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\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw1
\nkms_ XAveow\nkms_ XAveow
Xømdm°nbXv
aplΩZv \Po_v Jm≥
`mKw c≠v
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 2
Nisab - e - Ta’leem (Malayalam)\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw
Prepared byMuhammad Najeeb Khan
Assisted byMuhammed Safvan
TypesetM.G.E.F Alappuzha
LayoutZiyad Rahman
Cover DesignNaushad Palluruthi
Printed atAnaswara Offest, Ernakulam
Published byIslam International Publication Kannur, Kerala
Sponserd byMajlis Majlis Majlis Majlis Majlis AnsarAnsarAnsarAnsarAnsarullah Kullah Kullah Kullah Kullah Kerererereralaalaalaalaala
First Edition: August 2007Copies 1000Price : 40
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw3
hnjb hnhcw
BapJw
A≤ym]-I¿°p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃
7 A√mlp \ΩpsS ]cn]meI≥
10 \ΩpsS c£-I≥ A√mlp
12 kXy-hm-\mb B´n-S-b≥
15 \√ ioe߃
hkv{X[mcWw
ipNnXzw
kmaqlnI acymZIƒ
kXvkz`mhw
21 lZokv ]T\w
22 Ckvemw Imcy߃
26 _m¶v
29 akvPnZpIƒ
31 aplΩZp \_n (k)
34 Camw alvZn (A)
35 Jp¿B≥ ]T\w
38 ]Zyw ̨ Xdms\ AXv^m¬
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 4
BXvaobhpw `uXoIhpamb hn⁄m\w kºmZn°pI F∂Xv
Hcp hyIvXnsb kw_‘n®nStØmfw A\nhmcyamb kwKXnbmWv.
F∂m¬ tIhew Adnhv t\SpI F∂Xp am{Xa√ hnZym`ymkw
sIm≠v hnh£nXam°p∂Xv. PohnXsØ {]mtbmKnIambn
kao]n°p∂, a\pjy a\ pIƒ°v BXvaobhpw `uXoIhpambn
Dƒ°cpØv \¬Ip∂ Hcp ka{K PohnX Z¿i\w ]TnXmhn\v
\¬IptºmgmWv hnZym`ymk {]{Inb ^ehØmbn Xocp∂Xv.
Ckvemw apt∂m´psh°p∂Xpw t{]mXvkmln∏n°p∂Xpw Cu Hcp
ImgvN∏mSmWv. tIcfØnse hnZym¿∞nIƒ-°v XßfpsS
aX]T\Øn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]mT ]pkvXI߃ e`yam°pI F∂
Dt±iytØmsSbmWv aPvenkv A≥kmdp√m tIcf, hJvs^ \u
kne_kns\ B[mcam°ns°m≠v Cu ]pkvXI߃
Xømdm°nbncn°p∂Xv.A©p apX¬ ]Xn\©phb phscbp≈
Ip´nIƒ°v Nn´bmbpw {Iaambpap≈ Hcp GIoIrX aX]T\w CXp
aptJ\ IcÿamIp∂XmWv.
A√mlphns‚ A\p{KlØm¬ b ¿\¬ Jp¿B≥ Dƒs∏sS
AXnse BZysØ \mep`mK߃ Ct∏mƒ {]kn≤s∏SpØphm≥
Ign™ncn°pIbmWv. A¬lwZpen√mlv. Cu ]mTy]≤Xn
`wKnbmbn Xømdm°nØ∂Xv ap_√nKv aplΩZv \Po_v Jm≥
kmln_mWv. A√mlp At±lØn\v X°Xmb {]Xn^ew
\¬IpamdmIs´. Cu kwcw`Øn\v hnes∏´ \n¿t±i߃
\¬IpIbpw ]pkvXIØns‚ {]kn≤oIcWhpw, hnXcWhpw
Gs‰Sp°pIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠v RßtfmSv klIcn® Ckvemw
C‚¿\mjW¬ ]_vfnt°js‚ tIcf LSIw sNb¿am≥
s{]m^k¿ alvaqZv AlvaZv kmln_nt\mSpw kl{]h¿ØI
BapJw
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw5
tcmSpap≈ IrX⁄X {]tXyIw tcJs∏SpØp∂p. AXpt]mse
Cu kwcw`Øn\v aPvenkv Jp±map¬ AlvaZnø t\m¿Øv CemJm
JmCZv tUm. kemlp±o≥ kmln_pw kuØv CemJm JmCZv Sn.
sI. A_q_°¿ kmln_pw \¬Inb klmb klIcW߃
Cu AhkcØn¬ \μn]q¿Δw kvacn°p∂p. Cu]pkvXIßfpsS
dnhyqsNbvXp X∂ auehn Ckvambn¬ kmln_ns\bpw, Cu
]≤XntbmSv F√mcoXnbnepw klIcn® F√m A`ypZbImw
£nIsfbpw IrX⁄XtbmsS kvacn°p∂p. Ch¿s°√mw
A√mlp X°Xmb {]Xn^ew \¬IpamdmIs´.
Ckvemw˛AlvaZnøØns‚ `mhn, hf¿∂phcp∂
Xeapdbn¬ kp`{Zambncn°m≥ th≠n, Ah¿°v icnbmb
aXhn⁄m\w \¬tI≠Xv apXn¿∂hcpsS _m[yXbmWv.
AXn\p≈ hn\oXamb Hcp {]Ya {iaamWv Cu kwcw`w.
CXnep≈ IpdhpItfbpw t]mcmbvaItfbpw AXpt]mse
CXns\ Ipdn®p≈ \nßfpsS hnes∏´ A`n{]mbßfpw Rßsf
FgpXn Adnbn°Wsa∂v hn\oXambn At]£n°pIbmWv.
IqSmsX Cu ]mTy]≤Xn hnPb{]ZambnØocm≥ F√mhcptSbpw
ZpBbpw klmb klIcWßfpw A`y¿∞n°pIbpw
sNøp∂p.
Pn⁄mkp°fmb AlvaZn hnZym¿∞n kaqlØn\p apºmsI
Cu ]mT ]pkvXIw R߃ kmZcw ka¿∏n°p∂p.
]n. ]n. \mkndp±o≥
\mknw, aPvenkv A≥kmdp√m
kp_mbn, tIcf
IÆq¿
19.08.2007
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 6
A≤ym]I¿°p≈ \n¿t±i߃
Bdv hb- p- ap-X¬ Ggv hb- p-hsc {]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°p
th≠n Xøm-dm-°n-bn-́ p≈ ]mT]pkvXIam-Wn-Xv. hJvs^ \u
Ip´n-Iƒ Bdvv hb- v apX¬ Ggphb phsc ]Tn-®n-cn-t°≠
Imcy-ßfpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v.
Cfw a\- p-I-fn¬ \√ ioe-߃ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI,
s]cp-am‰ acym-Z-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, hnizm-k-Im-cy-߃ efn-
X-ambn {Kln-∏n-°pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Cu ]pkvXIw sIm≠v
e£y-am--°p-∂-Xv. aX-]-T\w ck-I-c-am-°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS
efn-X-amb ̀ mj-bn¬ Nn{X-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-bm-Wv Hmtcm
]mT-̀ m-Khpw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-́ p-≈-Xv.
hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-ap≈ kμ¿ -̀ß-fn¬ IY-I-fp-sSbpw
a‰pw klm-b-tØmsS Imcy-߃ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ {Kln-°m≥ Ip´n-
Isf klm-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm ]mT-Øn\ptijw sImSp-
Øn´p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ Ip´n-Isf sIm≠v sNøn-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pth≠n amk-Øn-sem-cn-°¬
]co£ \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hm¿jnI ]co£ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xm-Wv.
