NML v Argentina Citibank Appeal Brief 15 August 2014

8/11/2019 NML v Argentina Citibank Appeal Brief 15 August 2014

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0;-9>1(EOF),0;-9>


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YTJD 9>.0 EOY]OY@[D KLUEJOUTYD U[@[DCDF[

Lf `eeork`fed wlta Joe`j Yujd 9>.0 `fk Yujd 9>.0 on tad Ndkdr`j Yujds on

@ppdjj`td ]roedkurd, fof-p`rty cov`ft Eltli`fb, F.@. st`tds ta`t lt ls ` waojjy-

owfdk, lfklrdet suislkl`ry on Eltlgroup Lfe. Eltlgroup Lfe. ls ` puijlejy tr`kdk

eocp`fy ta`t a`s fo p`rdft eorpor`tlof, `fk fo puijlejy adjk eorpor`tlof owfs

0=% or cord on lts stoeb.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 9 =1/04/9=0; 09


3/58

l

[@IJD ON EOF[DF[U

]YDJLCLF@Y\ U[@[DCDF[ ............................................................................. 0

HTYLUKLE[LOF@J U[@[DCDF[ ........................................................................ ;

LUUTDU ]YDUDF[DK............................................................................................ ;

U[@[DCDF[ ON [AD E@UD ............................................................................... 4

@. [ad Ydpuijles Kdn`ujt fk Ydstrueturlfg .......................................... 4

I.

[ad Lfhufetlofs ................................................................................... 7

E.

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`s Yojd `s Eustokl`f.............................................. 1

K.

]`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks............................................. 0=

D.

Eltli`fbs Cotlof nor Ej`rlnle`tlof ................................................... 05

N. [ad Klstrlet Eourts Gr`ft, `fk tadf Ydeofslkdr`tlof, onEltli`fbs Ydqudst nor Ej`rlnle`tlof .................................................. 0;

UTCC@Y\ ON @YGTCDF[ ............................................................................ 07

U[@FK@YK ON YD^LDW .................................................................................. 01

@YGTCDF[........................................................................................................ 01

L. [AD EL[LI@FB LFHTFE[LOF LU @F @ITUD ON KLUEYD[LOFIDE@TUD L[ LC]YO]DYJ\ LC]OUDU O]]YDUUL^D @FKLFDPTL[@IJD ITYKDFU OF @ ]@Y[\ FO[ JL@IJD [O@]]DJJDDU .............................................................................................. 01

@. [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof loj`tds Yujds on Dqulty ............................. 01< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 5 =1/04/9=0; 09


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ll

K. Lt Ls Lcposslijd [o Eocpjy Wlta tad Eltli`fb LfhufetlofsC`fk`td [o Klstlfgulsa Idtwddf @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t@rd Dxea`fgd Iofks `fk [aosd ta`t @rd Fot ................................... 9>

LL.

[AD EL[LI@FB LFHTFE[LOF LC]YO]DYJ\ YDU[Y@LFU]@\CDF[U [O ID C@KD WAOJJ\ WL[ALF @YGDF[LF@ ............. 97

@. [ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks @rd Dftlrdjy Klnndrdft nroc tadDxea`fgd Iofks ta`t Wdrd tad Uuihdet on tad Lfhufetlofs ................ 91

I. [ad Nufks Idlfg Ydstr`lfdk @rd Fot Owfdk iy tad Ydpuijle .......... 9

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ; =1/04/9=0; 09


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lll

[@IJD ON @T[AOYL[LDU

E@UDU

]@GD

@n-E`p, Lfe. v. Ydpuijle on Eofgo,;>9 N.5k ;07 (4ta Elr. 9==>) ...................................................................... ;0-;9

@jdcltd Cng. Eorp. v. Ut`nn,;9 N.9k 159 (9k Elr. 0 N. Uupp. 0;;= (U.K.F.\. 0


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lv

Eoob Lfe. v. Iostof Ueldftlnle Eorp.,555 N.5k 757 (7ta Elr. 9==5) ............................................................................ 99

Erof`f v. Uealjjlfg,0== F.\.U.9k ;7; (Uup. Et. F.\. Efty. 0 F.\.U.9k 051,10 N.5k 00>9 (9k Elr. 04 N. Uupp. 9k ;04 (U.K.F.\. 9=09) ............................................. 00, 94, 9


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v

Lftdr`cdrle`f Ydn. Eorp. v. [dx`eo C`r`e`lio, Lfe.,5=7 N. Uupp. 09


8/58

vl

Ydg`j Bfltwd`r Eo. v. FJYI,59; T.U. < (0, 9=0;) (Fo. 05-


9/58

vll

Tfltdk Ut`tds v. Nlrst F`tj I`fb on Eal.,>


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vlll

91 T.U.E. 090=(`) .................................................................................. 50, 59, 55

91 T.U.E. 0>0=(k) .............................................................................................. 55

E]JY 4994 ........................................................................................................ 57

E]JY 4997 ........................................................................................................ 57

Ndk. Y. Elv. ]. >4(k)(9)(E) ................................................................................... 94

F.\. I`fblfg J`w 05;(;) .................................................................................. 95

F.\. I`fblfg J`w 05;(4) .................................................................................. 95

F.\. I`fblfg J`w 051(0) .................................................................................. 51

F\TEE `rt. ;-@ ................................................................................................... 54

F\TEE `rt. 4 ....................................................................................................... 54

F\TEE `rt. 1 ....................................................................................................... 5>

F\TEE 0-0=4(9) .............................................................................................. 95

F\TEE ;-0=9(9) .............................................................................................. 95

F\TEE ;-@-0=4(0)(i) ...................................................................................... 54

F\TEE 4-00>(i) .............................................................................................. 54

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 0= =1/04/9=0; 09


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lx

F\TEE 1-00=(d) ............................................................................................... 5>

F\TEE 1-009(e) ............................................................................................... 5>

F\TEE

O[ADY @T[AOYL[LDU

A`gud Udeurltlds Eofvdftlof, `rt. ;, `v`ljìjd `tattp8//www.aeea.fdt/lfkdx_df.pap?èt3eofvdftlofs.tdxt&elk379 ................... 57

Jdttdr nroc F.\. Ut`td Udf. Auga [. N`rjdy to Djlzìdta K. Coord,Jdglsj`tlvd Udey to Gov. C`rlo Euoco (Hujy 0, 0


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0

]YDJLCLF@Y\ U[@[DCDF[

Fof-]`rty Eltli`fb, F.@. (Eltli`fb) `ppd`js nroc tad orkdr on tad Tfltdk

Ut`tds Klstrlet Eourt nor tad Uoutadrf Klstrlet on Fdw \orb (Grlds`, H.) dftdrdk of

Hujy 91, 9=0; (tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof) (U]@-0;).0 [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof

dfholfs Eltli`fbs @rgdftlfd ir`fea (Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`)`f dftlty suihdet to

@rgdftlfd hurlskletlof, j`w, `fk rdguj`tlofnroc c`blfg p`ycdfts to lts

eustocdrs of edrt`lf iofks lssudk iy tad Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf` ta`t `rd govdrfdk

iy @rgdftlfd j`w `fk p`y`ijd lf @rgdftlf` lf T.U. Kojj`rs tarouga ` joe`j

@rgdftlfd ejd`rlfgaousd `fk kdposlt`ry (tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks).

[ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof rdvdrsdk `f orkdr lssudk ` cofta d`rjldr, walea

ej`rlnldk ta`t tad swddplfg lfhufetlofs tad Klstrlet Eourt a`k dftdrdk of Fovdcidr

90, 9=09 (tad Lfhufetlofs) ko fot `s ` c`ttdr on j`wproalilt p`ycdfts iy

REltli`fb @rgdftlf`S of Rtad @rgdftlfd J`w IofksS (tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof

Orkdr). (U]@-4>) (dcpa`sls `kkdk).9 [ad Lfhufetlofs wdrd lftdfkdk to nored

tad Ydpuijle to c`bd p`ycdfts to @ppdjjdds, tad aojkdrs on kdit of walea tad

Ydpuijle a`k kdn`ujtdk lf 9==0, ln lt c`kd p`ycdfts to aojkdrs on edrt`lf iofks

0

@- rdndrs to p`gds on tad Holft @ppdfklx, nljdk @ugust 04, 9=0;. U]@-rdndrs to p`gds on tad Updel`j @ppdfklx, nljdk @ugust 04, 9=0;.

9[ad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr `ppjldk to iota T.U. Kojj`r-kdfoclf`tdk`fk ]dso-kdfoclf`tdk iofks2 tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof rdvdrsdk tad prlor orkdr ofjywlta rdspdet to tad T.U. Kojj`r-kdfoclf`tdk iofks. (U]@-5). ]`ycdfts of ]dso-kdfoclf`tdk iofks `rd fot dfholfdk. (U]@-5).

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 09 =1/04/9=0; 09


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9

lssudk lf dxea`fgd nor kdn`ujtdk kdit lf 9==4 `fk 9=0= (tad Dxea`fgd Iofks).

