h 7:68, 7:9> (:h Edr. 7425).

Xbf hletrd`f li mfrcfr prlvdhfs tbgt ‛g hfjt erfgtfh jy el`trget mfrcfs

wdtb g ouhcmf`t f`tfrfh l` tbgt el`trget, sl tbgt tbf el`trget hfjt ds

fxtd`cudsbfh g`h l`ky tbf ouhcmf`t hfjt survdvfs.” Sfstd`cblusf Erfhdt Elrp.

v. H'Vrsl , 537 I.5h 49, 7>: (:h Edr. :>>8). Xbf ‛mfrcfr” li tbf el`trget hfjt wdtb

tbf ouhcmf`t hfjt hlfs `lt fxtd`cudsb tbf u`hfrkyd`c el`trget dtsfki. Uff Fxp.-

Dmp. Jgà li tbf Zfpujkde li Ebd`g v. Crf`ghg , @l. 75 EDY. 786> BJ, :>75 SK

8878236, gt *5 ([email protected]. Guc. 74, :>75). Xbds wlukh d`gpprlprdgtfky ‛wfgaf`

rdcbts lr hfstrly dhf`tdtdfs wbdeb tbf prfvgdkd`c pgrty bgh d` bds lrdcd`gk egusf.”

Ogy's Utlrfs, Dè. v. G`` Kfwds Ublps, Dè., 76 @.T.:h 787, 783 (7496). Zgtbfr

tbg` fxtd`cudsb tbf el`trget , mfrcfr mfrfky fxtd`cudsbfs tbf ekgdm tbgt wgs

ghouhdegtfh irlm tbgt el`trget, g`h rfpkgefs tbgt ekgdm wdtb tbf id`gk ouhcmf`t.

Uff Lrdx Erfhdt Gkkdgèf, Dè. v. Blrtf` , 496 I. Uupp. 827, 826 ([email protected]. 7443).

Mfrcfr, tbf`, ds iuètdl`gkky sdmdkgr tl tbf hletrd`f li ekgdm prfekusdl`,

wbdeb dtsfki ds g elmpl`f`t li rfs ouhdegtg . Mdcrg v. Sgrrf` Edty Ueb. Hdst. Jh. li

Fhue., 896 V.U. 36, 33 `.7 (7428). Xbus, elurts bgvf jfelmf dèrfgsd`cky wgry




72

li usd`c tbf tfrmd`lklcy li ‛mfrcfr,” igvlrd`c d`stfgh tbf kg`cugcf li rfs

ouhdegtg . Uff @MK Egpdtgk, Kth. v. Jgèl Ef`t. hf kg Zfpujkdeg Grcf`td`g , 96: I.5h

73:, 726 (:h Edr. :>77) (`ltd`c tbgt mfrcfr g`h jgr grf ‛tbf tfrmd`lklcy li tbf

elmml` kgw tbgt ifhfrgk elurts bgvf supplsfhky rftdrfh.”). El`sfquf`tky, tbds

elurt wdkk gppky tbf hletrd`f li rfs ouhdegtg d` hftfrmd`d`c wbftbfr pkgd`tdiis—

ekgdms grf prfekuhfh.

Xbds ds fxgetky tbf gpprlgeb fmpklyfh d` Fxplrt-Dmplrt Jgà li tbf

Zfpujkde li Ebd`g v. Crf`ghg . D` :>>9, tbf Fxplrt-Dmplrt Jgà ljtgd̀ fh g $:7.9

mdkkdl` ouhcmf`t gcgd`st Crf`ghg ilr dts hfigukt l` ilur klg`s. Fxp.-Dmp. Jgà

li tbf Zfpujkde li Ebd`g v. Crf`ghg , @l. 75-EY-786> (BJ), :>75 SK 8878236, gt

*7 ([email protected]. Guc. 74, :>75). Udx yfgrs kgtfr, tbf Fxplrt-Dmplrt Jgà idkfh g `fw

getdl` gcgd`st Crf`ghg, gkkfcd`c jrfgeb li tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf klg`

