N/M N/M N/M

N Particles

Gbest

M Groups

Solution

N/M N/M N/M

N Particles

Gbest

M Groups

Solution

N Particles

N Particles

Gbest

N/M N/MN/M

M Groups

Solution

M Groups

r % N/M r % N/M r % N/M

N Particles

Gbest

N/M N/MN/M

M Groups

Solution

M Groups

r % N/M r % N/M r % N/M

M=5, N=12800% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Best 840 884 874 880 874 872 875 883 877 885 8965% 160 116 126 120 126 128 125 117 123 115 104

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Best 888 875 866 870 886 874 889 874 866 866 8865% 112 125 134 130 114 126 111 126 134 134 114

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%810

820

830

840

850

860

870

880

890

900

910

Gbestgbest

M=10, N=1280　 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Best 892 887 902 881 886 898 900 899 897 902 9105% 108 113 98 119 114 102 100 101 103 98 90

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Best 904 890 901 899 903 899 909 905 905 915 9065% 96 110 99 101 97 101 91 95 95 85 94

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%860

870

880

890

900

910

920

Gbestgbest

M=15, N=12800% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Best 876 892 886 898 892 888 887 885 890 875 8865% 124 108 114 102 108 112 113 115 110 125 114

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Best 886 889 889 884 894 889 874 897 894 894 8985% 114 111 111 116 106 111 126 103 106 106 102

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%860

865

870

875

880

885

890

895

900

Gbestgbest

M=20, N=12800% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Best 858 864 858 869 867 832 861 867 858 872 8685% 142 136 142 131 133 168 139 133 142 128 132

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Best 878 854 876 854 864 880 858 855 861 854 8665% 122 146 124 146 136 120 142 145 139 146 134

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%800

810

820

830

840

850

860

870

880

890

Gbestgbest

Gbest• M=5, 10, 15, 20

5 10 15 20780

800

820

840

860

880

900

920

0%50%100%

gbest• M=5, 10, 15, 20

5 10 15 20820

830

840

850

860

870

880

890

900

910

920

0%50%100%