RICARDO MELCHIORI (INTA) RICARDO MELCHIORI (INTA)

AGUSTIN BIANCHINI (AAPRESID)AGUSTIN BIANCHINI (AAPRESID)

Remote Sensing WorkshopRemote Sensing Workshop. .

Monmouth, IL. August, 2007Monmouth, IL. August, 2007

Nitrogen management

experiences in Argentina

Spatial resolution for Green Seeker RT 200 in maizeSpatial resolution for Green Seeker RT 200 in maizeSpatial resolution for Green Seeker RT 200 in maizeSpatial resolution for Green Seeker RT 200 in maize

By plant hierarchies response to N.By plant hierarchies response to N.By plant hierarchies response to N.By plant hierarchies response to N.

TopicsTopicsTopicsTopics

Maize experiences: timing, and Fixed vs. SBNRC Maize experiences: timing, and Fixed vs. SBNRC comparisonscomparisons

Maize experiences: timing, and Fixed vs. SBNRC Maize experiences: timing, and Fixed vs. SBNRC comparisonscomparisons

Wheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI modelsWheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI modelsWheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI modelsWheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI models

Sources of variation that affect N response

• soil moisture• rainfall regimes • temperature• soil type, previous crop• hybrids

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

N aplicado (kg/ ha)

Ren

d.

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

N aplicado (kg/ ha)

Ren

d.

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

N aplicado (kg/ ha)

Ren

d.

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

N aplicado (kg/ ha)

Ren

d.

231 kg N 13441 kg/ha

154 kg N 8375 kg/ha

200 kg N 8828 kg/ha

99 kg N 9535 kg/ha

2004

2001 2002

2003

Inter-annual maize yield response to N

Long term N response variability in continuous maizeLong term N response variability in continuous maizeINTA Parana, (1995 - 2006)INTA Parana, (1995 - 2006)

Average yield: Average yield: 10000 kg/ha10000 kg/ha Average optimal N rate = Average optimal N rate = 155 kg 155 kg

N/haN/ha

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Years

Mai

ze y

ield

(kg

ha-

1)

.

0

100

200

300

N r

ate

(kg h

a-1)

.

Control N 276 CL

N rates and timing yield response in maize N rates and timing yield response in maize

Sin N de base

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

s/N V8 V10 V12 V14

Dosis de refertilizacion 70 KgN/ha

Ren

dim

iento

kg/h

a .

70 kg N/ha de base

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

s/N V8 V10 V12 V14

Dosis de refertilizacion 70 KgN/ha

Ren

dim

iento

kg/h

a .

210 N kg/ha de base

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

s/N V8 V10 V12 V14

Dosis de refertilizacion 70 KgN/ha

Ren

dim

iento

kg/h

a .

140 kg N/ha de base

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

s/N V8 V10 V12 V14

Dosis de refertilizacion 70 KgN/ha

Ren

dim

iento

kg/h

a .

Ma

ize

gra

in y

ield

(k

g h

a-1

)M

aiz

e g

rain

yie

ld (

kg

ha

-1)

Ma

ize

gra

in y

ield

(k

g h

a-1

)M

aiz

e g

rain

yie

ld (

kg

ha

-1)

Ma

ize

gra

in y

ield

(k

g h

a-1

)M

aiz

e g

rain

yie

ld (

kg

ha

-1)

Ma

ize

gra

in y

ield

(k

g h

a-1

)M

aiz

e g

rain

yie

ld (

kg

ha

-1)No N at plantingNo N at planting 70 kg N ha-1 at planting70 kg N ha-1 at planting

140 kg N ha-1 at planting140 kg N ha-1 at planting 210 kg N ha-1 at planting210 kg N ha-1 at planting

70 kg N ha-1 70 kg N ha-1 sidedresssidedress 70 kg N ha-1 sidedress70 kg N ha-1 sidedress

70 kg N ha-1 sidedress70 kg N ha-1 sidedress70 kg N ha-1 sidedress70 kg N ha-1 sidedress

y = 80.98 e5.0093x

R2 = 0.4350

2000

4000

6000

8000

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0NDVI GS

Kg M

S/h

a .