]mTw ]{¥≠n¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]Zyw c≠p hcn
hoXw Hmtcm amkhpw ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw7
\mw Pohn -°p∂ Cu temIw
krjvSn®Xv A√mlphmWvv. AXn¬
\ap°v th≠ F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw
Ah≥ Hcp°nX∂p. cm{Xn-bn¬ BIm-
iØv an∂n-Øn-f-ßp∂ \£-{X-ß-
sfbpw, N{μ-s\bpw ]I¬ shfn®w
Xcp∂ kq-cys\bpw krjvSn-®Xv Ah≥
Xs∂-bm-Wv.
\ΩpsS \m´nse Ipf-߃, Acp-hn-Iƒ, \Zn-Iƒ, kap-{Z-߃
AXnse Pohn-Iƒ F√mw krjvSn-®Xv A√m-lp-hm-Wv. \mw P\n-
°p-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm h¿j-߃°v aptº A√mlp CsX√mw
\ap°p th≠n Hcp°nsh®ncp∂p. C∂pw Ah≥ Cu temI-Øp≈
F√m hkvXp-°-sfbpw ]cn-]m-en-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
hni-°p-tºmƒ \mw ̀ £Ww Ign-°p-∂p. Zmln-°p-tºmƒ sh≈w
IpSn-°p-∂p. \ap°v Pohn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ hmbp thWw. CsX√mw
\ap°v k÷-am°n X∂Xv BcmWv ? A√mlp A√msX
a‰mcpa√. \ΩpsS hf¿®°v CsX√mw Bh-iyhp-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse
Xs∂ a‰ v Poh-Pm -e -ß-sfbpw ]cn -]m -en® v t]mcp∂Xv
A√mlphmWv.
]mTw H∂vA√mlp \ΩpsS ]cn-]m-e-I≥
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw7
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 8
Im´nse knwl-sØbpw B\-sbbpw
Aßs\ F{X F{X Pohn -Iƒ.
CsX√mw ImWp-tºmƒ A¤pXw
tXm∂p-∂n-t√. ?
\mw Ifn-°m-\mbn ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ Nn{Xie-`sØ ImWm-dp -
≠t√m ? AXv F{X Xcw Ds≠∂v
Adn-bmtam ? tIc-f-Øn¬ am{Xw
ap∂q‰n Ccp-]Øn c≠v C\-ß-fp-≠v.
\ΩpsS cmPyamb C¥y-bn¬ Bbn-
cØn A™q‰nsbm∂v C\-ß-ƒ CXp-
hsc Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. temI-Øm-
sW-¶n¬ Hcp e£Øn \m¬∏-Xn-\m-
bncw C\-ß-fp-≠v.
CsX√mw hnhn[ \nd-Ønepw cq]-
Ønepw `mh-Øn -ep -am -Wp -≈-Xv .
At∏mƒ \ΩpsS A√m-lp-hns‚ Ign-
hp-Isf Ipdn®v H∂v Nn¥n®p t\m°q.
]pdØv t]mhp-tºmƒ CØcw Pohn
-Isf t\m°p-Ibpw AXns\]‰n Nn¥n-
°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp-aqew
A√m-lp-hns‚ krjvSn-I-fpsS ]cn-]m-
e\ kwhn-[m-\sØ kw_-‘n®v
\ap°v Adnhpe`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 8
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw9
tNmZyw
1. Cu temIsØ krjvSn-®Xv Bcm-Wv ?
.................................................................................................
2. hni-°p-tºmƒ \mw F¥v sNøp∂p ?
.................................................................................................
3. \ap°v Pohn-°p-hm≥ F¥p-th-Ww ?
.................................................................................................
4. tIc-f-Øn¬ am{Xw F{X C\w Nn{X ie-̀ -ß-fp≠v ?
.................................................................................................
]qcn-∏n-°pI
1. BIm-i-Øn¬ an∂n-Øn-f-ßp∂ \£-{X-߃ ..............................
BWv krjvSn-®-Xv.
2. \ΩpsS ]cn-]m-e-I≥ ........................................... BIp-∂p.
3. d∫v F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w ..................................... BIp-∂p.
A¿∞w
d∫v = ]cn-]m-eI≥
CXpt]mse a‰v PohnIsf DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSpØpsIm≠v
AhbpsS krjvSn-∏nse {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-
Sp-°p-I. AXn-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v Hcp \nco-£W ]mShw
ssIhcn°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w A√m-lp-hns‚ Ign-hp-Isf ASp-
Ø-dn-bm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
DZm-l-cWw tX\o® (hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ 16: 69,70)
{]h¿Ø\߃
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 10
]mTw c≠v
Hcn-°¬ \_n (k)bpw A\pN-c≥amcpw bm{Xm-at≤y hn{i-an°p∂Xn-
\mbn Hcp Xmgvh-c-bn¬ XºSn-®p. a[ym” ka-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. ITn-\-amb
shbn¬ ImcWw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw XW¬tXSn Hmtcm ac-®p-h-́ n¬ ÿm\w
]nSn-®p. \_n (k) bpw Hcp Cu¥-∏-\-®p-h-́ n¬ hn{i-an-°m-\n-cp-∂p. £oWn-
X-\mb \_n (k) Ahn-sS-°n-S∂v Dd-ßn-t∏m-bn. \_n (k) Dd-ßp-∂-Xn\v
aptº Xs‚ hmƒ Ac-bn¬ \n∂v Ducn hn{i-an-°m-\n-cp∂ ac-Øn\p apI-
fn¬ Xq°n-bn-́ n-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn-em-Wv \_n (k) bpsS i{Xp Kud-
kv_n≥-lm-cnkv AhnsS FØn-b-Xv. Abmƒ t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ CsXmcp \√
Ah-k-c-am-Wv. F√m-hcpw £oWn®v InS-∂p-d-ßp-∂p. \_nsb h[-n-°m≥
]‰nb Ah-k-cw. kabw ]mgm-°msX Abmƒ Dd® Xocp-am-\-tØmsS ac-
Øn¬ Xq°n-bn´ncp∂ \_nbpsS hmƒ Iøn-se-Sp-Øp.
Ft¥m Ne\w tI -́t∏m-se, \_n (k) Dd-°-Øn¬ \n∂v DW¿∂p. Xs∂
h[n-°m≥ Ducn-∏n-Sn® hmfpambn \nev°p∂ i{Xp-hn-s\-bmWv \_n (k)
I≠-Xv. \_n (k) XnI™ ss[cy-tØmsS Abm-fpsS apJ-tØbv°v t\m°n.
Abmƒ Al-¶m-c-tØmsS \_ntbmSp tNmZn-®p, "Rm≥ Cu hmfp-sIm≠v
\nßsf h[n-°m≥ t]mIp-I-bm-Wv, \ns∂ F∂n¬ \n∂v c£n-°m≥ Bcp≠v?
\_n (k) ZrV-kzc-Øn¬ adp-]Sn \evIn.