gcrffmf`ts. Dh. Crg`ghg grcufh tbgt prdèdpkfs li rfs ouhdegtg g`h mfrcfr jgrrfh

tbf sfel`h getdl`. Dh. Ouhcf Jgfr li tbds elurt hdsgcrffh, g`h upl` gppkyd`c rfs

ouhdegtg prdèdpkfs, bfkh tbgt tbf sfel`h getdl` wgs `lt prfekuhfh jfegusf dts

igetugk jgsds, tbf el`huet fstgjkdsbd`c vdlkgtdl` li tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf,

d`vlkvfh g ‛hdiifrf`t sft li wrl`cs” `lt kdtdcgtfh d` tbf idrst getdl`. Dh. gt *:―5.

Oust gs d` Fxplrt-Dmplrt Jgà , tbf d`stg`t pgrd pgssu ekgdm ds `lt

prfekuhfh jfegusf dt ds hdiifrf`t irlm, g`h d`vlkvfs g hdiifrf`t sft li wrl`cs,

tbg` wbgt wgs ghouhdegtfh prfvdlusky. Jftwff` :>>: g`h :>77, tbf ̂ lst Ml`fy

Ouhcmf`t pkgd`tdiis idkfh getdl`s gcgd`st tbf Zfpujkde ilr dts igdkurf tl pgy

prdèdpgk g`h d`tfrfst l` tbfdr IGG jl`hs. Uff, f.c., Elmpkgd`t ¹¹ 7, 8―3,

Hrgwrgb Kdmdtfh, ft gk., v. Xbf Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >4-EY-2:44 (Ufp. 5>,




74

:>>4). Xbf elurt gwgrhfh tbfsf pkgd`tdiis ouhcmf`ts li prdèdpgk g`h d`tfrfst l`

tblsf jl`hs. Uff, f.c., Ouhcmf`t, Hrgwrgb Kdmdtfh, ft gk., v. Xbf Zfpujkde li

Grcf`td`g , @l. >4-EY-2:44 (Ifj. :8, :>77). Xbfsf pkgd`tdiis bgvf `lw idkfh `fw

getdl`s gssfrtd`c tbgt tbf Zfpujkde jrfgebfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf IGG

jy rgàd`c tbfdr sfeurdtdfs jfklw tbf sfeurdtdfs li tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hblkhfrs.

Uff, f.c., Elmpkgd`t ¹¹ 5―8, ^frfz , ft gk., v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. 78-EY-

2:8: (Let. 76, :>78).

Xbf ekgdm ilr igdkurf tl pgy prdèdpgk g`h d`tfrfst ds iu`hgmf`tgkky

hdiifrf`t irlm tbf pgrd pgssu ekgdm. Xbf Zfpujkde—s igdkurf tl pgy prdèdpgk g`h

d`tfrfst vdlkgtfs tbf IGG jfegusf tbf IGG rfqudrfs tbf pgymf`t li prdèdpgk g`h

d`tfrfst. Uff IGG ¹ 7:(g). Xbf slkf ‛wrl`c” elmmdttfh d` tbds rfcgrh, g`h tbf

slkf mgttfr kdtdcgtfh tl id`gk ouhcmf`t, wgs tbf igdkurf tl pgy prdèdpgk g`h

d`tfrfst.

Xbf ekgdm ilr igdkurf tl bl`lr tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf d`vlkvfs g wblkky

hdiifrf`t sft li wrl`cs. Xbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf IGG, mlrf spfedidegkky tbf

fqugk trfgtmf`t prlvdsdl`, prlvdhfs tbgt tbf ‛Xbf pgymf`t ljkdcgtdl`s li tbf

Zfpujkde u`hfr tbf Ufeurdtdfs sbgkk gt gkk tdmfs rgà gt kfgst fqugkky wdtb gkk dts

ltbfr prfsf`t g`h iuturf u`sfeurfh g`h u`sujlrhd`gtfh Fxtfr`gk

D`hfjtfh`fss.” IGG ¹ 7(e). Xbf Zfpujkde vdlkgtfs tbds prlvdsdl` `lt sdmpky jy dts

rfiusgk tl pgy pkgd`tdiis, jut jy dts erfgtdl` li g`h pgymf`t l` g supfrdlr ekgss

li sfeurdtdfs g`h jy sujlrhd`gtd`c dts ljkdcgtdl` tl pkgd`tdiis.