Udd Kde. 7, 9=00 Orkdr (@-097710)2 Lfhufetlofs (@-0;4>).

Of Hufd 01, 9=0;, `ntdr tad Uuprdcd Eourt kdfldk tad Ydpuijles pdtltlof

nor edrtlor`rl `fk tals Eourt jlntdk lts st`y, tad Lfhufetlofs ide`cd dnndetlvd. [ad

Ydpuijle kdnldk tad Lfhufetlofs wadf, `t tad dfk on Hufd, lt p`lk cord ta`f $4==

cljjlof of tad Dxea`fgd Iofks wltaout p`ylfg @ppdjjdds`fk lt a`s s`lk ta`t lt

wljj ko so `g`lf.

[ad fdxt lftdrdst p`ycdft of socd on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ls kud of

Udptdcidr 5=. Ln tadlr aojklfgs rdc`lf tad s`cd, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` dxpdets to

rdedlvd `pproxlc`tdjy $4 cljjlof nor lts eustocdrs. Tfkdr @rgdftlfd j w, Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` cust erdklt ta`t p`ycdft to lts eustocdrs or rlsb gr`vd s`fetlofs. [ad

Ydpuijle a`s kdc`fkdk ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` aofor tals oijlg`tlof. UddJdttdr

nroc B. W`gfdr to E. OA`g`f Wojnd, k`tdk @ug. 05, 9=0; (Uupp. @uta. Jdttdr)

(@-99=505). Iut tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof klrdets Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` to vloj`td

iota lts oijlg`tlofs to eustocdrs `fk @rgdftlfd i`fblfg j`w.

Eltli`fb e`ffot eocpjy wlta iota on tadsd klrdetlvdsofd nroc ` Tfltdk

Ut`tds eourt `fk ofd nroc tad sovdrdlgf st`td lf walea lts ir`fea opdr`tds. [ad

hdop`rky lfto walea Eltli`fb a`s sukkdfjy iddf pj`edk w`s fot gdfdr`tdk iy `

ej`sa idtwddf tad i`fblfg j`ws on tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `fk @rgdftlf`. @s rdjdv`ft

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 05 =1/04/9=0; 09


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5

adrd, taosd j`ws `rd tad s`cd. Lf iota eouftrlds, i`fbs cust aofor tadlr eoftrèts

wlta eustocdrs, `fk cust erdklt eustocdrs wlta nufks rdedlvdk of tadlr ida`jn.

[ad eùsds on ta`t hdop`rky `rd lfstd`k tardd ufprdedkdftdk, `fk

uf`ftlelp`tdk, dvdfts8

Nlrst, tad lssu`fed on c`fk`tory, iut ufdfnoredìjd, lfhufetlofs `g`lfst `

sovdrdlgf2

Udeofk, tad sovdrdlgfs kdelslof fot to oidy taosd lfhufetlofs2

@fk talrk, tad Klstrlet Eourts orkdr ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` vloj`td tad

i`fblfg j`ws on @rgdftlf` `fk lts eoftrèts wlta lts eustocdrs.

Lt ls lferd`slfgjy `pp`rdft ta`t tad c`fk`tory p`ycdft lfhufetlofs klrdetdk

to tad Ydpuijle e`ffot id dfnoredk. @fk tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof wljj fdltadr eùsd

tad Ydpuijle to eocpjy, for puflsa tad Ydpuijle nor lts n`ljurd to ko so. [ad

Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof wljj ofjy put Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, ` fof-p`rty ta`t a`s fo

jlìljlty to @ppdjjdds, `fk ta`t ls uflqudjy suihdet to tad j`ws `fk klet`tds on tad

Ydpuijle, lf `f uftdfìjd, `fk dxtrdcdjy k`fgdrous, posltlofwalea eoujk jd`k to

eofsdqudfeds `s sdrlous `s tad joss on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`s i`fblfg jledfsd `fk lts

t`bdovdr iy tad Ydpuijle.

[ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof ls `f ìusd on tad Klstrlet Eourts klserdtlof. Lt w`s

lssudk lf klsrdg`rk on iota eoftrojjlfg jdg`j prlfelpjds, `fk `f ufklsputdk `fk

klsposltlvd nètu`j rdeork. [adrdnord, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof cust id rdvdrsdk

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 0; =1/04/9=0; 09


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;

nortawlta, `fk tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, walea propdrjy dxejukdk Eltli`fb

nroc tad seopd on tad Lfhufetlofs, cust id rdlfst`tdk.

HTYLUKLE[LOF@J U[@[DCDF[

[ad Klstrlet Eourt orlglf`jjy a`k hurlskletlof ovdr tals `etlof ufkdr tad

Nordlgf Uovdrdlgf Lccufltlds @et on 0 (tad NUL@), 91 T.U.E. 055=,

0>=4(`)(0). Eltli`fb nljdk tlcdjy fotleds on `ppd`j on tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof of

Hujy 9


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4

;. Klk tad Klstrlet Eourt ìusd lts klserdtlof wadf lt lssudk tad Eltli`fbLfhufetlof iy rdstr`lflfg p`ycdfts of iofk lfstrucdfts ta`t `rd fot Dxea`fgdIofks iut e`ffot id klnndrdftl`tdk nroc Dxea`fgd Iofks, tadrdiy v`stjylferd`slfg tad seopd on tad Lfhufetlofs, lf tad nèd on ufeoftrovdrtdk dvlkdfedta`t eocpjl`fed woujk id opdr`tlof`jjy lcposslijd?

U[@[DCDF[ ON [AD E@UD

[als `ppd`j `rlsds nroc tad lcposltlof iy tad Klstrlet Eourt (Grlds`, H.) of

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` on swddplfg Lfhufetlofs kdslgfdk to nored tad Ydpuijle to p`y

@ppdjjdds ln lt p`ys aojkdrs on Dxea`fgd Iofks. UddEltli`fb Lfhufetlof (U]@-;).

[ad Ydpuijle a`s kdnldk tad Lfhufetlofs, `fk a`s c`kd lftdrdst p`ycdfts of lts

Dxea`fgd Iofks wltaout p`ylfg @ppdjjdds. [ad Ydpuijle a`s fot `fk wljj fot

eocpjy wlta tad Lfhufetlofs, walea a`s eùsdk eaòs. Wadf tad Ydpuijle p`ys,

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` wljj id lf possdsslof on eustocdr nufks ta`t lt cust p`y to lts

ejldfts. Iut tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof klrdets Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` to vloj`td tad j`w

`fk lts eoftrètu`j eustoky èeouft oijlg`tlofs. Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, `s `f

@rgdftlfd ir`fea on ` T.U. nlf`fel`j lfstltutlof, ls uflqudjy vujfdrìjd to

rdguj`tory `fk erlclf`j s`fetlofs `fk elvlj jlìljlty lf @rgdftlf`pjèlfg lt

uflqudjy `t rlsb. [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof ls `f ufj`wnuj ìusd on klserdtlof, `fk

cust id rdvdrsdk.

@. [ad Ydpuijles Kdnùjt `fk Ydstrueturlfg

[als jltlg`tlof idg`f wlta @rgdftlf`s 9==0 kdnùjt of lts dxtdrf`j puijle

kdit. UddFCJ E`plt`j, Jtk. v. I`feo Edftr`j kd j` Ydpijle` @rgdftlf`, >49 N.5k

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 0> =1/04/9=0; 09


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>

079, 07471 (9k Elr. 9=00) (provlklfg i`ebgroufk). Lf 9==4 `fk 9=0=, tad

Ydpuijle onndrdk aojkdrs on lts kdn`ujtdk kdit tad optlof to dxea`fgd tadlr iofks

nor fdw iofks wlta klnndrdft tdrcs, tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. [arouga tals proedss,

tad Ydpuijle rdstrueturdk `pproxlc`tdjy $1= iljjlof on lts kdit, rdsujtlfg lf tad

dxea`fgd on `pproxlc`tdjy

f.;.

[ad Dxea`fgd Iofks lfejukd T.U. Kojj`r-kdfoclf`tdk `fk Duro-

kdfoclf`tdk iofks, govdrfdk iy Fdw \orb or Dfgjlsa j`w, `fk lssudk ufkdr `

trust lfkdfturd (tad Lfkdfturd) govdrfdk iy Fdw \orb j`w dxdeutdk idtwddf tad

Ydpuijle `fk [ad I`fb on Fdw \orb Cdjjof (IF\ Cdjjof) `s T.U.-Duropd`f

trustdd. (@->4919;, `t @-799).

[ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks, socd on walea `rd `jso Dxea`fgd Iofks, wdrd

fot lssudk ufkdr tad Lfkdfturd. Lfstd`k, tady wdrd lssudk ufkdr two @rgdftlfd

govdrfcdft kderdds, ofd k`tdk Kdedcidr ,

9=0=. UddKdej`r`tlof on C`xlcljl`fo K@uro, k`tdk C`y 90, 9=05 (K@uro

Kdej.) Dxs. @K (kderdds lf Up`flsa `fk lf Dfgjlsa) (@-0;1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 07 =1/04/9=0; 09


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7

Dxs. DN (@-0494077, 9>4 (9k

Elr. 9=09). Of Fovdcidr 90, 9=09, tad Klstrlet Eourt lssudk ` rdspofslvd oplflof

`fk tad Lfhufetlofs. Udd Oplflof (@-0;;049). Lf lts oplflof, tad Klstrlet Eourt

klrdetdk tad Ydpuijle to p`y pj`lftlnns `pproxlc`tdjy $0.55 iljjlof wadf lt c`kd

tad fdxt lftdrdst p`ycdft of tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. (@-0;;;). [ad Klstrlet Eourt

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 01 =1/04/9=0; 09


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1

`jso adjk ta`t `fy fof-p`rty nlf`fel`j dftlty of fotled on tad Lfhufetlofs w`s ioufk

ufkdr Yujd >4 on tad Ndkdr`j Yujds on Elvlj ]roedkurd, rujlfgwltaout `fy n`et-

nlfklfgta`t `jj suea lfstltutlofs wdrd lf `etlvd eofedrt or p`rtlelp`tlof wlta

@rgdftlf` lf proedsslfg tad p`ycdfts nroc @rgdftlf` to tad dxea`fgd

iofkaojkdrs. (@-0;4=40).

[ad Lfhufetlofs wdrd `nnlrcdk iy tals Eourt of @ugust 95, 9=05,FCJ

E`plt`j, Jtk. v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, 797 N.5k 95= (9k Elr. 9=05), `fk tad

Uuprdcd Eourt kdfldk tad Ydpuijles pdtltlof nor edrtlor`rl of Hufd 0>, 9=0;,

Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf` v. FCJ E`plt`j, Jtk.,05; U. Et. 910< (Hufd 0>, 9=0;) (Fo.

05-


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(@-0;11< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 9= =1/04/9=0; 09


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0=

ird`ea on eoftr`et, lk. 9= (@-0; (@-0;1>).

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 90 =1/04/9=0; 09


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00

Lccdkl`tdjy upof rdedlvlfg ` p`ycdft nroc tad Ydpuijle, tad EY\J

tr`fsndrs `f dqu`j suc to tad E`h` kd ^`jords U.@. (tad E`h`), `f @rgdftlfd

lfstltutlof ta`t èts `s ` sdeurltlds kdposltory, rdglstr`r, `fk p`ylfg `gdft nor iota

govdrfcdft `fk eorpor`td sdeurltlds, `fk aojks eojjdetlvd kdposlts lf tad f`cds

on p`rtlelp`tlfg lfstltutlofs `fk tadlr eustocdrs.5 Udd Djdwùt Kdej. 7 (@-0;77)2

K@uro Kdej. 7 (@-0;1>)2 sdd `jso DC Jtk. v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`,1>4 N.

Uupp. 9k ;04, ;0< (U.K.F.\. 9=09) (E`h` ls tad eouftdrp`rt on tad Kdposltory

[rust Eocp`fy lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds).

[ad E`h` lf turf kdilts lts èeouft wlta tad IEY@ lf `f `couft dqu`j to tad

suc kud to taosd wao aojk @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks tarouga joe`j eustoky èeoufts,

lf tals e`sd èeoufts c`lft`lfdk wlta Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, `fk slcujt`fdousjy

erdklts ta`t `couft to tad rdspdetlvd èeoufts on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk otadr

eustokl`fs nor tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wlta tad IEY@. Udd Djdwùt Kdej. 1

(@-0;77)2 K@uro Kdej. 1 (@-0;17).

Ofed tad E`h` rdedlvds p`ycdft nroc tad EY\J `fk kdposlts tad p`ycdft

lf tad èeouft on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `t tad IEY@, tad p`ycdft to aojkdrs on

@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ls eocpjdtd pursu`ft to tad tdrcs on tad @rgdftlfd J`w

5Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls fot tad dxejuslvd eustokl`f nor aojkdrs on @rgdftlfdJ`w Iofks. Otadr nlf`fel`j lfstltutlofs wlta èeoufts `t tad E`h` provlkd talssdrvled to otadr aojkdrs on @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 99 =1/04/9=0; 09


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09

Iofks `fk @rgdftlfd j`w.; Udd K@uro Kdej. 0= (@-0;1711). Eofsdqudftjy,

`fy p`ycdft rdedlvdk iy Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls eustocdr propdrty. Udd lk. (@-

0;1711).

Lccdkl`tdjy upof tad rdedlpt on p`ycdft of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks lf lts

èeouft wlta tad IEY@, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` erdklts tad eustoky èeouft on dèa on

lts eustocdrs lf Iudfos @lrds, wao `rd tadf jdg`jjy dftltjdk to wltakr`w taosd

`coufts. Udd Djdwùt Kdej. 0= (@-0;71)2 K@uro Kdej. 00 (@-0;11).

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`s oijlg`tlof to lts eustoky èeouft eustocdrs ls eocpjdtd wadf

tad e`sa èeoufts on taosd eustocdrs a`vd iddf erdkltdk wlta tad `couft dèa suea

eustocdr ls dftltjdk to rdedlvd of ta`t k`td, `fk wadf `fy lfstruetlofs lf rdspdet on

suea èeoufts a`vd iddf e`rrldk out. Udd Djdwùt Kdej. 09 (@-0;71)2 K@uro

Kdej. 09 (@-0;11).

;Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, `s ` p`rtlelp`tlfg nlf`fel`j lfstltutlof lf tad E`h`, a`sdftdrdk lfto ` eojjdetlvd kdposlt `grddcdft wlta tad E`h` pursu`ft to waleaEltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls kddcdk to a`vd kdjlvdrdk to tad E`h` ` spdelnle `couft onsdeurltlds nor tad èeouft on lts eustocdrs ta`t tad E`h` aojks lf ` eojjdetlvdkdposlt, wlta ` eoccltcdft iy tad E`h` to rdturf tad s`cd fucidr `fk typd onsdeurltlds to Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk lts eustocdrs. Udd Djdwùt Kdej. < (@-0;7771)2 K@uro Kdej. < (@-0;17). [ad kdposlt on sdeurltlds wlta tad E`h` lsc`kd lf tad f`cd on iota tad p`rtlelp`tlfg nlf`fel`j lfstltutlof (d.g., ` i`fb jlbdEltli`fb @rgdftlf`) `fk suea lfstltutlofs eustoky èeouft eustocdr or eustocdrs.Udd lk. (@-0;7771, 0;17).

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 95 =1/04/9=0; 09


24/58

05

D. Eltli`fbs Cotlof nor Ej`rlnle`tlof

Glvdf tad slgflnle`ft jdg`j `fk nètu`j klnndrdfeds idtwddf tad iofks suihdet

to tad Lfhufetlofs `fk tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks, Eltli`fb klk fot idjldvd tad

Lfhufetlofs wdrd lftdfkdk to `ppjy, or propdrjy eoujk `ppjy, to p`ycdfts iy

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks. Lfkddk, lf ` slclj`r e`sd, tad

Klstrlet Eourt rujdk ta`t propdrty lf @rgdftlf` eoujk fot id rdstr`lfdk. @urdjlus

E`plt`j ]`rtfdrs, J] v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf` (@FUDU), Fo. =7 Elv. 9704, 9=0=

WJ 7>117; (U.K.F.\. C`r. 4, 9=0=). Aowdvdr, ideùsd tad Lfhufetlofs wdrd

iro`kjy workdk to `ppjy to Dxea`fgd Iofks (@-0;>9), `fk ideùsd Eltli`fb

ufkdrstook tadf ta`t tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks lt adjk nor eustocdrs wdrd

Dxea`fgd Iofks, Eltli`fb lf C`y 9=05 covdk nor ej`rlnle`tlof ta`t tad

Lfhufetlofs klk fot `ppjy to lts p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks.

[ad Klstrlet Eourt kdfldk Eltli`fbs lfltl`j cotlof kud to tad pdfkdfey on

`ppd`js on tad Lfhufetlofs. @ntdr tad Uuprdcd Eourt kdfldk tad Ydpuijles pdtltlof

nor edrtlor`rl nroc tals Eourts orkdr `nnlrclfg tad Lfhufetlofs, sddYdpuijle on

@rgdftlf` v. FCJ E`plt`j, Jtk., 05; U. Et. 910< (Hufd 0>, 9=0;) (Fo. 05-


25/58

0;

@rgdftlf` of iofks suihdet to @rgdftlfd j`w tarouga èeoufts suihdet to @rgdftlfd

j`w `fk rdguj`tlof2 sdeofk, ta`t ideùsd tad sltuson tadsd p`ycdfts ls @rgdftlf`

nor èt on st`td purposds, tad Lfhufetlofs woujk eoftr`vdfd tad èt on st`td koetrlfd

ln `ppjldk to p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks2 `fk talrk, ta`t ideùsd

`ppjylfg tad Lfhufetlofs to tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks woujk dxposd Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` to gr`vd rdguj`tory `fk erlclf`j s`fetlofs `fk elvlj jlìljlty lf

@rgdftlf`, lcposlfg suea `f dxtrdcd `fk lfdqultìjd iurkdf upof Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` w`s ufj`wnuj ideùsd lt wdft wdjj idyofk tad clfor `fk `feljj`ry

rdjldn pdrclttdk lf dqulty hurlsprukdfed `g`lfst ` fof-p`rty.

