NIST Smart Grid Interoperability

Program

Barbara Goldstein

bgoldstein@nist.gov

Sr. Scientific Advisor, Physical Measurement Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

October 21, 2010

Agenda

• NIST View of the Smart Grid

• Key Issues and Challenges

• NIST Mandate, Plans and Progress

NIST View of the Smart Grid

U.S. Electric Grid

• 3,100 electric utility companies

• 10,000 power plants

• 157,000 miles of high-voltage lines

• 140 million meters

• $800 billion in assets

• $247 billion annual revenues

Today’s Electric Grid

Markets and Operations

Generation

Transmission Distribution Customer Use

One-way flow of electricity

• Centralized, bulk generation

• Heavy reliance on coal, natural gas

• Limited automation

• Limited situational awareness

• Customers lack data to manage energy usage

Smart Grid

2-way flow of electricity and information

Intelligent Infrastructure

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

Fundamental Drivers

• Climate change

• Energy security

• Lifestyle dependent on electricity

• Jobs

Smart Grid goals

• Reduce energy use overall and increase grid efficiency

• Increase use of renewables(wind and solar don’t produce carbon)

• Support shift from oil to electric transportation

• Enhance reliability and security

• Improve grid capacity utilization

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

Current Grid is Inherently Inefficient

20% of capacity is needed to serve

5% of highest usage hours

PJM Real Time Load Duration

Source: PJM (a Regional Transmission Organization part of the Eastern Interconnection grid)

Demand Response: “Time shifting” peak load

Improves capacity utilization of the grid

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

Integration of Renewables and PEVs

• Power Conditioning Systems (PCS) convert to/from 60 Hz AC for

interconnection of renewable energy, electric storage, and PEVs

• “Smart Grid Interconnection Standards” required for devices to be

utility controlled operational asset and enable high penetration:• Dispatchable real and reactive power

• Acceptable ramp-rates to mitigate renewable intermittency

• Accommodate faults, without cascading area-wide events

• Voltage/frequency control and utility controlled islanding

PCS PCS PCS

Energy Storage

(FERC top 4 priority)

Plug-in Vehicle to Grid

(Million in US by 2015)

Renewable/Clean Energy

(20% by 2020)

Communication

Power Smart Grid

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

Integration of PEVs

2020 SUMMER LOAD IMPACT – NO UTILITY INVOLVEMENT*

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

24,000

26,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hours

MW

Initial Load Forecast Ports Rail T rucks Forklifts PEVs

Worst Case

*Based on predicted 1.6 million EVs on the SCE grid

2020 SUMMER LOAD IMPACT – WITH UTILITY INVOLVEMENT*

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

24,000

26,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hours

MW

Initial Load Forecast Ports Rail Trucks Forklifts PEVs

Copyright 2009 Southern California Edison

Electrification of transportation could:

• Displace US oil imports

• Reduce CO2 emissions

• Reduce urban air pollutants

• Idle capacity of the power grid could supply 70% of charging needs

• Batteries in EVs could provide power during peak electricity demand

California Forecasted EV Charging Load

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

There’s no Smart Grid without Smart Buildings

Other

Appliances and

Plug Loads

39.0 %

Lighting

8.8 % Water Heating

9.1 %

Furnace Fan

3.3 %

Space Heating

10.1 %

Refrigerators

13.7 %

Air-Conditioning

16.0 %

Ways to make buildings smarter:

• Get real-time price signals

• Use energy management tools to balance load with generation and storage

• Get smarter loads

Energy usage

in buildings

What Will the Smart Grid Look Like?

• High use of renewables – some jurisdictions as high as

35% by 2020

• Distributed generation and microgrids

• Bidirectional metering – selling local power into the grid

• Distributed storage

• Smart meters that provide near-real time usage data

• Time of use and dynamic pricing

• Ubiquitous smart appliances communicating with the

grid

• Energy management systems in homes as well as

commercial and industrial facilities linked to the grid

• Growing use of plug-in electric vehicles

• Networked sensors and automated controls throughout

the grid

NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model

Building

Automation

Electric

Power Metering

Power Electronics

Industrial

Control

Systems

Wide Area

Situational

Awareness

(WASA)

Cybersecurity

(everywhere) Networks

Intelligent

sensors

Electromagnetic

compatibility

(everywhere)

Key Issues & Challenges

15

Security Needs to be Designed In

• Integration of new IT and networking technologies brings new risks & new standards, processes, and tools

• Modernization provides an opportunity to improve security of the Grid

• Architecture is key

– Security must be designed in – it cannot be added on later

• Other risks need consideration

– Electromagnetic interference, natural or intentional

The Need for Standards is Urgent

Whirlpool Corporation To Produce One Million Smart Grid-Compatible Clothes

Dryers by the End of 2011…

Standards for data

communication,

price information, schedules,

demand response signals

Standards Come From Many Sources

International

Regional and

National

Global

Consortia

Example:Electric Vehicles Require Many Standards

1547 (Distributed energy interconnection)