""A√mlp''
Cu adp-]Sn Abmƒ {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂n-√. adn®v apl-ΩZv Poh\pth≠n
Xt∂mSv bmNn-°p-sa-∂mWv Abmƒ Icp-Xn-b-Xv.
Cu adp-]-Sn-bpsS {]`mhwaqew Abm-fpsS icocw ASn-apSn hnd-®p. Aßs\
Abm-fpsS Iøn¬ \n∂v hmƒ \neØp hoWp.
\ΩpsS c£I≥ A√mlp
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw11
\n-eØp hoW hmƒ \_n (k) ssIøn-se-Sp-Øp, AtX tNmZyw Abm-
tfmSv Xncn®v tNmZn-®p. Ct∏mƒ \ns∂ Bcp c£n°pw?
`b∂p hnd-®p-sIm≠v Abmƒ adp-]Sn ]d-™p. Xm¶-f-√msX Fs∂ Bcpw
c£n-°m-\n-√. F\n°v am∏p XcWw. \_n (k) Abmƒ°v am∏p sImSpØp
sIm≠v kam-[m-\-tØmsS ]d-™-b-®p.
t\m°p-I, \mw A√m-lp-hns\ bYm-hn[n A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ Hcp i{Xp-hn\pw \sΩ D]-{Z-hn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. \mw Dd-ßp-I-bm-sW-
¶nepw A√mlp \sΩ ImØp c£n-°pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ XnI™ A\p-k-c-
W-tØmsS \mw Pohn-°-Ww. F√m D]-{Z-hßfn¬ \n∂pw c£n-°m≥
A√mlp A√msX a‰m-cp-an-√.
tNmZyw
1. \_nbpw A\p-N-c≥amcpw Fhn-sS-bmWv hn{i-an-®Xv?
..........................................................................................................................
2. \_n (k) Xs‚ hmƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv Ducn-sh-®-Xv.?
..........................................................................................................................
3. \Ωsf F√m D]-{Z-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c£n-°p-∂-h≥ Bcm-Wv.?
..........................................................................................................................
4. GXp i{Xp-hmWv \_n (k)s\ h[n-°m≥ h∂Xv?
..........................................................................................................................
5. \_n (k) s\ h[n-°m≥ h∂ i{Xp-hns‚ Ahÿ F¥m-bn-
Xo¿∂p?
..........................................................................................................................
{]h¿Ø\߃
A√mlp \ΩpsS c£I\mWv
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 12
Zm\n-b¬ sshIp-t∂cw hfsc kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-bmWv
kvIqfn¬ \n∂v Xncn®p h∂-Xv. cmhnse kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥
CjvSan√m-Xn-cp∂ Ch\v Xncn®p h∂-t∏mƒ C{X kt¥m-jtam?
""Zm\nb-ens‚ amXmhv a\- n¬ ]d-™p.''
Zm\n-b¬ h∂-bp-Ss\ apdn-bn¬ t]mbn ]pkvX-I-ß-sf√mw bYm
ÿm\Øv sh®v hkv{Xw am‰p∂ Xnc°nemWv.
"A-hs‚ amXmhv Ahs\ sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ \√ Nn -́bnepw
ioe-Øn-ep-amWv hf¿Øn-s°m≠p h∂-Xv.
Zm\n-b-em-Is´ amXm-hns‚ D]-tZiw
icn°pw Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn
A®-S-°-tØm-sSbpw, A\p-k-c-W-
tØm-sS-bpamWv Pohn®p t]m∂-
Xv.'
amXmhv Zm\n-b-en-t\mSv
tNmZn-®p,
"" F¥m Zm\n-bse C∂v C{X
henb kt¥mjw''
AtXm, C∂p IW-°ns‚ tlmwh¿°v ImWn-°-W-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Rm\Xv sNøm≥ ad∂p t]mbn. C∂v
cmhnse ]pkvX-I-߃ FSpØp sh®-t∏m-gmWv
F\n°v AXv Hm¿a h∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm\n∂v
kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ aSn-®-Xv. Zm\n-b¬ ]d™p,
]mTw aq∂v kXy-hm-\mb B´n-S-b≥
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 12
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw13
Ahs‚ amXmhv ho≠pw tNmZn-®p, F∂n´v, ]ns∂-¥p-≠mbn?
" F\n°v kpJ-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√, AXp-sIm≠v tlmwh¿°v
sNøm≥ Ign-™n-√ F∂v So®-dn-t\mSv Hcp sNdnb \pW ]d™v Rm≥
c£-s∏-́ p. tlmw-h¿°v sNøm-Ø- a‰p≈h¿s°√mw ASn-In-́ n. Rm≥
So®-dpsS in£-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zm\n-b¬ A`n-am-
\-tØm-sS-bmWv ]d-™Xv,
Zm\n-b-ens‚ amXm-hn\v hfsc k¶Sw tXm∂n. Chs‚ kz`m-h-
Øn\v am‰w h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿ kzbw Nn¥n-®p. Ahs\ Ah¿
ASpØp hnfn-®p. F∂n´v tNmZn-®p, " So®-dpsS ASn-bn¬ \n∂pw \o
c£-s∏-́ p. ]t£ F√mw Adn-bp∂ \ΩpsS A√m-lp-hn¬ \n∂v \o
Fßs\ c£-s∏Spw? '' amXm-hns‚ Cu adp-]-Sn Zm\n-b-en\v icn°pw
In´nb Hcp ASn-bmbn tXm∂n. Ah≥ hfsc ZpxJn-®p.
A∂p cm{Xn InS-°m≥ t\cØv Zm\n-b-ens‚ amXmhv Ah\v
Hcp IY ]d™p sImSp-Øp. Hcp B´n-Sbs‚ IY.
"" C…m-ans‚ c≠m-asØ Jeo-̂ -bm-bn-cp∂ Da¿ (d) Hcp ae-bpsS
Xmgvhm-c-ØqsS t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p, At∏mƒ B aes©cp-hn¬ BSp-
Isf sXfn®psIm≠p t]mIp∂ Hcp _me-\mb B´n-S-bs\ At±lw
I≠p.
Da¿ (d) B B´n-S-b-t\mSp tNmZn-®p.
"" CXn¬ \n∂v Hcm-Sns\ F\n°v hnebv°p Xcmtam?,
B´nS-b≥ ]d-™p, C√,
Cu BSpIƒ Fs‚-X-√, Chsb tabv°m≥ th≠n DS-a-ÿ≥
Fs∂ Gev∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Da¿ (d) ]d-™p. DS-a-ÿ≥ Adn-bm≥ t]mIp-∂n-√-t√m, C\n
Adn-™m¬Xs∂ sN∂mbv ]nSn-®p-sIm≠p t]mbn F∂p ]d-b-Ww.
CXptI´bp-Ss\ Ah≥ adp-]Sn ]d-™p, " Fs‚ DS-a-ÿ-t\mSv
Aßs\ ]d™p c£-s∏-Smw, F∂m¬, F√mw ImWp∂ Fs‚ A√m-
lp-hn-t\mSv Rm≥ F¥p ]d-bpw? '
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 14
tNmZyw
1. Zm\n-b¬ Fß-s\-bmWv So®-dpsS in£-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-́ Xv?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. Zm\n-b-ens‚ ioe-߃ Fß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
3. B´n-S-b≥ Fß-s\-bp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p?
...........................................................................................................................
4. \ΩpsS F√m {]hr-Øn-Ifpw ImWp-∂Xv Bcm-Wv?