N. [ad Klstrlet Eourts Gr`ft, `fk tadf Ydeofslkdr`tlof, on

Eltli`fbs Ydqudst nor Ej`rlnle`tlof

[ad Klstrlet Eourt gr`ftdk Eltli`fbs cotlof of Hufd 97, lssulfg tad

Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, dxejuklfg Eltli`fb nroc tad seopd on tad Lfhufetlofs.

Lf tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, tad Klstrlet Eourt EJ@YLNLDK ta`t Rtad

LfhufetlofsS ko fot `s ` c`ttdr on j`w proalilt p`ycdfts iy REltli`fb @rgdftlf`S

of Rtad @rgdftlfd J`w IofksS. Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr (U]@->).

[ad Ydpuijle, kdnylfg tad Lfhufetlofs, a`k iy tadf c`kd tad p`ycdfts kud

of Hufd 5= of tad Dxea`fgd Iofks `fk otadr kdit, iut fot of kdnùjtdk kdit adjk

iy @ppdjjdds. Tpof lssu`fed on tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, Eltli`fb

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 94 =1/04/9=0; 09


26/58

04

@rgdftlf` c`kd tad p`ycdfts kud to lts eustocdrs, `s pdrclttdk iy tad Eltli`fb

Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr `fk `s c`fk`tdk iy @rgdftlfd j`w.

@ppdjjdds tadf nljdk ` cotlof nor rdeofslkdr`tlof, `rgulfg ta`t tad Klstrlet

Eourt clgat a`vd ovdrjoobdk tad nèt ta`t tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wdrd

Dxea`fgd Iofks, `s iro`kjy kdnlfdk iy tad Lfhufetlofs. Eltli`fb rdspofkdk ta`t

tals eoujk fot a`vd iddf ovdrjoobdk, fotlfg ta`t lt w`s tad vdry rd`sof ej`rlnle`tlof

a`k iddf sougat, `fk r`lsdk `jj on tad `rgucdfts `jrd`ky c`kd lf support on tad

Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr. @t ` ad`rlfg of Hujy 99, 9=0;, tad Klstrlet Eourt

n`ljdk to `kkrdss `fy on Eltli`fbs `rgucdfts, `fk lfkddk sddcdk surprlsdk ta`t tad

@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks eoujk id Dxea`fgd Iofks. [ad Klstrlet Eourt lfstd`k `sbdk

ìout tad proportlof on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks rdj`tlvd to `jj Dxea`fgd Iofks,

`fk rdsdrvdk kdelslof uftlj ta`t lfnorc`tlof w`s provlkdk. Hujy 99, 9=0; Arg [r.

`t 058;4, 0;8 (@-905=, 9050, 90;9).

[ad k`y `ntdr tad ad`rlfg, Eltli`fb klseovdrdk`fk lccdkl`tdjy lfnorcdk

tad Eourtta`t socd @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd fot Dxea`fgd Iofks `t `jj, `fk

ta`t tadsd fof-Dxea`fgd Iofks `rd nufglijd wlta `fk lfklstlfgulsaìjd nroc tad

@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks.4

UddJdttdr nroc B`rdf D.

4C`fy on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wdrd lssudk ufkdr tad s`cd @rgdftlfdkderdds `s tad clforlty on @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks, `fkwlta tad s`cd Lftdrf`tlof`j Udeurltlds Lkdftlnle`tlof Fucidrs (LULFs), iut fot lfeoffdetlof wlta `fy Dxea`fgd Onndr. Udd Jdttdr nroc B`rdf D. W`gfdr to Aof.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 9> =1/04/9=0; 09


27/58

0>

W`gfdr to Aof. [aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy 95, 9=0; (@-907;7>). [ad

Ydpuijle, walea `s lssudr ls uflqudjy sltu`tdk to a`vd lfnorc`tlof ìout tadsd

iofks, eofnlrcdk ta`t cord ta`f two-talrks on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd fot

Dxea`fgd Iofks, `fk ta`t tady `rd lfklstlfgulsaìjd nroc taosd ta`t `rd. Udd

Jdttdr nroc E`rclfd K. Ioeeuzzl, Hr. to Aof. [aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy 97,

9=0; (Ioeeuzzl Jdttdr), `t 9 & f.9 (@-901=10, `t @-9010). ]j`lftlnns eofedkdk

ta`t lt w`s lcposslijd nor Eltli`fb `fk otadr nlf`fel`j lfstltutlofs wao proedss

p`ycdfts to klstlfgulsa taosd @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks nroc

taosd ta`t `rd fot. Jdttdr nroc D. Nrldkc`f to Aof. [aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy

97, 9=0;, `t ; (@-901914, `t @-9014). Fofd on tals lfnorc`tlof a`k prdvlousjy

iddf djleltdk lf tad proedss jd`klfg to lssu`fed on tad Lfhufetlofs.

Lfdxpjleìjy, tad Klstrlet Eourt fdvdrtadjdss lssudk tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof,

dfholflfg p`ycdfts iy Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` of @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd

Dxea`fgd Iofks, `fk rdqulrlfg tad p`rtlds to kdvlsd ` w`y to klstlfgulsa

idtwddf taosd @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks `fk taosd ta`t `rd

[aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy 95, 9=0; (@-9074). Ideùsd `jj iofks lssudk wltatad s`cd LULF `rd nufglijd, lt ls fot posslijd to tdjj walea @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks

`rd, `fk walea `rd fot, Dxea`fgd Iofks. Lk.(@-90747>)2 sdd `jso Kdej`r`tlof onNdkdrleo Djdwùt, k`tdk Hujy 91, 9=0; (Uuppj. Djdwùt Kdej.) ; (@-90


28/58

07

fotkdspltd ufeoftrovdrtdk dvlkdfed ta`t kolfg so ls opdr`tlof`jjy lcposslijd.

UddEltli`fb Lfhufetlof `t ; (U]@-;)2 Uuppj. Djdw`ut Kdej. ; (@-904(k) or pdrclttdk iy dqulty hurlsprukdfed. Gdf. Ijkg. Eoftr`etors

@ssf v. ]dff, ;41 T.U. 574, 5


29/58

01

Erdklto @grleoj` kd E`rt`go, 747 N.9k 40> (9k Elr. 0


30/58

04, >4>> (9k Elr. 04(k) kods fot gr`ft ` eourt powdr so iro`k `s to c`bd puflsaìjd tad

eofkuet on pdrsofs wao èt lfkdpdfkdftjy `fk waosd rlgats a`vd fot iddf

`khukgdk èeorklfg to j`w. (lftdrf`j quot`tlof c`rbs oclttdk))2 en. ]dff. Eo`j

Eo. v. Càof, 9>= T.U. 5 (0


33/58

99

`f lfhufetlof wljj id rdnusdk ln suea rdjldn woujk id ufn`lr ideùsd . . . (i) tad

rdjldn woujk eùsd ufrd`sofìjd a`rksalp or joss to . . . talrk pdrsofs.))2 Eoob Lfe.

v. Iostof Ueldftlnle Eorp., 555 N.5k 757, 7;; (7ta Elr. 9==5) (coklnylfg lfhufetlof

lf eoftrèt e`sd ideùsd lt vloj`tdRkS tad prlfelpjd ta`t lf kdtdrclflfg tad

`pproprl`td seopd on `f lfhufetlof tad hukgd cust glvd kud wdlgat to tad

lfhufetlofs posslijd dnndet of lffoedft talrk p`rtlds)2 en. Tfltdk Ut`tds v. X`fg,

7=5 N.9k 001>, 00


34/58

95

eustocdrs pursu`ft to c`fk`tory @rgdftlfd j`w ls ufj`wnuj.> Udd, d.g.,Tfltdk

Ut`tds v. Nlrst F`tj Elty I`fb, 57< T.U. 571, 51; (04) (eùtloflfg ta`t

ovdrsd`s tr`fsètlofs `rd ontdf eùgat lf ` wdi on dxtr`tdrrltorl`j ètlvltlds `fk

nordlgf j`w idyofk tad bdf on our ndkdr`j eourts or tadlr eocpdtdfed `fk eltlfg `s

dx`cpjds lfhufetlofs ta`t woujk vloj`td nordlgf j`w . . . or pjèd rdspofkdft ufkdr

`fy rlsb on kouijd jlìljlty)2 sdd `jso Lf rd Ud`jdk E`sd, 194 N.9k ;


35/58

9;

woujk id dxposdk to erlclf`j jlìljlty lf tad nordlgf eouftry, `fk wadrd tad i`fb

w`s ` fof-p`rty).

