socialur mecnierebaTa seria

saerTaSoriso

politikuri

ekonomia

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

nino Jvania

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria

sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris

programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 2 - 3

securities at most. Therefore, each country is somehow necessitated to strengthen its military-economic potential.

Military equipment is rather expensive and its price constantly increases along with its improvement and development. Accordingly, advanced military armament is a prerogative of highly developed countries. In this light, one should delineate two cases: production of military equipments and its import. Import is widely-accepted, especially by less developed countries; however, starting from 1980s more and more developing countries are developing their military industries and some of them are even exporting military equipment.

The period of Cold War, rivalry between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, arms race and the balance of nuclear weapons certainly could not be avoided within this topic, and these issues are also touched upon and analyzed.

Finally, the concept of military conversion is explained and its economic aspects examined. Military conversion envisages turn of military industry/production into civilian and also re-training of people employed in military industry and providing them new jobs.

74

Concluding remark: As mentioned in the beginning, not all the aspects of the international political economy could

be touched upon within this course; however, I tried to outline basic issues of the international political economy most frequently taught and providing the principal understanding of the discipline. In addition, I would like to note that since IPE is a rather new discipline, which is closely related to contemporary political and economic events, it is incredibly dynamic and constantly developing.

sarCevi

1. Sesavali 4

2. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami Teoria 6

3. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria 13

4. safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 18

5. saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 23

6. mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema 30

7. globalizacia 39

8. kapitalis moZraoba 45

9. evropis integracia 55

10. erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika 59

11. Political Economy of International Relations Course Resume 67

3

Sesavali

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa,

romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. misi warmoSoba

ganpirobebuli iyo saerTaSoriso politikasa da ekonomikas Soris swrafad mzardi

mWidro urTierTkavSiriT da im mosazrebiT, rom ekonomika da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi cal-calke metad viwro disciplinebia imisaTvis, rom axsnan saerTa-

Soriso politikuri da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakvanZo aspeqtebi.

aRniSnuli kursi ver moicavs disciplinis yvela aspeqts. igi gagacnobT

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis ZiriTad Teoriebs, aRwers

safinanso-savaluto da savaWro sistemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg (breton--

vudsis konferencia da momdevno movlenebi) da adarebs maT Tanamedrove sistemebs.

kursis farglebSi axsnilia saerTaSoriso investiciebis logika da Tanamedrove

tendenciebi am sferoSi, ganxilulia globalizaciis procesi da misdami ara-

erTgvarovani damokidebuleba, aseve evropis integracia. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

eTmoba saerTaSoriso da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis rols saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis politikur ekonomiaSi.

kursis mizani

kursis mizania axsnas politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebuleba saSinao

da saerTaSoriso doneebze. warmoaCinos is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs politika

ekonomikas da piriqiT. kursi agreTve miznad isaxavs globalizaciis procesis axsnas

da globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis etapebis aRweras. kursis erT-erTi mTavari

mizania daexmaros studentebs saqarTvelos poziciidan ganixilon saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da Tavisuflad imsjelon

saqarTvelos rolze dRevandel saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

ekonomikuri faqtorebi mTeli istoriis manZilze did rols asrulebdnen

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. ekonomikuri miznebi, resursebi da instrumentebi

xSirad gansazRvravdnen qveynebis sagareo politikas. Cven SegviZlia gavixsenoT

uamravi istoriuli movlena — es iqneba omebi, zavebi, SeTqmulebebi, koaliciebis

warmoSoba Tu sxva, da maTi kargad Seswavlis Semdeg davinaxavT, rom nebismieri

maTganis ukan iyo ekonomikuri daintereseba an, piriqiT, garkveuli ekonomikuri

movlenebi politikuri qmedebebis gamoxmaureba iyo an konkretuli politikuri miznis

miRwevas emsaxureboda. magaliTad, didi britaneTis adrindeli industrializacia

mecxramete saukuneSi misi politikuri siZlierisa da msoflioSi dominant saxel-

mwifod gadaqcevis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. aseve aSS-s ekonomikurma siZlierem

ganapiroba misi samxedro Zliereba da meoce saukuneSi politikuri dominantis rolis

Sesruleba. sTiven gilisa da devid los wignSi (The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies) politikisa da ekonomikis mWidro urTierTkavSiris saCveneblad

moyvanilia meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili movlenis — aparteidis

magaliTi: samxreT afrikis politikuri viTareba cdeboda am qveynis kompetencias. mis

mogvarebaSi aqtiurad Caebnen dasavleTi (am SemTxvevaSi — aSS da zogierTi evropuli

saxelmwifo) da aRmosavleTi (pirvel rigSi ssrk da Semdeg misi sateliti

socialisturi saxelmwifoebi). orive mxaris politikosebisaTvis debatebi samxreT

afrikisa da aparteidis Sesaxeb ar iyo mxolod samarTlianobisa da samoqalaqo

uflebebis gamo, aramed, avtorebis azriT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ZalTa balansis,

grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa da samxreT afrikaSi maTi investiciebis masStabebis gamo.

dasavleTis antiaparteidulma lobim miaRwia ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas

samxreT afrikisaTvis. am qveyanaze saubrisas saWiroa movixsenioT strategiuli

nedleuli, romlis eqsportsac eweoda samxreT afrika aSS-sa da iaponiaSi da romlis

alternatiuli mimwodebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iyo ssrk. wminda ekonomikuri

sanqciebis dawesebis miRma naTlad ikveTeboda politikuri interesebi da gaTvlebi.

amgvarad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia yovelTvis arsebobda.

meoce saukuneSi ki misi, rogorc disciplinis, Camoyalibeba daiwyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da ekonomika mudam axdendnen erTmaneTze gavlenas,

maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala meoce saukuneSi. amis erT-

4

of stability and long-term peace. In today’s world the scale of capital flow is huge and there are different reasons for this: development of transnational corporations and increase of their number, rapid increase of export of machinery construction and improvement of transportation, etc.

Starting from the end of the twentieth century capital mainly goes to developed countries, while earlier the tendency was different and the capital was mainly moving from developed to developing countries. This change is primarily connected to the changes in the recipient fields.

Export of state capital and export of private capital are separately described and compared. Different forms of state capital, such as long-term loans, credits, non-cost assistance, etc., are characterized and their aim analyzed both country-level and international-level.

As for the export of private capital, its various forms are examined and its influence on the recipient country overviewed. For example, foreign direct and foreign indirect investments are analyzed both from the position of the investing country and the recipient country, and both sides’ arguments provided. Over again, critic of developed countries’ investment policy by the third world countries is offered and examined.

As a continuation of the theme of capital flow, the issue of transnational corporations is discussed within the course, as one of the forms of the export of capital. As Rhys Jenkins notes in his book “Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalization of Capital and the Third World,” only a few economic institutions raise such emotional and contradictory debates as transnational corporations do.

Special attention is given to the notion transnational corporations and different terms such as multinational corporations, multinational enterprises, international firms, etc., and the reasons provided why UN selected the term transnational corporation against all others listed above. Brief history of transnational corporations’ development is provided and their forms and internal structures discussed. The role of these corporations in international political and economic system overviewed and their advantages analyzed.

And finally, transnational corporations’ and third world countries’ relationship discussed and noted that starting from the end of the twentieth century developing countries’ hostile attitude towards transnational corporations has alleviated compared to earlier periods.

Further, the political economy of the European integration is examined. The topic begins with brief overview of the history of unification of the European countries and its political and economic aspects: Pan-European movement; establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; creation of Benelux; establishment of the Council of Europe; Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg; and certainly, the Maastricht Treaty of course.

Many scholars believe that the Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European countries was one of the turning points towards the European integration. Besides its economic aspects, the agreement clearly followed political aims: agreement between Germany and France could become one of the guarantees for stability and long-term peace on the continent.

Benefits and advantages of free and liberal economy are analyzed from the perspectives of the European Union and success achieved by the European countries examined. What is the advantage of being united? Does it bring economic and social welfare only, if ever? Do these countries sacrifice their national interests? Is it world leadership aspiration? Is the European Union real candidate for future world hegemony?

According to many scholars one of the major reasons for establishment of tight political and economic relations among the European states was to balance the United States and even to become the world leader after the US. The European currency Euro and creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development were additional instruments towards this goal.

The next issue of the course is the economy and national security: military-industrial rivalry in the global economy. Within this topic it is attempted to analyze the logic of military-industrial rivalry and the way it influences the policies and arms production. It is also tried to understand why countries spend enormous amounts of money on militarization and how it is connected to the national security. Since military expenditures are constantly growing and arms rapidly spreading, one should raise a question: why arms production and military spending became a regular feature of the global economy?

Every country tries to secure its national security at most. But even the most powerful country cannot be sure that its national security is guaranteed, since it is not the only country that tries to solve this problem, and its neighboring or rivalry countries are also trying to secure their national

73

analyses give an understanding of differences between the planned and market economies, political motivations for existence of this subsystem and reasons why it collapsed.

Countries from this subsystem were isolated from the West and they were no members of none of the Breton-Woods institutions. Nowadays, these countries started joining and many of them already became members of the WB, IMF and other international organizations. In this aspect, the western countries are facing number of challenges such as control of interdependence in the western subsystem, facilitation of economic relations between the two competed subsystems and enhancement of the Eastern European countries’ economies.

Further, within this chapter, petroleum exporting countries are overviewed with the aim to understand their place in the international political and economic system, their development perspectives and problems faced. Brief history of OPEC is provided, as well as structure and main goals of the organization. The organization, which established in 1960, was supposed to unite all major oil exporting countries, coordinate common policy in controlling oil prices and quality and protect its members’ interests on international market.

As Joan Spero notes, OPEC’s common action to grab the control over the world’s oil markets was the most successful effort of southern countries to alter their dependent relationship with the North. Acting in this way they managed to increase somehow their political power. As noted above, although many developing countries have been trying, the example of OPEC was difficult for them to reproduce.

In the beginning, after couple of attempts, OPEC managed to agree on the common production reduction schemes and its members succeeded in increasing their revenues. As a result, starting from 1970s, Western countries found themselves dependent on the threat of supply disruption and reduction. However, number of oil crisis weakened the organization. In addition, non-OPEC production increased, causing surplus and, accordingly, decrease of prices.

Further, main historical and contemporary political events in relationship with oil are discussed aimed at analyzing which political reasons are behind the struggles over the world oil control.

Special attention in the course is given to the globalization process. What is globalization and when did it start? Is it internationalization (increase and intensification of international transactions)? Is it liberalization (open political and economic relations)? Is it universalization (universal dissemination/spread of different peoples’ experience)? Is it westernization or even Americanization? Or is it weakening of the role of national borders and, generally, of the territorial/geographic factor? For many reasons, a generally-accepted definition of the globalization does not exist and debates over this are underway among scholars. Nevertheless, globalization itself has numerous insistent opponents as well as loyal proponents. But even those who come out against it are constantly benefiting from the fruits of globalization in their everyday life.

Global economy is indispensable part of the contemporary world. Hardly one can find a place in the world where globalization or at least some of its components is not the part of the everyday life. Benefits of global production do not raise doubts. Currently collection of raw materials can take place in one geographic destination, manufacturing – in another, branding, advertising, promoting, and marketing – all in different places and countries. Global economy, or as many call – economy beyond borders have significantly raised the efficiency, mobility and cost-effectiveness of national economies and provided wide range of choice/alternative both for producers and consumers. Distances and borders become the question of minor importance in this process.

Development of global production facilitated creation of special economic zones, export zones and free production, where maximum conditions are created for free trade.

Global financial interactions are also discussed and analyzed. As attitude towards globalization is contradictory world-wide and the terms “anti-globalists” and

“”anti-globalizm manifestations” became so common for the international political and economic life, it is attempted in the course to offer anti-globalists’ main arguments against globalization.

The issue of capital flow is the next topic of the course. Flow of capital is one of the most important global events in today’s world. Borders do not exist for the capital and it searches quick, guaranteed and high profit. After the WWII flow of capital has significantly increased. Simultaneously, the role of the United States in the capital export enhanced. Later on, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan caught up. France was keeping one of the leading positions, however, Great Britain’s role weakened compared to the nineteenth century.

According to many scholars, export of capital establishes tighter relations than international trade. Export of capital strengthens relations among states and these relations are the guarantee

72

erTi mizezi, gilpinis azriT, isaa, rom sagZnoblad amaRlda mosaxleobis gaTviT-

cnobierebis done rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebSi da xalxi mixvda,

rom mas SeuZlia (an hgonia, rom SeuZlia) gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos ekonomikuri

procesebi. am codnisa da politikuri demokratiis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad na-

Teli gaxda, rom qveynebs an garkveul jgufebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad imoqmedon eko-

nomikaze da, Sesabamisad, simdidris gadanawilebaze. amgvarad, dRevandel msoflioSi

umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv. aRiqmeba da ganixileba ara rogorc ekonomikis garda-

uvali kanonzomiereba, aramed rogorc adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis

Sedegi, anu xdeba ekonomikis politizacia.

edvard qaris mixedviT, ekonomikis mecniereba gulisxmobs garkveul wyobas,

wesrigs da igi ar SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili politikis gareSe.

rig mecnierTa azriT ki, piriqiT, yoveli politikuri struqturis ukan dgas

ekonomikuri safuZvlebi.

dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arc politika da arc ekonomika ar

aris sruliad avtonomiuri da, Sesabamisad, orive mosazreba marTebulia.

joan spiros azriT, politikuri faqtorebi sami saxiT axdenen gavlenas

ekonomikaze:

• politikuri sistema ayalibebs ekonomikur sistemas, vinaidan ekonomikuri siste-

mis struqtura da saqmianoba didwilad ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso

politikuri sistemis struqturiTa da saqmianobiT;

• politikuri mosazrebebi xSirad ganapirobeben ekonomikur politikas, vinaidan

ekonomikuri politika ganisazRvreba politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare;

• saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tavad aris politikuri urTierTo-

bebi, vinaidan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri interaqciebi, politikuri interaqcie-

bis msgavsad, aris procesi, romlis drosac qveynebi an sistemis sxva monawileebi,

cdiloben moagvaron TavianTi problemebi, miaRwion saerTo miznebs, iTanam-

Sromlon da aS.

erTi mxriv, politika farTod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis CarCoebs da

mimarTulebas aZlevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, ekonomikur procesebs wvlili SeaqvT

Zalauflebisa da simdidris gadanawilebaSi. isini cvlian Zalauflebriv urTierTo-

bebs jgufebs Soris, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT politikuri sistemis trans-

formaciisaken, xolo amas — ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali struqturisaken.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ekonomikuri politika aris mecniereba ekonomikur

motivebze, saqmianobasa da politikaze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomika aris saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSi ormxrivi da dinamiuri urTierTqmedeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis xelSi

Cagdebis mizniT. (Robert Gilpin: Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Direct Foreign Investment).

saxelmwifosa da bazris paraleluri arseboba da urTierTqmedeba Tanamedrove

msoflioSi qmnis politikur ekonomikas. saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi fasis

meqanizmi da bazris Zalebi gansazRvravdnen ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. es

iqneboda wminda ekonomistis samyaro. bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo

gamoyofda ekonomikur resursebs. es iqneboda wminda politikosis samyaro.

politika da bazari mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia. yvela politikuri movlenis ukan

aris ekonomikuri aspeqti, da, piriqiT.

politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis ekonomikuri movlenebis politikur safuZvlebs

an meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, bazris

funqcionirebaze. SeiZleba asec iTqvas — politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis poli-

tikuri movlenebis ekonomikur safuZvlebs.

1970-iani wlebi politikuri ekonomiiis aRorZinebis periodia, rac ganpirobebuli

iyo imiT, rom realur da mecnierul faqtebs Soris ekonomikasa da politikaSi

ufskruli gaCnda. moxda ekonomikuri problemebis Zlieri politizireba, xolo

politikuri procesebi, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida ekonomizacias. garda amisa, Rarib da

mdidar qveynebs Soris gaizarda ufskruli. prioritetulad iqca globaluri

problemebi axali ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmnis moTxovniT.

5

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis

sami ideologia — sami Teoria

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia araerTi Teoria ekonomikasa

da politikas Soris urTierTobebis asaxsnelad, es sami — liberalizmi, nacionalizmi

da damokidebulebis Teoria yvelasagan gamorCeulia. maT udidesi gavlena moaxdines

rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, aseve Tavad politikaze da saerTaSoriso poli-

tikuri ekonomiis Camoyalibebidan dRemde ar kargaven aqtualurobas.

liberalizmi

`liberalizmi” 1912 wlidan gamoiyeneba — mas Semdeg, rac espaneTSi Seiqmna libe-

raluri partia da liberalebma moaxerxes samoqalaqo konfliqtSi konservatiuli da

avtoritaruli Sexedulebebis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaerTianeba. es sityva laTinuridan

momdinareobs da Tavisuflebas niSnavs.

liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos moZRvrebebidan iRebs

saTaves. liberaluri ekonomikuri Teoria Tavisufali bazris da saxelmwifos mini-

maluri Carevis momxrea. liberalizmi aris Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali baz-

ris da SezRuduli mTavrobis ideologia. liberalizmi aris doqtrina sazogadoebis

wevrTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi cdilobs adamians Seuqmnas normaluri,

bunebrivi da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis pirobebi.

liberalizmi transformacias ganicdida da mas sxvadasxva saxelwodeba hqonda:

klasikuri Teoria, neoklasicizmi, keinsianizmi, monetarizmi da sxv. ekonomikuri

liberalizmis yvela forma aRiarebs bazars da fasis warmoqmnis meqanizms, rogorc

Sida da sagareo ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze efeqtur xerxs. liberalizmi

SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc doqtrina da principebis erToblioba sabazro

ekonomikis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeq-

turoba, ekonomikuri zrda da bazris yvela monawilis piradi keTildReoba.

ekonomikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, bazari warmoiqmneba spontanurad, raTa

daakmayofilos adamianis moTxovnileba. xolo funqcionirebs bazari Tavisi Sida

logikis mixedviT. adamianebi bunebiT arian ekonomikuri cxovelebi da amitom bazari

viTardeba bunebrivad, logikurad, centraluri direqtivebis gareSe.

adam smiTis azriT, sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli da kerZo dovlaTis warmoqmnis

wyaro aris TiToeuli adamianis mudmivi, ganuwveteli da rutinuli Zalisxmeva,

gaiumjobesos sakuTari pirobebi.

sabazro sistemis logika isaa, rom is zrdis ekonomikur efeqturobas, maqsimalurs

xdis ekonomikur zrdas da, Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs adamianebis keTildReobas. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom, liberalebis azriT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba aZlierebs qveynis Zala-

uflebasa da usafrTxoebas. maT swamT isic, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi da

umTavresi mizani aris TiToeuli adamianisaTvis sargeblis motana.

liberalizmis mixedviT, kerZo momxmarebeli, firma Tu ojaxi aris sazogadoebis

safuZveli. kerZo pirebi iqcevian racionalurad, gonivrulad da cdiloben daikma-

yofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal fasSi. individualuri mwarmo-

eblebi da momxmareblebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian fasis mimarT, rac xels uwyobs

moqnili ekonomikis warmoqmnasa da arsebobas, romlis pirobebSic fasis nebismieri

cvlileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas warmoebaSi, moxmarebasa da ekonomikur

institutebSi. WeSmaritad konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi gacvlis pirobebi gani-

sazRvreba mxolod miwodeba-moTxovniT da ara ZalauflebiT, uxeSi CareviTa da

direqtivebiT. Tu gacvla nebayoflobiTia da orive mxaris surviliTaa ganpiro-

bebuli, maSin am procesSi orive mxare mogebulia da kmayofili.

sabazro ekonomika ZiriTadad imarTeba moTxovnis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac,

xalxi iyidis met saqonels, Tu fasi daiwevs, da naklebs, Tu is gaizrdeba; xalxi aseve

iyidis mets, Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, da naklebs, Tu igi Semcirdeba. nebismieri

cvlileba fasSi da bazris monawilis SemosavalSi imoqmedebs SeZenili saqonlis

raodenobaze.

xolo rac Seexeba miwodebas, liberalebis azriT, adamianebi cdiloben Tavisi

6

developed countries to the OPEC members. The majority of developing countries believed that OPEC was a good example of what could be achieved by them and which role they could play in the international economic life.

Nevertheless, the success of the OPEC was overestimated and it became obvious for everyone during the 1981 oil crisis. On the other hand, the crisis showed the western counties that the success of the OPEC is largely depended on the demand on oil, and the demand, obviously, comes mainly from them.