Smart Energy 2.0

J2293 (Communication)

J1772 (Connector)

61850 and 61970/61968 Information models

Demand response

& price signaling

C12 (Meter)

National Electric

Code

(Enclosures)

National

Electric

Safety Code

(Battery)

NIST Mandate, Plans and Progress

Smart Grid – US National Priority

“We’ll fund a better, smarter electricity

grid and train workers to build it…”

President Barack Obama

“To meet the energy challenge and create a 21st

century energy economy, we need a 21st century

electric grid…” Secretary of Energy Steven Chu

“A smart electricity grid will revolutionize the way we use energy, but

we need standards …” Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke

Congressional Priority: EISA 2007, ARRA, oversight, new bills …

Government Roles in Smart Grid

Public Utility Commissions

Federal

State

Federal

Energy

Regulatory

Commission

• Under Title XIII, Section 1305 of EISA, NIST has

“primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems…”

• Congress directed that the framework be “flexible, uniform, and technology neutral”

• Use of these standards is a criteria for DoE Smart Grid Investment Grants

• Input to FERC and state PUC rulemaking

NIST Role

22

SGIG Topic Areas

Smart Grid Investment Grants

Category $ Million

Integrated/Crosscutting 2,150

AMI 818

Distribution 254

Transmission 148

Customer Systems 32

Manufacturing 26

Total 3,429

Geographic Coverage of Selected Projects

18 million smart meters

1.2 million in-home display units

206,000 smart transformers

177,000 load control devices

170,000 smart thermostats

877 networked phasor measurement units

671 automated substations

100 PEV charging stations

NIST Three Phase Plan for Smart Grid Interoperability

PHASE 1

Identify an initial set of

existing consensus

standards and develop

a roadmap to fill gaps

2009 2010

PHASE 2

Establish Smart Grid

Interoperability Panel (SGIP)

public-private forum with

governance for ongoing efforts

SGIP

meetings

Smart Grid Interoperability Panel

Established Nov 2009

PHASE 3

Conformity Framework

(includes Testing and

Certification)

NIST Interoperability Framework 1.0

Released Jan 2010

Summer 2009 Workshops

Draft Framework Sept 2009

today

Congressional

testimony

NISTIR 7628 Cyber

Security Guidelines

Released Sep 2010

http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/

Conceptual Reference

Model

• Revised version January 2010

• Smart Grid Vision / Model

• 75 key standards identified

– IEC, IEEE, …

– 25 “ready for implementation”

• 16 Priority Action Plans to fill gaps:

– One completed

– Another added (wind plant communication)

• Cyber security strategy

– Companion document NISTIR 7628

NIST Framework and Roadmap

NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Panel

• Public-private partnership created by NIST in Nov. 2009

• Broad range of stakeholders in SGIP developing consensus about standards needed to build a smarter grid– Nearly 600 member organizations (with over 50 international

organizations) & over 1700 participants from 22 stakeholder categories

• Supports NIST to coordinate the development of standards by Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) – Identifies Requirements

– Prioritizes standards development programs

– Works with over 20 SDOs including IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE, …

• Open, transparent & inclusive process– SGIP Twiki: http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-

sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIP

Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board

Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing BoardSmart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board

SGIPGBSGIPGB

Products (IKB)Products (IKB)

SGIPSGIP

One Organization,One Vote

(Over 450; over 1500 persons participating including from international organizations)

One Organization,One Vote

(Over 450; over 1500 persons participating including from international organizations)

Working Groups

(DEWG, PAP, Other)

Working Groups

(DEWG, PAP, Other)

Smart Grid Identified Standards

Smart Grid Identified Standards

Use CasesUse Cases

RequirementsRequirements

StandardsDescriptions

StandardsDescriptions

PriorityAction Plans

PriorityAction Plans

At largeMembers (3)

At largeMembers (3)

Ex Officio(non-voting)

Members

Ex Officio(non-voting)

Members

Stakeholder

Category

Members (22)

including

utilities,

suppliers, IT

developers

Stakeholder

Category

Members (22)

including

utilities,

suppliers, IT

developers

Standing Committees

(Architecture, Conformance and

Security)

Standing Committees

(Architecture, Conformance and

Security)

Conceptual Model

Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing BoardSmart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board

SGIPGBSGIPGB

Products (IKB)Products (IKB)

SGIPSGIP

One Organization,One Vote

(Over 450; over 1500 persons participating including from international organizations)

One Organization,One Vote

(Over 450; over 1500 persons participating including from international organizations)

Working Groups

(DEWG, PAP, Other)

Working Groups

(DEWG, PAP, Other)