...........................................................................................................................
{]h¿Ø\߃
B B´n-S-bs‚ adp-]Sn tI´v Da¿ (d) Ic-™p-t]m-bn.
t\m°p-I, Hc-dn--hp-an-√mØ B B´n-S-b\v F{X-b-[nIw kvt\lhpw
`bhpw A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv D≠m-bn-cp∂p. \ap°v A√mlp _p≤nbpw,
Adnhpw X∂v A\p-{K-ln-®n-́ p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ A√mlp F√mw Adn-
bp-∂p≠v F∂ t_m[-tØmsS \mw Pohn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Ft∏mgpw kXyta ]d-bmhq
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw15
]mTw \mev
hkv{X-[m-cWw
\ΩpsS icocw ad-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ae-¶m-c-Øn-\p-am-bn-́ mWv
hkv{Xw \mw [cn-°p∂Xv. hrØn-bp≈ hkv{X-amWv \mw [cn-
t°--≠-Xv. \mw e÷m ioe-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS \·X shfn-
hm-ImØ coXn-bn¬ hkv{Xw [cn-°-W-sa-∂v Ckvemw Iev∏n-
°p-∂p. AXp-t]mseXs∂ hkv{Xw sIm≠pw B`-cWw
sIm≠pw Al-¶mcw ImWn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√. c≠v s\cn-bm-Wn°v
Xmsg hkv{Xw \neØv hen-®n-g®v \S-°p-∂-Xns\ \_n (k)
hne-°n-bn-́ p-≠v. AXp-t]mse B¨Ip-́ n-Iƒ°pw s]¨Ip-́ n-
Iƒ°pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw hkv{X-[m-cW coXn-bp-≠v. thj-
Øn¬ s]¨Ip-́ n-ItfmSv kmZriyw tXm∂p∂ hkv{X-ßfpw
AXp-t]mse s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ B¨Ip--´n-I-tfmSv kmZriyw
tXm∂p∂ hkv{X-ßfpw [cn-°p-∂Xv A\n-jvS-Icw Xs∂-bm-Ip-
∂p.
PpapA, s]cp-∂mƒ F∂o Zn\-ßfn¬ am\yhpw hrØn-
bpap≈ hkv{Xw [cn°-W-sa∂v \_n (k) ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
AXp-t]mse Xs∂ akvPn-Zn¬ t]mIp-tºmgpw a{Z- -bn¬ t]mIp-
tºmgpw kvIqfn¬ t]mIp-tºmgpw hrØn-bp≈ hkv{Xw
[cnt°≠Xm-Ip-∂p.
\_n (k) Acpfn. \n߃ sNcn∏v [cn-°p-tºmƒ BZyw
hetØ Imen¬ sNcn∏v [cn-°p-I. sNcn∏v Agn-°p-tºmƒ
\√-io-e-߃
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw15
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 16
\mw ]Tn-®-Im-cy-߃
\·-X shfn-hm-ImØ coXn-bn¬ \mw hkv{Xw [cn-t°-≠-Xm-
Ip∂p.
hkv{Xw sIm≠pw B -̀cWw sIm≠pw Al¶mcw ImWn-°m-Xn-
cn-°p-I.
\neØv hen-®n-g®v \S-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ s\cn-bm-Wn°v Xmsg
hkv{Xw [cn-°-cp-Xv.
s]¨Ip-́ n-Iƒ B¨Ip-́ n-I-fp-sSbpw, B¨Ip-́ n-Iƒ s]¨Ip--
´n-I-fp-sSbpw hkv{Xw [cn-°-cp-Xv.
PpapA, s]cp-∂mƒ F∂o Zn\-ßfnepw AXp-t]mse Xs∂ akvPn-
Zn¬ t]mIp-tºmgpw a{Z- -bn¬ t]mIp-tºmgpw kvIqfn¬ t]mIp-
tºmgpw hrØn-bp≈ hkv{Xw [cnt°≠XmWv.
BZyw CStØ Imense sNcn∏v Agn-°-Ww. A{]-Imcw Hcp-
Im-en¬ am{Xw sNcn∏v [cn®v \S-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw \_n (k)
hntcm-[n-®n-cn°p-∂p.-
ipNnXzw
ssZ\wZn\ PohnXNcyIfn¬ \mw ipNnXzw ]ment°≠Xv
A\nhmcyamWv. BtcmKyIcamb PohnXØn\v ipNnXzw
{][m\s∏´ Hcp LSIamWv. hrØnbpw shSn∏pw Ds≠¶n¬
\ΩpsS lrZbØn\v B\μhpw Dt∑jhpw D≠mIp∂p. \ΩpsS
Nn¥Ifpw, Bcm[\Ifpw kPohamIp∂p. Bcm[\Iƒ
kzoIcn°s∏SW sa¶n¬ B¥cnIhpw _mlyhpamb ipNnXzw
]ment® aXnbmIq. F√mhn[ amen\yßfn¬ \n∂pw
hn´p\nev°p∂XmWv bYm¿∞ Ønep≈ ipNnXzw.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw17
BgvNbnsemcn°¬ \Jw sh´n hrØnbm
t°≠XmWv. Hcn°epw \JØn\Snbn¬ Agp°v
ASn™p IqSm≥ A\phZn°cpXv. Cu Agp°v
`£Ww Ign°ptºmƒ hb‰nseØpIbpw
]ehn[ tcmK߃°v ImcWamhpIbpw
sNøpw. AXpt]mse \Jw ISn°p∂Xv Hcp
Zp»oeamIp∂p. AXv Xo¿Øpw Dt]£n
t°≠XmWv.
Znhkhpw cmhnse Ipfn°p∂Xv \ΩpsS
BtcmKyØn\v hfsc \√XmWv. icocØn
se Agp°pIƒ tX®pc®v IgpIn If™v
hrØnbmbn Ipfn°pIbpw, Xebn¬
FÆbn v́ apSn NoIn HXp°n sht°≠Xp
amIp∂p.
ZnhkØn¬ Ipd™Xv c≠v {]mhiyw
]√ptX®v hmb \∂mbn hrØnbmt°
≠XmWv. \ΩpsS \_n (k) Z¥ ip≤oIc
WsØIpdn®v i‡ambn Xm°oXv \evInbn
´p≠v.]√v -hrØnbm°p∂Xpaqew A\h[n
tcmKßfn¬ \n∂v \ap°v c£ t\Sm≥
Ignbp∂XmWv. AXpsIm≠v cm{Xn Ddßp∂
Xn\v apºpw, cmhnse DWcptºmgpw ]√v
tX®v hmb hrØnbmt°≠XmWv.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw17
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 18
s]cp-am‰ acymZIƒ
Xp-Ωn-bm¬ DSs\ A¬lw-Zp-en-√mlv (k¿Δ kvXpXnbpw A√m-
lp-hn-\m-Ip-∂p) F∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse tIm´p-hmb
h∂m¬ Ign-bp-∂Xpw AXv XS-tb-≠-Xm-sW∂v \_n (k) D]-tZ-
in®ncn-°p-∂p.
aeaq{X hnk¿÷\Øn\mbn I°qkn¬ t]mIptºmƒ
sNcn∏v [cnt°≠XmsW∂v \_n (k) Acpfnbn´p≠v.
aq{Xsamgn°ptºmsg√mw \n¿_‘ambpw IgpIn
ipNnbmt°≠XmWv. I°qkn¬ CSXpIm¬ sh®v
{]thin°pIbpw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw ZpB sNtø≠Xp
amIp∂p.