What is interesting, that the number of attempts of the developing countries to unite and struggle jointly for common interests also failed, for many reasons, such as: differences in ideology, culture, industrialization level, etc.

According to radical countries, the main reason for the unfair international political and economic system is the liberal international economic order created after the WWII.

Gilpin notes that after the World War II the developed countries had made numerous attempts to provide support to postcolonial and other developing countries in hastening their economic growth, but the process was not deliberate, well planned and, in many cases, far from being fair. As an illustration, he brings the example of deterioration of the economic situation in Africa, suspension of the economic growth in Latin America in 80s of the last century and entire concentration of attention on the Far East.

In this chapter of the course the phenomenon of Newly Industrialized Countries is also discussed with the aim to understand what were the main reasons, both economic and political, for their incredibly high rate of economic growth. The success of these counties questions the issue of global poorness. If these countries, dependent in the past, managed to achieve such a high economic growth rate, why other similar countries did not manage to do the same? Can Georgia learn anything from these countries and what internal and external political preconditions should be in place to ensure similar developments?

According to many scholars the future of the Newly Industrialized Countries largely depends on the growth rate of the global economy, openness of the markets of the developed countries and the progress in the sphere of industrial technologies.

Subsystems of international economic system, proposed by Joan Spero, are discussed further in the course.

The Western System, which is also called the system of interdependence, unites highly developed countries with the advanced economies. Relationship among the countries is so tight that their economies are extremely sensitive to both political and economic changes in each of these countries. The western subsystem unites countries sharing the ideas of liberalism. Here it is attempted to explain what are the benefits of such tight interrelationship and interdependence and, on the other hand, what are minuses. Is there real threat to the political independence of the countries? Do they have to sacrifice their national interests, culture, etc? Why this interdependence has so many opponents? All these issues are analyzed in the course and questions answered.

The second subsystem is the North-South subsystem, also called the subsystem of dependence. Unlike the western subsystem, countries of this subsystem are radically different from each other. It unites western well developed countries and Latin American, Asian and African developing countries. Tension between them is obvious and it has long history.

The main problem of this subsystem is dependency. The dependency exists when south courtiers have intensive interaction with the northern countries and when this interaction is vitally important for national economies of the south countries and, consequently, these countries become dependent on all political and economic events taking place in the northern countries. However, for the northern countries these interactions are not qualitatively important. Hence, interdependence is symmetric, while dependence is - asymmetric. There are different forms of dependence: in trade, in investments, in financial spheres, etc.

The course tries to examine why the dependence exists, its roots, tendencies and perspectives. Also, attempts to look at the problem from both sides and analyze pro and contra arguments, and again, think over the Georgia’s perspectives based on other countries’ experience. What niche can Georgia hold in today’s international economic system and which role it is ready to play? Which political preconditions are necessary for this?

The third system proposed by Joan Spero was the East-West subsystem, also called the independence subsystem. The subsystem included the Soviet Union and its satellite socialist countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the subsystem does not exist currently, but its

71

currency. Further, the course describes the Breton-Woods monetary institutions – the World Bank and

the International Monetary Fund and tries to explain the reasons for criticizing their activities, especially from the less developed countries’ side.

Since Georgia is a member of both of these organizations from 1992, the course also attempts to analyze IMF and WB activities in Georgia. What kind of political and economic benefits the country has received from their work, if it has ever? Why and who is criticizing these institution in Georgia and what the country like Georgia should do to use the assistance provided by these institutions most efficiently.

Similar to the financial situation, state of the trade sphere after the WWII was also far from being perfect. The course touches upon the United States leadership in the post-war period international trade system and analyses its reasons. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is also one of the Breton-Woods institutions, created with the aim to achieve free and fair trade through reducing tariffs and removing other trade barriers. The major rule for implementing free trade was the principle for non-discrimination (most-favored-nation principle). The second element of non-discrimination was the provision for national treatment designed to prevent discrimination against foreign products after they enter a country.

GATT was associated with the club of rich countries and was seriously criticized by developing countries. As many of them acknowledged, the system worked very well for the developed countries and most quotas and other barriers were eliminated, facilitating overall liberalization of the international trade. However, little efforts were put on implementation of non-discrimination principle and some others, important for developing countries.

Within the course, GATT and the World Trade Organization are compared with the aim to show why the GATT failed and which new or additional instruments the WTO possesses to facilitate free and fair international trade, achieve non-discrimination against countries, facilitate fair competition among countries, and provide special assistance to developing countries.

The course also focuses on the reflections of Joan Spero on what the new international trade system is going to look like and if it is going to change. According to Spero, the structure of the future order will largely depend on to at what extent the current leading states will consider less developed countries’ (such as Argentina, Mexico, etc.), OPEC member countries’ and newly industrialized countries’ role in the order. Most of these countries have intensive trade relations both with developed and the third world countries and many of them have started extensive investing in developed countries. In the close future these countries will demand and they will receive the right to participate in the management of the system. The future international trade system will be managed multilaterally.

Many scholars believed that Japan, considering its extremely high rate of economic development, would have played the leading role in the trade system along with newly industrialized countries. However, by the beginning of the twenty-first century the number of supporters of this idea has reduced and currently many think that the united Europe is the real aspirant for the leadership.

Next issue the course tackles is the emergence of the third world, economic system subsystems, new industrialized and OPEC countries’ economic development overview and their place in the international political and economic system.

The term “third world” emerged along with the development of nationalist movements initially in Latin America, and later in Asia and Africa. Argentinean Economist Raul Prebisch was one of the firsts who raised the issue of the unfair world economic and political order. In 1944-48ss when the Breton-Woods system was designed along with its financial and trade institutions, Asian, African and Latin American countries’ involvement in this process was insignificant, as many of them had to gain political independence and were intensively fighting for achieving this goal. Besides the fact that by that time developing countries were making the majority of the UN General Assembly, the situation was completely different in the IMF, WB and GATT.

However, starting from 60s of the last century developing countries began demanding the new economic order, in which their interests would have been considered. They were requesting trade benefits for their countries taking into account their ‘baby’ economics. In 1974, the request for the new economic order was officially declared in the United Nations May Resolution. Adoption of the resolution was primarily prompted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC) success in ensuring high prices on oil, as a result of which huge amount of money flew from

70

interesebis dakmayofilebas deficitisa da resursebis arasakmarisi raodenobiT

arsebobis pirobebSi. saqonelze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas aucileblad

mohyveba saqonlis fasis cvlileba.

arsebiTad, liberalebs swamT, rom vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedeba saxel-

mwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebis safuZvelia, vinaidan vaWrobiT miRebuli

ormxrivi sargebeli da zrdadi urTierTdamokidebuleba erovnul ekonomikebs Soris

aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. swored amitom Tavisufali vaWroba

da kapitalis Tavisufali brunva unda gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur

politikas da ara piriqiT.

liberalizmis saSinao politikis mizani igivea, rac sagareosi — mSvidoba. libera-

lebs swamT kacobriobis srulyofili TanamSromlobis. liberalizmi Tavisi arsiT

kosmopolituri ideologiaa. xolo liberali - msoflio moqalaqe, kosmopoliti.

liberalizmi winaaRmdegia omisa da yvelanairi konfliqtis. omi aiZulebs saxel-

mwifoebs Caiketnon, xolo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi Caketili

qveynis ekonomika sustdeba da moqalaqeTa keTildReoba klebulobs. liberalis

azriT, kerZo sakuTreba mSvidobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantia rogorc

qveynis SigniT, aseve mTlianad msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela saxelmwifos

valia kerZo sakuTrebis gafrTxileba da misi dacva.

adre liberalebi Tvlidnen, rom omi surdaT da omobdnen monarqebi da ara erebi.

Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, dinastiebi unda SeecvalaT xalxis mier arCeul mTavrobebs.

bevri mecnierisa da politikosis azriT, liberalur-demokratiuli mTavrobebi

naklebad konfliqturebi arian da iSviaTad an saerTod ar omoben. liberalizmis

gavrcelebasTan erTad xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgena samxedro, istoriuli da

sxva pirobebiT. Tumca liberalebi ar aRiareben sazRvris strategiul mniSvnelobas.

liberalebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa referendumebi da plebiscitebi.

leveling roqveli, Tanamedrove amerikeli politikosi da Jurnalisti, eWvs

gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom liberalizmi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT dReisaTvis aRar

arsebobs, da ambobs, rom WeSmarit liberalur koncefcias axla klasikuri libe-

ralizmi unda ewodos. igi wers: `me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi liberalizmis cneba,

sazogadod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis filosofias niSnavda, romelsac Semdegi

principi gaaCnda — sazogadoebebs da maT komponentebs raime saxis centraluri

mmarTveloba da kontroli ar sWirdebaT, radgan sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar

Tavs marTaven sakuTar wevrTa nebayoflobiTi da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSrom-

lobis gziT. dRes amgvar filosofias liberalizms ver vuwodebT, vinaidan es cneba

demokratiuli totalitarizmis mier iqna miTvisebuli. imisaTvis, rom es filosofia

xelaxla Cveni drois Sesatyvisad warmovaCinoT, Cven mas axali saxeli — klasikuri

liberalizmi unda vuwodoT.

klasikuri liberalizmi iseT sazogadoebas niSnavs, sadac Cemi ocneba realobaa.

sadac Cven prezidentis saxelis xseneba sulac ar gvesaWiroeba, sadac arCevnebis

Sedegebi mniSvnelovani araa, radgan sazogadoeba kanonebiT, da ara adamianebis mier,

imarTeba. rodesac Cven ar gveSinia Cveni mTavrobis, radgan mas Cvengan arc araferi

miaqvs da arc araferi moaqvs, aramed is gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom Cven Cveni cxovreba,

sazogadoebrivi yofa da momavali Tavadve ganvsazRvroT~. (leveling roqveli.

liberalizmis safuZvlebi, gv. 86, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, 2004w.).

nacionalizmi

ekonomikurma nacionalizmma, liberalizmis msgavsad, mravali metamorfoza

ganicada saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi: merkantilizmi, sTeiTizmi (saxelmwifoebriobiz-

mi), proteqcionizmi, germanuli istoriuli skola, bolo xanebSi ki — neoproteqcio-

nizmi. ekonomikuri nacionalizmis centraluri ideis mixedviT, ekonomikuri

saqmianoba unda daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos miznebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso

sistemis mowyobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi aris saxelmwifo, erovnuli

usafrTxoeba da samxedro Zlevamosileba.

zogierTi nacionalisti miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da gadar-

CenisaTvis erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba ara

aqvT. am mimdinareobas keTili, kargi merkantilizmi ewodeba. nacionalistebis meore

7

nawili Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris imperialisturi eqspansiisa da

sazRvrebis gafarToebis arena. nacionalizmis am agresiul formas SeiZleba vuwodoT

cudi merkantilizmi. germaniis nacisturi mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika

aRmosavleT evropasTan mimarTebaSi 1930-ian wlebSi swored amgvari xasiaTis iyo.

nacionalistebi xazs usvamen ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi da miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris brZola ekonomikuri

resursebisaTvis gavrcelebulia da TviT saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. vinaidan ekonomikuri resursebi saWiroa erovnuli ZlierebisaTvis,

yvela konfliqti erTdroulad ekonomikuric aris da politikuric. saxelmwifoebi

cdiloben erTdroulad moipovon simdidre, Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba.

ekonomikuri nacionalizmi me-16 — me-18 saukuneebSi erTgvari gamoxmaureba iyo

politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro movlenebze da masSi swored am periodis

viTarebam pova asaxva. am dros Cndeba Zlieri nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic

mudmiv qiSpobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am dros warmoiSveba da Zlierdeba saSualo klasi,

romelic Cabmulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — vaWrobaSi da, umTavresad, manu-

faqturaSi, warmoebaSi. es erTis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo axali samyarosa da misi

resursebis aRmoCeniT. monetizirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da samxed-

ro sferoSi cvlilebebs aseve udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. nacionalistebma daad-

gines, maTi azriT, misaRebi balansi vaWrobasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas Soris.

ramdenime mizezis gamo nacionalizmis ZiriTadi mizani industrializaciaa. pirvel

rigSi, nacionalistebs swamT, rom industria axdens gardamtex efeqts ekonomikaze da

mas mivyavarT ekonomikis srul ganviTarebamde. meore mizezi aris is, rom

nacionalistebisaTvis ganviTarebuli industria asocirdeba ekonomikur TviTuz-

runvelyofasTan da politikur avtonomiasTan. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is,

rom industria aris samxedro siZlierisa da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli usafrTxoebis

safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, liberalurSic ki, mTavrobebis politika

mimarTulia industriis ganviTarebisaken.

moqiSpe saxelmwifoebis samyaroSi nacionalistebi miiCneven calxriv mogebas ufro

mniSvnelovnad, vidre ormxrivs. liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba or-

mxrivad sasargebloa, maSin roca nacionalistebi Tvlian, rom es urTierTobebi

aucileblad konfliqturia da wesrigi SesaZlebelia mxolod hegemonis an ZalTa

balansis arsebobis pirobebSi.

nacionalistebi, dawyebuli aleqsandre hamiltoniT da damTavrebuli Tanamed-

rove mecnierebiT, xazs usvamen TviTuzrunvelyofis upiratesobas ekonomikur

urTierTdamokidebulebasTan SedarebiT.

damokidebulebis Teoria

damokidebulebis Teoria ganviTarda 1950-iani wlebis bolos prebiSis ideebis

safuZvelze. prebiSi da misi Tanamoazreebi Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikur zrdas wamyvan

qveynebSi ar moyveboda Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba. ufro metic, maTi azriT,

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba xSirad seriozul ekonomikur

problemebs qmnida Rarib saxelmwifoebSi. es ewinaaRmdegeboda neoklasikosebis

Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda xelsayreli iyo yvelasTvis (Pareto Optimal — ekonomikuri viTareba romelSic Tu erTi adamianis an jgufis ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareoba umjobesdeba meoris — uaresdeba. aravis SeuZlia gamdidreba vinme sxvis gaRaribebis

gareSe), maSinac ki, Tu mogeba ar nawildeboda Tanabrad.

,

,

prebiSi am faqts ase xsnida: Raribi qveynebi iZulebulni arian pirveladi

produqcia (nedleuli) miyidon ganviTarebul qveynebs, romlebic Semdgom am

nedleulis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnil produqcias Rarib qveynebSi yidian. mza

produqcia yovelTvis ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre nedleuli, Sesabamisad, Rarib qveynebs

verasodes eqnebaT imdeni Semosavali eqsportidan, rom gadaixadon importSi.

am problemis mosagvareblad, prebiSis azriT, saWiro iyo Semdegi: Raribi saxelmwi-

foebi unda SeerTebodnen importis gacvlis programas (Program on Import Substitution), ra-

Ta maT ar SeeZinaT mza produqcia mdidari saxelmwifoebisagan. Raribi qveynebi kvlav

gayididnen TavianT pirvelad saqonels msoflio bazarze, magram maTi ucxouri gac-

vliTi rezervebi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli ucxoeTisagan mza produqciis SesaZenad.

8

USA (aspirant – Soviet Union), USA (aspirant – China? EU?). The course tries to explain why many scholars do not agree with the theory, considering that

importance of distribution of power and existence of the dominant nation fades in the presence of the international organizations, such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organization, European Union, etc. However, realists do not consider international organizations having real power and capable of playing significant role in international economic and political life.

The World Leadership Long Cycles Theory of Modelski and Thompson and the Long Cycles Theory of Goldstein are also described and analyzed within the course.

Finally, the course attempts to reflect on who is going to be the following leader, who are the aspirants and what their chances are.

In regards with the major IPE theories, discussed within the course and briefly reviewed above, it is attempted to cover all their aspects and show their developments in time and consequent changes occurred. It is also tried to provide opposite opinions on each of them.

Further in the course, financial relations after the World War the II are discussed. The conference, held in Breton-Woods and attended by forty-four countries, was aimed at

creating a new stable liberal economic order. The new order was initially foreseen as a system, managed by international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Establishment of these organizations was also decided at the conference. As the period between the two wars proved the floating exchange rate to be not favorable for the development of the international economy, the countries agreed on introducing the fixed rate (par value system). In addition, the countries participating in the conference agreed to avoid economic wars and beggar-thy-neighbor policies, and developed the conduct code which was incorporated into the IMF charter.

However, despite all the efforts of the Breton-Woods system constructors, the postwar monetary system did not become stable. Only the US and a couple of other countries were able to fulfill obligations in front of other countries and the Breton-Woods institutions. Europe and Japan were so weakened after the war that their solvency was almost zero. In 1947 IMF suspended issuing loans.

According to many scholars, the crisis of 1947 was directly linked to political problems: Germany was politically and economically declined; Great Britain, partly due to its economic difficulties was withdrawing from India and Palestine, and was unable to fulfill its commitments to Greece and Turkey regarding security and political support; political situation in France and Italy was far from being stable; Soviet Union was intensively working on sovietization/socialization of the Eastern Europe and were gaining certain support in France, Italy and other western European countries.

Starting from 1947 the Breton-Woods system that was envisaged as a system managed by international organizations, became a system managed by the US. US was both able and willing to take this responsibility, and as some scholars notice, the US’s role was a combination of altruism and interests.

Experience the world received between the two wars helped the US political and economic leadership and acknowledgment of this leadership by other states. Gold and pound were no longer able to play the role of the world currency, and as the US dollar was the only convertible currency, it naturally became the world currency. The US dollar became a base for international trade, investments, banking, etc.

Starting from 1959, economic situation in the western European countries and Japan significantly improved and their currencies gradually became convertible.

The Breton-Woods history is divided into two periods: dollar shortage (also called the US unilateral management period) and the dollar surplus period (also called the multilateral management period).

In 1971, the US President Nixon, unilaterally, without consulting with other countries, officially declared the new economic policy, according to which dollar’s convertibility towards gold was stopped. This was the end of the Breton-Woods system. However, the official ending of the system was announced at the Jamaica meeting of the IMF leading states. As Gilpin notes, de facto end of the Breton-Woods system and the fixed exchange rates became de jure at this conference.

As for some scholars, the system is still functional, since its institutions – IMF and WB play an important role nowadays in the international economy and the US dollar is still world leader

69

Dependency theory developed in the end of 1950s on the ideas of Raul Prebisch. According to this theory, economic growth in developed countries did not entail economic developments in developing countries, and even more, economic activities of developed countries often created serious economic problems to poor countries. Difference in incomes between developed and developing countries was constantly increasing instead of decreasing.

According to the theory, developing countries are to sell raw products to developed countries, who in their turn sell back to the developing countries manufactured products out of those raw commodities. As price for the processed product is always higher than for the raw material, poor countries will never have enough income from the export to cover their import expenses.

Prebisch argued that the third world countries were not as much underdeveloped as they were badly developed. To solve this problem Prebisch was demanding special benefits for developing countries and suggested that developing countries should had been joined the programs on import substitution, though it was rather difficult for a number of reasons. The reasons are provided in details in the course.

The dependency theory tries to explain the reasons for massive unemployment in the third world, reasons for consequent deterioration of their economies, internal problems hampering improvements, etc., and argues that inequality among states is an inherent part of interactions among them.

Most dependency theorists regard capitalism as a motive for dependency, thus accusing it of causing the most of the problems connected to the unfairness of the current international economic system.

Structuralism and Marxism connected to the dependency theory are also tackled within the course.

In relationship with the dependency theory and the third world problems the history and current activities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are described and those goals listed that UNCTAD managed to achieve in favor of developing countries during its existence. However, it concludes that besides noticeable accomplishments a lot of work is left to be done by this body.

Further, major modern theories in the international political economy are listed such as: Dual Economy Theory (strongly influenced by the liberalism theory), Modern World Systems Theory (strongly influenced by the Marxism theory) and the Hegemonic Stability Theory (influenced by the realism), and the brief description of the first two provided. While the last one is discussed in more details due to its extensive prevalence and popularity.

The hegemonic stability theory is close to the realism. According to this theory distribution of power among nations is the essential factor for the international economic stability. The theory was initially proposed by Charles Kindleberger in the 1970s. It underlines the importance of presence of a dominant/hegemonic state as a condition for the existence of an open, liberal and stable world economy. In this aspect, a special attention is given to Robert Gilpin’s thoughts regarding the theory. He tries to explain thoroughly why the theory is related only to the liberal economic system and why the hegemonic state should be strongly devoted to liberal values itself.

The hegemonic nation should serve as a coordinator for other nations and should be willing and able to impose conduct code and ensure its implementation. And this code should inevitably be liberal, pro open market and against the beggar-thy-neighbor policies.