Smart Grid Identified Standards

Smart Grid Identified Standards

Use CasesUse Cases

RequirementsRequirements

StandardsDescriptions

StandardsDescriptions

PriorityAction Plans

PriorityAction Plans

At largeMembers (3)

At largeMembers (3)

Ex Officio(non-voting)

Members

Ex Officio(non-voting)

Members

Stakeholder

Category

Members (22)

including

utilities,

suppliers, IT

developers

Stakeholder

Category

Members (22)

including

utilities,

suppliers, IT

developers

Standing Committees

(Architecture, Conformance and

Security)

Standing Committees

(Architecture, Conformance and

Security)

Conceptual Model

http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/

(Over 600; over 1700

persons participating

including from

international organizations)

International 77%

US Domestic 13%

US Government 10%

Source of Standards in NIST Roadmap

International Standards are Vital

International Coordination

• Bilateral interactions

– China, Japan, Korea, India, Brazil, France, Germany, Ireland …

• US-EU Energy Council activities

– Smart Grids-Electric Vehicles

– Public workshop, USG-European Commission

• Coordination with International Standards Organizations:

– NIST Liaison to IEC-SG3

– SGIP international participation

Priority Action Plans (PAPs)

Created to address gaps in Smart Grid standards

# Priority Action Plan # Priority Action Plan

0 Meter Upgradeability Standard 9 Standard DR and DER Signals

1 Role of IP in the Smart Grid 10 Standard Energy Usage Information

2 Wireless Communication for the Smart Grid 11 Common Object Models for Electric Transportation

3 Common Price Communication Model 12 IEC 61850 Objects/DNP3 Mapping

4 Common Scheduling Mechanism 13 Time Synchronization, IEC 61850 Objects/ IEEE C37.118 Harmonization

5 Standard Meter Data Profiles 14 Transmission and Distribution Power Systems Model Mapping

6 Common Semantic Model for Meter Data tables

15 Harmonize Power Line Carrier Standards for Appliance Communications in the Home

7 Electric Storage Interconnection Guidelines 16 Wind Plant Communications

8 CIM for Distribution Grid Management 17 Facility Smart Grid Information

SGIP Stakeholder Categories

1Appliance and consumer electronics

providers

2Commercial and industrial equipment

manufacturers and automation vendors

3Consumers – Residential, commercial,

and industrial

4Electric transportation industry

Stakeholders

5Electric utility companies – Investor

Owned Utilities (IOU)

6Electric utility companies - Municipal

(MUNI)

7Electric utility companies - Rural Electric

Association (REA)

8Electricity and financial market traders

(includes aggregators)

9 Independent power producers

10

Information and communication

technologies (ICT) Infrastructure and

Service Providers

11Information technology (IT) application

developers and integrators

12Power equipment manufacturers and

vendors

13Professional societies, users groups,

and industry consortia

14 R&D organizations and academia

15Relevant Federal Government

Agencies

16 Renewable Power Producers

17 Retail Service Providers

18Standard and specification

development organizations (SDOs)

19 State and local regulators

20 Testing and Certification Vendors

21Transmission Operators and

Independent System Operators

22 Venture Capital

Some Members We Know (of the 633)

Appliance & Consumer ElectronicsSony

Commercial & Industrial EquipmentHoneywell

Electric TransportationChrysler, Ford, BMW, GM, Mercedes

Information & Communication TechnologiesCisco, Motorola, Sprint, Texas Instruments, T-Mobile

Power EquipmentFuji, Mitsubishi, Petra Solar, Siemens, Toshiba

R&D OrganizationsEPRI, Georgia Tech, MIT

Standards & Specifications Development OrganizationsIEC, IEEE, NEMA, NAESB, OASIS

32

Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security (NISTIR 7628) Published August 2010

What it IS• A tool for organizations that are researching, designing, developing, and

implementing Smart Grid technologies

• May be used as a guideline to evaluate the overall cyber risks to a Smart Grid system during the design phase and during system implementation and maintenance

• Guidance for organizations

– Each organization must develop its own cyber security strategy (including a risk assessment methodology) for the Smart Grid.

What it IS NOT• It does not prescribe particular solutions

• It is not mandatory

Examples of NIST Research Activities Supporting Smart Grid

• Metering– Power and energy calibrations– “Quantum Watt” link

quantum-based standards– New metering testbed under

development– ANSI C12 U.S. metering standards

• Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)– Special test calibrations,

feedback to manufacturers– Testbed expanded for dynamic

measurements

• Building automation, power electronics, cybersecurity, wireless measurements, electromagnetic compatibility, SCADAs, …

For more information

George Arnold, National Coordinator for Smart Grid Interoperability, george.arnold@nist.gov, 301-975-5987

David Wollman, david.wollman@nist.gov

NIST Smart Grid Website: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/

NIST SGIP Collaborative Twiki site: http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/