A√mlpΩ C∂o ADu-Zp-_nI an\¬ Jp_pkn h¬ J_m-Ckn
(A√mlpth F√mhn[ Aip≤hkvXp°fn¬ \n∂pw
Aip≤Icamb {]hrØnIfn¬ \n∂pw Rm≥
\n∂n¬ A`bw tXSp∂p.)
aeaq{Xhnk¿÷\w Ign™v ]pdØphcptºmƒ heXpIm¬ sh®v
]pdØv hcnIbpw C{]Imcw ZpB sNtø≠Xp amIp∂p.
Kp^vdm\I A¬lwZp en√mln √Zo AZvl_
A∂nb¬ AZm h B-̂ m\o
(\nt∂mSv Rm≥ am∏n\v At]£n°p∂p. F√m
_p≤nap´pIfpw F∂n¬ \n∂pw AI‰pIbpw F\n°v
kuJyw \evIpIbpw sNbvX A√mlphn\v
k¿ΔkvXpXnbpw.)
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw19
\mw a‰p-≈-hsc I≠p-ap-́ p-tºmƒ A -emap Asse°pw F∂v ]d-
™p-sIm≠v A`n-hmZyw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw A\yhoSp-I-fn¬
sN-√p-tºmƒ \mw kemw ]d-™p-sIm≠v A\p-hmZw hmtß-≠-Xm-Wv.
ho´p-S-a-ÿs‚ A\p-hmZw IqSmsX AI-tØbv°v {]th-in-°-cp-Xv.
Bsc¶nepw Fs¥-¶nepw km[\w \n߃°v Xcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \μn
kqN-I-ambn \n߃ X∂bm--tfmSv Pkm-°-√mlp ssJdm AXm-bXv
A√mlp \n߃°v \√ {]Xn-̂ ew \evIs´ F∂v ]d-bWw.
k¬kz`mhw
k¬kz`mhnbmb hy‡nsb F√mhcpw BZcn°pIbpw
_lpam\n°pIbpw kvt\ln°pIbpw sNøp∂p. G‰hpw \√ a\pjy≥
P\ßtfmSv G‰hpw \∂mbn s]cpamdp∂h\mWv. tamiamb coXnbn¬
kwkmcn°p∂hs\ F√mhcpw shdp°p∂p. AlvaZnIfmb \mw G‰hpw
\√ kz`mh ioe߃ kzoIcn°Ww. A\mhiyambn tIm]n°cpXv,
NoØhm°pIƒ ]dbcpXv, Iq´pItcmSv \√ coXnbn¬ s]cpamdWw,
Ft∏mgpw {]k-∂-h-Z\tØmsS kwkmcn°Ww. Iq´pImsc
]cnlkn°cpXv, ]cnlmkw B√mlp CjvSs∏SmØ {]hrØnbmIp∂p.
apXn¿∂hsc Ft∏mgpw _lpam\n°Ww. \√ coXnbn¬
kwkmcn°p∂Xv Zm\ [¿ΩsØ°mƒ DØaamsW∂v Jp¿B≥ \sΩ
]Tn∏n°p∂p.
\mw ]Tn-®Xv
1. XpΩnbm¬ A¬lw-Zp-en-√mlv F∂v ]d-b-Ww.
2. tIm´p-hmbv AS-°n-sh-°Ww
3. a‰p-≈-hsc ImWp-tºmƒ kemw ]d-b-Ww.
4. A\y-ho-́ n¬ sN√p-tºmƒ kemw ]d™v A\p-hmZw hmtß-
≠-Xm-Wv.
5. Znhkhpw c≠v t\cw ]√ptX®v hmb hrØnbm°pI.
6. apXn¿∂hsc _lpam\n°Ww.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 20
tNmZyw
1. hkv{X[mc-W-Øns‚ Dt±iy-sa¥v ?
.................................................................................................
2. F{]-Im-c-ap≈ hkv{X-amWv \mw [cn-t°-≠-Xv ?
.................................................................................................
3. hkv{Xw hen®ng®v \S°cpsX∂v ]dbphm≥ ImcWsa¥v?
.................................................................................................
4. \mw A\ph¿Ønt°≠ k¬kz`mh߃ Fs¥√mamWv?
.................................................................................................
]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
1. Hcmƒ XpΩn-bm¬ ............................................... F∂v ]d-b-Ww.
2. a‰p-≈-hsc I≠p-ap-́ n-bm¬ .............................. F∂v ]d-b-Ww.
3. \Jw ISn°p∂Xv Hcp ........................................................ BWv
4. Znhkhpw cmhnse Ipfn°p∂Xv \ΩpsS ....................................... \v
\√XmWv
5. ZnhkØn¬ Ipd™Xv ................ {]mhiyw ]√v tXt°≠XmWv.
6. Ft∏mgpw ............................................ sS kwkmcn°Ww
7. \√ coXnbn¬ kwkmcn°p∂Xv ............................ s\ °mƒ
DØaamWv.
A¿∞w
Pkm-°-√mlp ssJdm = A√mlp \n߃°v \√ {]Xn-̂ ew \evIs´
{]h¿Ø\߃
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw21
]mTw A©v lZokv
\n¿t±-i-߃
Xmsg ]dbp∂ lZokpIƒ a\x]mTam°pI. CXns‚
A¿∞hpw hymJym\hpw efnXamb `mjbn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v
a\ nem°n sImSp°Ww
lZokv a\x-]m-T-am-°p-Ibpw sNm√n tIƒ∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
1. hnizkvXX am\yXbmIp∂p
2.heXp]£°m¿ heXp]£
°m¿ Xs∂bmIp∂p (he-Xp-]-
£-Øn\v ap≥K-W\ \evIp-∂p)
3.Hcp apkvenw as‰mcp apkven-
ans‚ ktlm-Z-c-\m-Ip-∂p.
4.\ns‚ ]nXmhns\ A\p-k-cn-
°pI
5.\n߃ ac-WsØ B{K-ln-°-
cp-Xv.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 22
]mTw Bdv(Ckvemw Imcy-߃)
Ign™h¿jw CkvemwImcy߃ F{Xsb∂pw Ah GsXms°
sb∂pw ]Tn®pIgn™p. Cu h¿jw Ah Hmtcm∂ns\bpwIpdn®v Aev]w
hniZambn ]Tn°mw. Ign™ h¿jw ]Tn® Imcy߃ F√mw
Hm¿Ωbnep≠mbncnt°≠-XmWv.
Ckvemw Imcy߃
1. ilmZØp Iena
ilmZØp Iena F∂v ]d™m¬ km£yw ]dbp∂ hN\w
F∂mIp∂p. ilmZØp Iena Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.
AivlZp A≥√mCeml C√√mlp hAivlZp A∂ aplΩZ≥
A_vZplp hdkqeplp.
2. \a-kvImcw ( )
Ckvemw Imcy-Øn¬ c≠m-a-tØXv \a-kvIm-c-am-Ip-∂p.
A√m -lp -hns\ Bcm[n°p∂Xnt\bmWv
\akvImcsa∂p]dbp∂Xv. Hcp apkven-an\v A©p-t\-csØ \a-
kvImcw IrXy-ambn A\p-jvTnt°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. Hcn-°epw
Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hgn-hm-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ Bcm-[-\-bm-Ip-∂p \a-
kvImcw.