The course provides brief overviews of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) and the Marshall Plan (1947) as of two different actions (antithesis) of the US, a leader nation after the World War II. In the first case the country was not willing or prepared to take a leading role in the international system and coordinate its monetary policies with other countries. But the isolationism had negative consequence firstly for the US and secondly for other countries.

The Marshall Plan was a lesson learned from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff experience. Long-term economic and political goals of the Plan are discussed in light of the United States’ relationship with the USSR and its satellite countries. Tight connection between politics and economy in this historical period is particularly emphasized and analyzed. Soviet critic of the Plan and rational behind this criticism is also provided.

The course notices that besides the fact that there are different opinions on the hegemonic stability theory itself, almost all its followers agree on the existence of the following hegemonic countries, aspirants willing to become leaders and the historical periods for their hegemony: Portugal (aspirant - Spain), Netherlands (aspirant – England), Great Britain (aspirant – France),

68

amis ganxorcielebas arTulebda sami momenti:

Raribi qveynebis Sida bazari ar iyo sakmarisad didi imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyo

mdidar saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli ekonomikebis mTeli speqtrisaTvis, raTa

SeenarCunebina dabali fasebi;

meore sakiTxi exeboda Raribi qveynebis politikur nebas aRar yofiliyvnen

pirveladi nawarmis mwarmoeblebi;

mesame sakiTxi exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad akontrolebdnen Raribi saxelmwifoebi

TavianT pirveladi warmoebis saqonels, gansakuTrebiT imas, romelic qveynis gareT

iyideboda.

amgvarad xsnida damokidebulebis Teoria Raribi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi siRa-

ribis mizezebs. tradiciuli neoklasikuri midgoma arafers ambobs am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, mxolod adasturebs im faqts, rom Rarib qveynebSi solidurma

ekonomikurma saqmianobam gvian moikida fexi da rom rogorc ki maT Tanamedrove

ekonimikis teqnika aiTvises, siRaribe TandaTan ukuiqca. Tumca, marqsistuli Teoriebi

mudmiv, mdgrad siRaribes ganixilavdnen rogorc kapitalisturi eqsploataciis

Sedegs. axali midgomis - “msoflio sistemebis” Tanaxmad, siRaribe aris mdidrebis

sasargeblod da Raribebis sazianod Sromis metad uxeSi gadanawilebis uSualo Sedegi.

liberaluri reformis momxreebis (prebiSi), marqsistebisa (andre gunder franki) da

“msoflio sistemebis” Teoretikosebis (valerstaini) debatebi metad cxare da

inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso iyo. damokidebulebis sxvadasxva

Teoriebis mimdevrebs Soris kvlav SeiniSneba seriozuli xasiaTis uTanxmoeba

garkveul sakiTxebSi da amitom Znelia davinaxoT damokidebulebis Teoriis erTiani,

SeTanxmebuli varianti. Tumca, yvela xsenebuli Teoriis analizi garkveul

universalur postulatebs eyrdnoba. damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rodesac erovnuli, Sida ekonomikuri politika

ganicdis gareSe zegavlenas, iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli

xasiaTisa. gilpins moyavs Teotonio des santosiseuli ganmarteba, romelSic igi xazs

usvams damokidebulebis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs:

`[damokidebuleba aris] istoriuli mdgomareoba, romelic gansazRvravs msoflio

ekonomikis garkveul struqturas. es ukanaskneli “wyalobs” rig qveynebs sxvaTa

sazianod da zRudavs damokidebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis asparezs.

[damokidebuleba aris] situacia, romelic garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemis

ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xarjze ganapirobebs am sistemas daqvemdebarebuli sxva

qveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas~ (Teotonio dos santosi, “damokidebulebis

struqtura”, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, red.: k.t. feni da donald hojisi, bostoni: Porter Sargent, 1971, gv. 226).

zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi Seicaven sam saerTo maxasiaTebels, romlebsac

damokidebulebis Teoriebis umetesi nawili iziarebs. upirvelesad, damokidebuleba

damaxasiaTebelia saerTaSoriso sistemisTvis, romelic qveyanaTa or jgufs moicavs.

maT sxvadasxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad ewodebaT dominanturi/damokidebuli, centra-

luri/periferiuli an metropolia/sateliti. dominanturi saxelmwifoebi arian

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wamyvani samrewvelo

qveynebi. damokidebul saxelmwifoTa siaSi ki Sedian laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da

afrikis is qveynebi, sadac saerTo erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze

mcirea da sadac ucxouri valutis Semodinebis wyaro erTi romelime saxis saqonlis

eqsportia. garda amisa, orive ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damokidebuli qveynebis eko-

nomikur aqtivobaSi ganmsazRvrelia gareSe Zalebis roli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs

saerTaSoriso korporaciebs, saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo birJebs, ucxour daxmarebas,

komunikaciaTa qsels da bevr sxva rames, risi saSualebiTac wamyvani samrewvelo

saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben sakuTar ekonomikur interesebs ucxo qveynebSi. mesame

saerTo niSani isaa, rom damokidebulebis cnebis yvela ganmarteba miuTiTebs

dominantur da damokidebul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dinamiur

xasiaTze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom qveynebis am or jgufs Soris arsebulma

urTierTobebma SeiZleba ara mxolod ganamtkicos, aramed ufro intensiuri gaxados

uTanasworobis modeli. metic, damokidebulebas, rogorc istoriul process, metad

Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da igi saTaves iRebs kapitalizmis internacionali-

zaciidan. damokidebuleba mimdinare dinamiuri procesia. amis magaliTia laTinuri

amerika, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis

9

nawilia, romlis dominanturi wevrebic amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian.

damokidebulebis Teoria cdilobs axsnas zogierTi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis dabali done qveynebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis modelebis

Seswavlis gziT da am modelebis aucilebel da ganuyofel pirobad miiCnevs qveynebis

uTanasworobas. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis umetesoba saerTaSoriso kapita-

lizms miiCnevs damokidebulebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad. maTi azriT, istoriuli

kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ganviTarebis dabali done ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi

umeteswilad ganpirobebulia rogorc maTi qveynebis istoriiT, aseve mimdinare

ekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebiT maTsa (ekonomikurad CamorCenil sate-

litebsa) da amJamad ganviTarebul metropoliebs Soris. metic, es urTierTobebi aris

nawili msoflio masStabis erTiani kapitalisturi sistemisa.

am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturma sistemam xeli Seuwyo da ganamtkica

Sromis uxeSi gadanawileba, romelmac msoflios bevr regionSi ekonomikuri Camor-

Ceniloba gamoiwvia. damokidebuli saxelmwifoebidan moedineba iafi nedleuli,

soflis meurneobis produqcia da iafi muSaxeli, garda amisa, damokidebuli qveynebi

mdidari saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens Warbi kapitalis gadanawilebis,

moZvelebuli teqnikisa da warmoebuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazars. amgvari interaqcia

Rarib qveynebs damokidebuls xdis Zlier saxelmwifoebze, vinaidan aseTi kavSirebis

wyalobiT satelitur qveynebSi marTlac Semoedineba fuli, saqoneli da momsaxureba,

magram am resursebis ganawilebis politikas dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeimuSaveben

da masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri interesebi.

Sromis amgvari gadanawileba, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs siRaribes, xolo kapita-

lizmisTvis aseTi viTareba resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa.

umeteswilad damokidebulebis modelebi eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom ekonomikuri da

politikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli da centralizebulia indus-

trializebul qveynebSi. am mosazrebas iziareben imperializmis marqsistuli Teoriis

momxreebic. Tumca damokidebulebis yvela Teoretikosi marqsisti rodia, amitom unda

gavmijnoT damokidebulebisa da imperializmis Teoriebi.

imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria emsaxureba dominanturi saxelmwifoebis eqs-

pansiis axsnas, damokidebulebis Teoria ki ekonomikuri CamorCenisas. sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, marqsistuliTeoriebi ganmartaven imperializmis warmomSob mizezebs, damo-

kidebulebis Teoriebi ki imperializmis Sedegebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxva-

vebaa. marqsistuli gagebiT, imperializmi msoflio transformaciis procesis nawilia

da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialisturi revoluciis katalizatori. marqsi dadebiTad

afasebda britaneTis kolonializms indoeTSi. misi azriT, ingliss ori misia ekisra

indoeTSi: erTi destruqciuli, meore ki regeneraciuli — Zveli aziuri sazogadoebis

ganadgureba da aziaSi dasavluri sazogadoebis materialuri safuZvlebis Seqmna.

damokidebulebis TeoretikosebisTvis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba yovelmxriv

uaryofiTi mdgomareobaa, romelic xangrZlivi da avtonomiuri ekonomikuri Ronis-

Ziebebis ganxorcielebis aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs damokidebul qveyanas. garda

amisa, imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria Tavisi arsiT TviTlikvidacias gulisxmobs,

damokidebulebis Teoria ki TviTgadarCenas. leninizmis CarCoebSi imperializmis bo-

lo aris is Jami, roca ori dominanturi Zala erTmaneTs oms gamoucxadebs swrafad-

klebadi saeqsploataciod vargisi saSualebebis gamo. leninis azriT, pirveli msof-

lio omi am ideis naTeli dadastureba iyo. omis Semdeg inglisi da safrangeTi daepat-

ronen germaniis yofil koloniebs. damokidebulebis Teoria aseT midgomas ar

eTanxmeba.

damokidebuleba arsebobs imisda miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romelia dominan-

turi qveyana. is, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeebrZolon

damokidebuli teritoriebisTvis, TavisTavad faseul informacias ar warmoadgens

(garda imisa, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebis omianobis periodSi damokidebul

saxelmwifoebs saSualeba eZlevaT gawyviton arsebuli urTierTobebi). damokide-

bulebis TeoriisTvis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris mTeli

Tanamedrove periodis manZilze mdgradi siRaribe da am procesis Seuqcevadoba

msoflios erTsa da imave regionSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli saxelmwifo akon-

trolebs situacias.

garda amisa, damokidebulebis zogierTi Teoretikosi ar Tvlis, rom aseTi

urTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors kapitalizmi warmoadgens. xsenebuli urTier-

10

Nino Jvania

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE RESUME

International Political Economy is a relatively new discipline, developing since 70th last century.

Its formation was necessitated by rapidly increased tight interrelationship between international politics and economy, and an assumption that economics and international relations separately were too narrow disciplines to explain central aspects of international political and international economic relations.

This course cannot cover all aspects of the discipline. It introduces main theories of the international political economy, describes monetary and trade systems after the WWII (Breton Woods Conference and following events) and compares them to the current systems. It also attempts to explain the logic of international investments and current trends in this sphere. Further, the course tackles the issues of globalization from different perspectives (globalization and the third world) and tries to give a thorough understanding of the European integration process. Special attention is given to the role of international and intergovernmental organizations in the international political economy.

Purpose of the course is to introduce some of the fundamental relationships between politics and economics on both the domestic and international levels, and explain how these two are mutually dependent. Furthermore, the course examines the politics of globalization from different perspectives and illustrates historical developments of the global economy. The course also aims at encouraging students to think about different aspects of the international political economy from the Georgia’s perspective.

The course introduction provides views of different scholars on the relationship between politics and economics, such as Edward Carr, Joan Spero, Robert Gilpin, etc., offers couple of historical facts illustrating tight relationship between politics and economy and concludes that these two are in constant interaction and all international level political decisions intervene on all economic decisions and vice versa.

Further, the course describes three major theories in the international political economy: liberalism, nationalism and dependency.

Liberalism, which takes its roots from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, is a theory of free market and minimal state interference in economy. According to this theory the market is managed by the rule of demand: people will buy more goods if the price decreases and buy fewer goods if the price increases. Also, people will buy more goods if their income increases and less if their income decreases. It means that each single change in the price and the income of the market player will influence the amount of the purchased goods. As for the supply, according to liberals, people are rational animals who try to satisfy their interests in the existence of deficit and lack of resources. Changes in demand and supply will automatically change the price of the product.

Goal for the internal policy of liberals is the same as for the foreign policy – peace and total cooperation. Alike in people, if nations’ involvement in economic interactions happens voluntarily, than both sides satisfy their interests and are content with the process. Total economic cooperation and overall involvement in trade, financial transactions, etc., is a strong guarantee for long-term peace and prosperity. While, on the other hand, wars drive nations to close their borders and their economies weaken. Liberals do not recognize strategic importance of borders and liberal, himself, is the world’s citizen, cosmopolitan.

According to the nationalism theory economic activities should be subordinated to the state goals and interests. For the smooth functioning of the international system existence of sovereign nation, national security and military power are of the supreme importance. Wars and conflicts between nations are natural because they fight for resources which are important for economic strength, which, in its turn, is important for military power. Each conflict is simultaneously economic and political, as nations try to gain wealth and national power at the same time.

Nationalists, starting from Alexander Hamilton, consider that one-sided benefit is more important than mutual and give advantage to self-confidence (self-sustainability) versus economic interrelationship.

67

internet resursebi:

www.mitpress.mit.edu

www.tandf.co.uk

www.drake.edu

www.bisa.ac.uk/groups/ipeg

www.tn.regentsdegrees.org

www.indiana.edu/~ipe

www.ucpress.edu/books/SIPE

www.mtholyoke.edu

www.gamethory.net/dictionary

www.pupress.princeton.edu

www.duke.edu

www.guilford.edu

www.pup.princeton.edu

www.routledge.com

www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci

www.curzonpress.co.uk

www.reference.routlege.com

www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision

www.rrojasdatabank.org

www.state.gov/r/pa/ho

www.wikipedia.org/wiki

www.consulting.ru/econs_art

www.wto.org

www.opec.org

www.imf.org

66

Toba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Zalauflebis sistemiT da naklebad sarwmunoa, rom

Zalaufleba mxolod kapitalizms eyrdnobodes. magaliTad, yofili socialisturi

blokis damokidebuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi (Tundac aRmosavleT evropa da

kuba) Zalian hgavs Raribi qveynebisa da wamyvani kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis

urTierTobebs. imis daSveba, rom damokidebuli mdgomareoba ZalauflebaTa

uTanasworobasTan ufro axloa, vidre konkretuli ekonomikuri sistemis ama Tu im

maxasiaTebelTan, metad damaintrigebelia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebis iseT SedarebiT ufro tradiciul analizs, rogoricaa realizmi.

gilpini ganixilavs ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebic, misi azriT, damokidebulebis

Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tumca yvela maTgani sakamaToa. esenia:

1. ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba aris mdgomareoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

ganuviTareblobisgan. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba im mdgomareobas, romelic ar

gulisxmobs resursebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, amerikeli kolonistebi CrdiloeT

amerikas ganuviTarebel regionad Tvlidnen. miwa, misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saTanadod ar muSavdeboda. ekonomikuri CamorCena ki niSnavs im

situacias, roca resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT sargeblobs

dominanturi saxelmwifo da ara is Raribi qveyana, romlis teritoriazec moipoveba

resursebi.

2. ekonomikur CamorCenilobasa da ganuviTareblobas Soris sxvaoba msoflios

Rarib qveynebs absoluturad gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs. es qveynebi

msoflios mdidar qveynebs arc CamorCebian da arc ewevian, isini imitom ki ar arian

Raribebi, rom evropis samecniero gardaqmnebsa Tu ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebs

ver aubes mxari, aramed imitom, rom ZaldatanebiT gaerTiandnen evropis ekonomikur

sistemaSi mxolod rogorc nedleulis da naxevarfabrikatebis mimwodeblebi an

rogorc iafi muSaxelis wyaro, da imitom, rom maT principulad ar miecaT

SesaZlebloba gaetanaT bazarze TavianTi resursebi da ama Tu im gziT konkurencia

gaewiaT dominanturi saxelmwifoebisTvis.

3. damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gza

sjobia resursebis gamoyenebis im modelebs, romlebic Tavsaa moxveuli dominanturi

saxelmwifoebis mier. privilegirebuli modelebis naTlad Camoyalibebuli definicia

ar arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli kriteriumebi SeiZleba davadginoT. magaliTad, gan-

viTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqs-

porti, rac Zalian xSirad damokidebulebis TeoretikosTa kritikis sagania. kritikis

mizezi aris is, rom ekonomikurad CamorCenil bevr qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba sakvebis

ukmarisobis maRali maCvenebeli, maSin roca am qveynebs didi raodenobiT sakvebi

produqti gaaqvT eqsportis saxiT. damokidebulebis bevri Teoretikosis azriT,

Raribi qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi unda gamoiyenebodes maTive mox-

marebisTvis sakvebis ukmarisobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad.

4. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli erovnuli eko-

nomikuri interesi, romelic TiToeul qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari keTildReobisTvis

aamoqmedos, da es asec unda xdebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulebis Teoria

realizmis principebs iziarebs. gansxvavebuli midgoma isaa, rom, damokidebulebis

Teoriis Tanaxmad, qveynis erovnuli interesebi mxolod maSin iqneba gaTvalis-

winebuli, roca dakmayofildeba Tavad am sazogadoebis Raribebis moTxovnilebebi da

ara samTavrobo an korporaciuli interesebi. Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra aris

ukeTesi RaribebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta did dros moiTxovs. damokide-

bulebis Teoretikosebs jer ar SeumuSavebiaT erovnuli ekonomikuri interesis

srulyofili da gamoyenebadi ganmarteba.

5. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (stabilurad damokidebuli mdgomareoba

evropis eqspansiidan, anu meTxuTmete saukunidan iwyeba) resursebis gadineba ara

marto dominanturi saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT xdeba, aramed, agreTve, Tavad damo-

kidebuli qveynebis elitis mier. damokidebulebis Teoriis analitikosebis azriT,

elitarul wreebs xels aZlevs arsebuli damokidebuli mdgomareoba, radgan maTi

piradi interesebi dominanturi qveynebis interesebs emTxveva. ase rom, damokide-

buleba sinamdvileSi “nebayoflobiTi” mdgomareobaa. aravin amtkicebs imas, TiTqos

damokidebuli qveynis elita mizandasaxulad Ralatobdes sakuTari qveynis RaribTa

interesebs. ubralod mmarTvel elitas gulwrfelad sjera, rom ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis aucilebeli pirobaa liberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrinis morCilad miReba.

11

raul prebiSi

raul prebiSi daibada argentinaSi 1901 wels. igi cnobili gaxda rogorc laTinuri

amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis direqtori da struqturalizmisa da damokidebulebis

Teoriebis fuZemdebeli. man ganaTleba miiRo buenos-airesis universitetSi da 1925

wels imave universitetSi daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1950 wels prebiSi gaxda gaero-s

laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivani. man intensiurad

daiwyo mesame samyaros qveynebis problemebis Seswavla da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

uTmobda laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebs.

prebiSi ganixilavda vaWrobis pirobebs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis (perife-

riisaTvis). man aCvena, rom vaWrobis pirobebi periferiisaTvis aTwleulebis manZilze

uaresdeboda da sul ufro aZnelebda am qveynebis ganviTarebas. amasTan, ganviTa-

rebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, Semcirebis magiv-

rad, gamudmebiT izrdeboda. es problema mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli, agreTve,

umuSevrobasTan periferiaSi, rac aormagebda ra Raribi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobas,

xels uSlida maT TavianTi resursebis srulad gamoyenebaSi.

prebiSi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis struqturalisturi xedvis fuZemdebeli.

struqturalizmma mkafiod gamijna ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis

ekonomikebis struqturebi.

am TeoriiT prebiSs surda aexsna, Tu ratom iyo mesame samyaros qveynebSi masobrivi

umuSevroba, ratom uaresdeboda maTi vaWroba, ratom izrdeboda sxvaoba Semosavlebs

Soris da a.S. amisaTvis man ganixila rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve Sida

faqtorebi, romlebic aferxebdnen ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur zrdas.

prebiSis ideebi safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, damokidebulebis Teorias, romelmac

Semdgom Tavisi ganviTareba, sakmaod radikaluri formiT, pova sxva laTinurmerikeli

ekonomistebis naSromebSi.