Xbf Zfpujkde grcufs tbgt prfekusdl` gppkdfs jfegusf tbf igets cdvd`c rdsf

tl tbf pgrd pgssu ekgdm leeurrfh jfilrf tbf ml`fy ouhcmf`ts wfrf gwgrhfh, g`h




:>

tbus tbf ekgdm sblukh bgvf jff` gssfrtfh d` tbf prfvdlus getdl`s. Uff Mfm. K.

Lpp. gt 72―74. Xbf Zfpujkde `ltfs tbgt tbf pgssgcf li tbf ‛Klea Kgw,” wbdeb

prlbdjdts sfttkfmf`t wdtb tbf blkhluts, wgs pgssfh d` :>>6, g`h succfsts tbgt

tbds fvf`t cgvf pkgd`tdiis suiidedf`t jgsds tl jrd`c tbf pgrd pgssu ekgdm fgrkdfr. Dh.

@ltwdtbstg`hd`c tbf iget tbgt g sdc`dideg`t ùmjfr li tbfsf pkgd`tdiis idkfh tbfdr

idrst getdl`s jfilrf :>>6,5 tbf Klea Kgw wgs sdmpky l`f fgrky fxgmpkf li g`

l`cld`c sfrdfs li fvf`ts cdvd`c rdsf tl pkgd`tdiis— pgrd pgssu ekgdm.

Idrst, tbf Zfpujkde pgssfh tbf Klea Kgw g`h el`huetfh tbf :>>6 g`h :>7>

Fxebg`cfs. Fgeb yfgr sdèf tbf`, tbf Zfpujkde bgs rfgutblrdzfh g mlrgtlrdum

l` pgymf`ts l` tbf IGG jl`hs. Gt tbf sgmf tdmf, tbf Zfpujkde bgs mghf selrfs

li pgymf`ts tl tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hblkhfrs. D` :>77 g`h :>7:, tbf elurt

el`strufh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf d` tbf Kfgh Egsfs. D` :>75, tbf Zfpujkde pgssfh

Kgw :9,229 rflpf`d`c tbf fxebg`cfs jut gcgd` prlbdjdtd`c rfpgymf`t l` tbf

pkgd`tdiis' jl`hs. D` Ou`f li :>78, tbf Uuprfmf Elurt hf`dfh tbf Zfpujkde—s

pftdtdl` ilr g wrdt li efrtdlrgrd d` tbf Kfgh Egsfs. Xbf`, jftwff` :>78 g`h :>76,

tbf Zfpujkde mghf tbrff dkkfcgk trg`sifrs tl id`gèdgk f`tdtdfs wdtb tbf d`tf`tdl`

li pgyd`c l` tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs wdtblut mgad`c g rgtgjkf pgymf`t tl tbf Kfgh

^kgd`tdiis. Dt gksl pgssfh Kgw :9,428, liifrd`c tl pgy Fxebg`cf Jl`hblkhfrs

u`hfr Irfèb kgw g`h purplrtd`c tl rfpkgef tbf d`hf`turf trustff li tbf

Fxebg`cf Jl`hs.

Xbds kf`ctby g`h l`cld`c sfrdfs li fvf`ts ds wbgt prlvdhfs tbf igetugk jgsds

5 Uff, f.c., >:-EY-52>21 >:-EY-87:81 >5-EY-27:>1 >8-EY-3>691 >8-EY-96481 >8-EY-:37>1 >8-EY-55781 >8-EY-97531 >8-EY-36>81 g`h >8-EY-7>33.