Adrd, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof ls fot i`sdk of ` eofejuslof ta`t tad i`fblfg

j`ws on tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `fk @rgdftlf` `rd lfeocp`tlijd `fk ta`t Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` e`ffot eocpjy wlta iota. Of tad eoftr`ry, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof

klrdets Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` to vloj`td @rgdftlfd j`w ta`t ls eofslstdft wlta T.U. j`w

sojdjy ideùsd tad Ydpuijle a`s rdnusdk to oidy tad ufprdedkdftdk `fk

ufdfnoredìjd Lfhufetlofs lssudk iy tad Klstrlet Eourt.

Iut puttlfg Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `t dxtrdcd rlsb iy orkdrlfg lt to vloj`td

@rgdftlfd j`w wljj fot eùsd tad Ydpuijle to oidy. Of tad eoftr`ry, tad Ydpuijle

jlbdjy wljj eoftlfud to kdny tad Lfhufetlofs fo c`ttdr wa`t Eltli`fb kodslfkddk,

lt a`s rdpd`tdkjy s`lk ta`t lt lftdfks to eoftlfud to p`y `jj kdit otadr ta`f kdnùjtdk

kdit. Ofjy Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk lts eustocdrs, wao a`vd fo jlìljlty to

@ppdjjdds, wljj id puflsadk. [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof tadrdnord sdrvds fo v`jlk or

jdg`j oihdetlvd, `fk nufk`cdft`j prlfelpjds on j`w `fk dqulty tadrdnord kdc`fk

ta`t lt id rdvdrsdk `s ` grldvous ìusd on klserdtlof iy ` hukgd wao lgfordk iota

tad dvlkdfed idnord alc `fk tad jdg`j eofsdqudfeds on ta`t dvlkdfed.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 54 =1/04/9=0; 09


36/58

94

E. Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` Ls Fot lf @etlvd Eofedrt or

]`rtlelp`tlof wlta tad Ydpuijle Wadf Lt ]roedssds

]`ycdft of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks nor Lts Eustocdrs

Adrd, tad Lfhufetlofs spdelnle`jjy ilfk fof-p`rty ]`rtlelp`ftsl.d., taosd

pdrsofs `fk dftltlds wao èt lf ètlvd eofedrt or p`rtlelp`tlof wlta tad Ydpuijle, to

`sslst tad Ydpuijle lf nujnljjlfg lts p`ycdft oijlg`tlofs ufkdr tad Dxea`fgd

Iofks. Lfhufetlofs 9(d), (n) (@-0;>5>;). Lf tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof, tad

Klstrlet Eourt wdft nurtadr to aojk ta`t tad Lfhufetlofs `ppjy to Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf`s nuturd p`ycdfts to eustocdrs, `pp`rdftjy of tad i`sls on Yujd >4.

Iut tad nèts c`bd c`flndst ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls fot lf ètlvd eofedrt

or p`rtlelp`tlof wlta tad Ydpuijle. Ndk. Y. Elv. ]. >4(k)(9)(E). Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` kods fot `sslst tad Ydpuijle lf nujnljjlfg lts p`ycdft oijlg`tlofs ufkdr

tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. Lfhufetlofs 9(n) (@-0;>5). [ad Ydpuijles p`ycdft

oijlg`tlofs `rd eocpjdtd ofed tad E`h` rdedlvds p`ycdft nroc tad EY\J, `fk

kdposlts tad p`ycdft lf tad èeouft on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `t tad IEY@. K@uro

Kdej. 0= (@-0;1711). Ofed tad Ydpuijle tr`fsndrs nufks to tad EY\J, lt josds

eoftroj on tad nufks `fk tady ideocd eustocdr propdrtyidnordtady rdèa

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`. Udd, d.g., 9==4 ]rospdetus Uuppjdcdft `t U->7, U-75 (@-791,

75;)2 sdd `jsoDC Jtk., 1>4 N. Uupp. 9k `t ;959;. Fo dftlty lf tad p`ycdft ea`lf

idnord Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls suihdet to T.U. hurlskletlof.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 5> =1/04/9=0; 09


37/58

9>

[adrdnord, wadf tad Ydpuijle c`bds tad fdxt seadkujdk p`ycdft, `s lt

surdjy wljj, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` wljj id rdqulrdk, iy @rgdftlfd j`w `fk sovdrdlgf

klrdetlvd, to p`y lts eustocdrsdxètjy `s lt woujk id rdqulrdk to ko ln lt rdedlvdk

p`ycdfts nor eustocdrs lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. @ i`fb ta`t oidys i`fblfg j`w ls fot

ètlfg lf eofedrt wlta tad Ydpuijle or `lkRlfgS or ìdtRtlfgS tad RYdpuijleS lf `

eofedrtdk `ttdcpt to suivdrt tad proserlptlofs on tad Lfhufetlofs. Yoebwdjj

Gr`pale Uys., Lfe. v. KD^ Lfkus., Lfe.,


38/58

97

eocpjy wlta tad Eourts klrdetlvd. @s ` rdsujt, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof dnndetlvdjy

dfholfs Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` nroc c`blfg p`ycdft of `jj@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks,

lfejuklfg taosd ta`t `rd fot Dxea`fgd Iofks, ydt `fotadr rd`sof to rdvdrsd tad

Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof. UddNorseafdr Grp., Lfe. v. @rrow [r`klfg Eo., Lfe., 09;

N.5k ;=9, ;=> (9k Elr. 0


39/58

91

@rgdftlf` lf walea tad Ydpuijle a`s fo lftdrdst, `fk to walea @ppdjjdds a`vd fo

ej`lc or rlgat.

@.

[ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks @rd Dftlrdjy Klnndrdft nroc tad

Dxea`fgd Iofks ta`t Wdrd tad Uuihdet on tad Lfhufetlofs

@s `f lfltl`j c`ttdr, tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd dftlrdjy klnndrdft nroc tad

Dxea`fgd Iofks ta`t wdrd tad suihdet on tad prlor proeddklfgs idnord tad Klstrlet

Eourt ta`t jdk to tad lssu`fed on tad Lfhufetlofs. Lf lts oplflof lssudk lf

eoffdetlof wlta tad Lfhufetlofs, tad Klstrlet Eourt kdserlidk tad iofks`fk tad

rdjdv`ft p`ycdft proedsst`rgdtdk iy tad Lfhufetlofs8

[ad proedss `fk tad p`rtlds lfvojvdk lf c`blfg p`ycdfts of tadDxea`fgd Iofks `rd `s nojjows. @rgdftlf` tr`fsndrs nufks to tadI`fb on Fdw \orb Cdjjof (IF\), walea ls tad lfkdfturd trustdd lf` [rust Lfkdfturd on 9==4. ]rdsuc`ijy tadrd ls ` slclj`r lfkdfturd nortad 9=0= dxea`fgd onndr. IF\ tadf norw`rks tad nufks to tadrdglstdrdk owfdr on tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. [adrd `rd two rdglstdrdk

owfdrs nor tad 9==4 `fk 9=0= Dxea`fgd Iofks. Ofd ls Edkd & Eo.`fk tad otadr ls tad I`fb on Fdw \orb Kdposlt`ry (IF\Kdposlt`ry). Edkd `fk IF\ Kdposlt`ry tr`fsndr tad nufks to `ejd`rlfg systdc suea `s tad Kdposltory [rust Eocp`fy (K[E).[ad nufks `rd tadf kdposltdk lfto nlf`fel`j lfstltutlofs, `pp`rdftjyi`fbs, walea tadf tr`fsndr tad nufks to tadlr eustocdrs wao `rd tadidfdnlel`j lftdrdst aojkdrs on tad iofks.

(@-0;4=).

[ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd taus c`tdrl`jjy klnndrdft nroc tad Dxea`fgd

Iofks kdserlidk lf tad Oplflof8 tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wdrd lssudk ufkdr

@rgdftlfd kderdds, fot tad Lfkdfturd govdrflfg tad otadr Dxea`fgd Iofks2

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 5< =1/04/9=0; 09


40/58

94 N. Uupp. 9k `t ;0>07. Eltli`fb covdk to vè`td tad rdstr`lfts to

tad dxtdft tady prdvdftdk Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` nroc c`blfg p`ycdfts on lftdrdst to

lts eustocdrs aojklfg suea iofks. Lk.`t ;07.

Lf lts oplflof vè`tlfg tad dx p`rtdrdstr`lft, tad Klstrlet Eourt kdserlidk lf

kdt`lj tad njow on nufks nor p`ycdfts of tad iofks, walea w`s tad s`cd `s lt ls nor

tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks. [adrd, `s adrd, tad Ydpuijle tr`fsndrrdk nufks lf

@rgdftlf` to tad EY\J, tad EY\J tadf tr`fsndrrdk tad nufks to tad E`h`, `fk tad

E`h` lf turf erdkltdk èeoufts on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `s eustokl`f nor lts

iofkaojkdr eustocdrs. Lk.`t ;0


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Ydpuijle a`k slclj`rjy jost `jj lftdrdst lf tad nufks `t lssud wadf lt kdposltdk tadc

nor klstrliutlof to iofkaojkdrs. DC Jtk., 1>4 N. Uupp. 9k `t ;95 (quotlfgIrowf,

;= F.\.U.9k `t 955).