1963 wels prebiSi gaxda vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze gaero-s konferenciis

(UNCTAD) generaluri mdivani, xolo 1969 wels — ekonomikuri da socialuri dagegmis

gaeros laTinuramerikuli institutis generaluri direqtori.

gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze

UN Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD)

gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (unktadi) aris gaeros generaluri

asambleis ZiriTadi organo vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi. igi dafuZnda ro-

gorc mudmivi mTavrobaTaSoriso organo 1964 wels JenevaSi Catarebuli konferenciis

pirvel sesiaze. misi dafuZneba miznad isaxavda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas da

ekonomikur ganviTarebas, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi.

unktadi Tavis mandats axorcielebs Semdegi meTodebiT: politikis analizi,

problemis ganxilva, konsensusis miRweva da mTavrobaTaSoriso doneze mola-

parakebebis gamarTva, kontrolis ganxorcieleba, praqtikuli muSaoba da teqnikuri

TanamSromloba. unktadis wevr saxelmwifoebs surT miaRwion stabilur, mdgrad zrdas

yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, raTa

yvelam isargeblos warmatebebiT socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi.

unktadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 188 saxelmwifo. damkvirveblebis statusiT

sargebloben mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. misi samdivno aris

JenevaSi. umaRlesi organoa konferencia. rogorc wesi, konferencia atarebs sesiebs

ministrebis doneze oTx weliwadSi erTxel politikis ZiriTadi principebis

SesamuSaveblad. unktadi finansdeba gaeros regularuli biujetidan. misi wliuri

biujeti operaciuli saqmianobisaTvis Seadgens daaxloebiT 55 milion aSS dolars.

Tavisi arsebobis periodSi unktadma SeZlo mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba,

romlebic, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs Seesabameba. miRweul iqna

SeTanxmebebi pirveladi warmoebis (nedleuli) saqonlis sferoSi da Seiqmna kvleviTi

jgufebi, romlebic dakompleqtebulia nedleulis mwarmoebeli da nedleulis

momxmarebeli qveynebiT; miRebuli iqna SeRavaTTa ganzogadoebuli sistema (Generalized System of Preferences), romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier

12

bibliografia:

1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996;

2. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, zurab daviTaSvili, fondi `Ria sazogadoeba —

saqarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. Tbilisi, 2003;

3. ra aris globalizacia? ulrix beki, elfis gamomcemloba, 2003;

4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo iniciativebis

instituti, 2004;

5. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali — leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisis universi-tetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2003;

6. liberalizmis safuZvlebi, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, ekonomikuri codnis

gavrcelebis sazogadoeba, 2004;

7. The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987;

8. Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order;

9. The Global Political Economy (Perspectives, Problems and Policies), Stephen Gill and David Law, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993;

10. Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (The Internalization of Capital and The Third World), Rhys Jenkins, Methuen, London and New York 1987;

11. The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990;

12. Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996;

13. On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company, New York;

14. Transnational Corporations, United Nations, UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development, 2004;

15. Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971.

65

samsaxurebis SeTavazebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politekonomiis erT-erTi

mimdinareobac aris, romelic konkretulad Seiswavlis konversiis tendenciebs da

perspeqtivebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi.

dasavleTis politikis oponentebi miiCneven, rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes gani-

araReba da SenarCunebuli iyos mSvidoba, strategiis SemmuSaveblebma unda miscen

magaliTi sxva saxelmwifoebs. upirveles yovlisa, iaraRis Semomtanma ZiriTadma

qveynebma — aSS-ma, ruseTma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma unda gamoiCinon simkacre

iaraRis gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseve maT unda gaakontrolon arale-

galuri iaraRis mTavari gadamtanebi afrikaSi — ukraina, bulgareTi da slovakeTi, rom

gaamyaron kontroli iaraRis transportirebaze. Semdeg, ganviTarebulma qveynebma

Tavis Tavze unda aiRon didi pasuxismgebloba iaraRiT movaWreebze da usafrTxoebis

kerZo kompaniebze.

am kuTxiT muSaobisTvis SemuSavda iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativa

(Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI), romelic aris globaluri mcdeloba SeaCeros

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba. am proeqtis Sesaxeb gamoacxada prezi-

dentma buSma 2003 wlis 31 maiss. es xedva aseve gacxadebuli iyo 2002 wlis nacionalur

strategiaSi, romelic qveynis erT-erT prioritetad asaxelebda masobrivi ganad-

gurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. es strategia cxadyofs, rom

saWiroa qveynebis sayovelTao kooperacia am saxis iaraRis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

mTel msoflioSi.

iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativis mTavari mizania Camoayalibos

ufro dinamiuri, axleburi da aqtiuri midgoma iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es yvelaferi moxdeba am iniciativis TanamSromlobiT

saxelmwifoebTan da mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. amasTan, gamoyene-

buli iqneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelTarsebuli yvela berketi, raTa

saqmianoba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi.

2003 wlis seqtemberSi avstralia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia,

niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

daeTanxmnen iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativas da aRiares igi

oficialur amkrZalav principad. mas Semdeg bevrma qveyanam dauWira mxari am

principebs. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativaSi msurvelebs gawevrianeba

SeuZliaT Riad. PSI—s partniorebi sTxoven saxelmwifoebs PSI -s mxardaWeras da

urCeven gaiaron is etapebi iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gaiara PSI-m. PSI-s daxmareba kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom ufro seriozuli zomebia misaRebi iaraRis

swrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobiT.

SeniSvna:

vinaidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis kursi axali sagania

da, garda amisa, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur

movlenebTan, igi Zalian dinamiuria da mudmivad cvalebadi.

64

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis satarifo SeRavaTebis miniWebas — cxrametma ganviTare-

bulma saxelmwifom 10 wliT calmxrivad moxsna sabaJo gadasaxadebi ganviTarebadi

qveynebis gadaumuSavebel da naxevradgadaumuSavebel produqciaze, (SeTanxmeba moq-

medebs 1971 wlidan); miRebulia rezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis

mizniT dabalSemosavliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis davalianebis retroaqtiul

koreqtirebas (moqmedebs 1978 wlidan); SemuSavebulia davalianebis restruqtu-

rizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso zomebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (1980w.) da sxv.

garda amisa, unktadma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis

(Less Developed Countries) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. am Temas mieZRvna unktadis mier

organizebuli ramodenime konferencia, sadac SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma naklebad

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad.

miuxedavad yovelive zemoT aRniSnulisa, gaeros konferenciam vaWrobasa da

ganviTarebaze ver SeZlo mTeli rigi dasaxuli problemebis gadaWra, da kvlav bevria

gasakeTebeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi

aRsaniSnavia sami Teoria. pirveli aris ormagi ekonomikis, anu dualizmis Teoria (Dual Economy Theory), romelic gamomdinareobs liberaluri Teoriidan. mis mixedviT, bazris

warmoqmna pirdapir ukavSirdeba sayovelTao survils miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri

efeqturoba da maqsimaluri mogeba. meore aris Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebis

Teoria (Modern World Systems). masze udidesi gavlena iqonia marqsistulma moZRvrebam.

am Teoriis mixedviT msoflio bazari aris ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis

mqone qveynebis mier naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis eqsploataciis

meqanizmi. mesame da dResdReobiT yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa hegemonuri

stabilurobis Teoria. igi axlos aris realizmTan da misi yvelaze farTod

gavrcelebulobisa da popularobis gamo swored masze gveqneba detaluri saubari.

robert gilpinis, stefan krasnerisa da realisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebis

mixedviT, Zalauflebis ganawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis

stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria,

romelic pirvelad Carlz kindlebergerma wamoayena 1970 wels, aqcents akeTebs

wamyvani saxelmwifoebis rolze, magaliTad, did britaneTze mecxramete saukuneSi da

aSS-ze meoce saukuneSi, da imaze, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs SesaZleblobebisa da

Zalauflebis ganawilebas msoflio ekonomikaze. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTi

saxelmwifos yovelmxrivi dominireba saWiro aris Ria, liberaluri da stabiluri

msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. amgvari hegemonis daniSnulebaa koordinacia gauwios sxva

saxelmwifoebs da daawesos maTTvis qcevis garkveuli wesebi. aseT pirobebSi sxva

saxelmwifoebi SedarebiT mSvidad grZnoben Tavs. maT ar eSiniaT gaxsnan TavianTi

bazrebi da Tavs arideben im politikas, romlis arsia `gaaRaribe mezobeli”.

Sesabamisad, Teoriis mixedviT, hegemonis dasustebas moyveba ekonomikuri dacema,

arastabiluroba da moqiSpe regionuli blokebis Seqmna. robert gilpini SeniSnavs,

rom hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis gansazRvraSi ZiriTadi sityva aris

`liberaluri~ (The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 72), rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom

TeoriaSi igulisxmeba Ria da aradiskriminaciul Tavisufal bazarze damyarebuli

saerTaSoriso ekonomika. iseTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi, rogoricaa

liberaluri, ver ganviTardeba srulad hegemoni/dominanti saxelmwifos gareSe.

Tumca mxolod hegemonis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi liberaluri ekonomikuri sis-

temis Camoyalibebasa da funqcionirebisaTvis. hegemoni Tavad unda iyos liberaluri

principebisa da Rirebulebebis erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. hegemonis roli ar

Semoifargleba mxolod ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT, igi mzad unda iyos

moagvaros krizisuli situaciebi da daicvas qveynebi SesaZlo safrTxisgan. hegemoni

13

saxelmwifos dasustebisa da axali hegemonis gaCenis periodebi, Teoriis mixedviT,

konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebis masStabi da

xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris Seguebuli

yofili hegemoni Tavis dasustebas da axal mdgomareobas, ramdenad sworad

gansazRvravs igi samomavlo politikur da ekonomikur strategias da ramdenad

moaxerxeben Zveli da axali hegemonebi konstruqciul TanamSromlobas ekonomikuri

transformaciebis Tanmdevi problemebis gadasaWrelad.

mecxramete saukuneSi didi britaneTi asrulebda ekonomikuri hegemonis rols

msoflios umetes nawilze. britaneTis lideroba asocirdeboda bazrebis globa-

lizaciasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis intensifikaciasa da kapitalis brunvasTan,

transnacionaluri korporaciebis ricxvis zrdasTan da, zogadad, ekonomikur da

politikur stabilurobasTan, romelic axasiaTebda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropas mainc.

pirvelma msoflio omma uecrad mouRo bolo rogorc britaneTis hegemonias, aseve mis

mier dawesebul wesebsa da Seqmnil pirobebs. mzardma proteqcionizmma, regionuli

blokebis Camoyalibebam da kapitalis brunvis Semcirebam 1920-1930-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur arastabilurobas da depresias.

pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTvis aSS iyo ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri

saxelmwifo msoflioSi. magram man uari ganacxada Seesrulebina lideris roli,

romelsac ukve veRar asrulebda britaneTi. amis yvelaze kargi ilustracia iyo smuT-

holei tarifi (1930), romlis mixedviTac, aSS-Si saSualo gadasaxadi importze gaizar-

da 40 procentiT. didi depresiis dasawyisSi aSS-ma Caketes Tavisi sazRvrebi ucxouri

saqonlisaTvis da amgvarad xeli Seuwyes msoflio ekonomikis arnaxul dakninebas. ame-

rikis uarma gaekontrolebina savaluto sistemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba.

msoflios ekonomikuri hegemonis amgvarma izolacionisturma poziciam uaryofiTi

gavlena iqonia danarCeni saxelmwifoebis umetesobaze da Tavad amerikazec.

smuT-holeis tarifi

1930 wlis ivnisis smuT-holeis tarifis aqtiT, aSS-Si dawesda qveynis

istoriaSi yvelaze maRali tarifebi. aqts xeli moawera prezidentma

huverma. avtorebi iyvnen respublikeli senatori smuTi iutas Statidan

da respublikeli kongresmeni holei oregonidan. tarifis mizani iyo

Sida fermerebis dacvis gaZliereba ucxoeli sasoflo-sameurneo saqon-

lis importis sawinaaRmdegod. es aqti misi miRebidan dRemde gansjis

mudmivi sagania. bevri miiCnevs, rom smuT-holeis tarifma seriozulad

gaaRrmava didi depresia da es ugunuri proteqcionizmis naTeli

magaliTi iyo. am tarifis istoria huveris saprezidento kampaniidan

iwyeba, rodesac prezidentobis kandidati dapirda fermerebs maTi

saqonlis importze tarifebis gazrdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-iani

wlebi zogadad amerikis keTildReobis periodi iyo, soflis meurneoba

dacemas ganicdida. 1920-1929ww. saSualo Semosavlebi am sferoSi

Semcirda. 1929 wlis martSi, gaprezidentebis Semdeg huverma wamoayena

tarifebis gazrdis idea, Tumca mas mxari ar dauWires ara marto

demokratebma, aramed respublikelebis nawilmac. 1929 wlis agvistoSi

dawyebuli didi depresiis (ase aTariRebs ekonomistebis umravlesoba,

Tumca zogierTi didi depresiis dasawyisad oqtomberSi sabirJo bazris

kraxs miiCnevs) pirobebSi senatSi moxerxda saWiro xmebis dagroveba

aqtis misaRebad 245 xmiT 177-is winaaRmdeg. mas mxari dauWires res-

publikelebis umetesobam da demokratebis 15 warmomadgenelma,

romelTagan 10 iyo luizianadan da florididan. isini warmoadgendnen

citrusebisa da Saqris interesebs, romlebsac axali aqti mniSvnelovan

proteqcias hpirdeboda. smuT-holeis tarifma gamoiwvia sxva saxel-

mwifoebis sapasuxo qmedebebi da gaxda `gaaRaribe Seni mezobeli” (beggar-thy-neighbor politikis simbolo. am politikis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad

iklo saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. smuT-holeis tarifi aris proteqcio-

nizmis naTeli magaliTi meoce saukuneSi. am daSvebuli Secdomis sapi-

rispirod 1934 wlidan amerikis savaWro politikaSi aSkarad

)

14

gadajaWvuli samoqalaqo dargebTan, romelTa sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris

faqtiurad waiSala~ (zurab daviTaSvili, nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi.

2003. gv. 225).

dRevandel msoflioSi yvela saxis teqnologia saocari tempiT vrceldeba da am

dros Zalin Znelia gamijno samoqalaqo da samxedro teqnologiebi. magram maSinac ki,

rodesac es xerxdeba, samxedro teqnologiebi mainc vrceldeba saerTaSoriso

ekonomikis konkurentuli bunebis gamo. imisaTvis, rom qveyana konkurentunariani iyos

maRalteqnologiur dargebSi, man unda gaataros dabalansebuli ekonomikuri kursi,

xolo Tu misi Sida bazari ar aris sakmarisad didi, eqsports sasicocxlo mniSvneloba

eniWeba, raTa qveyanam miiRos Semosavali da daafinansos Semdgomi kvlevebi. erovnuli

usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, qveynebma SeiZleba isurvon moaxdinon

romelime samxedro industriuli teqnologiis monopolizacia, magram teqnologiuri

inovaciebis ekonomika aiZulebs maT mimarTon gavrcelebis xelSewyobis politikas.

xSirad supersaxelmwifoebi sxva mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebze yidian Tanamedrove

iaraRs, raTa moipovon maTze gavlena. samxedro teqnikiT vaWroba farTod

gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da mas qveynebisTvis soliduri Semosavali moaqvs. saerTo

RirebulebiT (brunviT) iaraRiT vaWroba pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. 1970-1980-ian

wlebSi iaraRiT gamalebuli momarageba xdeboda navTobiT mdidari saxelmwifoebis

aziaSi — arabuli saxelmwifoebi da, meore mxriv israeli, irani da meore mxriv — erayi.

iaraRis mimwodeblebi iyvnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri da am supersaxelmwifoebis

Sejibri (arms race) am regionSi grZeldeboda. gamonaklisi ar iyo am mxriv arc afrikis

kontinenti, romlis danawilebasac gavlenis sferoebad cdilobdnen igive

supersaxelmwifoebi. aSS-s gansakuTrebuli istoriuli interesi hqondaT da aqvT

samxreT amerikaSi, Sesabamisad samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi maT

Soris yovelTvis iyo. iaraRiT vaWroba xdeboda da xdeba rogorc Riad saxelmwifoebis

mier, aseve farulad an kerZo kompaniebis saSualebiT. am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes

sabWoTa kavSiris magaliTi axlo aRmosavleTSi Tundac palestinasTan mimarTebaSi da

sxv. SeiZleba aseve aRiniSnos birTvuli iaraRis saidumloebebis miyidvis faqtebi

aRmosavleTis zogierTi qveynisaTvis da sxva mravali.

dRemde birTvuli omis muqara da mZime kalibris iaraRis raodenobis swrafi zrda

dominirebda debatebSi globaluri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garigebebi cecxlsasroli

da msubuqi kalibris iaraRis (small arms and light weapons - SALW) SeZenaze saSualebas

aZlevda mimReb qveynebs mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis da aRniSnuli iaraRis nacvlad

SeetanaT mZime kalibris iaraRi. 1990-iani wlebis damdegs debatebi birTvul iaraRze

Seicvala gacxovelebuli msjelobiT SALW-ze, rogorc did saSiSroebaze globaluri

usafrTxoebisaTvis, risTvisac sakmaod seriozuli mizezi iyo. civi omis Semdgom

periodSi namdvili omebis gaCenam ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi da am omebSi Cabmuli

urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebis warmodgenam aseve Secvala SALW-is roli da igi

damxmare SeiaraRebidan masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad aqcia.

mSvidobis programis, romelic wyvets iaraRis gavrcelebis problemas, kampaniis

wevrebma kargad unda icodnen am problemis Taviseburebebi. upirveles yovlisa, SALW-i arTulebs konfliqtebs da xels uwyobs banditizms, magram ar warmoqmnis maT. Semdeg,

warmatebuli kampania ver akrZalavs naRmebs, radgan SeuZlebelia SALW-is produqciis

akrZalva. marTalia, cota vinme Tu uaryofs imas, rom qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebi

arahumanuria da maT postkonfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi aTeuli wlebis Semdegac

ewirebian adamianebi, magram vinaidan SALW-i gamoiyeneba sportsa da usafrTxoebis

dacvaSi, igi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagani xdeba. SALW-ze kamaTi yovelTvis exeba,

agreTve qveynis nacionalur suverenitets. saboloo Tanxmobis micema iaraRis

gatanasa da realizaciaze mxolod mTavrobas SeuZlia. imaze, rom SALW—is SeTan-

xmebebis umravlesoba ukanonoa da rom es SeTanxmebebi eyrdnoba ukanono gadatanebs,

dRes Riad laparakoben diplomatiur wreebSi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze.

civi omis Semdgom msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebi xSirad saubroben sayovelTao

ganiaraRebaze, konversiaze, da es saubrebi, garkveulwilad, kargi tonic aris

diplomatiaSi. konversia aris samxedro mrewvelobis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleq-

sis gadayvana samoqalaqo produqciis an ormxrivi daniSnulebis produqciis warmo-

ebaze. garda amisa, konversia gulisxmobs samxedro personalis an samxedro

industriaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis gadamzadebas da maTTvis axali, samoqalaqo

63

wlamde aSS-ma 9,6 trilioni dolari daxarjes SeiaraRebaze.

msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi uzarmazari iyo da mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda

1970-ian wlebSi. 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gagrZelda

industrializebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram daaxloebiT 1982 wlidan am xarjebma iklo

naklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi.

msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi 1975-1984 wlebSi

(aSS miliard dolarebSi)

1975 1981 1982 1983 1984

procentuli wili

msoflioSi

ise 257,534 290,278 307,827 324,230 348,697 53.7

aise 171,972 185,448 189,757 191,671 196,133 30.2

Zneq 33,352 45,143 48,598 44,874 44,988 6.9

dm 43,452 54,238 61,862 60,018 57,419 8.8

mTliani 507,480 576,860 609,900 622,800 649,070 100.0

SeniSvna: ise — industriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; aise — araindustriuli sabazro

ekonomikebi; Zneq — ZiriTadi navTob eqsportiori qveynebi; dm — danarCeni msoflio

Stephen Gill and David Law. The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies. p.106. Source: R. Luckman, “Disarmament and Development – the International Context”IDS Bulletin (October 1985), Vol. 16, No. 4, p.3.