Egsf 7?78-ev->2422-X^C Hleumf`t 5> Idkfh >9/>6/76 ^gcf :> li :9



:7

ilr tbf d`stg`t pgrd pgssu ekgdm. Xbds pgttfr` li getdvdty, gs g wblkf, wgs `lt

a`lw` g`h elukh `lt bgvf jff` a`lw` tl tbfsf pkgd`tdiis wbf` tbfy idkfh tbfdr

idrst getdl`s. Udmpky put, dt ds tbf Zfpujkde—s l`cld`c el`huet tbgt, d` tbf

kg`cugcf li rfs ouhdegtg , ds fssf`tdgk tl tbf d`stg`t pgrd pgssu ekgdm. Jfegusf

tbds fssf`tdgk el`huet leeurrfh, g`h el`tdùfs tl leeur, kl`c gitfr tbf idrst

getdl`s wfrf idkfh, rfs ouhdegtg hlfs `lt gppky.

Xbf elurt rfofets tbf Zfpujkde—s rfs ouhdegtg g`h mfrcfr grcumf`ts

jfegusf tbf ^lst Ml`fy Ouhcmf`t ^kgd`tdii—s pgrd pgssu ekgdm ds iu`hgmf`tgkky

hdiifrf`t irlm, g`h d`vlkvfs g wblkky hdiifrf`t sft li wrl`cs, tbg` tbf ekgdm ilr

pgymf`t li d`tfrfst g`h prdèdpgk. Mlrflvfr, tbf igetugk jgsds ilr tbf ̀ fw ekgdm,

d.f. tbf Zfpujkde—s el`huet d` sujlrhd`gtd`c dts pgymf`t ljkdcgtdl` tl pkgd`tdiis,

ds l`cld`c. Xbus, tbf elurt elèkuhfs tbgt tbf pgrd pgssu ekgdm ds hdiifrf`t irlm

wbgt wgs prfvdlusky kdtdcgtfh, g`h `lt prfekuhfh jy prdèdpkfs li rfs ouhdegtg lr

mfrcfr.

:. Sbftbfr Xbf ̂ rf-Ouhcmf`t ̂ kgd`tdiis Bgvf Uujmdttfh Ghfqugtf ̂ rlli

li Lw`frsbdp li Xbfdr Jl`hs.

Xbf Zfpujkde grcufs tbgt slmf li tbf ^rf-Ouhcmf`t ^kgd`tdiis bgvf igdkfh

tl prlvdhf suiidedf`t fvdhfèf li tbfdr lw`frsbdp d`tfrfst d` tbf IGG jl`hs,

mfrdtd`c hf`dgk li summgry ouhcmf`t.

^rlli li jl`h lw`frsbdp bgs jff` g rfeurrd`c dssuf d` tbf kl`c-bdstlry li

tbfsf egsfs. Cf`frgkky spfgad`c, g pgrty mgy fstgjkdsb g iget jy edtd`c tl

hfekgrgtdl`s lr giidhgvdts fvdhfèd`c tbgt iget. Uff Ifh. Z. Edv. ^. 69(e)(7). Jut

tbds elurt bgs el`sdstf`tky rfqudrfh mlrf jfilrf crg`td`c summgry ouhcmf`t. Dt

Egsf 7?78-ev->2422-X^C Hleumf`t 5> Idkfh >9/>6/76 ^gcf :7 li :9



::

bgs rfqudrfh slmf hleumf`tgry prlli li eurrf`t lw`frsbdp li tbf jl`hs. Uff,

f.c., Elkfkkg v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >8 EDY. :37> (X^C), :>>9 SK 544884,

gt *5 ([email protected]. Ifj. :7, :>>9). D` mlst egsfs, tbf elurt bgs jff` sgtdsidfh wbfrf

tbf pkgd`tdii suppkfmf`ts dts swlr` hfekgrgtdl`s wdtb g rfef`t geelu`t stgtfmf`t

irlm tbf jgà blkhd`c tbf jl`hs. Mgzzd`d v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g , @l. >5-EY-

27:>(X^C), :>>6 SK 385>4>, gt *8 ([email protected]. Mgr. 57, :>>6), gii'h , :2: I. Gpp'x

4>3 (:h Edr. :>>2).