Lf tals e`sd, `jtaouga tad Ydpuijle ls dfholfdk nroc c`blfg p`ycdfts of

Dxea`fgd Iofks ln lt kods fot p`y @ppdjjdds, lt wljj fdvdrtadjdss surdjy ofed `g`lf

vloj`td tad Lfhufetlofs `fk c`bd tad p`ycdfts. Wlta rdspdet to tad @rgdftlfd J`w

Iofks, tad Ydpuijle wljj lfltl`td p`ycdfts to tad EY\J, walea wljj p`y tad E`h`.

[ad E`h` wljj tadf p`y Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`. Tfkdr `ppjleìjd j`w, tad nufks wljj

ideocd tad propdrty on tad iofkaojkdrs `s soof `s tady rdèa tad EY\J. [adrd ls

tadrdnord fo jdg`j i`sls upof walea Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` e`f rdstr`lf tadsd eustocdr

nufks.

E. [ad Nufks Idlfg Ydstr`lfdk @rd Fot lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds

Tfkdr tad NUL@, nufks on tad Ydpuijle ta`t `rd fot usdk nor ` eoccdrel`j

purposd lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `rd lccufd nroc rdstr`lft. Udd 91 T.U.E. 0>0=(`).

Adrd, dvdf ln tad Ydpuijle a`k ` eoftlfulfg lftdrdst lf tad nufks adjk iy Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` nor lts eustocdrswalea lt lfklsputìjy kods fottad nufks `rd fot lf

tad Tfltdk Ut`tds, for `rd tady pdrsofs, or lftdrdsts lf talfgs, prdsdft wltalf lts

tdrrltory`fotadr nèt ta`t prdejukds tad rdstr`lft lcposdk iy tad Eltli`fb

Lfhufetlof. Ydst`tdcdft ([alrk) Nordlgf Ydj`tlofs J`w on tad Tfltdk

Ut`tds ;=9(0)(i) (01< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;9 =1/04/9=0; 09


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59

fot rdstr`lf propdrty tad sltuson walea w`s lf @rgdftlf`, 9=0= WJ 7>117;,`t * 9,

`fk nurtadr noufk tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd lfstruetlvd lf kdtdrclflfg ta`t propdrty

adjk iy tad @rgdftlfd ir`fea on ` T.U. i`fb klk fot a`vd ` T.U. sltus, lk.`t * 5.

Lf tad jltlg`tlof jd`klfg to tad@FUDUkdelslof, tad Klstrlet Eourt lfltl`jjy

lssudk rdstr`lflfg orkdrs `fk orkdrs on dxdeutlof klrdetdk to sdeurltlds eustoky

èeoufts adjk `t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` iy @FUDU, tad @rgdftlfd `gdfey rdspofslijd

nor c`blfg p`ycdfts to @rgdftlfd pdfslofdrs. Lk. `t *0. Eltli`fb covdk to vè`td

tad rdstr`lfts, of tad groufks ta`t tady eoujk fot rdèa eustocdr `ssdts lf eustoky

èeoufts joe`tdk lf @rgdftlf`, dvdf ln tad sdeurltlds adjk lf tad èeoufts wdrd

propdrty on tad Ydpuijle.

[ad Klstrlet Eourt rdeogflzdk ta`t, ufkdr tad NUL@, sovdrdlgf `ssdts eoujk

id suihdet to `ttèacdft or dxdeutlof ofjy wadrd tady eofstltutdk propdrty lf tad

Tfltdk Ut`tds on ` nordlgf st`td . . . usdk nor ` eoccdrel`j ètlvlty lf tad Tfltdk

Ut`tds. Lk.`t *9 (quotlfg 91 T.U.E. 0>0=(`)). @ntdr rdhdetlfg pj`lftlnns

`rgucdft ta`t tadrd ls ofd Eltli`fb, tad eocp`fy ad`kqu`rtdrdk lf tad Tfltdk

Ut`tds, fot cujtlpjd Eltli`fbs, `fk lts eorojj`ry ta`t tad sltus on tad lft`fglijd

propdrty Rof kdposlt wlta Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`S ls tad Tfltdk Ut`tds, lk.`t *9, tad

Eourt eofejukdk ta`t tad @FUDU `ssdts wdrd ufqudstlofìjy joe`tdk lf @rgdftlf`,

fot lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds8

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;5 =1/04/9=0; 09


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@jj tad kd`jlfgs on @FUDU lf sdttlfg up tad èeoufts, kdposltlfgsdeurltlds lfto tad èeoufts (wadtadr djdetrofle`jjy or iy p`pdr),glvlfg lfstruetlofs to Eltli`fb rdg`rklfg tad èeoufts, rdedlvlfg`kvled rdg`rklfg tad èeoufts, klrdetlfg tad s`jd `fk purea`sd onsdeurltlds`jj wdrd c`kd idtwddf @FUDU `fk tad Eltli`fb ir`fea lf@rgdftlf`. @jtaouga tad propdrty ls propdrjy rdg`rkdk `s lft`fglijdpropdrty, tadrd wdrd `fk stljj `rd ètu`j jlvd tr`fsètlofs rdg`rklfg ta`tpropdrty, `jj on walea a`vd t`bdf pjèd, `fk `rd t`blfg pjèd, lf@rgdftlf`. @s n`r `s tad usd on tad `ssdts nor wa`tdvdr ètlvlty tady`rd usdk nor, tals woujk surdjy lfvojvd kd`jlfgs lf @rgdftlf` iy@FUDU, `fk idtwddf @FUDU `fk tad Eltli`fb ir`fea tadrd.

[aus, tad eourt eofejukds ta`t tad propdrty lf qudstlof ls fot joe`tdk

lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. [ad eourt nurtadr eofejukds ta`t, dvdf ln tadpropdrty ls idlfg usdk nor eoccdrel`j ètlvlty, tals usd ls fotoeeurrlfg lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. [aus tad `ssdts lf tad eustokl`jèeoufts `rd lccufd nroc `ttèacdft, rdstr`lft `fk dxdeutlof.

Lk. `t *;.

[aus, waljd Eltli`fb ls, tarouga lts ir`feads, joe`tdk lf c`fy eouftrlds,

lk.`t *9, tad Klstrlet Eourt rujdk ta`t lt ls fot tad e`sd ta`t lft`fglijd propdrty,

rdsujtlfg nroc kdposlt tr`fsètlofs idtwddf @FUDU `fk tad Iudfos @lrds ir`fea

on Eltli`fb, e`f id eofslkdrdk `s propdrty lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `fk propdrty . . .

usdk nor ` eoccdrel`j ètlvlty lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. Lk.`t *; (quotlfg 91 T.U.E.

0>0=(`) `fk (k)).

Kdspltd tad Klstrlet Eourts èbfowjdkgdcdft ta`t tad dx p`rtdorkdrs lt a`k

lssudk wdrd on kouitnuj v`jlklty, Arg [r. `t 9>80701, @urdjlus E`plt`j

]`rtfdrs, J] v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, Fo. =7 Elv. 9704 ([]G) (U.K.F.\. C`r. 0,

9=0=) (Koebdt Fo. 55>), tad rdstr`lfts wdrd eoftlfudk pdfklfg `ppd`j, dxposlfg

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;; =1/04/9=0; 09


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Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk lts onnledrs to lcclfdft elvlj, rdguj`tory, `fk erlclf`j rlsb

lf @rgdftlf`.

Eltli`fb nljdk `f dxpdkltdk `ppd`j nroc tad st`y on tad Klstrlet Eourts

kdelslof vè`tlfg tad orkdrs, `fk `f dcdrgdfey cotlof to vè`td tad st`y of tad

groufks, `cofg otadrs, ta`t tad rdstr`lflfg orkdrs woujk fot id rdeogflzdk lf

@rgdftlf`. [als Eourt qulebjy vè`tdk tad st`y ideùsd tad klstrlet eourt klk fot

nlfk, for wljj tad rdeork support, ` jlbdjlaook ta`t Rtad pj`lftlnnsS wljj sueeddk of

tad cdrlts on ` ej`lc ta`t tad eustokl`j èeoufts `t lssud `rd idlfg usdk nor

eoccdrel j ètlvlty lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. @urdjlus E`plt`j ]`rtfdrs, J] v.

Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, Fo. 0=-157-ev (J), sjlp op. `t 9 (9k Elr. C`r. 9;, 9=0=).

Nor tad vdry s`cd rd`sofs, tad p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks adrd e`ffot

id rdstr`lfdk ideùsd tady `rd c`kd waojjy wltalf @rgdftlf`.

K. Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` Ls Dftltjdk to tad ]rotdetlof

on tad Udp`r`td Dftlty Yujd

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls `jso dftltjdk ufkdr tad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd to

protdetlof nroc `f orkdr rdqulrlfg lt to vloj`td tad j`ws `fk klrdetlvds on tad

eouftry lf walea lt opdr`tds. Tfkdr tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd, tad sltuson propdrty

adjk iy ` ir`fea i`fb ls `t tad ir`fea, `fk ta`t propdrty ls suihdet to tad j`ws on

tad hurlskletlof wadrd tad ir`fea ls joe`tdk. Tfkdr tals rujd dèa ir`fea on `

i`fb ls ` sdp`r`td dftlty-ta`t ls, sdp`r`td nroc tad ad`k onnled `fk sdp`r`td nroc

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;4 =1/04/9=0; 09


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otadr ir`feads. @FUDU, 9=0= WJ 7>117;, `t *5.7 [ad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd ls

` rujd uflqud to lftdrf`tlof`j i`fbs rdnjdetlfg pojley eofslkdr`tlofs Rta`tS

eoftdcpj`td, `cofg otadr lssuds, tad lftojdrìjd iurkdf ta`t woujk otadrwlsd id

pjèdk of i`fblfg `fk eoccdred ln cdrd sdrvled on ` wrlt to ` Fdw \orb ir`fea

eoujk suihdet nordlgf i`fb ir`feads to eocpdtlfg ej`lcs. Uaàddf Uports, Lfe. v.

@sl` Lfs. Eo., Fo. >>7 (9k Elr. 0=0, waleaùtaorlzds f`tlof`j i`fbs to dstìjlsa nordlgf ir`feads, rdqulrds ta`t ` p`rdft i`fb`fk lts nordlgf ir`feads id eofslkdrdk `s sdp`r`td dftltlds lf eoffdetlof wlta tadlrrdspdetlvd rlgats `fk oijlg`tlofs ufkdr ` jdttdr on erdklt lssudk iy tad p`rdft i`fb`fk fdgotl`tdk iy ofd on lts nordlgf ir`fea onnleds. [als prlfelpjd a`s iddfeoklnldk lf @rtlejd 4 on tad F\TEE `s lt rdj`tds to lftdrir`fea jdttdrs on erdklt,F\TEE 4-00>(i), `fk lf @rtlejd ;-@ on tad F\TEE `s lt rdj`tds to lftdrir`feawlrd tr`fsndrs, F\TEE ;-@-0=4(0)(i). Udd `jso Uaàddf Uports, 9=09 WJ;, `t *5.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;> =1/04/9=0; 09


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Ualpplfg Eorp., 5;0 N.9k 4=, 45 (9k Elr. 04)2Hoaf Wljdy & Uofs, Lfe. v.

Blrts`dfg, Fo. =1 Elv. 715;, 9==< WJ 5==59;9, `t *5 (U.K.F.\. Udpt. 04, 9==


48/58

57

eourt adjk ta`t tad propdrty w`s fot suihdet to turfovdr pursu`ft to E]JY 4994

or 4997 i`sdk of tad eourts hurlskletlof ovdr tad Fdw \orb ir`fea ta`t opdr`tdk

tad ejd`rlfg systdc tarouga walea tad sdeurltlds wdrd adjk. Udd41 N. Uupp. 9k `t

4;44. (9k Elr. 09 (U.K.F.\. 0


49/58

51

nroc nordlgf i`fbs iy sdrvlfg tad suipodf`s of tadlr Fdw \orb ir`feads,

oisdrvlfg ta`t RtSad lcport`fed on tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd ls ufkdrjlfdk iy tad

dxlstdfed on j`ws lf tad nordlgf hurlskletlofs lf walea tad lfstltutlofs `rd

ad`kqu`rtdrdk or lf walea otadr on tadlr ir`feads `rd joe`tdk, j`ws provlklfg nor

sdrlous elvlj `fk erlclf`j s`fetlofs lf tad dvdft on tadlr irdèa. Lk.`t 410, `nnk,

(0st Kdpt 9=0;).

[ad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd a`s `jso iddf eoklnldk to protdet ` ir`fea ta`t ls

suihdet to tad kd nèto ùtaorlty on ` joe`j sovdrdlgf. Udetlof 051(0) on tad Fdw

\orb I`fblfg J`w provlkds ta`t ` Fdw \orb i`fb ls jlìjd nor lts ir`feas

eoftrèts ofjy to tad dxtdft ta`t ` joe`j i`fb woujk id jlìjd ufkdr joe`j j`w, `fk

dxprdssjy provlkds ta`t8

[ad j`ws on suea nordlgf eouftry nor tad purposd on tals sdetlof sa`jjid kddcdk to lfejukd `jj èts, kderdds, rdguj`tlofs `fk orkdrsprocujg`tdk or dfnoredk iy ` koclf`ft ùtaorlty `ssdrtlfggovdrfcdft`j, cljlt`ry or pojled powdr on `fy blfk `t tad pjèd wadrd`fy suea ir`fea onnled ls joe`tdkR.S00

00Udetlof 051, walea w`s dfètdk to protdet Fdw \orb i`fbs nroceofnjletlfg eross-iorkdr j`ws `fk `khukle`tlofs suea `s taosd fow eofnroftdk iyEltli`fb `fk Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, w`s `cdfkdk lf 0ta Elr. 0


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555.

Waljd cost on tad e`sds ta`t `rlsd ufkdr tad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd lfvojvd

dnnorts to `ttèa or dxdeutd `g`lfst propdrty adjk onnsaord, tad prlfelpjds ta`t

`flc`td tad koetrlfd `ppjy adrd ` nortlorlideùsd tad propdrty idlfg rdstr`lfdk

onnsaord kods fot dvdf idjofg to tad hukgcdft kditor.

Adrd, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls suihdet to tad joe`j j`ws on lts aocd hurlskletlof,

@rgdftlf`, lfejuklfg tad èts on lts koclf`ft ùtaorltldswao a`vd kdc`fkdk ta`t

Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` c`bd p`ycdfts to lts eustocdrs wadf tad Ydpuijle p`ys of tad

wdft `g`lfsteurrdft T.U. pojley, F.\. pojley, tr`kltlof`j i`fblfg prètleds `fk tadrdeoccdfk`tlofs on ndkdr`j i`fb rdguj`tory `gdfelds `fk RtSals iljj saoujk adjpT.U. i`fbs id eocpdtltlvd wlta nordlgf i`fbs wao `rd fot idlfg adjk jlìjd norjossds ta`t oeeur lf tadlr nordlgf ir`feads ideùsd on pojltle`j rlsb), lf01< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 4= =1/04/9=0; 09


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;=

@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks.09 [adrdnord, tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd, v`rlous st`tutds, `fk

nufk`cdft`j prlfelpjds on j`w `fk dqulty rdqulrd ta`t tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof id

rdvdrsdk `fk tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr id rdlfst`tdk.

LLL. ]YLFEL]JDU ON EOCL[\ [A@[ UT]]OY[ [AD @E[ ON U[@[D

KOE[YLFD ]YDEJTKD @]]JLE@[LOF ON [AD EL[LI@FB

LFHTFE[LOF [O ]@\CDF[U C@KD WL[ALF @YGDF[LF@

[ad Ydpuijle eocpjdtds p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks dftlrdjy

wltalf @rgdftlf`. [adrdnord, tad èt on st`td koetrlfd `fk tad rdj`tdk kdndfsd on

nordlgf sovdrdlgf eocpujslof, jso prdejukd fy lfhufetlof proaliltlfg Eltli`fb

@rgdftlf` nroc c`blfg p`ycdfts to eustocdrs on nufks adjk lf eustoky nor tadc

lf @rgdftlf`.

[ad èt on st`td koetrlfd a`s lts orlglfs lf prlfelpjds on eoclty `fk rdspdet

nor otadr st`tds.05 Udd Ueaoofdr Dxea`fgd v. CeN`kkdf, 00 T.U. (7 Er`fea) 00>,

09Onnlel`js on tad Ydpuijle wlta ùtaorlty ovdr Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` a`vdc`kd pj`lf tadlr vldw ta`t eocpjl`fed wlta tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof woujk vloj`td@rgdftlfd j`w, kdc`fklfg ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` eoftlfud ètlfg lf n`vor `fknor tad protdetlof on tad Aojkdrs on @rgdftlfd RJ`wS Iofks, `fk ta`t ` n`ljurd toko so ideùsd on tad Lfhufetlofs woujk vloj`td @rgdftlfd j`w `fk lcp`lrRS@rgdftlfd puijle orkdr. UddUupp. @uta. Jdttdr (Dx. I) (@-99=


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05> (0109) ([ad hurlskletlof on tad f`tlof wltalf lts owf tdrrltory ls fdedss`rljy

dxejuslvd `fk ìsojutd. Lt ls susedptlijd on fo jlclt`tlof fot lcposdk iy ltsdjn . . . .