is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs samxedro danaxarjebs da gavlenas axdenen

maT aseT maRal maCveneblebze, kompleqsuria. zogierTi faqtori ganekuTvneba

erovnuli politikuri ekonomikis Sida struqturas, zogierTi — globaluri

politikuri ekonomikis struqturas. maTgan zogierTi ki iseT ekonomikur faqtorebs,

rogoricaa cvlilebebi teqnologiis doneSi. ra Tqma unda, gare da Sida faqtorebi

erTmaneTTanaa kavSirSi. garda amisa, is kavSirebi, qiSpoba Tu TanamSromloba, romelic

arsebobs saxelmwifoebs Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi, gulisxmobs, rom gadawyve-

tilebebi SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli damoukideblad,

zogadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aq qveynebi iTvaliswineben Zalian bevr

faqtors: zogad tendenciebs msoflioSi, maT mdgomareobas regionSi, maTi

strategiuli partniorebis saerTaSoriso statuss da SeiaraRebis dones, im rols,

romlis TamaSsac es saxelmwifo apirebs msoflio politikaSi (mag., samarTliano-

bisaTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifos roli, istoriulad neitraluri roli, regionSi

lideris roli da sxv.), Tavis geopolitikur mdebareobas (Tumca samxedro teqnikis

ganviTarebis pirobebSi sazRvrebis rolis mniSvnelobis dasustebam es faqtori, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena).

dekolonizacias, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifoTa ricxvma imata, mohyva omebi

mesame samyaroSi da regionaluri konfliqtebi. aman, TavisTavad, gazarda samxedro

xarjebi am qveynebSi. es zrda ufro didi iyo, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. swored

amitom, 1950 wlidan sagrZnoblad Semcirda super-saxelmwifoebis samxedro

danaxarjebis wili msoflio samxedro danaxarjebSi, da es imis miuxedavad, rom 1950

wlidan masiurad izrdeboda SeiaraRebis (teqnikis) fasebi. aSS-is wili, magaliTad, 1950

wels Seadgenda 50 procents, 1980 wlisaTvis ki misi wili ukve Seadgenda daaxloebiT 23

procents. daaxloebiT amdenives Seadgenda am periodisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wili.

zurab daviTaSvilis azriT, imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologia

mecnierebatevadi da specializebuli dargia, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromloba

iaraRis warmoebaSi gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT izrdeba. igi aseve exeba

transnacionaluri korporaciebis rols am sferoSi da aRniSnavs: `dasavleTis

qveynebis TavdacviTi industriis transnacionalizacia momdinareobs komerciuli

logikidan, rac erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba, magram es

tendencia sayovelTaoa. miT ufro, rom samxedro mrewveloba mWidrod aris

62

gamoikveTeba vaWrobis liberalizacia, da aSS kisruloben mTavari ro-

lis Sesrulebas Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyoba-

ganviTarebaSi (GATT, NAFTA, WTO). izolaciis saxifaTo mxareebi (minusebi) kargad Seiswavles amerikelma poli-

tikosebma meore msoflio omis Semdeg. aSS-ma aRar gaimeores daSvebuli Secdomebi da

dauyovnebliv ikisres msoflio lideris roli. daiwyo Ria saerTaSoriso savaWro

sistemis (dafuZnebuli gatze) da stabiluri savaluto sistemis (dafuZnebuli

breton-vudsis sistemaze) Seqmna. marSalis gegma smuT-holeis tarifis pirdapiri

antiTezisi iyo. igi ansaxierebda amerikis mier Tavisi gansakuTrebuli rolisa da

pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas sakuTar sazRvrebs gareT mSvidobisa da keTildReobis

damyareba-SenarCunebis saqmeSi.

eWvebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaCnda 1960-iani

wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. amerikis ekonomikuri upiratesobebi

danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT swrafad iklebda, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi

intensiurad viTardebodnen da eweodnen aSS-s. amis sapasuxod amerikaSi izrdeboda

proteqcionisturi grZnobebi, romlebic upirispirdebodnen iq arsebuli Tavisufali

vaWrobis tradiciul politikas. amerikis aseTi qmedebis gamo dairRva, agreTve,

saerTaSoriso savaluto bazrebis stabiluroba. amave dros vietnamis omma xeli

Seuwyo amerikaSi inflaciis zrdas, romelic eqsportirdeboda sazRvargareT

saerTaSoriso gacvlebSi dolaris rolis gamo. amerikis partniorebi, gansakuTrebiT

safrangeTi da germania, ukmayofiloni iyvnen aSS dolaris, rogorc msoflios

sarezervo valutis, fasis amgvari dacemiT. sabolood am problemebma uari aTqmevina

amerikas breton-vudsis konferenciis Sedegad dadgenili myari gacvliTi kursis

sistemaze, da daiwyo mcocavi kursis xana. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis

politikam safuZveli Cauyara bazrebis mzard globalizacias, amerikuli hegemoniis

dakninebam mravali eWvi dabada, gansakuTrebiT Tavad amerikaSi, msoflio ekonomikis

stabilurobisa da perspeqtivebis mimarT.

amJamad amgvari eWvebi amerikis mimarT aRar arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua

periodisaTvis amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis safrTxe aRar iyo realuri. sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlis, iaponiis Tanmimdevruli dasustebis, evropaSi umuSevrobis maRali

donisa da ekonimikis zrdis neli tempebis, agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSirSi

integraciis problemebis fonze, amerikis industria kvlav konkurentunariani gaxda.

rogorc omebs Soris periodSi amerikis moqmedebidan Cans, saukeTeso resursebis qona

ar niSnavs avtomaturad yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifod gadaqcevas.

erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar miiCnevs zogierTi mecnieri Zalauflebis

ganawilebas saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT

faqtorad, aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da maTi roli. iseTi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi, rogorebicaa gaero, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,

msoflio savaWro organizacia da evrokavSiri, uzrunvelyofen informaciis gacvlas

wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, aadvileben molaparakebebs da SeTanxmebebs maT Soris,

agreTve, akontroleben miRebuli wesebis dacvas da xandaxan sjian SeTanxmebebis

damrRvevebs. am organizaciebis gareSe saerTaSoriso ekonomika da saerTaSoriso

politika bevrad ufro arastabiluri, naklebad gaxsnili da metad konfliqturi

iqneboda.

Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da gavlena sadavoa. realistebi,

ZalauflebisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli xazgasmiT, ar miiCneven saerTaSoriso

organizaciebs realur Zalad da Tvlian, rom maTi gavlenianoba damokidebulia da

ganisazRvreba wevri saxelmwifoebis qmedebebiT. evrokavSirSi, magaliTad, germania

TamaSobs hegemonis rols. bevrs, umetesad evropel mecnierebs, miaCniaT, rom

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs aSS akontroleben, da, Sesabamisad, isini aSS interesebs

gamoxataven. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msoflio

banks, romlebsac aSS iyeneben sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad.

15

marSalis gegma

marSalis gegma oficialurad wamoyenebuli iyo aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj

marSalis mier 1947 wels, rogorc omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis

gegma. misi ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1948 wels da dasrulda 1949 wels. igi iTva-

liswinebda amerikis mier evropisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. gegmis wevri

iyo yvela evropuli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis garda. daxmarebis

gareSe darCa, agreTve, espaneTi, frankos reJimis gamo, da dasavleT germania. es

ukanaskneli 1949 wels gaxda marSalis gegmis wevri. gegmis ganxorcielebaze kontroli

daekisra amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil amerikul organizacias — ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis administracias marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-ma gamoyves 12

miliardi dolari.

rogor isargebla am gegmiT amerikam? aSS-Si seriozulad eSinodaT, rom meore

msoflio omis Semdeg ar dabrunebuliyo 30-iani wlebis SimSili da umuSevroba.

marSalis gegmis erT-erTi mizani iyo amerikis ekonomikis SenarCuneba. imdroindel

erT-erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoqveynebulia statia amerikeli biznesmenebisaTvis:

`marSalis gegma aris biznes-gegma.... es aris saofise da sawarmoo da sasawyobo samuSao.

marSalis gegma niSnavs samuSaos, da Tqven iqnebiT masSi momuSaveebi”. (Kiplinger Magazine, Washington D.C., May 1948). marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis periodSi fuli, romelic

evropulma saxelmwifoebma miiRes, daixarja aSS-is mier warmoebul sursaTsa da

saqonelSi. amerikis ekonomika ayvavda.

Tu Tavdapirvelad marSalis gegmis logo iyo `evropis aRorZinebisaTvis — aSS-

sgan”, 1955 wlidan is Seicvala da gaxda `siZliere Tavisufali msofliosaTvis — aSS-

sgan”. es ukanaskneli kargad gamoxatavda marSalis gegmis erT-erT umTavres mizans —

Tavisufali da maRalganviTarebuli ekonomika da msoflio daepirispirebina komu-

nizmisaTvis.

marSalis gegma Tavidanve seriozulad iyo gakritikebuli ssrk-s mier. igi gani-

xilavda marSalis gegmas rogorc imperialisturi politikis erT-erT ZiriTad aqts,

romelic miznad isaxavda amerikuli monopoliebis mier evropis ekonomikebis eqspan-

siasa da agresiuli samxedro blokebis sistemis Seqmnas. misi mizani iyo, agreTve, See-

narCunebina meore msoflio omis Sedegad dasavleT evropaSi kapitalizmis Seryeuli

poziciebi, gaeZlierebina evropis damokidebuleba amerikaze da win aRdgomoda

progresul socialur cvlilebebs. (Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971).

Carlz kindlebergeri (1910 — 2002)

Carlz kindlebergeri iyo amerikeli ekonomisti, romelic iTvleba

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mamad. igi iyo, agreTve, erT-erTi

avtori marSalis gegmisa. 1932 wels man daamTavra pensilvaniis

universiteti, xolo 1937 doqtoris xarisxi miiRo kolumbiis univer-

sitetSi. Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo niu-iorkis federalur sarezervo bankSi.

1985 wlidan gaxda amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis prezidenti. iyo

amerikis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademiis wevri, amerikis

filosofiuri sazogadoebis wevri. aris asamde samecniero naSromisa da

wignis avtori, maT Soris – saerTaSoriso ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosi,

romelic pirvelad 1957 wels gamoica. 1991 wels daibeWda misi

avtobiografia `ekonomistis cxovreba~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali mosazreba arsebobs Tavad hegemonuri stabi-

lurobis Teoriis Sesaxeb, mis momxre mecnierTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba qvemoT

moyvanili hegemonebis arsebobaze istoriaSi da maTi hegemonobis vadebze. TiToeulis

hegemonobis periodi daaxloebiT saukune grZeldeboda:

portugalia — 1494 — 1580ww. (italiuri omebis dasasrulidan espaneTis meir

portugaliis dapyrobamde). emyareboda portugaliis dominirebas navigaciaSi.

16

basa da erTmaneTis daxmarebaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikur-

samxedro aliansi aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqti upirispirdeboda

natos. 1949 wels Camoyalibebuli, natosgan gansxvavebiT, varSavis paqti

ar iyo damoukidebeli organizaciuli struqtura aramed mas hqonda

sabWoTa kavSiris, Tavdacvis saministros nawilis funqciebi. sabWoTa

kavSiri iyenebda varSavis paqts Tavisi daarsebidan 30 wlis manZilze

rogorc mTavar meqanizms aRmosavleT evropaSi saomari da politikuri

kontrolis damyarebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda varSavis

paqti, raTa Seeqmna STabeWdileba erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa

da daemala simarTle Tavisi politikuri dominirebis da saomari Carevis

Sesaxeb mravali qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. sabWoTa kavSiri varSavis paqts

iyenebda, agreTve aRmosavleT evropuli socialisturi qveynebis jare-

bis gasaviTareblad da maTi saomari strategiis gamosayeneblad.

,

1955 wlis paqtis dadebamde didi xniT adre sabWoTa kavSirma Camoaya-

liba aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis aliansi, romelic emsaxureboda

misi usafrTxoebis interesebs. aRmosavleT evropis faSisturi germa-

niisgan ganTavisuflebisas, meore msoflio omis dros, wiTelma armiam

daamyara politikuri da saomari kontroli am regionze. sabWoTa kavSi-

ris sididem, ekonomikurma wonam da didma samxedro Zalam ganapiroba

misi, rogorc qveynis, dominireba evropis am nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirs

undoda aRmosavleT evropis gamoyeneba buferul zonad Tavisi dasavle-

Ti sazRvrebis dasacavad da ideologiuri gavlenis gasavrceleblad.

meore mizezi iyo samSoblos dacva sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis

prioritetebis ierarqiaSi. aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis daqvemde-

barebiT sabWoTa kavSirma uzrunvelyo Tavisi kontroli regionze.

1955 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleT evropis

aliansis sistema. varSavaSi erTad Seikribnen warmomadgenlebi albane-

Tidan, bulgareTidan, Cexoslovakiidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan da

rumineTidan. maTi mizani iyo xeli moeweraT mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisa-

Tvis megobrobaze, TanamSromlobaze da urTierTdaxmarebaze, romelic

hgavda ukve ZalaSi Sesul maT ormxriv SeTanxmebas sabWoTa kavSirTan.

legaluri mravalmxrivi aliansis formirebam gaaZliera sabWoTa

kavSiris pretenzia msoflioSi socialisturi sistemis liderobaze,

gazarda misi prestiJi da daakanona misi arseboba da gavlena aRmosavleT

evropaSi. natos Camoyalibebamde (1949 wels) sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelo-

vani mizezebi hqonda araformaluri kavSiris sistemis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis, magram varSavis paqtma, rogorc formalurma organizaciam,

saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSirs, rom oficialurad SewinaaRmdegeboda

natos dasavlur-aRmosavlur diplomatiaSi. varSavis paqtma misca

sabWoTa kavSirs Tanaswori statusi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, rad-

gan igi iyo lideri damoukidebeli qveynebisa, romlebic mxars uWerdnen

mis Sinagan politikas saerTaSoriso arenaze. varSavis paqti asevev

daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs gaeadvilebina saSinao politikis gavrceleba

aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqtma sabWoTa kavSirs daakanonebina

sabWoTa jaris yofna da Tavisi didi gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis amerikis ekonomikis

TandaTanobiTi Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es samxedro Sejibri iyo,

romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura da saTanado

yuradRebis gareSe datova qveynisaTvis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebi. laparaki aRar

aris ssrk-ze, romlis gegmiuri ekonomika Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo da civi omis

dasrulebisaTvis ukve naTeli xdeboda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesis

Seuqcevadoba.

civi omis damTavrebam SesaZlebloba misca amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mniSvne-

lovnad SeemcirebinaT Tavisi samxedro xarjebi. 1991 wels erovnuli usafrTxoeba

asaqmebda daaxloebiT eqvs milion adamians kerZo samxedro industriaSi, aqtiur

samxedro samsaxurSi da Tavdacvis departamentSi. 1991 wlidan 2001 wlamde (aT

weliwadSi) es ricxvi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioniT Semcirda. meore msoflio omidan 1988

61

saWiro. magram vinaidan es ase ar aris da `amasTan, Tavdasxmis SiSi — usafrTxoeba

subieqturi gagebiT — ar aris SedarebiTi Zlierebis proporciuli. Tu es mcdari

mosazrebaa, maSin, ratom grZnobs zogierTi susti da daucveli saxelmwifo Tavs ufro

usafrTxod, vidre aSS?” (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia.

samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004).

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samxedro teqnika sakmaod Zviria da misi fasi

ganuwyvetliv izrdeba mis ganviTarebasTan da gaumjobesebasTan erTad. xolo

samxedro teqnikis efeqturoba swored mis TanamedroveobaSi da upiratesobaSi

mdgomareobs. Sesabamisad, samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi, an mis

importirebas, mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi aqvs. swored amitom, xSirad miiCneven, rom

kargi SeiaraReba mxolod maRalganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis prerogativaa.

aq gasamijnia ori momenti — samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoeba da misi importi. rac

Seexeba warmoebas, amis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes im qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia

seriozuli ekonomikuri resursebi, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri struqtura, inteleqtua-

luri kapitali da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, amis tradicia.

Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraReba moiTxovs maRalteqnologiuri dargebis mniSvne-

lovan ganviTarebas, xolo maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTareba praqtikulad

SeuZlebelia dabalganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. samxedro danaxarjebi,

mSvidobian periodTan SedarebiT, erTi-orad izrdeba omis dros. amas emateba

adamianuri resursebi, ekonomikis sxva, ara samxedro sferos, danaxarjebi, bunebrivi

resursebis gazrdili xarjebi da sxva.

rac Seexeba samxedro SeiaraRebis imports, es msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikaa da

mas TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo mimarTavs, Tumca umetesad naklebad ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT yvela is zemoT CamoTvlili piroba, romelic

saWiroa Tanamedrove da efeqturi SeiaraRebis warmoebisaTvis. Tumca aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom sul ufro meti naklebadganviTarebuli qveyana iwyebs 1980-iani

wlebidan Tavisi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eqsportsac ki.

umetesad laTinur amerikaSi (brazilia) da aziaSi. paralelurad es qveynebi SeiZleba

SeiaraRebis importsac eweodnen. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, muSa

xelis deficiti naklebia, Tumca xSiria maRalkvalificiuri samxedroebis an samxedro

teqnikis mcodneTa nakleboba an ararseboba. naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebi xSirad

yiduloben (qiraoben) samxedro-industriuli sferos specialistebs da adgilzeve

cdiloben samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoebas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT

danaxarjebs mza produqciis importirebasTan SedarebiT.

ratom sWirdeba Zlier da ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos Tanxebis

daxarjva SeiaraRebaze da aris Tu ara ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro Zlierebis

safuZveli?

am sakiTxebze saubrisas, gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis iseT movlenas,

rogoric iyo civi omi (iTvleba, rom daiwyo 1946 wels uinston CerCilis sityvebiT:

`rkinis farda~ CamoeSva dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris). am periodSi e.w. Sejibri

SeiaraRebaSi (arms race; гонка вооружений) aqtiurad mimdinareobda or zesaxelmwifos —

aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (msoflio politikuri sistema bipolaruli iyo). civi omis

periodSi ukanaskneli donis da masStaburi SeiaraReba pirdapir asocirdeboda

erovnul usafrTxoebasTan (Zalis demonstrireba — grandiozuli aRlumebi samxedro

teqnikis CvenebiT, omebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi — vietnami, avRaneTi, da sxv.). civi omis

periodSi koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze zrunvis Sedegad dapirispirebuli

saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen samxedro blokebSi — dasavleTi — CrdiloeTi atlantikis

xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (nato), sabWoTa kavSiri, Tavis satelitebTan erTad —

varSavis paqtSi.

varSavis paqti

,

1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis,

germaniis demokratiuli respublikis (aRmosavleT germania), ungreTis,

poloneTisa da rumineTis komunisturi da mSromelTa partiebis

generaluri mdivnebi Seikribnen varSavaSi. maT xeli moaweres dokuments

romelic agrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromlo-

60

hegemonobaze pretendenti: espaneTi;

niderlandebi — 1580 — 1688ww. (utrextis 1579 wlis xelSekrulebidan uiliam

oranelis Camosvlamde inglisSi). emyareboda niderlandebis mier fulisa da

kreditebis kontrolirebas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: inglisi;

britaneTi — 1688 — 1792ww. (didi revoluciidan napoleonis omebamde). emyareboda

britaneTis safeiqro mrewvelobas da mis mier didi zRvebis kontrols. hegemonobaze

pretendenti: safrangeTi;

britaneTi — 1815 — 1914ww. (venis kongresidan pirvel msoflio omamde). emyareboda

britaneTis industriul upiratesobas da rkinigzas. hegemonobaze pretendenti:

germania;

aSS.. 1945 — 1971ww. emyareboda navTobsa da Sida wvis Zravas. hegemonobaze

pretendenti: ssrk.

am qronologiur sqemasTan aRsaniSnavia modelskisa da tomfsonis msoflio

liderobis grZeli ciklebis Teoria. isini Tavis TeoriaSi emyarebian am sqemas da

acxadeben, rom TiToeul ciklSi oTxi fazaa gamoyofili: 1. globaluri omi; 2.

msoflio batonoba; 3. delegitimacia; 4. dekoncentracia. Teoriis mixedviT, lideri

saxelmwifo ibadeba globaluri omis Sedegad, romlis drosac vlindeba politikurad

da ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelsac Seswevs Zala marTos

saerTaSoriso sistema, daawesos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi da SeinarCunos isini sxva

saxelmwifoebisaTvis. aqedan iwyeba meore faza, romelsac msoflio batonoba hqvia.

qveyana Tavisi siZlieris zenitSia yvela aspeqtSi. magram hegemonobas da liderobas

pliusebTan erTad minusebic aqvs: liderobis SenarCunebas sWirdeba seriozuli

resursebi da energia. amasTan, mSvidobianobis periodSi nel-nela Zlierdebian sxva

saxelmwifoebic (globalur omSi damarcxebuli), izrdeba pretenziebi hegemonis

mimarT da Cndeba ambiciebi hegemonobaze. aq iwyeba mesame faza: hegemonobaze

pretendentis seriozuli ganacxadi da arsebuli wesrigis delegitimacia.

delegitimacias mohyveba areuloba sistemaSi, sistemis decentralizacia da isev

globaluri omis dawyeba axali hegemonis gamosavlenad. am Teoriis mixedviT,

globalur omebs Soris mSvidobiani periodebi daaxloebiT 80 weliwadia, da meore

msoflio omis Semdeg momdevno globaluri omi daaxloebiT 2030 wlisaTvis unda

daiwyos.

goldstainis grZeli ciklebis Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri omebi seriozuli

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebis Tanmdevia, vinaidan ekonomikur aRmavlobas da

keTildReobas sWirdeba soliduri resursebi, romelTa mosapoveblad da maTze

kontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli xdeba brZola. swored amitom hegemonobis

pretendenti saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas da amiT Tavisi

ekonomikuri Zlierebis uzrunvelyofas. magram omi Zalian Zviri siamovnebaa, moiTxovs

uzarmazar danaxarjebs, da qveyanas didi xani ar SeuZlia misi gagrZeleba. igi sustdeba

da iwyeba mSvidobiani periodis axali 50-wliani cikli. am Teorias meorenairad

ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da omebis ciklis Teoriasac uwodeben (a. rondeli.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 1996).

meoce saukunis meore naxevridan hegemonobaze pretenzias sabWoTa kavSiric

acxadebda, Tumca misma daSlam da, zogadad, komunisturi reJimis ngrevam amerika

kvlav erTaderT hegemonad datova.

vin iqneba Semdegi hegemoni? erTiani evropa? CineTi? Tu kvlav amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi SeinarCuneben hegemonobas?