D` tbf d`stg`t egsfs, mg`y li tbf ^rf-Ouhcmf`t ^kgd`tdiis bgh d`dtdgkky

rfkdfh l` hfekgrgtdl`s gs fvdhfèf li tbfdr lw`frsbdp li tbf jl`hs. Blwfvfr, d`

rfspl`sf tl tbf Zfpujkde—s lpplsdtdl` pgpfrs, gkk li tbfsf pkgd`tdiis bgvf `lw

sujmdttfh geelu`t stgtfmf`ts tl tbf elurt. Uff, f.c., Zfpky Mfm. gt :4

(‛Gktblucb dt ds `lt rfqudrfh, ^kgd`tdii `lw gttgebfs ghhdtdl`gk fvdhfèf li

lw`frsbdp.”) Xbf elurt bgs rfvdfwfh tbfsf pkgd`tdiis— hfekgrgtdl`s g`h geelu`t

stgtfmf`ts g`h elèkuhfs tbgt tbfy grf suiidedf`t tl prlvf pkgd`tdiis— lw`frsbdp

li d`tfrfsts d` tbf IGG jl`hs. Uff Xgjkf 7.

Xgjkf 7? Fvdhfèf li Lw`frsbdp d` ^rf-Ouhcmf`t ‛Mf Xll” Egsfs

Egsf # ^kgd`tdii Utgtus Fvdhfèf li Lw`frsbdp li D`tfrfst75EY2223 ^l`s prfouhcmf`t Bgua g`h Guibgusf Get. Ut. & swlr`

hfekgrgtdl`78EY7>>79 Xrd`dty prfouhcmf`t Sdkmd`ctl` Xrust Geet. Utgtfmf`t &

swlr` hfekgrgtdl`78EY7>>98 MEBG

Bkhcsprfouhcmf`t Mlrcg` Utg`kfy Geet. Utgtfmf`t &

swlr` hfekgrgtdl`78EY7>787 Hlrrg prfouhcmf`t Ugjghfkk Geet. Utgtfmf`t & swlr`

hfekgrgtdl`78EY7>:>7 Ekgrdhgf prfouhcmf`t Mlrcg` Utg`kfy Geet. Utgtfmf`t &

swlr` hfekgrgtdl`78EY77>4 Xlrtus DD prfouhcmf`t Clkhmg` Ugebs Geet. Utgtfmf`t &

swlr` hfekgrgtdl` (d`hdegtd`c tbgtslmf li tbf jl`hs bgvf jff` slkh,

Egsf 7?78-ev->2422-X^C Hleumf`t 5> Idkfh >9/>6/76 ^gcf :: li :9



:5

jut tbgt lw`frsbdp el`tdùfs l` tbfrfmgd`d`c jl`hs)

78EY57:3 Xlrtus D prfouhcmf`t Clkhmg` Ugebs Geet. Utgtfmf`t &swlr` hfekgrgtdl` (d`hdegtd`c tbgtslmf li tbf jl`hs bgvf jff` slkh,

jut tbgt lw`frsbdp el`tdùfs l` tbfrfmgd`d`c jl`hs)

78EY6284 Gttfstlr prfouhcmf`t Hfutsebf Jgà Geet. Utgtfmf`t &swlr` hfekgrgtdl`

78EY6495 Jfklqud prfouhcmf`t Edtdjgà Geet. Utgtfmf`t & swlr`hfekgrgtdl`

78EY3953 MEBGBkhcs

prfouhcmf`t Mlrcg` Utg`kfy Geet. Utgtfmf`t &swlr` hfekgrgtdl`

78EY2:85 Ilckdg prfouhcmf`t Edtdjgà Geet. Utgtfmf`t & swlr`hfekgrgtdl`

78EY2422 @MK prfouhcmf`t O^ Mlrcg` Geet. Utgtfmf`t & swlr`

hfekgrgtdl`78EY4266 GZGC prfouhcmf`t Hgdky ^lrtilkdl Gpprgdsgk & swlr`

hfekgrgtdl`76EY7837 Kgmjfrtd`d prfouhcmf`t Egog hf Ygklrfs Geet Utgtfmf`t &

swlr` hfekgrgtdl`76EY7665 Bl`frl prfouhcmf`t Hgdky ^lrtilkdl Gpprgdsgk & swlr`

hfekgrgtdl`76EY7622 Xrd`dty prfouhcmf`t Sdkmd`ctl` Xrust Geet. Utgtfmf`t &

swlr` hfekgrgtdl`

5. Sbftbfr tbf Zfpujkde Bgs Jrfgebfh tbf ^grd ̂ gssu Ekgusf li tbf IGG.

Xbf Zfpujkde grcufs tbgt dt bgs `lt jrfgebfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf

IGG. Xbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf prlvdhfs tbgt?