A√mlp \ap°v Hcp-]mSv A\p-{K-l-߃ sNbvXp X∂n-́ p-
≠v. AXn\v A√mlp-hn-t\mSv \a-kvIm-c-Øn-eqsS Ft∏mgpw \mw
\μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn°Ww. A-Xn-\mbn sNdp-∏-
Øn¬Øs∂ \mw \a-kvImcw A\p-jvTn-°¬ -io-e-am-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw23
3. t\mºv ( )
Bcm-[\m I¿Ω-ßfn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp Bcm-[-\bm-
Ip∂p t\mºv. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb _p≤n-bp≈ F√m apkven-an\pw
t\mºv \n¿_-‘-am-Ip-∂p. h¿j-Øn¬ dafzm≥ amkØn¬ ]q¿Æ-
ambpw CXv A\p-jvTn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {]`mXw apX¬ kqcym-kvX-
abw hsc `£W ]m\o-b-߃ Dt]-£n-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-
Ip-∂p. AXp-t]mse F√m hn[ A\m-h-iy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
hn´p-\nevt°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. t\mºp sIm≠v A√m-lp-hns‚ kvt\-
lhpw A\p-{K-lhpw \ap-°p≠mIpw. t\mºns‚ Zn\-߃ hfsc
t{ijvT-I-c-am-Wv. B Znh-k-ßfn¬ IqSpXembn Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-
bWhpw ZpB-Ifpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.
4. k°mØv ( )
Ckvem-anse AXn-a-l-Ømb as‰mcp Bcm-[-\bmWv
k°m-Øv. \mw \√ coXnbn¬ kºm-Zn-°p∂ [\-Øn¬ \n∂pw
Ip´nsb IqsS \ndpØn \akvImcw ioen∏n®v XpStß≠XmWv
A©v \a-kvIm-c-w
1. kp_vln {]`mXw c≠v dIvAØv
2. fpl¿ D® \mev d-IvAØv
3. Akzv¿ sshIp-t∂cw \mev dIvAØv
4. aKvcn_v k‘y aq∂v dIvAØv
5. Cim cm{Xn \mev dIvvAØv
t]cv kabw d°v-A-Øp-I-fpsS FÆw
A©pt\c \akvImcßfpsS t]cpIfpw, kabhpw,
dIvAØpIfpsS FÆhpw XmsgsImSp°p∂p.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 24
a‰v hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp \n›nX tXmXv {]Imcw ss_Øp¬
amente°v \evIp∂ \n¿_‘ [\-am-Ip∂p k°m-Øv. AXv ]mh-
s∏-́ -h-cp-tSbpw Zcn-{Z-cp-tSbpw t£a-Øn\v th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂p. h¿j-Øn¬ Hcp {]mhn-iy-amWv CXv \evtI-≠Xv. k°mØv
\evIp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS Iøn-ep≈ kºØv ]cn-ip-≤-ambn
Xocpw.
5. l÷v
Ckvemw Imcy-ßfnse Ah-km-\sØ Bcm-[\m I¿Ω-
am-Ip∂p l÷v. CXv a‰v Bcm-[-\-I-sf-t]mse hfsc {][m-\-s∏-
-́Xm-Wv. a°-bnse IAv-_-bn¬ t]mbmWv CXv sNtø-≠-Xv. temI-
Ønse F√m apkvenw--Ifpw h¿j-Øn¬ Hcp {]mhiyw Hcpan®p-
IqSp∂ Hcp temI apkvenw ktΩf-\-hpw IqSnbmWv l÷v. Btcm-
Kyhpw Ign-hp-ap-≈-h¿ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hcp {]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw
a°bn¬ t]mbn l÷v I¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 24
IAv_bpsS Nn{Xw
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw25
tNmZyw
1. ilm-ZØp Ien-a-bpsS A¿∞w F¥v?
......................................................................................
2. A©p t\c \a-kv°m-c-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bpI?
......................................................................................
3. Znh-khpw A\p-jvTn-t°≠ \a-kv°m-c-ß-fpsS ka-b-߃ ]d-bp-I.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
]qcn-∏n-°pI
1. ................. amk-Øn¬ t\mºv t\mev°p-I.
2. ................ Znh-kw t\mºv t\mevt°≠XmWv.
3. .................. ¬ t]mbmWv l÷v \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠-Xv.
tbmPn-®h tN¿Øp hmbn-°pI
{]h¿Ø\߃
1. ilm-ZØp Ien-a- a°
2. \a-kvImcw da-fzm≥
3. t\mºv h¿j-Øn-sem-cp-{]m-hiyw
4. k°mØv A©p t\cw
5. l÷v km£yw ]d-bp∂ hN\w
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 26
]mTw Ggv_m¶v
\a-kvIm-c-Øn\v ka-b-ambn F∂-dn-bn-°m-\mWv akvPn-Zp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
D®-Øn¬ _m¶v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ASpØp≈ akvPn-Zp-I--fn¬ \n∂pw
A©p-t\-chpw \ap°v Cu i_vZw tIƒ°m≥ km[n-°pw. _m¶v hnfn-
tI-́ m¬ DSs\ Xs∂ Camapw Pam-A-Øp-ambn \a-kvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
th≠n akvPn-Zn-tebv°v t]mtI-≠-Xm-Wv. _m¶v hnfn-°p∂ Bƒ Jn_v-
ebv°v A`n-ap-J-ambn \nevt°-≠Xpw Nq≠phnc¬ sNhn-bn¬ sh-
bvt°≠Xpw kp∂-Øm-Ip-∂p. _m¶ns‚ hm°p-Iƒ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-
cn°p∂ hn[-am-Ip-∂p. (_m¶v sImSp°m≥ Ip´nIsf ]cn
ioen∏nt°≠XmWv)
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 26
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw27
F∂v c≠v {]mhiyw ]d-bp-tºmƒ he-Xp-̀ m-K-tØ°pw
F∂v c≠v {]mhiyw ]d-bp-tºmƒ apJw CS-Xp`m-K-
tØ°pw Xnc-t°≠Xm-Ip-∂p. kp_vln \akvIm-c-Øn\v th≠n _m¶v
sImSp-°p-tºmƒ F∂v c≠v {]mhiyw ]d-™Xn\v
tijw (\a-kvImcw Dd-°-sØ-°mƒ DØaamIp-
∂p.) F∂v c≠v {]mhiyw ]d-b-Ww. _m¶v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ AXn¬
]d-bp∂ hm°p-Iƒ AtX {]Imcw Xs∂ \Ωƒ G‰p-]-d-tb-≠-Xm-Ip-
∂p. F∂m¬ F∂pw F∂pw
tIƒ°p-tºmƒ (Xn∑ h¿÷n°p∂Xpw
\∑bm¿÷n°p∂Xpw A√mlphns‚ klmbw sIm≠v am{XamIp∂p)
F∂v ]d-bWw.
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 28
tNmZyw
1. _m¶v sImSp-°p-∂-Xns‚ D-t±iyw F¥v ?
.....................................................................................................................
2. _m¶v hnfn tI´m¬ \mw F¥mWv sNtø≠Xv ?
.....................................................................................................................
3. _m¶v sImSp-°p∂ Bƒ Ftßm´v Xncn™v \nev°Ww?