V14 Mtos V12 EEA V 12 Mtos V12 L1 V12 L2

Biomass Biomass accumulationaccumulation

Bio

ma

s k

g h

a-1

NDVI NDVI FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

Vegetative Vegetative nitrogen nitrogen uptakeuptake

y = 0.172 e7.8527 xR2 = 0.71

0

30

60

90

120

150

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

NDVI GS

N A

cum

Kg/h

a

.

V14 Mtos V12 EEA V 12 Mtos V12 L1 V12 L2

Y= 240 e4,88 x

R2 = 0,70

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

0.4 0.6 0.8

NDVI GS

Rendim

iento

kg/h

a

.

V14 Mtos V12 EEA V12 Mtos V12 L1 V12 L2

Grain yieldGrain yieldG

rain

yie

l k

g h

a-1

www.nue.okstate.edu

NUE in FNR vs. SBNRCat different crop growth stages

Total Nitrogen use

efficiency

0

20

40

60

80

V8 V10 V12 V14

EU

N g

rano/N

aplica

do .

refertilización fija refertilización sensorFIXED RATEFIXED RATE SBNRCSBNRC

NIT

RO

GE

N U

SE

EF

FIC

IEN

CY

NIT

RO

GE

N U

SE

EF

FIC

IEN

CY

kg g

rain

kg

Nkg

gra

in k

g N

-1

Del Campillo Site - Maize grain yield

0

20004000

60008000

1000012000

14000

0 0 50 100 150 200 150 75

N rate (kg/ ha)

Yie

ld (

kg/ha)

.

Soiltest

SBNRCP+S

GM $/ha 883 888 1050 1012 1143 1133 1100 1207

Del Campillo Site - NUE

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

50 100 150 200 150 75

N rate (kg/ ha)

NU

E .

Soiltest

SBNRC

Green Seeker RT 200Green Seeker RT 200

Green Seeker RT 200 AdjustmentGreen Seeker RT 200 AdjustmentGreen Seeker RT 200 AdjustmentGreen Seeker RT 200 Adjustment

Spatial resolution, for GS RT Spatial resolution, for GS RT 200200

Spatial resolution, for GS RT Spatial resolution, for GS RT 200200

14,3% 13,4% 12,6% 14,0% 12,6% 14,3%

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

48 24 12 6 4 3

Number of rows sensed

ND

VI .

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

CV

.

9,6% 10,2% 10,5% 9,6% 10,4% 12,0%

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

48 24 12 6 4 3

Number of rows sensed

ND

VI .

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

CV

.

V6V6

V8V8

Effect of the number of sensors on Effect of the number of sensors on SBNRC prescriptions in maize.SBNRC prescriptions in maize.

Effect of the number of sensors on Effect of the number of sensors on SBNRC prescriptions in maize.SBNRC prescriptions in maize.

Mediciones en V6 Mediciones en V8 Surcos sensados NDVI Recomendación

(Kg N/ha) (*) % del

promedio Recomendación

(Kg N/ha) (*) % del

promedio 48 Promedio 72,0 100% 86,6 100% 24 Promedio 78,0 108% 90,8 105% 12 Promedio 78,0 108% 86,5 100% 6 Promedio 74,9 104% 82,9 96% 4 Promedio 78,5 109% 86,7 100% 3 Promedio 83,2 116% 92,1 106%

Melchiori and Albarenque, 2007Melchiori and Albarenque, 2007

Number of SensedNumber of Sensedrowsrows

V6 readingsV6 readings

RecomendationRecomendation

V8 readingsV8 readings

RecomendationRecomendation% of average% of average % of average% of average

New approach: different hierarchies by plant yield response to N

N effects on by plant hierarchies.