Xbf Ufeurdtdfs wdkk el`stdtutf (fxefpt gs prlvdhfh d` Ufetdl` 77jfklw) hdrfet, uèl`hdtdl`gk, u`sfeurfh g`h u`sujlrhd`gtfhljkdcgtdl`s li tbf Zfpujkde g`h sbgkk gt gkk tdmfs rgà pgrd pgssug`h wdtblut g`y prfifrfèf gml`c tbfmsfkvfs. Xbf pgymf`tljkdcgtdl`s li tbf Zfpujkde u`hfr tbf Ufeurdtdfs sbgkk gt gkk tdmfsrgà gt kfgst fqugkky wdtb gkk dts ltbfr prfsf`t g`h iuturf u`sfeurfhg`h u`sujlrhd`gtfh Fxtfr`gk D`hfjtfh`fss (gs hfid`fh d` tbdsGcrffmf`t).

IGG ¹ 7(e). Xbf Zfpujkde grcufs tbgt tbds ekgusf ‛prlbdjdts l`ky g erfhdtlr—s

d`vlku`tgry kfcgk sujlrhd`gtdl` li hfjt tbgt ds sujofet tl tbf ekgusf tl efrtgd` li




:8

tbf erfhdtlr—s ltbfr d`hfjtfh`fss,” g`h tbgt dt hlfs `lt gppky wbfrf g erfhdtlr

‛fkfetfh vlku`tgrdky `lt tl pgrtdedpgtf” d` g hfjt rfstrueturd`c. Mfm. K. Lpp. gt

55―58.

Xbds grcumf`t ds u`gvgdkd`c. Xbf Ufel`h Edreudt d`tfrprftfh tbds ekgusf d`

dts lpd`dl` li Letljfr :9, :>7:. Uff @MK Egpdtgk, Kth. v. Zfpujkde li Grcf`td`g ,

944 I.5h :89, :64 (:h Edr. :>7:). Xbf elurt fxpkgd`fh tbgt tbf idrst sf`tfèf li

tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf ‛prlbdjdts Grcf`td`g, gs jl`h dssufr, irlm ilrmgkky

sujlrhd`gtd`c tbf jl`hs jy dssud`c supfrdlr hfjt.” Dh. Xbf sfel`h sf`tfèf

‛prlbdjdts Grcf`td`g, gs jl`h pgylr, irlm pgyd`c l` ltbfr jl`hs wdtblut pgyd`c

l` tbf IGG Jl`hs.” Dh.

Xbf Zfpujkde grcufs tbgt Elurt li Gppfgks— el`struetdl` li tbf pgrd pgssu

ekgusf ‛ru`s el`trgry tl @fw Tlra Kgw g`h mgraft u`hfrstg`hd`c” g`h ds

‛u`supplrtfh jy Qtbf] pkgd` kg`cugcf” tbfrfli. Uff Mfm. K. Lpp. Mlts. Uummgry

O. gt 55―58. Jut tbds mfrfky gttfmpts tl rfkdtdcgtf dssufs kl`c hfedhfh. Xbf Elurt

li Gppfgks bgs el`strufh tbf mfg`d`c li tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf, g`h tbds elurt

eg``lt, ̀ lr wlukh dt, upsft tbgt d`tfrprftgtdl`. Xbf elurt ̀ ffh mfrfky hftfrmd`f

wbftbfr pkgd`tdiis bgvf prlvf` tbgt tbf Zfpujkde jrfgebfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf,

gs dt bgs jff` el`strufh, d` tbf d`stg`t egsfs.