.....................................................................................................................
4. _m¶ns‚ hm°p-Iƒ a\x-]mTw sNm√n tIƒ∏n-°pI.
.....................................................................................................................
tbmPn®h tN¿Øv hmbn-°p-I.
{]h¿Ø\߃
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw29
]mTw F´v akvPn-Zp-Iƒ
\akv-I-cn-°p-∂Xn\pth≠n {]-tXy-I-ambn
\n¿Ωn°p∂ `h-\-ß-sf-bmWv akvPnZv
F∂p-]-d--bp-∂-Xv. AhnsS A√m-lp-h-s\-b-
√msX a-‰m-scbpw hnfn®v {]m¿∞n°p-hm≥
]mSn-√m-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p. a-kvPn-Zp-Iƒ F-t∏mgpw
hrØn-bmbn kq£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. akvPn-
Zn¬ {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ -AhnsS k∂n-ln-
X-cmbncn°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ°v kemw ]d--tb-
≠-Xm-Wv. akvPnZns‚ ]cn-kcw hrØn-bm-
t°≠Xpw AhnSw kpμ-c-am-°p-∂-Xn--\p-
th≠n sNSn-Iƒ sh®v ]nSn-∏n-t°≠Xp-am-
Wv . akvPn --Z n¬ {] -th-in -°p -tºmƒ
heXpIm¬ sh®v {]thin°pIbpw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw ZpB sN-
tø-≠-Xpam-Wv.
(A√m-lpΩ-̂ vXlv eo A_vhm_ dlvaXnI)
A√mlpthXpd∂vXtcWta
F\n°vth≠n
IhmS߃\ns‚ImcpWyØns‚
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 2929
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 30
tNmZyw
1. akvPnZn¬ ]ment°≠ acymZIƒ Fs¥√mw ?
................................................................................................................
2. akvPn-Zn¬ {]th-in-°p-tºmƒ sNmt√≠ {]m¿∞\ GXmWv?
................................................................................................................
3. akvPnZv F∂v ]d-™m¬ F¥mWv ?
................................................................................................................
]qcn-∏n-°pI
1. akvPnZn¬ sh®v ................................s\ A√msX a‰v Bscbpw
Bcm-[n-°cp-Xv.
2. akvPn-Zp-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw ........................... °n sht°-≠-Xm-Wv.
{]h¿Ø\߃
a-kvPn-Zn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-cp-tºmƒ CSXpIm¬ sh®v ]pdØv
hcpIbpw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw ZpB sNøpIbpw thWw.
Xpd∂vXtcWta
F\n°vth≠n
IhmS߃ A√mlpth\ns‚A\p{KlØns‚
{]m¿∞\bpsS ]q¿Æcq]w
(A√m-lpΩ-̂ vXlv eo A_vhm_ ̂ fven-°)
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw31
]mTw H≥]Xvv
Atd_ybnse a°m ]´WØn¬ {InkvXph¿jw 570 G{]n¬
Ccp]Xn\v aplΩZp \_n (k) ̀ pPmX\mbn. \_n (k) bpsS ]nXmhns‚
t]cv A_vZp√msb∂pw amXmhns‚ t]cv Ban\sb∂pw Bbncp∂p.
\_n (k) bpsS P\\Øn\v aptº ]nXmhv acWs∏´p. \_n (k) bpsS
]nXmal≥ \_n°v aplΩZv F∂v t]cn´p. aplΩZv F∂v ]d™m¬
kvXpXn°s∏´h≥ F∂mW¿∞w. sNdp∏Øn¬ \_n (k) sb ]meq´n
hf¿ØnbXv leoa F∂ {KmaoW kv{Xobmbncp∂p. \_n (k) bv°v
Bdv hb v ]q¿Ønbmbt∏mƒ amXmhv acWs∏´p. ]ns∂ At±lw
hf¿∂Xv ]nXmal≥ A_vZp¬ apØzen_ns‚ XWenembncp∂p.
At±lw \_n (k) sb hfscb[nIw kvt\ltØmsSbmWv
hf¿ØnbXv. ]t£, AXv A[nI Imew \o≠p\n∂n√. amXmhns‚
acWØn\ptijw GItZiw c≠v sIm√w Ign™t∏mƒ ]nXmal\pw
acWs∏´p. At∏mƒ \_n (k) bv°v F v́ hb v {]mbambncp∂p. ]n∂oSv
\_n (k) hf¿∂Xv ]nXrhy\mb A_qXzmen_ns‚ kwc£WØn
embncp∂p. Aßs\ ]ecptSbpw kwc£WØnemWv \_n (k) bpsS
_meyIme PohnXw \S∂Xv.
]nXrhy\mb A_qXzmen_ns‚ hoSv hfsc Zcn{Zambncp∂p.
AhnsS IrXyamb `£W km[\ßtfm kmlNcyßtfm
D≠mbncp∂n√. `£W kabØv Ip´nIsf√mhcpw
`£WØn\pth≠n apdhnfn Iq´p∂ Hcp Ahÿbmbncp∂p
D≠mbncp∂Xv. X\n°v A[nIw `£Ww X´n∏dns®Sp°phm≥
HmtcmcpØcpw a’cn°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. F∂m¬, \_n (k)
aplΩZp \_n (k)
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 32
{]h¿Ø\߃
Hcn°epw `£WØn\pth≠n B¿Øn {]ISn∏n®ncp∂n√.
`£WØn\pth≠n a‰p Ip´nIƒ _lfw sh°ptºmƒ Xs‚ Dugw
ImØv `£Ww In´p∂Xphsc aplΩZv \_n (k) \n»_vZ\mbn Hcp
`mKØv ASßn HXpßn \nev°pIbpw, ]n∂oSv In´nb ̀ £WwsIm≠v
Xr]vXns∏SpIbpw sNøpambncp∂p. \_n (k) Xs‚ _meyImeØv
kl\Øns‚bpw £abpsSbpw DØa amXrIbmWv \ap°v ImWn®p
X∂n´p≈Xv.
tNmZyw
1. \_n (k) P\n®sXhnsS?
..........................................................................................
2. aplΩZv F∂ t]cns‚ A¿∞w F¥v ?
..........................................................................................
3. \_n (k) sb ]meq´n hf¿ØnbXv Bcv ?
..........................................................................................
4. \_n (k) bpsS ]nXmals‚ t]sc¥v ?
..........................................................................................
5. ]nXmals‚ acWØn\p tijw BcpsS kwc£WØnemWv
\_n (k) hf¿∂Xv ?
..........................................................................................
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw33
A¿∞w
ap-l-ΩZv = kvXpXn-°-s∏-́ -h≥
tN¿Øp hmbn°pI
aplΩZv ]nXmhv
]nXmal≥ A_qXzmen_v
A_vZp√mlv \_n (k)
a° A_vZp¬ apØzen_v
]nXrhy≥ \_n P\n®Xv
1. \_n (k) bpsS _meyIme PohnXw {lkzambn hnhcn°pI?
...................................................................................................................................