17

safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi

meore msoflio omis Semdeg

didi depresiisa da meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis demokratiulma saxel-

mwifoebma gamoyes ori ekonomikuri prioriteti: ekonomikuri zrdisa da sruli

dasaqmebis miRweva da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. yvelafer

amas ar unda daeSva axali ekonomikuri da politikuri kolafsi da kidev erTi samxedro

konfliqti. es iyo saerTaSoriso konsensusi, vinaidan wina monetarulma sistemebma,

romlebic ZiriTadad bazris Zalebs eyrdnoboda, ar gaamarTla. 1944 wels breton-

vudsSi (niu-hemfSiri, aSS) Catarda konferencia. masSi monawileobda ormocdaoTxi

saxelmwifo. konferenciis mizani swored amgvari stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri

wesrigis Seqmna iyo. jon keinsi britaneTSi da heri deqster uaiti aSS-Si iyvnen am

sistemis arqiteqtorebi.

es ekonomikuri sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc liberaluri, romelsac gana-

mtkicebda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da romelic xels Seuwyobda xangrZliv

mSvidobas msoflioSi. orwliani ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sedegad aSS-sa da did

britaneTs Soris (msoflios imJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri liderebi) axali

saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Seqmnis gegma daisaxa.

Tavdapirvelad igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, pirvelad istoriaSi, saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis mier marTvad sistemad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa msoflio banki da

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. maT unda ekisraT savaluto funqciebis Sesruleba

saerTaSoriso sistemisaTvis. aRniSnuli organizaciebis daarsebac swored breton-

vudsSi gadawyda.

breton-vudsis sistemaSi Semdegi mTavari punqtebi iyo Camoyalibebuli:

1. vinaidan omebs Soris periodma cxadyo, rom Tavisuflad rxevadi savaluto

kursebi araxelsayrelia saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, monawile

qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba gamoacxadon TavianTi valutebis “par valu”, rogorc

dadgenili gacvlis kursi or valutas an valutasa da oqros Soris dadgenili

garkveuli wonis da valutasa da valutebis kalaTs Soris. saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gacvliT kursebSi stabilurobis damyareba. SemuSavda

sistema, romelsac erqva par (equal) valu sistema. aSS-ma gansazRvres TavianTi

dolari ase: erTi uncia oqro iyo 35 dolari. sxva saxelmwifoebma gansazRvres

TavianTi valutebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi. isini itovebdnen, agreTve, Carevis

uflebas, raTa valutebis rxevadoba daeyvanaT minimumamde +1-dan —-1-mde;

2. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Tavi aeridebinaT yovelgvari ekonomikuri omebisTvis.

amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna monawileTa qcevis kodeqsi, romelic Caiwera

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wesdebaSi. amiT ganmtkicda mravalmxrivi gadaxdebi

savaluto konvertabelurobis bazaze;

3. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen savaluto problemebis gadasawyvetad SeeqmnaT erTgvari

savaluto instituti. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi Sesatani wesebiTa

da kvotebiT, romelic gascemda sesxebs. amgvar instituts analogi ar hqonda

istoriaSi. mas daekisra sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. valutis gacvliTi kursebis da

konvertabelurobis regulireba; 2. damatebiTi valutiT, oqroTi uzrunvelyofa

(finansuri funqcia); 3. sakonsultacio funqcia.

breton-vudsis sistemas ar Seucvlia oqroze gacvlis standarti. amave dros

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto rezervi ganixileboda rogorc sakmarisi

nebismieri problemis gadasawyvetad.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Tavdapirvelad Caido daaxloebiT 8,8 miliardi

dolari, romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis Senatanebisgan oqroSi da maT

erovnul valutaSi.

magram omis Semdgomi savaluto urTierTobebi ver gaxda stabiluri. mxolod aSS-

ma, kanadam da centraluri amerikis ramdenime saxelmwifom SeZles dadgenili wesebis

Sesruleba. danarCenebi imdenad dasustebulebi iyvnen, rom TavianTi valutebis

18

estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi,

saqarTvelo, slovakia, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi,

fineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da sxv.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is tendenciebi, romlebic SeiniSneba am organizaciaSi

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. es aris natos gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT da es

organizaciis swored im funqcias ukavSirdeba, romelic gulisxmobs evropaSi

stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas. vinaidan natos wevrobis kandidatebi

yofili socialisturi saxelmwifoebia, gasakviri ar aris rom am procesiT

ukmayofiloa ruseTi.

,

evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki

evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki daarsda 1991 wels centralur da

aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis dacemis sapasuxod, raTa xeli Seewyo am

saxelmwifoebSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiul garemoSi. amJamad

banki exmareba 27 qveyanas aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, damoukidebel

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis CaTvliT. ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros qveynebs

Tanmimdevrulad gadavidnen sabazro ekonomikaze. Tavisi fulis investirebis garda

banki axdens didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciis mobilizaciasac qveynebisaTvis.

bankis daxmareba gaicema sesxebis saxiT umetesad finansebSi, infrastruqturasa da

warmoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba mcire da saSualo biznesze. kerZo

seqtoris garda, banki muSaobs, agreTve saxelmwifo seqtorSic da xels uwyobs

privatizaciis process, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi kompaniebisa da

municipaluri samsaxurebis restruqturizacias. bankis investiciebs Tan axlavs

teqnikuri daxmarebis programebi, romelTa mizania xeli Seuwyon qveyanas gardamaval

periodSi politikur, ekonomikur da garemos dacvis doneebze. bankis kapitali

Seadgens 20 miliard evros.

erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika

am sakiTxis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xarjaven saxelmwifoebi

uzarmazar Tanxebs SeiaraRebaze, ra principiT da risi gaTvaliswinebiT ixarjeba es

Tanxebi, ra kavSirSia SeiaraReba, samxedro siZliere da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, ra

kavSirSia ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebasTan da ra tendenciebia meore

msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi samxedro industriis ganviTarebis sferoSi.

nebismieri saxelmwifo zrunavs Tavis erovnul usafrTxoebaze da cdilobs

maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos igi. magram yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifosac ki ar SeuZlia

absoluturad iyos darwmunebuli, rom mis erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar

emuqreba, vinaidan is ar aris erTaderTi, vinc am problemis mogvarebaze zrunavs, da

misi mezobeli Tu moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi, mis paralelurad, gamalebiT aumjobeseben

da xvewen TavianT usafrTxoebas. amgvarad, yvela qveyana, surs mas es Tu ara,

iZulebulia gaaZlieros Tavisi samxedro da samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi.

rogorc aleqsandre rondeli aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~,

`radgan safrTxe ara mxolod fizikurad arsebobs, aramed xSirad Zalze subieq-

turadac da igi yvelas mier gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba, usafrTxoebas mniSvnelovani

fsiqologiuri aspeqtic axasiaTebs. usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi mis

obieqtur Sefasebasa da aRqmas metad arTulebs da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, erovnuli

usafrTxoebis prioritetebisa da politikis gansazRvrisas, araracionaluri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ganapirobebs~.

arnold uolfersis azriT, usafrTxoeba da Zala sinonimuri cnebebi iqneboda im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zalis dagroveba iqneboda

59

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. metic, maTi azriT, aSS-is tipis

saxelmwifod evrokavSiris gadaqcevis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba misi daSliTac ki

damTavrdes. ufro savaraudoa, rom evropis momavali mowyoba konfederaluri tipis

iyos (Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996). hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, rom evrokavSiri aris mravalerovnuli ekono-

mikuri marTvis yvelaze ambiciuri proeqti Tanamedrove msoflioSi, magram mas jer

kidev sWirdeba daxvewa. misi ZiriTadi problema, avtorebis azriT, Sida komunikacia da

isaa, rom mis Semadgenel qveynebs gansxvavebulad warmoudgeniaT kavSiris momavali,

rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erTiani sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas.

igive avtorebis azriT, dRevandel msoflio ekonomikaSi dominirebs sameuli —

evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA), da Tu isini SeTanxmebulad imoqmedeben, SeZleben

msoflio ekonomikis mimarTulebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. avtorebs eWvi ara

aqvT, rom wminda Tavisufali bazari Zalian mgrZnobiarea da Znelad Sesacnobi.

Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis momavali stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia

msoflio savaWro sistemis marTvis formis mofiqreba da danergva. xolo vinaidan

dRevandel ekonomikur sistemaSi lideroben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evrokavSiri,

iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia, mmarTvelobis

formazec isini unda SeTanxmdnen. anu, savaraudod, mmarTveloba unda iyos

mravalmxrivi, ufro sworad — sammxrivi. xolo efeqturi mmarTvelobisaTvis sameulis

qmedebebi unda iyos koordinirebuli. amas arTulebs ramdenime garemoeba: maSin,

rodesac Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi dominanti saxelmwifoa

aSS, aris, iaponiis ekonomika ki erT saxelmwifos efuZneba, es orni martivad

Tanxmdebian garkveul sakiTxebze da kompromisebsac advilad pouloben. evrokav-

SirTan mimarTebaSi ki mdgomareoba ufro rTulia. misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebi

xSirad ver pouloben saerTo enas da kavSiris rols msoflio ekonomikis marTvis

saqmeSic gansxvavebulad xedaven. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi wevri saxelmwi-

foebi warmodgenilia evrokavSiris mier da gadawyvetilebebsac maT magivrad iRebs. es

gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba qveynebis SigniT miRebul (nacionaluri done) da Semdeg

kavSiris doneze (supranacionaluri done) miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. amas sam doneze

TamaSis Teorias uwodeben.

amgvarad, evrokavSiris zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevan-

deli msofliosaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs iRebs evro-

kavSiri da ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba igi.

CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia

North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO)

nato Seiqmna 1949 wels rogorc samxedro kavSiri, Tumca Zalian male man serio-

zuli politikuri funqciac SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad natos ZiriTadi mizani iyo wevri

saxelmwifoebis dacva komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis daSlis

Semdeg ki misi mizani Seicvala da axla evropaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi

mdgomareobs. amJamad natoSi gaerTianebulia Semdegi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, didi

britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, norvegia

dania, islandia, portugalia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germania, espaneTi, CexeTi,

ungreTi, poloneTi. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs agresiis

mogeriebaSi, iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis

ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis da sxv.

,

,

natos umaRlesi politikuri organoa Crdilo-atlantikuri sabWo.

natos CarCoebSi moqmedebs evrojgufi, romelSic Sedian nato-s wevri dasavleT

evropuli qveynebis (safrangeTis da islandiis garda) Tavdacvis ministrebi. misi

mTavari amocanaaa am jgufSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis SeiaraRebis gegmebis

koordinacia.

natos farglebSi moqmedebs evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo (1991w.), romlis

mizania ganamtkicos mWidro urTierToba yofil socialistur qveynebTan. misi wevria

natos yvela wevri da, agreTve avstria, azerbaijani, albaneTi, belorusia, bulgareTi,

58

konvertacias ver axerxebdnen. amitom evropis da iaponiis sagadamxdelo saSualebebi

nolze iyo. 1945 wlidan 1947 wlamde aSS aqtiurad moiTxovdnen wevri saxelmwi-

foebisgan breton-vudsis SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas da finansuri institutebis

srulfasovan muSaobas. amisaTvis did Zalisxmevas mimarTes aSS-ma. amerikam did bri-

taneTs 3,75 miliardi dolaris odenobis sesxi misca, rom am ukanasknels daemTavrebina

qveynis SigniT aRdgeniTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi da funti sterlingi kvlav

konvertabeluri gaexada. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, 1947 wels amerika darwmunda, rom

breton-vudsis sistema ar muSaobda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rezervebi

amoiwura da daarsebidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1947 wels, sesxebis gacema SeCerda.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, 1947 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi pirdapir iyo

dakavSirebuli politikur problemebTan: germania politikurad da ekonomikurad

ganadgurebuli iyo; italiasa da safrangeTSi omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba arastabi-

luri iyo; didi britaneTi, nawilobriv Tavisi ekonomikuri siZneleebis gamo, tovebda

indoeTsa da palestinas da veRar asrulebda saberZneTisa da TurqeTisTvis micemul

pirobebs usafrTxoebisa da politikuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb; sabWoTa kavSiri

intensiurad muSaobda evropaSi da Tanmimdevrulad `asocialistebda~ saxelmwifoebs

(poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, iugoslavia); amasTan,

komunisti partizanebi wartmatebiT ibrZodnen saberZneTSi da komunisturi partiebi

garkveul ndobas ixveWdnen evropis saxelmwifoebSi (mag., safrangeTSi, italiaSi).

1947 wlidan, aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, breton-vudsis sistema, romelic

saerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mier unda yofiliyo marTuli, gadaiqca aSS-is

mier marTul sistemad. mTeli simZime daawva amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, romelsac

sWirdeboda, rom sxva qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dawyebuliyo, raTa iq ar

dawyebuliyo komunisturi ideebis gavrceleba, ar Sesuliyo komunizmi.

1947 wlidan 1960 wlamde amerikas SeeZlo da survilic hqonda ekisra es funqciebi.

rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, aSS-s roli iyo altruizmisa da interesebis narevi.

amerikis ekonomikurma siZlierem da omebs Soris periodSi miRebulma gamocdilebam

xeli Seuwyo mis ekonomikur da politikur liderobas da am faqtis cnobas sxva

saxelmwifoebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi laparakia ZiriTadad evropaze).

1947 wels naTeli gaxda, rom oqro da funti sterlingi veRar asrulebdnen

msoflio fulis rols. oqros warmoeba ar iyo sakmarisi, raTa daekmayofilebina

saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. didi britaneTis

ekonomikuri sisustis gamo funti veRar iyo msoflio valuta. erTaderTi Zlieri

valuta im periodSi iyo aSS dolari (igi myar mimarTebaSi iyo oqrosTan — 35 dolari

udrida erT uncia oqros). garda amisa, aSS-is mTavroba Tanaxma iyo gaecvala dolari

oqroze aRniSnuli kursiT, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda dolars. realurad dolari

ukeTesic iyo, vidre oqro, vinaidan misdami interesi izrdeboda da igi gamoiyeneboda

vaWrobasa da finansebSi. omis bolos amerika flobda msoflios oqros valutis 3/4¾-s.

vinaidan oqros fizikuri warmoeba iyo Zalze Semcirebuli, dolari gaxda ara mxolod

wamyvani sayrdeni valuta, aramed centraluri bankebis ZiriTadi sarezervo

faseuloba. omis Semdeg oqros standarti dolaris standartad iqca. amrigad, breton-

vudsis sistema gaxda hegemonuri savaluto wesrigi, agebuli dolarze. saerTaSoriso

vaWroba, investireba — yvelaferi dolarze damyarda. aSS lideri gaxda civi omis

pirobebSi da xelSi Caigdo dasavleT samyaros marTva. aSS-s izolacionizmi Cabarda

warsuls. es garkveuli garigeba iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris — aSS-s hegemonizms sxva

mokavSireebi sakuTari ekonomikebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen.

Tumca aman garkveuli problemebic Seuqmna aSS-s. dolarze mzardma moTxovnilebam

aSS-s uzarmazari deficiti gauCina.

breton-vudsis sistemis istoria iyofa or periodad: dolaris naklebobis periodi

da dolaris siWarbis periodi. pirveli periodi gagrZelda 1958 wlamde, meore ki — 1971

wlamde. 1950-1956 wlebSi didi sesxebi ar gacemula.

pirvel periodSi, romelsac xSirad aSS-is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodsac

uwodeben, rogorc vTqviT, aRiniSneboda dolaris, rogorc msoflios ZiriTadi

valutis, nakleboba. Tavad aSS-Si vaWroba gamalebiT izrdeboda da seriozuli

ekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeboda. magram imisaTvis, rom sistemas emuSava, saWiro iyo es

procesi evropaSic dawyebuliyo da momxdariyo dolaris gadineba. dolaris gadineba

moxda aSS-is daxmarebis programebiT: trumenis gegma saberZneTisa da TurqeTis

dasaxmareblad, daxmareba ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani,

19

marSalis gegma, romlis farglebSic Teqvsmetma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRo

daxmareba 1948-1952ww. 17 miliardi dolaris odenobiT.

qveynidan gasuli fuli nawilobriv kvlav qveyanaSi brundeboda amerikuli

saqonlisa da servisis SeZenis gziT. sistema muSaobda. evropisa da iaponiis

ekonomikebi aRorZinda.

1950 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, romelic faqtiurad umoqmedo iyo aSS-

is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodSi, daiwyo ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba.

1958 wlidan iwyeba dolaris siWarbis, anu breton-vudsis meore periodi, romelsac

xSirad uwodeben mravalmxriv menejments aSS-is liderobiT.

dolari aRar iyo erTaderTi Zlieri valuta. evropa da iaponia Tanmimdevrulad

viTardebodnen da 1959 wlis bolosTvis maTi rezervebi aSS-sas miuaxlovda. aSS-is

oqros maragma daiklo 24,4 miliardi dolaridan 1948 wels 19,5 miliard dolaramde

1959 wlis bolosTvis. ucxoeTSi akumulirebuli dolaris maragi gaizarda 7,3

miliardidan 1948 wels 19,4 miliardamde 1959 wels.

1960 wlis noemberSi dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac spekulantebma

dolari gadaaxurdaves oqroze. es ar niSnavda dolaris gaufasurebas. amerika kvlav

lideri iyo da misi ekonomika janmrTeli, Tumca es imaze mianiSnebda, rom amerikas

aRar SeeZlo erTpirovnulad emarTa safinanso sistema da saWiro gaxda sxva wevrebis

aqtiuri Cabma.

jer evropuli valutebis gaZlierebam, Semdeg, cota mogvianebiT, 1964 wels,

iaponiis valutis gamyarebam da konvertabelurad gadaqcevam dabada am qveynebSi

survili, rom maTTan aRar akumulirebuliyo aSS dolari. amitom am qveynebma

intensiurad daiwyes dolarisgan gaTavisufleba. amas Tan daerTo vietnamis omi da

axali politikur-ekonomikuri realobis Camoyalibeba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

faqtiurad veRar asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs. 1968-1971 wlebSi saerTaSoriso

savaluto sistema da misi menejmenti paralizebuli iyo. 1971 wlis 15 agvistos aSS-is

prezidentma niqsonma, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebis

gareSe, calmxrivad gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri politika: SeCerda dolaris

konvertacia oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtiurad breton-vudsis dasasruli iyo.