@jj dxedptlofs, tadrdnord, to tad nujj `fk eocpjdtd powdr on ` f`tlof wltalf lts owf

tdrrltorlds, cust id trèdk up to tad eofsdft on tad f`tlof ltsdjn.). @s norcuj`tdk

iy tad Uuprdcd Eourt8

Dvdry sovdrdlgf Ut`td ls ioufk to rdspdet tad lfkdpdfkdfed on dvdryotadr sovdrdlgf Ut`td, `fk tad eourts on ofd eouftry wljj fot slt lf

hukgcdft of tad èts on tad govdrfcdft on `fotadr kofd wltalf lts

owf tdrrltory. Ydkrdss on grldv`feds iy rd`sof on suea èts cust idoit`lfdk tarouga tad cd`fs opdf to id `v`ljdk on iy sovdrdlgf powdrs`s idtwddf tadcsdjvds.

Tfkdraljj v. Adrf`fkdz, 0>1 T.U. 94=, 949 (01 T.U. 744 (0


53/58

;9

purports to eoftroj tad nordlgf st`tds eofkuet wltalf lts owf iorkdrs. Irldn on tad

Tfltdk Ut`tds `s @cleus Eurl`d `t 0905,@n-E`p, Lfe. v. Ydpuijle on Eofgo, ;>9

N.5k ;07 (4ta Elr. 9==>) (Fo. =4-400>1) (lfv`jlk`tlfg ` turfovdr orkdr dftdrdk iy

tad klstrlet eourt `g`lfst tad Eofgo `fk vè`tlfg eoftdcpt orkdr of tad groufks

ta`t iota wdrd i`rrdk iy tad NUL@).

Lf@jjldk I`fb Lftdrf`tlof`j v. I`feo Erdklto @grleoj` kd E`rt`go, 4>> N.

Uupp. 0;;= (U.K.F.\. 0 N. Uupp.

`t 0;;5, tad èt on st`td koetrlfd rdqulrdk ta`t tad klstrlet eourt glvd dnndet lf Fdw

\orb to tad Eost` Yle`f cor`torluc. [als Eourt lfltl`jjy `nnlrcdk, iut tadf

rdvdrsdk of rdad`rlfg `fk adjk ta`t, ideùsd tad sltuson tad kditlts pjèd on

p`ycdftw`s Fdw \orb nor èt on st`td purposds, tad Eost` Yle`f kderdd woujk

fot id glvdf dnndet outslkd Eost` Yle` to prdvdft p`ycdft. 747 N.9k `t 490. [als

Eourts kdelslof lf@jjldk I`fbpj`lfjy supports tad eofvdrsd proposltlof8 wadrd `

sovdrdlgf èt suea `s tad p`ycdft on lts kdit oeeurs sojdjy wltalf tad sovdrdlgfs

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 45 =1/04/9=0; 09


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iorkdrs, tad èt on st`td koetrlfd wljj i`r tad rdvldw or dfholfkdr on tad èt iy

eourts on tad Tfltdk Ut`tds.0; Udd lk.

Ydj`tdkjy, eourts a`vd `jso rdeogflzdk ` kdndfsd on nordlgf sovdrdlgf

eocpujslof8

[ad kdndfsd on nordlgf sovdrdlgf eocpujslof . . . noeusds of tad pjlgaton ` kdndfk`ft wao ls suihdet to eofnjletlfg jdg`j oijlg`tlofs ufkdrtwo sovdrdlgf st`tds. Y`tadr ta`f idlfg eofedrfdk wlta tadklpjoc`tle lcpjle`tlofs on eofkdcflfg `fotadr eouftrys onnlel`j èts,tad nordlgf sovdrdlgf eocpujslof koetrlfd rdeogflzds ta`t ` kdndfk`ft

trylfg to ko iuslfdss ufkdr eofnjletlfg jdg`j rdglcds c`y id eùgatidtwddf tad provdril`j roeb `fk ` a`rk pjèd wadrd eocpjl`fed wltaofd eouftrys j`ws rdsujts lf vloj`tlof on `fotadrs.

Lf rd ^lt`clf E @ftltrust Jltlg., 41; N. Uupp. 9k 4;>, 440 (D.K.F.\. 9==1).04

[ad jogle ufkdrjylfg tals kdndfsd ls ta`t ReSoccdred c`y dxlst `t tad wljj

on tad govdrfcdft, `fk to lcposd jlìljlty nor oidkldfed to ta`t wljj woujk

djlclf`td nor c`fy eocp`flds tad ìljlty to tr`fsèt iuslfdss lf nordlgf j`fks.

0;@t tad outsdt on jltlg`tlof ovdr tad Ydpuijles rdstrueturdk kdit, tadKlstrlet Eourt ppjldk@jjldk I`fb to aojk ta`t tad Ydpuijle eoujk fot r`lsd ` v`jlkèt on st`td kdndfsd wlta rdg`rk to p`ycdfts to id c`kd outslkdon @rgdftlf`.

Jlgatw`tdr Eorp. v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, Fo. =9 Elv. 51=; ([]G), 9==5 WJ0171;9=, `t *4 (U.K.F.\. @pr. 0;, 9==5). Adrd, aowdvdr, tad p`ycdfts `rd c`kddftlrdjy lfslkd@rgdftlf`. Tfkdr@jjldk I`fb, lt ls pj`lf ta`t rdstr`lflfg p`ycdfts

lf @rgdftlf` of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks woujk vloj`td tad èt on st`td koetrlfd.04Lf rd ^lt`clf E @ftltrust Jltlg`tlof ls eurrdftjy pdfklfg idnord tals Eourt.

UddFo. 05-;71< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 4; =1/04/9=0; 09


55/58

;;

Lftdr`cdrle`f Ydn. Eorp. v. [dxèo C`rè`lio, Lfe., 5=7 N. Uupp. 09 (U.K.F.\. Kde. 9=,

09) (Ln, on eoursd, tad kdndfk`fts ètlvltlds a`k iddf rdqulrdk iy Uwlss j`w,

tals eourt eoujk lfkddk ko fotalfg. @f @cdrle`f eourt woujk a`vd ufkdr suea

elreucst`feds fo rlgat to eofkdcf tad govdrfcdft`j ètlvlty on `fotadr sovdrdlgf

f`tlof.)2 [rugc`f-F`sa, Lfe. v. F.X. K`lry Ik., (U.K.F.\.

0


56/58

;4

a`s `ebfowjdkgdk tad kdndfsds `ppjle`iljlty wadrd tad eofkuet on tad `ppdjjdds

a`s iddf eocpdjjdk iy tad nordlgf govdrfcdft. UddO.F.D. Ualpplfg Jtk. v. Njot`

Cdre`ftd Gr`feojocil`f`, U.@., 15= N.9k ;;


57/58

;>

EOFEJTULOF

Nor tad rd`sofs sdt norta, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof saoujk id rdvdrsdk `fk tad

Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr rdlfst`tdk.

K`tdk8 Fdw \orb, Fdw \orb@ugust 04, 9=0;

K@^LU ]OJB & W@YKWDJJ JJ]

Iy8 /s/ B`rdf D. W`gfdr

B`rdf D. W`gfdrH`cds J. BdrrC`ttadw Yowj`fkJlfksdy [. Bf`pp

;4= Jdxlfgtof @vdfudFdw \orb, Fdw \orb 0==07[djdpaofd8 (909) ;4=-;===N`eslcljd8 (909) 7=0-41==

@ttorfdys nor Cov`ft-Lftdrdstdk

]`rty-@ppdjj`ft Eltli`fb, F.@.

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 47 =1/04/9=0; 09


58/58

EDY[LNLE@[D ON EOC]JL@FED WL[A YTJD 59(@)

[als irldn eocpjlds wlta tad typd-vojucd jlclt`tlof on Ndk. Y. @pp. ].

59(`)(7)(I) ideùsd lt eoft`lfs 00,57= works (i`sdk of tad Clerosont Work

workeouft nufetlof), dxejuklfg tad p`rts on tad irldn dxdcptdk iy Ndk. Y. @pp. ].

59(`)(7)(I)(lll).

[als irldn eocpjlds wlta tad typdnèd rdqulrdcdfts on Ndk. Y. @pp. ].

59(`)(4) `fk tad typd styjd rdqulrdcdfts on NY@] 59(`)(>) ideùsd lt a`s iddf

prdp`rdk lf ` proportlof`tdjy spèdk typdnèd uslfg Clerosont Work lf [lcds Fdw

Yoc`f, 0;-polft typd.

K`tdk8 Fdw \orb, Fdw \orb Iy8 /s/ B`rdf D. W`gfdr

@ugust 04, 9=0; B`rdf D. W`gfdr

;4= Jdxlfgtof @vdfudFdw \orb, Fdw \orb 0==07[djdpaofd8 (909) ;4=-;===Nèslcljd8 (909) 7=0-41==

E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 41 =1/04/9=0; 09

Documents

NML v Argentina Citibank Appeal Brief 15 August 2014