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\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 34
Camw alvZn (A) bpsS t]cv lZvdØv
an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv kmln_v (A)
F∂mIp∂p. At±lw ]©m_nse
JmZnbm≥ F∂ ÿeØv 1835 s^{_phcn
12 \mWv P\n®Xv. ]nXmhns‚ t]cv an¿km
Kpemw ap¿Xzfm F∂pw amXmhns‚ t]cv
NndmKv _o_n F∂pam bncp∂p. hfsc
sNdp∏ Øn¬Øs∂ `uXnI kpJmVw
_cß tfmS v Hcp Xm¬]cyhpw
D≠mbncp∂n√.
adn®v Ft∏mgpw A√mlphns\ Bcm[n°p∂Xnepw aX]camb
Imcyßfnepw CjvSw Is≠Ønbncp∂p. Ip´n°meØv Xs∂
\akv°mcØnt\mSv AXnbmb B`napJyw ImWn®ncp∂p. At±lw
P\n® Imew A⁄XbpsS Imeambncp∂p. P\߃ hn⁄m\Øn\v
A{Xb[nIw {]m[m\yw \evInbncp∂n√. F∂m¬ ̀ mhnbn¬ alØmb
]e tPmenIfpw Ct±lw aptJ\ \n¿Δln°s∏tS≠Xn\m¬ A√mlp
]T\Øn\p≈ kuIcyw Hcp°ns°mSpØp. ]nXmhns‚ \n¿t±i
{]Imcw, sNdp∏Øn¬ Xs∂ Jp¿B\pw ]m¿kn `jbnse Nne
]pkvXIßfpw ]T n°p∂X n\mb n ^kv¬ Ceml n F∂
A≤ym]Is\ \ nba n® nc p∂p . AXn\ptijw 1 0 hb v
Ign™t∏mƒ
lZvdØv Camw alvZn (A)]mTw ]Øv
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 34
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw35
tNmZyw
1. Camw alvZn (A) P\n®sXhnsS ?
....................................................................................................
2. Camw alvZn (A) bpsS ]nXmhns‚bpw amXmhns‚bpw t]cpIƒ
F¥v ?
....................................................................................................
3. Camw alvZn (A) sb ]Tn∏n® A≤ym]I¿ Bsc√mw? t]cpIƒ
]dbpI ?
...........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
kmXznI\pw AXy[nIw `‡\pamb ^kv¬ AlvaZv F∂
A≤ym]Is\ \nban®p. Cu A≤ym]I≥ hfscb[nIw
hm’√ytØmsSbmbncp∂p ]Tn∏n®ncp∂Xv. Ct±lØn¬ \n∂mWv
Ad_n`mjm hymIcWw ]Tn®ncp∂Xv. AXn\p tijw ]Xnt\gv ]Xns\ v́
hb v {]mbambt∏mƒ auehn Kp¬Aen im bn¬ \n∂pw \lvhpw,
a≥Xzn°pw, sshZyhpw ]Tn®p.
{]h¿Ø\߃
sshZyw ]Tn∏n®Xv NndmKv _o_n kmln_
Jp¿B≥, ]Tn∏n®Xv Kpemw ap¿Xzf kmln_v
P∑ ÿew ^kv¬ Cemln BIp∂p
amXmhv auehn Kp¬ Aenim
Ad_n ]Tn∏n®Xv JmZnbm≥
]nXmhv ^kv¬ AlvaZv
tN¿Øv hmbn°pI
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 36
Jp¿-B≥ ]T\w]mTw ]Xns\m∂v
\n¿t±-i-߃
1. kqd-Øp¬ ̂ mØnl A¿∞ klnXw a\x]m-T-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
2. kqd-Øp¬ CJvemkv a\x-]m-T-am-°pI
Rm≥ A`bwtXSp∂p
A√m-lp--hn-s\s°m≠v
]nimNn¬\n∂pw
i]n-°-s∏´
A√mlphns‚ \maØn¬(Bcw`n°p∂p)
]ca ImcpWyI≥IcpWmab≥
F√m kvXpXnbpwA√mlphn\mIp∂
]cn]meI≥k¿Δ temIßfpsSbpw
]ca ImcpWnI≥IcpWmab≥DSaÿ≥{]Xn^eØns‚ Zn\w
\o Rßsf\bnt°Wta
\ns∂ am{Xw R߃Bcm[n°p∂p
\nt∂mSv am{Xw R߃klmbw tXSp∂p
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw37
\o A\p{Kln®n´p≈hcpsS am¿§Øn¬
tIm]Øn\v ]m{XambhcptSX√
hgn ]ng®hcptSXpa√
A¬ CJvemkv
t\cmb am¿§Øn¬
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 38
]mTw ]{¥≠v ]Zyw
(Xdms\ AXv^m¬) AXv^m¬ Km\wlZvdØv an¿km _iodp±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv(d)
(c≠v hcnhoXw Hmtcm amkhpw ]Tn∏n°pI)
1. tacn cmXvZn≥ _kv blo FIv kZmsl
sI Ckv Besa sIu≥Im FIv JpZmsl.
2. Dkos\ sl ss]Zm Inbm Ckv Plm≥sIm
knXmtdm≥sIm kqcPv sIm Hu¿ Bkvam≥ sIm
3. shmtl GIv DkvIm \lo tImbn lwk¿
shm amenIv ssl k_vIm shm lm°nw sl k_v]¿
4. \tl _m]v DkvIm \tl tImbn t_´m
ltaimsk ssl Hu¿ ltaim dtlKm
5. \lo DkvtIm lmPØv sImbn _ohntbm≥In
kdqdØv \lo DkvsIm IpOv kmYntbm≥Io
6. l¿ FIv Nokv]¿ DkvsIm JpZvdØv ssl lmkn¬
l¿ GIv ImwIn DkvsIm XzmJØv ssllmkn¬
7. ]lmtSm≥ sIm Dkvs\lo Du©m Inbm ssl
kapμ¿ sIm Dkvs\lo ]m\o Znbmssl
8. sb Z¿bm sPm Nmtdmw Xzd^v _lvdtlsl
Dkos\ sXm JpZvdØvsk ss]Zm Inbmsl
9. kapμ¿Io aOven lhmsI ]cntμ
LtdeqNcntμ _t\mwsI Zcntμ
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw39
10 k`o sIm hlo dnkvJv ]lq©m dlmsl
l¿ FIv A]vs\ aXzve_vIn ibv Jmslm
11 l¿ FIv ibvtIm tdmko shm tZXmssl l¿Zw
Jkms\ I`o DkvsI tlmtX \lo Iw
12 shm knμmsl Hu¿ knμKo _JvivØmsl
shm Jmbnw sl l¿ GIv Im Bkdm sl
13 tImbn ibv \k¿sk \lo DkvsI aJv^n
_Uosk _Uo slm sI tOm´osk tOm´o
14. Zntem≥ In Op]o _mØv ̀ o Pm≥Xmsl
_tZmw Hu¿ t\t°mw sIm ]lvNm≥Xmsl
15. shm tZØmsl _tμmwsIm A]vs\ lnZmbØv
ZnJmØmsl lmtYmws] D≥sI IdmaØv
16. sl ̂ ¿bmZv afveqw Io kp≥t\ hmem
kZmJØv Im I¿Ømsl shm t_m¬ _mem
17. Kp\mtlmw sIm _Jviniv sk sl Vm≥]v tZØm
Kcot_mw sIm dlvaØvsk sl Ymw teØm
18. blo cmØvZn≥ A_v tXm tacn kZmssl
blv tacm JpZmssl blvtacm JpZmssl
(Iemw alvaqZv)
\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 40\nkms_ XAveow c≠mw `mKw 40