Paraná Nitrogen Team: SOIL FERTILITY, CROP NUTRITION, AND PHYSIOLOGY

CV vs Yld

y = -168,65x + 14230,52

R2 = 0,51

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Coeficiente de variación (%)

Ren

dim

ien

to (

kg h

a-1

)

CV per plant grain yield (%)CV per plant grain yield (%)

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

ha-1

)G

rain

yie

ld (

kg h

a-1

)

N grain yield response by hierarchies

y = 0,75x + 15,37

R2 = 0,91

y = 0,31x + 24,09

R2 = 0,52

0

40

80

120

160

200

-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Respuesta relativa RTOpl (%)

Re

sp

ue

sta

re

lati

va

RT

OA (

%)

Dominadas

DominantesDominateDominate

ddDominantDominant

By plant relative yield response By plant relative yield response (%)(%)

Per

are

a r

ela

tive y

ield

resp

on

se

Per

are

a r

ela

tive y

ield

resp

on

se

(%)

(%)

Fertilization x Hybrid interactionINTA Rafaela, Fontanetto, 2005

1046

6

1072

7

1077

7

1115

6

1231

6

1119

2

1141

0

1304

9

1243

9 1302

5

1184

8

1222

9

1341

9

1440

0

1369

0

1249

0 1310

5

1507

0

1491

3

1431

5

1258

6 1326

0

1692

6

1501

9

1439

0

TJ 650 C 271 MG AX 888 Cl MG AX 890 MG C 2809000

9800

10600

11400

12200

13000

13800

14600

15400

16200

17000N30-S2,5N60-S5N90-S7,5N120-S10N240-S20

Wheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI Wheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI modelsmodels

Wheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI Wheat experiences: cultivar effects on NDVI modelsmodels

Long season wheatLong season wheatShort season wheat Short season wheat

Main difference: Main difference: tillering capabilitytillering capability

Long season wheatLong season wheatShort season wheat Short season wheat

Main difference: Main difference: tillering capabilitytillering capability

CL = 303,67e3,83xR2 = 0,85

CC = 406,82e4,36xR2 = 0,79

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

NDVI

Ren

dim

ient

o kg

ha

-1

.

Ciclo largo (CL) ciclo corto (CC)Full season Full season Short season Short season

Gra

in Y

ield

Gra

in Y

ield

y = 541,55e2,62x

R2 = 0,68

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00

NDVI a inicios de encañazon

Rendim

iento

de trigo (kg

ha-1

) .

BioINTA 3003 (2005)

Baguette P11 (2005)

Escudo (2005)

LER4001

Escudo (2006)

BioINTA 3004 (2006)

LER4004 (2006)

Baguette P11 (2006)

BioINTA 3000 CA (2005)

Sensor base Wheat yield modelSensor base Wheat yield modelParana (2005 - 2006)Parana (2005 - 2006)

On going research and future needs

• Sept. vs. Dec. planting dates; Wheat/Corn; • Row width (20” vs. 28”).• RT 200 studies in wheat & corn.• By zones N rich strips for using handheld GS.• Bands for other stresses (eg. Water), protein content in wheat.• Other crops: canola, tobacco, sugarcane.

Thank Thank youyourmelchiori@parana.inta.gov.arrmelchiori@parana.inta.gov.ar

http:http://parana.//parana.inta.gov.arinta.gov.ar

bianchini@aapresid.org.arbianchini@aapresid.org.ar

www.aapresid.org.arwww.aapresid.org.ar/english/english

Interdisciplinary Team(SOIL FERTILITY, CROP NUTRITION, AND PHYSIOLOGY)

- N use efficiency

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00

N en grano (%)

EU

Ng

Exp1

Exp2

Exp3

Exp4

Exp5

grain N (%)

NU

Eg

(kg

kg

N-

1)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

soil N (0-20 cm)+ N fertilizer (kg ha-1)

Rela

tive y

ield

.

Regional Nitrogen Response Function(for Entre Rios Province)