Jftwff` :>>6 g`h :>78, tbf Zfpujkde mghf rfcukgr g`h u`d`tfrruptfh

pgymf`ts tl l`f ekgss li dts erfhdtlrs, tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hblkhfrs, wdtblut

pgyd`c tbf IGG jl`hblkhfrs. Xbf Zfpujkde pgssfh gt kfgst ilur hdserftf pdfefs

li kfcdskgtdl` tl gvldh pgyd`c l` tbf IGG jl`hs. Uff Kgw :9,>73, Kgw :9,683,

Kgw :9,229, g`h Kgw :9,428. G`h, fgeb yfgr sdèf :>>:, tbf Zfpujkde bgs




:6

dèkuhfh d` dts juhcft g mlrgtlrdum prlbdjdtd`c pgymf`t l` tbf IGG jl`hs.

Iurtbfrmlrf, irlm :>78 tbrlucb :>76, gitfr tbf Gmf`hfh Dòuètdl` d` tbf Kfgh

Egsfs tlla fiifet, tbf Zfpujkde mghf tbrff dkkfcgk trg`sifrs tl id`gèdgk

d`tfrmfhdgrdfs d` g` gttfmpt tl pgy l` tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs wdtblut gksl pgyd`c

l` tbf IGG jl`hs. Id`gkky, tbf Zfpujkde bgs gttfmptfh tl rfmlvf tbf d`hf`turf

trustff li tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs g`h tl rfpkgef dt wdtb g` Grcf`td`f f`tdty d` g`

gttfmpt tl el`tdùf mgad`c pgymf`ts l` tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs wdtblut mgad`c

pgymf`ts l` tbf IGG jl`hs.

Xbds kl`c elursf li el`huet mgafs ekfgr tbgt tbf Zfpujkde `l kl`cfr

el`sdhfrs tbf IGG jl`hs ‛hdrfet, uèl`hdtdl`gk, u`sfeurfh g`h u`sujlrhd`gtfh

ljkdcgtdl`s li tbf Zfpujkde.” IGG ¹7(e). Jy dssud`c tbf Fxebg`cf Jl`hs g`h

pgssd`c kfcdskgtdl` prlbdjdtd`c pgymf`t l` tbf IGG jl`hs, tbf Zfpujkde bgs

erfgtfh g supfrdlr ekgss li hfjt tl tbgt bfkh jy pkgd`tdiis. Jy mgad`c pgymf`ts

l` tbds supfrdlr ekgss li hfjt, tbf Zfpujkde bgs vdlkgtfh dts prlmdsf tl rgà

pkgd`tdiis— jl`hs fqugkky wdtb dts kgtfr-dssufh fxtfr`gk d`hfjtfh`fss. Xbus, tbf

elurt blkhs, d` kdcbt li tbf Zfpujkde—s f`tdrf g`h el`tdùd`c elursf li el`huet,

tbgt dt bgs jrfgebfh tbf pgrd pgssu ekgusf li tbf IGG.




Elèkusdl`

Ilr

tbf rfgsl`s cdvf`

gjlvf

tbf elurt elèkuhfs tbgt pkgd`tdiis d` tbfsf

tbdrty-sdx

getdl`s bgvf

sgtdsidfh

tbfdr jurhf` ilr ljtgd`d`c

summgry

ouhcmf`t.

Xbf mltdl`s ilr

pgrtdgk

summgry ouhcmf`t

grf

bfrfjy crg`tfh.

t

ds bfrfjy

hfekgrfh

ghouhcfh g`h hferffh tbgt tbf Zfpujkde bgs

vdlkgtfh g`h el`tdùfs

tl

vdlkgtf, ^grgcrgpb 7) e) li tbf 7448

Idsegk

Gcfèy

Gcrffmf`t.

UL

LZHFZFH.

Hgtfh? @fw Tlra, @fw

Tlra

Ou`f

6

:>76

V`dtfh Utgtfs Hdstrdet Ouhcf

kOUHEUH@T

HLEVMF@X

FkFEXZL@DEGKKT IDKF

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H XF IDKFH r

j

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Documents

NML v Argentina - Decision Granting Summary Judgment to 'Me Too' Holdouts - 5 June 2015