Low N responseLow N response

Higher N Higher N responseresponse

W4

B1

W3

B2

24 ha

Imagen satelital del área experimentalAlley et al., 2003Alley et al., 2003

Franja Rica de N

Promedio de cinco de años de rendimiento de maíz y remoción de

nutrientes por tipo de suelo

SueloAgua

Disponible RendimientoRemoción de Nutrientes

N P2O5 K2O

mm/1.2m ton/ha ---------------Kg/ha---------------

B1 130 8.6 115 67 44

B2 89 5.4 66 38 25

W3 155 11.3 138 81 53

W4 180 12.4 152 89 59

Alley et al., 2003Alley et al., 2003

Calculadora de N, Maiz  Zona W4 Zona

B1 Zona

B2

Ingreso de Datos      

Rend. Máximo, kg/ha 12400 8600 8000

Fecha de Siembra 19-Sep 19-Sep 19-Sep

Fecha de Medición 5-Dec 5-Dec 5-Dec

NDVI (FRN) 0.84 0.75 0.75

NDVI (PDA) 0.82 0.68 0.52

EUN esperado 0.6 0.6 0.6

Resultados      

Indice de Respuesta 1.15 1.28 1.84

Días desde Siembra hasta Medición 77 77 77

Rend. Potencial, kg/ha 10896 8116 5796

Rend. Potencial con N, kg/ha 12400 8600 8000

Dosis de N, Rec. kg/ha 35 11 51

W4

B1

W3

B2

24 ha

Imagen satelital del área experimentalAlley et al., 2003Alley et al., 2003

35 N

51 N

11 N

66 N

Diagnóstico de la fertilización para maíz

(García, 2004)

Siembra

Floración

5-6 hojas

MadurezFisiológica

8-10 hojas

• P (0-20 cm)• N-nitratos (0-60 cm)• S-sulfatos (0-20 cm)• Otros nutrientes: Mg, B, Cu, Zn (0-20 cm)

N-nitratos en suelo (0-30 cm)

Nitratos en savia de base de tallos

Indi

ce d

e ve

rdor

(Min

olta

SP

AD

502

)

Análisis hoja de la espiga o inferior para concentración total de nutrientes

Nitratos en base de tallos

Concentración de nutrientes en grano

Análisis de Suelo

Sen

sore

s: F

otog

rafía

aér

ea,

N-s

enso

r

Pre-Siembra

Cosecha

Estado de desarrollodel cultivo

Bal

ance

s de

NM

odel

os d

e si

mul

ació

n

N disponible a la siembra y Rendimiento de Maíz

Rendimiento = 5567 + 35.8 N - 0.035 N2

R2 = 0.5674000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 100 200 300 400N siembra, 0-60 cm + N fertilizante (kg/ha)

Ren

dim

iento

(kg

/ha)

AAPRESID-Profertil 2001 INTA C. Gomez 2000

INTA C. Gomez 2001 AAPRESID-INPOFOS 2000#

CREA 2000 CREA 2002

# Incluye 5 ensayos del Sudeste de Córdoba y Sur de Santa Fe

y (2003/ 04) = -0.1147x2 + 47.126x + 6532.6R2 = 0.2266

y (2004/ 05) = -0.0351x2 + 28.199x + 8321R2 = 0.4696

y (2001/ 02) = 20.588x + 7320.2R2 = 0.4196

y (2002/ 03) = 14.638x + 8142.4R2 = 0.37110

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

N suelo (0-60 cm) + N fertilizante (kg/ ha)

Ren

dim

ien

to (

kg/h

a)

2001/ 02 2002/ 03 2003/ 04 2004/ 05

Fertilización N en MaízFertilización N en MaízRed de Ensayos AAPRESID-Profertil 2001/02 – 2004/05Red de Ensayos AAPRESID-Profertil 2001/02 – 2004/05

23 sitios en Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos, y Santa Fé23 sitios en Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos, y Santa Fé

Fertilización N en MaízFertilización N en MaízRed de Ensayos AAPRESID-Profertil 2001/02 – 2004/05Red de Ensayos AAPRESID-Profertil 2001/02 – 2004/05

23 sitios en Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos, y Santa Fé23 sitios en Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos, y Santa Fé

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 20 40 60 80 100N-NO3 en suelo (0-20 cm) en V6 (mg kg-1)

Ren

dim

ien

to R

ela

tivo (

%)

2001/ 02 2002/ 03 2003/ 04 2004/ 05

Nivel Crítico: 20 ppm

Concentración crítica de N-NO3 en V6 y rendimiento en maíz

(Echeverría, 2004)

10

15

20

25

30

6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Rendimiento máximo (kg ha-1)

CC

de

N-N

O3-

(m

g k

g-1

)

CM 1994/95

CM 1995/96

CM 1996/97

CM 1997/98

Exp. 2 1997/98

NCC= -0.05 + 0.002GYr2= 0.92