1976 wels kingstonSi (iamaika) Sedga saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wamyvani

saxelmwifoebis Sexvedra, sadac sabolood gacxadda breton-vudsis sistemis

dasasruli. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, breton-vudsisa da fiqsirebuli gacvliTi

kursis de faqto damTavreba de iure gaxda iamaikis konferenciaze (Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 140). konferenciaze qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Semdeg

sakiTxebze:

• moxda mcuravi gacvliTi kursebis legalizacia;

• oqros, rogorc rezervis, roli Semcirda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis

oqros rezervis erTi meeqvsedi daubrunda wevr saxelmwifoebs yofil

oficialur fasSi maTi kvotebis proporciulad. kidev erTi meeqvsedi gaiyida

Ria bazarze da miRebuli Tanxa sesxad gaica ganviTarebad qveynebze;

• saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kvotebi gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT opekis

qveynebisTvis;

• gaizarda dafinanseba naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da amiT,

mecnierTa azriT, gaizarda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba;

• qveynebs Tavad unda ganesazRvraT Tavisi valutebis par valu. amgvarad,

erovnul mTavrobebs TviTon unda moewesrigebinaT TavianTi safinanso-

savaluto sistemebi saerTaSoriso wesrigSi Sesvlamde.

konferenciaze, marTalia, oficialurad dadasturda arsebuli sistemis daSla,

magram axali ar Seqmnila.

sTiven gilisa da devid los azriT,breton-vudsis sistema bolomde ar

dasrulebula, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki (breton-

20

rogoricaa: inflaciis da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba, biujetis

deficitisa da valebis kontroli, evropis savaluto sistemis gacvliTi

kursebis meqanizmiT rekomendirebuli normaluri CarCoebis dacva. is

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic moaxerxebdnen am pirobebis Sesrulebas,

gadadiodnen Semdeg etapze;

• 1999 wlidan 2002 wlamde unda daarsebuliyo evropis centraluri banki,

romelic gaakontrolebda gacvliT kursebs da xmarebaSi Seiyvanda erTian

valutas — evros. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac Seasrules wina abzacSi

CamoTvlili pirobebi, ase vTqvaT, gadavidnen Semdeg etapze da maT qveynebSi

mimoqcevaSi Sevida evro. Tavdapirvelad es saxelmwifoebi iyo: espaneTi,

portugalia, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi,

germania, avstria, irlandia da fineTi. oTxi saxelmwifo — didi britaneTi,

saberZneTi, dania da Svecia — ar aris evros arealSi;

• evrokavSiris erT-erTi mizani unda yofiliyo socialuri da ekonomikuri

Tanasworobis miRweva evropaSi. amisaTvis 1994 wels Seiqmna Tanasworobis

(solidarobis) fondi, romelsac finansuri daxmareba unda gaewia

naklebadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebisaTvis,

gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT iseT seqtorebze, rogorebicaa garemos dacva da

satransporto infrastruqtura. am daxmarebiT isargebles espaneTma,

saberZneTma, portugaliam da irlandiam.

maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia arc ise advili aRmoCnda, rogorc

elodnen, Tumca igi ZalaSi mainc Sevida 1993 wlis 2 noembers.

dReisaTvis evropis kavSiri Sedgeba sami organizaciisagan. esenia: evropis

qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, evropis ato-

muri energiis komisia (evratomi). kavSiris ZiriTadi organoebia: komisia, evropar-

lamenti da ministrTa sabWo. evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtuna-

rianobis mqone gaerTianebaa. igi aRiarebulia damoukidebel subieqtad, romelsac

ufleba aqvs dados xelSekruleba rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, aseve

saxelmwifoebTan.

komunisturi reJimebis ngrevasTan erTad gafarTovda evrokavSiris politikuri

da ekonomikuri amocanebic: demokratiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi, adamianis uflebebis

dacvaSi da gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi daxmarebis gaweva.

1999 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen ungreTi, poloneTi da CexeTi. Semdegi

kandidatebi arian TurqeTi, malta da kviprosi. am da kontinentis kidev sxva danarCeni

qveynebis gawevrianebiT evropas istoriuli Sansi eZleva umniSvnelovanesi roli

Seasrulos saerTaSoriso scenaze.

Tumca, evropis Semdgom gaerTianebas seriozuli oponentebic hyavs Tavad

evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. maTgan yvelaze mdidari da Zlieri qveynebi SiSoben,

rom aseTi mzardi tempebiT kavSiris gafarToeba da iseTi moumzadebeli da

ekonomikurad araTanaswori qveynebis gaerTianeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, TurqeTi

da kviprosi, seriozul problemad SeiZleba iqces maTTvis. am ideas gansakuTrebiT

bevri mxardamWeri hyavs germaniaSi, avstriaSi da safrangeTSi. garda imisa, rom aseTi

naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis kavSirSi SesvliT damatebiTi jafa daawveba

kavSiris mdidar qveynebs, mosalodnelia seriozuli emigraciac axlad gawevrianebuli

qveynebidan, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs suraTs, rogorc ekonomikurs, aseve

politikurs. miT ufro, rom, maTi azriT, kavSirs sxva bevri problemac aqvs. ase,

magaliTad, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevis miuxedavad, iugoslaviis

konfliqtma, sadac gadamwyveti roli kvlav aSS-ma da natom iTamaSa, evropas aCvena,

rom mas jer kidev bevri dro sWirdeba, rom Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri

problemebi mTlianad Tavad gadawyvitos.

bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom evropis kavSiri aris am kontinentis saxelmwifoebs

Soris myari ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianoba, dafuZnebuli saerTo erovnul

interesebze, da erT dRes igi SeiZleba gaxdes `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi”. Tumca am

mosazrebis oponentebi miiCneven, rom movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba ararealuria,

vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT saerTo miznebi,

maTi ekonomikebi, socialuri standartebi da garkveuli politikuri miznebi

57

1946 wels didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris uinston CerCilis mier

warmoTqmuli sityva ciurixis universitetSi, bevris azriT, omis Semdeg pirveli

nabiji iyo evropis integraciisaken. CerCilis TqmiT, mTeli evropa iseTive Tavisufa-

li da bednieri unda yofiliyo, rogorc Sveicaria. amis miRweva, misi azriT, SesaZlebe-

li iyo erTiani evropuli ojaxis SeqmniT da misi iseTi struqturiT uzrunvelyofiT,

romlis pirobebSic mSvidobiani, usafrTxo da Tavisufali cxovreba iqneboda. misi

azriT, Sesaqmneli iyo evropis gaerTianebuli Statebi, xolo amisken gadadgmuli

pirveli nabiji unda yofiliyo TanamSromloba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli mosflio omis Semdgomi periodisagan gansxvave-

biT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRar mimarTes izolacionistur politikas da,

rogorc msoflios uZlieresma saxelmwifom, Tavis Tavze aiRes pasuxismgebloba

Careuliyvnen evropis saSinao saqmeebSi. amerikis mTavroba darwmunda, rom Tavi-

sufali vaWrobis Semaferxebeli garemoebebis didi damsaxureba iyo is saerTaSoriso

daZabuloba, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, meore msoflio omamde miiyvana qveynebi.

amrigad, 1945 wlidan Tavisufali vaWrobis agitacia da misi mxardamWeri politikis

gatareba amerikis ZiriTadi piroba gaxda im evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romleb-

sac surdaT aSS-isagan ekonomikuri daxmarebis miReba. civi omis pirobebSi amerikam

SeimuSava marSalis gegma, romlis mizanic iyo evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi-

Tarebis daCqareba, raTa is ar gadaqceuliyo komunisturi reJimis gavlenis sferod.

aseve aSS-is iniciativiT 1949 wels dasavleT evropis umetesma saxelmwifom, aSS-ma

da kanadam daaarses CrdiloeTatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato),

romelic upirispirdeboda socialistur qveynebs. es iyo koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis

organizacia da masSi gaerTianebiT evropulma saxelmwifoebma kidev erTi nabiji

gadadges politikuri erTianobisaken.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis samma qveyanam garkveuli nabiji gaerTianebisken

jer kidev meore msoflio omis dros gadadga. esenia: belgia, niderlandebi da

luqsemburgi. 1944 wels maT Seqmnes beniluqsi — sabaJo kavSiri. 1948 wels am qveynebma

daiwyes saerTo sagareo tarifis SemoRebaze muSaoba.

1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna kidev erTi nabiji iyo evropis gaerTianebisken.

misi mizani iyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis

xelSewyoba, demokratiuli sistemebis mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva.

evropis kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi pirveli nabiji iyo 1950 wels safrangeTis

sagareo saqmeTa ministris robert Sumanis winadadeba, safrangeTsa da germanias,

agreTve yvela sxva msurvel saxelmwifos SeeerTebinaT TavianTi qvanaxSirisa da

foladis resursebi. am ekonomikur integracias Sors gamiznuli gegma hqonda — mWidro

ekonomikuri kavSiriT daezRviaT evropa SesaZlo omisagan.

1951 wels parizis xelSekrulebiT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba

daarsda, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo eqvsi qveyana: safrangeTi, germania, italia,

belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. naTeli iyo, rom ekonomikuri kavSiri

erTaderTi SesaZlo gza iyo politikuri erTianobisaken, da im istoriul etapze

ekonomikuri kavSirebi ufro myari SeiZleboda yofiliyo evropis saxelmwifoebs

Soris, vidre politikuri da samxedro.

1957 wels eqvsi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres

SeTanxmebas evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb da evropis atomuri energiis

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb.

1992 weli gardamtexi periodia evropisaTvis. am wels xeli moewera maastrixtis

xelSekrulebas (evropis kavSiris xelSekruleba). masSi modificirebuli iyo parizis,

romisa da sxva sakvanZo xelSekrulebebi, daxvewili da ganvrcobili iyo evropis mokle

da gZelvadiani ekonomikuri miznebi da Camoyalibebuli evropis qveynebis politikuri

TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi amocanebi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg

oficialurad damkvidrda termini `evropis kavSiri~ (evrokavSiri).

ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti xelSekrulebidan:

• 1990 wlidan 1993 wlamde evrokavSiris prioriteti unda yofiliyo kapitalis

Tavisufali brunvis/moZraobis xelSewyoba;

• 1994 wlidan 1999 wlamde wevr saxelmwifoebs unda moexdinaT TavianTi

ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia, raTa mieRwiaT saerTo miznebisaTvis,

56

vudsis safinanso institutebi) dResac umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben saerTaSo-

riso ekonomikaSi. Xolo, rac Seexeba, aSS dolars, igi kvlavac rCeba msoflios lider

valutad, romelsac mravali qveyana ufardebs TavianT valutebs, gansakuTrebiT

laTinuri amerika da sxva ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.

msoflio banki

msoflio bankis Seqmna gadawyda breton-vudsSi 1944 wels. muSaoba daiwyo 1945

wels. igi gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebaa, magram mis wevrad miiRebian mxolod

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri saxelmwifoebi. Stab-binaa vaSingtonSi. misi

umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo. bankis operatiul saqmianobas axorcielebs

direqtorati. banks hyavs prezidenti.

pirveli sesxi bankma misca safrangeTs 1947 wels omis Semdgomi rekonstruq-

ciisaTvis (250 milioni aSS dolari). am mizniT sesxis gacema mas Semdeg msoflio bankis

erT-erTi prioritetuli sferoa. bankSi 180-ze meti wevria. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi

mizania siRaribesTan brZola mTels msoflioSi. msoflio banki yovelwliurad

aqveynebs msoflios ganviTarebis angariSs.

saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevria 1992 wlidan.

amJamad bankSi gaerTianebulia xuTi instituti:

• rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (International Bank for Reconstruction and Cooperation - IBRD):

Seiqmna 1945 wels. aerTianebs 184 qveyanas. mizania Seamciros siRaribis done

qveynebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. amisTvis gascems sesxebs,

grantebs, kreditebs. exmareba qveynebs analitikuri da sakonsultacio

samsaxuris meSveobiT.

• saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (International Development Association - IDA): daarsda 1960 wels. aerTianebs 162 wevrs. xels uwyobs reformebs

saxelmwifoebSi ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebSi, sufTa wyalmomaragebis

sakiTxebSi da sxv. misi saqmianoba, agreTve, mimarTulia umuSevrobis

aRmofxvrisa da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken.

• saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (International Finance Corporation – IFC): daarsda 1956 wels. aerTianebs 175 wevr saxelmwifos. misi mizania ekonomikis

ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kerZo seqtoris gaZlierebis gziT. muSaobs biznes-

partniorebTan, investirebas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis kerZo

seqtorSi da aZlevs maT grZelvadian sesxebs, exmareba konsultaciebiT.

• mravalmxrivi investiciebis garantiis saagento (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency – MIGA):

daarsda 1988 wels. aerTianebs 157 wevrs. mouwodebs ucxoel investorebs

moaxdinon kapitaldabandebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iZleva garantias arako-

merciul riskTan dakavSirebiT — eqspropriacia, valutis arakonvertabe-

luroba, transferebis SezRudva, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba da sxv. teqnikur

daxmarebas uwevs qveynebs SesaZlo ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb informaciis

gavrcelebaSi.

• investiciebis sferoSi davebis mosagvarebeli saerTaSoriso centri

(International Center for Settlement of International Disputes – ICSID): daarsda 1966 wels. aerTianebs 134 wevr saxelmwifos. xels uwyobs investi-

ciebis mozidvas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, risTvisac SeimuSavebs saerTaSoriso

investirebis wesebs, davebis mogvarebis kanonebs. gaugebrobisa da konfliqturi

situaciebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rCevebs saerTaSoriso investirebis kanonis

Sesabamisad.

21

2004 wels msoflio bankma gasca 20,1 miliardi aSS dolari 245 proeqtis

gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mimarTuli iyo msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi

siRaribesTan sabrZolvelad.

teqnikurad msoflio banki gaeros sistemis nawilia, magram misi mmarTvelobis

struqtura gansxvavebulia. bankis wevroba xmis uflebas iTvaliswinebs, magram aseve

arsebobs damatebiTi xmis ufleba, romelic damokidebulia organizaciaSi finansuri

kontribuciis odenobaze. Sesabamisad banki ZiriTadad kontroldeba ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebis mier, maSin roca misi ZiriTadi klientebi arian ganviTarebadi

saxelmwifoebi. 2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, aSS-s gaaCndaT xmebis mTliani

raodenobis 16,4%, iaponias — 7,9%, germanias — 4,5% da did britaneTsa da safrangeTs

Tanambrad 4,3%. vinaidan seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa 85%,

aSS-s SeuZliaT dablokon nebismieri cvlileba. kritikosebis azriT, saWiroa bankis

mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis Secvla, raTa ukeT iyos gaTvaliswinebuli

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebi da maTTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis

sakiTxebi maTive aqtiuri monawileobiT wydebodes.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aris gaeros specializebuli dawesebuleba,

romelic Seiqmna 1944 wels breton-vudsis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT. fondi

sruli avtonomiiT sargeblobs. fondis wevria 180-mde qveyana. wesdebis mixedviT,

fondma xeli unda Seuwyos saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobas, saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis gafarToebas, Tvalyuri adevnos valutis stabilurobas da gasces kreditebi

wevr saxelmwifoebze sagadasaxado balansebis gasawonasworeblad.

fondis ZiriTad kapitals Seadgens wevri saxelmwifoebis kvoturi Senatanebi.

TiToeuli saxelmwifos kvoturi Senatanis odenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis finansur-

ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa gadaxedvac periodulad

xdeba. sawevroebis 25 procenti ixdeba oqrosa da aSS dolarSi, xolo 75 procenti —

erovnul valutaSi. kreditebis odenoba, romelic SeiZleba avtomaturad miiRos

TiToeulma qveyanam, Seefardeba mis `oqros wils~. fondidan am odenobaze meti Tanxis

miReba SezRudulia. kreditebi fondis wevr qveyanas eZleva misTvis saWiro ucxouri

valutis miyidvis gziT, raSic valdebulia gadaixados erovnuli valuta. 1970 wlidan

fondi uSvebs saerTaSoriso sakredito saSualebebs — e.w. valutis `sasesxo specialur

uflebebs~, romlebic fondis wevrebs Soris maTi kvotebis proporciulad nawildeba.

fondSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben aSS, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia,

italia, kanada, belgia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria (e.w. aTTa jgufi), romlebsac xmebis

umravlesoba aqvT da gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto

politikas.

fondis umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeba.

sabWoSi Sedis TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. fondis Stab-bina

mdebareobs vaSingtonSi.

saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevria 1992 wlidan.

22

evropis integracia

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis internet-gverdis 2005 wlis oficialuri

monacemebiT, dReisaTvis evrokavSiris ekonomika udidesia da misi erTiani Sida

produqti, Seadgens ra 12 865 602 milion aSS dolars, odnav uswrebs aSS-s igive

maCvenebels (11 734 300 milioni). evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda 1990 wlamde Camor-

Ceboda aSS-s, xolo umuSevrobis done amerikaze maRali iyo. igive wyaroSi miTiTebuli

gaTvlebiT, 2006 wels evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda Seadgens 2,3%. amasTan,

ekonomikuri zrdis procentuli maCvenebeli kavSiris Zvel wevrebSi bevrad naklebia,

vidre mis axal wevr qveynebSi. evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi lideria saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi da misi ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi arian: iaponia, Sveicaria da aSS.

ra gza gaiara evropam gaerTianebamde da ra iyo evropuli integraciis mizani?

evropelebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi niSnavda evropuli civilizaciis

dasasruls. Tumca umciresoba xvdeboda, rom evropis gadarCena da misi usafrTxoeba

damokidebuli iyo mis unarze, daeZlia agresiuli nacionalizmi, romelmac evropis

kontinenti katastrofamde miiyvana, da gaeTavisebina idea mSvidobiani da erTiani

evropis Sesaxeb.

1923 wels avstrielma rixard kudenxov-kalergim daaarsa panevropuli moZraoba.

1926 wels man moaxerxa erTad Seekriba evropis sxvadasxva gamoCenili politikuri

figurebi pirvel panevropul kongresze venaSi. aRniSnul kongresamde, evropa,

rogorc politikuri koncefcia, ar arsebobda. kudenxov-kalergis azriT, urTierT-

zizRi evropaSi wamlavda atmosferos da evropis problemebis mogvareba mxolod

Tavad evropelebs SeeZloT. misi azriT, evropis mSvidobiani gaerTianebis gzaze erT-

erTi urTulesi dabrkoleba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli aTaswliani

SuRli iyo.

pan-evropuli moZraobis oqros wlebi meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevari

iyo, rodesac xelmoweril iqna lokarnos SeTanxmeba (1925w. germaniis dasavleTis

sazRvrebis garantiis Sesaxeb) da brian-kelogis paqti (1928w. omze, rogorc

saxelmwifo politikis iaraRze, uaris Tqma).

1929 wels safrangeTis premier-ministrma brianma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba evro-

pis saxelmwifoebis federaciis idea: federacia, romelic efuZneba solidarobasa da

survils, miRweul iqnes ekonomikuri simdidre da politikuri da socialuri Tana-

mSromloba. ideas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri

moRvaweebi.

evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianobis koncefcia swrafad

farTovdeboda da Zlierdeboda, Tumca rigma ekonomikurma da, Semdeg, politikurma

movlenebma ramdenime wliT Seaferxa misi saboloo formiT Camoyalibeba da sruli

realizeba. 1930 wels daiwyo ekonomikuri depresia yvela Tanmdevi problemebiT, xolo

1933 wels germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi movida hitleri. nacionalizmma kidev ufro didi

simZafriT iCina Tavi, da evropa axalma katastrofam moicva.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg kidev ufro cxadi gaxda evropis erTianobis saWiroeba.

evropam gaacnobiera Tavisi sisuste — omma bolo mouRo evropis tradiciul

hegemonias msoflioSi. or axal supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs —

gaaCndaT bevrad ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomika, isini bevrad ukeTes politikur da

samxedro mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, vidre evropis yvela saxelmwifo erTad. orive

msoflio omi daiwyo, rogorc evropis omi da evropis kontinenti mTavari saomari veli

iyo orive SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi gamosavali Seqmnil viTarebaSi iyo evropuli

saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebaSi. am ideis matarebelni imedovnebdnen, rom am gaer-

TianebiT Seiqmneboda mesame (im periodis or supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-s

Semdeg) ekonomikuri da politikuri centri, da evropa daibrunebda Tavis istoriul

funqcias msoflio sistemaSi.

umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda germaniisa da safrangeTis Serigebis sakiTxi, maT Soris,

arsebuli istoriuli problemebis mogvareba. Suamavlad SeiZleba aSS gamosuliyo, da

es mSvidobis garantia gaxdeboda. garda amisa, mecnierTa azriT, evropelebs Soris sul

ufro da ufro matulobda survili ecxovraT Tavisufal, samarTlian da ekono-

mikurad Zlier kontinentze, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTardeboda

urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

55

wlebSi iseTma prokapitalisturma qveyanamac ki, rogoricaa brazilia, vrceli sajaro

seqtori ganaviTara, romelSic Sevida aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebi. yovelive es

amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi kvlavac mniSvnelovania da, rom misi mniSvneloba

srulebiTac ar Semcirebula mesame msoflios saxelmwifo biurokratiaSi. bevri

miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis SezRudviT mTavrobebi

sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, vinaidan erovnuli korporaciebi

xSirad ver uzrunvelyofen produqciaze iseTive fasebs, rogorsac transnacionalu-

ri korporaciebi, amasTan maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxic

SeiZleba ufro dabali iyos. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels mouwevs ufro

maRali safasuris gadaxda naklebad xarisxian saqonelSi. arsebobs azri, rom

sazogadoeba cudad aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarji Tu mogeba mohyveba

qveyanaSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis moqmedebis SezRudvas an gamoricxvas. es

gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa iseT dargebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT

momgebiania an perspeqtiuli. am sferoebis nacionalizacia ise xdeba xolme, rom

sazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli xarjebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxva regionebSi.

ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli politika, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da

ekonomikuri damoukideblobis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba da ara rogorc ekonomikuri

zrdis Seferxebis mizezi. es gadawyvetileba ki, rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis umravles

nawilze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, maSin, roca politikuri elita, romelic irCevs amgvar

politikas, importisa da transnacionaluri kompaniebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli

RonisZiebebidan sargebels poulobs. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aseTma

viTarebam Sedegad gamoiRos transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis Seferxeba an

aRkveTa. piriqiT, SeiZleba adgilobrivma elitam erTobliv sawarmoSi gaerTianeba da

am gziT Tavisis Semosavlebis gazrda isurvos. damokidebulebis Teoriis oponentebis

azriT, swored elitis arasaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebi da procesebze uaryofiTi

gavlena ganapirobebs politikuri Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da codnis uTanasworo

gadanawilebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi.

ucxouri sawarmoebis nacionalizacia yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia nedleulis

warmoebis seqtorisTvis. es aris koloniuri gamocdilebis gamoZaxili. ucxouri

batonoba asocirdeba swored am seqtorTan, romelzec mTeli ekonomika iyo

damokidebuli. nedleulis mogebaze orientirebulma warmoebam seriozuli wvlili

Seitana mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCveneblis zrdaSi da ucxouri valutis

Semodenis ZiriTad wyarod iqca. situacia ar Secvlila rig ganviTarebad qveyanaSi,

magaliTad, spilenZis warmoeba zambiaSi, sadac nacionalizebuli warmoeba nawilobriv

damokidebuli darCa transnacionalur kompaniebze. es urTierToba “marTvis

xelSekrulebis” saxiT gaformda xsenebuli warmoebis adrindel mflobelebTan.

sxvaTa Soris, aseTi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, 70-iani wlebis bolosa d 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi spilenZis fasebis dacemis simZime ufro metad zambias daawva, vidre

transnacionalur kompaniebs.

gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis mtruli ganwyoba

transnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT 60-ian wlebTan da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisTan

SedarebiT Serbilda. am droisTvis bevrma maTganma ukve moaxerxa, rom TavianTi

sabadoebisa da plantaciebis kontolis umetes wils dapatroneboda. 1970-ian wlebSi,

navTobis fasebiT gamowveuli Sokis pirobebSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic

navTobis imports eweodnen, sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis

winaSe aRmoCndnen. maT meti ucxouri valuta esaWiroebodaT da amisi erT-erTi

saSualeba iyo saeqportod gankuTvnili warmoebis asamuSaveblad TavianT qveynebSi

transnacionaluri kompaniebis mozidva. swored aman ganapiroba saeqporto saqonlis

gadamamuSavebeli zonebis momravleba. sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi kidev ufro damZimda wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, radgan ganviTarebuli

qveynebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba niSnavda ganviTarebadi qveynebis saeqsporto

saqonelze moTxovnilebis dacemas. Sedegad, bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam mimarTa

saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio banks sesxebis asaRebad. orive es

organizacia muSaobs, raTa xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebad qveynebs ukeT gaecnon

transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobas, ndobiT ganewyon maT mimarT, Seecadnon

maT mozidvas TavianT qveynebSi da Semdeg ukve SeZlon maTTan TanamSromloba.

54

saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi

meore msoflio omis Semdeg

vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTi

mecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da oms

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs.

saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze, vinaidan

qmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria. Tanamedrove

urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis

saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabmulia yvela qveyana,

vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari da mxolod sakuTari warmoebis

produqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi

qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto

xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia

qveyana, miT ufro didi nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori erTmaneTisagan

Zalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCer-

olin-samuelsonis Teorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT — H-O), xolo meore — nacio-

nalisturs. am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad aris axsnili saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos

Teoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwilad

saxecvlilia.

liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebis

principi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela mxari-

saTvis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa mogebuli am

procesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufali

vaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari ganawilebaa, aramed

maqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda. Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs

erovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSoriso

keTildReobis sawindaria.

Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukve

didi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi yuradReba

im saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic SeuZliaT

uzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. mgvarad, isini amaRleben mTeli

msoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic, vaWroba xels uwyobs

ekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas, demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeul

qveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas, kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobis

uzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.

vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani da

diskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi unda

Seecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze SesaRwevad —

Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis

dadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas ZiriTadi yuradReba

tradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas,

ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad.

yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu,

sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari Sansebi

konkurenciaSi monawileobisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wminda

saxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavisufali

23

vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa momgebiani, romelTa

ekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze da erT konkretul

produqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi-

saTvis ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro momgebiani da mizanSewonilia.

nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da miaCniaT,

rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda gayidos meti

produqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana gaiziarebs, maSin

gasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar iarsebebs.

liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac meti

qveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio, nacionalistebi

ar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmis

yvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmna

niadagi ekonomikuri konfliqtebisaTvis.

Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyo

periodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken. ase,

magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is samrewvelo

ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli tarifis SemoRebas, da

unda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda. hamiltoni ar iziarebda

adam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli

daxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikulma proteqcionizmma

Tavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT),

romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli tarifebi.

germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCnia

mizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis

daqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma saxelmwifoebma

garkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis saxiT, riTac moaxerxes

sakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis dawyeba.

rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, rom

warmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi fundamenturad

gansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu proteqcionizmis, mizani.

nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania, romelsac mohyveba indus-

triuli Zalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo. liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmi

droebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvs

mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba. saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msoflio

simdidris Seqmnaa. liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi

upiratesoba rameSi da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis.

savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

pirvel msoflio omamde msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arse-

bobis pirobebSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im konkretuli kursis

mixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi. amgvarma sistemam ganapiroba

fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela qveynis valutis gacvla nebis-

mieri sxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT.

fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas,

vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakav-

Sirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan. magram am sistemas, mecnierTa azriT, hqonda sul

cota ori nakli. jer erTi, oqros standartis pirobebSi qveynebs ar hqondaT

SesaZlebloba gaekontrolebinaT TavianTi oqros masebi. amis nacvlad yoveli qveynis

oqros masa ganisazRvreboda oqros im nakadiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda sxva qveynebTan

angariSsworebis dros. meorec is, rom yvela qveyanaSi oqros politika ganicdida

oqros mopovebis tempebis gavlenas. mecxramete saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac

oqro mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda, oqros masa mTels msoflioSi neli tempiT

izrdeboda, raTa ar CamorCenoda ekonomikis zrdas. amis Sedegi iyo deflacia, fasebis

dacema. SemdgomSi, mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, aliaskaze da samxreT afrikaSi

oqros sabadoebis aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis

24

saxelmwifoebSi, transnacionaluri kapitalis zegavlena SeiZleba metad mniSvnelo-

vani iyos. marqsisti analitikosebi miiCneven, rom aSS-Si amerikuli transnacionaluri

korporaciebis interesebi dominirebs.

ase rom, maSin, roca transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri Zalaufleba,

garedan zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos,

roca saubaria “centralur” qveynebze, am qveynebis SigniT maTi struqturuli

siZliere umaRles wertils aRwevs, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur doneze.

nawilobriv kapitalisturi sistemis xelSemwyobi koncefciebis kanonTan Sesaba-

misobaSi moyvanis didi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia,

germania, safrangeTi da britaneTi, da saxelmwifos qcevasa da ekonomikuri aqtivobis

doneze saqmiani koniunqturisa da mtkice saqmiani poziciis damsaxurebiT, kapitalis

Zalauflebam SeiZleba TiTqmis hegemonur statuss miaRwios. Tu imuSavebs ekono-

mikuri aqtivobis ZiriTadi liberaluri kanonebi, saqmiani koniunqturis interna-

cionalizacia imas niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso masStabiT mobiluri kapitalis struq-

turuli Zalaufleba marTlac rom Zalze didi iqneba. es pozicia aris transnaci-

onaluri kompaniebis Zalauflebis dominirebadi realisturi interpretirebis meore

mxare. realistebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da “erovnuli

interesebis” ideis dominantur zegavlenas, rac wina planze ayenebs usafrTxoebas.

am TvalsazrisiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi iqamde gaSlian TavianT saqmia-

nobebs da gaizrdebian, sanam es Zlier saxelmwifoebis interesebSi iqneba. saxelmwifo

da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan calsaxad gaimijnon. amitom,

saxelmwifo politika ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod “erovnuli” TvalsazrisiT.

saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politika da is daZabuloba, romelic saxelmwifo

kursis gatarebas axlavs, dakavSirebulia aseve klasobriv da klasebis struqturuli

elementebis interesebTan.

joan spiros azriT, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis politika pirdapir

ucxour kapitalTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi

xSirad SiSiT uyureben transnacionalur korporaciebs da metic, cdiloben SezRudon

maTi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu korporaciebi Cabmulni arian

nedleulis, kerZod, mineraluri nedleulis mopovebaSi. amgvari damokidebuleba

bunebrivia imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi nawilis mier

transnacionaluri korporaciebi aRiqmeba mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebis poli-

tikis gamtareblad, romelTa interesic calmxrivi mogebaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebis

umetesoba xvdeba nedleuliTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT vaWrobis uperspeqtivobas da

yvelanairad cdilobs pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi.

meoce saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ganxorcielda

sagadasaxado sistemis met-naklebi liberalizacia, moxda saxelmwifos mier

momsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis subsidireba, Seiqmna saeqsportod gankuTvnili

saqonlis warmoebis specialuri zonebi da gatarda sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic

mimarTuli iyo iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebis mozidvaze, romlebic

imuSavebdnen qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis sferoebSi da xels Seuwyobdnen

erovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan ganviTarebadi

saxelmwifoebis speqtri mravalferovania, maTi damokidebuleba transnacionaluri

korporaciebis mimarT aseve araerTgvarovania.

zogi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos naklebad keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba

sabazro meqanizmis, konkurenciisa da zogjer kerZo warmoebis mimarT ganpirobebulia

bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis damokidebulebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, rogorc

sabazro sistemisadmi, romelic CrdiloeTSi ufro kargad muSaobs, vidre samxreTSi.

amgvarad, kerZo sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki transnacionaluri kompaniebis, mimarT

ganxorcielebuli SezRudvebi ganixileba rogorc aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTa

saxelmwifos ufro meti wili darCes ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavlidan an imisTvis, rom ganviTardes axlad aRmocenebuli sawarmoebi.

ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad aRiniSneba saxelmwifos zewola

transnacionalur korporaciebze. politikur elitebs ar surT damokidebulni iyvnen

ucxour kompaniebze da maT sapirispirod iwyeben sajaro seqtoris ganviTarebis

xelSewyobas, gansakuTrebiT, im sferoebSi, romlebic, maTi azriT, strategiuli

mniSvnelobisaa. mag. indoeTSi aseT sferoebad miCneulia qimiuri, farmacevtuli,

navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da nedleulis mopoveba. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian

53

kalurad integrirebuli transnacionaluri sawarmoebi ar dominireben ganviTarebadi

qveynebis savaWro saqmianobaSi. aSS-s sawarmoebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mzardi

internacionalizacia da warmoebis vertikalurad integrirebuli sistema mxolod

dasavleT evropiTa da kanadiT Semoifargleba.

vertikaluri integraciis modelTan Tanaarsebobs, agreTve konglomeratis

elementebi, garda amisa, ufro da ufro xSiria sxvadasxva qveynebis transnacionaluri

firmebis TanamSromloba da erToblivi sawarmoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi. bevri

miiCnevs, rom aseTi tipis urTierTobebi riskis faqtors amcirebs (gadaanawilebs) da

gamokvlevebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiTac ekonomiuria.

meoce saukuneSi masobrivi warmoebisa da gamokvlevebze damyarebuli mrewvelobis

ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo axali firmebis bazarze SeRwevas da oligofoliis

ganviTarebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mwarmoebeli transnacionaluri korpo-

raciebi gansakuTrebiT momZlavrdnen qimiuri preparatebis, avtomobilebis, kompiu-

terebisa da eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebaSi. meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTeli periodis

manZilze am kompaniebs samrewvelo ganviTarebis maRali maCvenebeli hqondaT.

mogvianebiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ganviTarda momsaxurebis sferoSic. es

gansakuTrebiT exeba safinanso, sabanko, monacemTa gadamuSavebis, kavSirgabmulobisa

da mediis sferoebs. Cndeba monacemTa globaluri bazebi. xolo teqnikuri SesaZ-

leblobebis zrdis paralelurad SesaZlebeli xdeba safinanso bazrebis dakavSireba

da maTi integracia. imavdroulad, transnacionalizaciam ganviTareba daiwyo sacalo

vaWrobis sferoSic, romelic, ar aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan,

Cveulebriv, moiTxovs klientTan axlo urTierTobas da axlo distancias.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, garkveuli drois Semdeg, Sesaferisi globaluri

politikis pirobebSi, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ufro metad ganviTardeba, vidre

wmindad nacionaluri firmebi. amis mizezi gaxdeba maTi ekonomiuroba, rasac

ganapirobebs maTi masStaburoba, aseve kapitalis ufro mravalferovani da iafi

wyaroebis mopoveba da gadasaxadebis dabali faqtiuri ganakveTi. am ukanasknelSi

igulisxmeba is, rom transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia fasebis dakleba an momateba

saqonelze, masalebze an sesxebze, Tavisi kompaniis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mdebare

filialebs Soris. amitom, transferuli fasebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba or

damoukidebel kompanias Soris SeTanxmebuli fasebisgan, anu im fasebisgan, romlebic

asaxavs sabazro pirobebs. vinaidan transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia aseTi

intrastruqturuli savaWro operaciebis warmoeba im qveyanaSi, romelSic kor-

poraciuli gadasaxadebi maRalia, kompaniis mogeba SeiZleba imaze dabali maCvenebliT

gaformdes, rasac realurad warmoadgens. amis miRweva SeiZleba, magaliTad, im

nawilebze fasebis daklebiT, romlebic sxva qveyanaSi, dabali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi

arsebul Svilobil kompaniaSi gadaigzavneba. amgvarad, transnacionalur kompanias

manevrirebis bevrad meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, da es saSualebas iZleva

vivaraudod, rom transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda Seuqcevadi procesia.

transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobis

sakiTxi mudmivi gansjis Temaa, vinaidan bevri qveyana miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri

korporaciebi politikur gavlenas amyareben mimReb qveyanaze. zogi mecnieris azriT,

yvela saxelmwifo SeiZleba ufro da ufro metad daeqvemdebaros transnacionaluri

kompaniebis Zalauflebasa da gavlenas, maTi globaluri bunebisa da yvelgan

SeRwevadobis gamo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom liberalur saxelmwifoebs naklebad-

konfliqturi urTierTobebi aqvT transnacionalur korporaciebTan.

spiros azriT, yvela qveyanaSi aris imisi moTxovnileba, rom moizidon pirdapiri

ucxouri kapitali da gamonaxon ucxour firmebTan urTierTobis saukeTeso gza.

transnacionalur firmebTan urTierTobisas yvela saxelmwifo awydeba garkveul

problemebs da daZabulobas, Tumca, zogierTi urTierTobis tipi ufro metad

daZabulia, vidre sxva. ufro mravalmxrivad rom warmovadginoT es sakiTxi, vityviT,

rom transnacionaluri kompaniis, anu transnacionaluri kapitalis, rogorc

klasobrivi struqturis nawilis, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra

tipisaa konkretuli saxelmwifo. msoflio sistemaTa terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, am

SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia mocemuli qveynis statusi — centraluria igi,

periferiuli, Tu naxevrad periferiuli.

Tumca, zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi gare Zalas

warmoadgenen, maSin roca saxelmwifoebs SigniT, gansakuTrebiT ki “centralur”

52

mkveTri zrda, rasac mohyva inflacia, fasebis zrda.

pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti,

magram igi gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca.

zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda saSualebas

xelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT mimoqcevaSi fulis

raodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod swrafi tempebiT.

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis libera-

lizaciis dawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es ganpirobebuli

iyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, misi surviliT

Seesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi da

mokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikis

aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca

ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maT

esaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari.

1944 wels msoflios wamyvani qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen

breton-vudsSi, Stati niu-hemfSiri, raTa SeeqmnaT axali saerTaSoriso finansuri

sistema. vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi arsebuli

oqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios valutebi

dolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari.

amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga vaWrobis

liberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da vaWrobis

generaluri SeTanxmebis (gati) SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWro

wesebis saerTaSoriso krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati

(vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba) gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWro

molaparakebebis ramdenime raundis sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra am

saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. meoce saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi

urugvais raundze, romelsac ase ewoda imis gamo, rom igi daiwyo pulta-del-estaSi

(urugvai) molaparakebebisas, qveynebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen vaWrobis Semdgomi

liberalizaciis Sesaxeb da dasaxes samoqmedo gegmebi.

vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba

(General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade – GATT) vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (gati) ganixileboda rogorc mdi-

dari qveynebis klubi. gatis wesebi esaa — e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri wesebi mdidarTa

sasargeblod.

gati Seiqmna 1947 wels. mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis

xelSewyoba, rac gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis dareguli-

rebisa da Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba,

Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. mas, agreTve

unda SeemuSavebina davebis mogvarebis meqanizmebi. Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. gatis mola-

parakebebs uwodeben raundebs.

gatis unda mieRwia Tavisufali da ufro samarTliani vaWrobisaTvis, tarifebis

Semcirebisa da sxva savaWro barierebis moxsnis gziT. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi

eyrdnoboda sam princips:

• aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da yvelaze sasurveli saxelmwifos prin-

cipis (Most-Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelaze

sasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri saxel-

mwifo SeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive SeRavaTebi

unda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen wevrs, raTa yvela

iyos Tanabar pirobebSi);

• vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro barierebis

Semcirebis gziT;

25

• upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris.

unda Seqmniliyo msoflio savaWro reJimi an universaluri kanonebi savaWro

politikis warmoebisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli saxel-

mwifoebis umetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo wevri

saxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma mniSvnelovnad

Seuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis process.

1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi Seenar-

Cunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli cvlilebebi

msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi. saxelmwifoebs

surdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi, da Tu ara, romeli

reJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom

meore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuli

raundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo ekonomikebi

erTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, rom

iwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze meti

uaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansi

liberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris.

1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmis

upiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve aisaxa

savaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da ekonomikuri

proteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime fundamenturma movlenam:

• mcocav savaluto kursze gadasvlam;

• 1973-74 ww. zamTarSi navTobze fasis masiurma momatebam;

• iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam;

• Zlier konkurentunariani axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis gamoCenam

msoflio bazarze;

• aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiTma dasustebam;

• evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam;

• globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma.

yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobis

liberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas.

gati iyo wesebis krebuli, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba instituciuri fundamentis

gareSe. es iyo mcire samdivno, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso savaWro

organizaciis daarsebas. dRes arsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ki mudmivi

institutia Tavisi samdivnoTi. gatis kanonebi exeboda mxolod saqonels da mxolod

mis irgvliv aregulirebda urTierTobebs. msoflio savaWro organizaciis kanonebi ki

exeba, agreTve momsaxurebis sferos da inteleqtualuri qonebis savaWro aspeqtebs.

gatisagan gansxvavebiT msoflio savaWro organizacias gaaCnia davebis mogvarebis

ufro efeqturi da swrafi meqanizmebi.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi ormxrivobam farTod Secvala gatis mravalmxrivobis

principi, da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas

sul ufro metad xelmZRvaneloben politikuri mosazrebebiT.

breton-vudis sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis centraluri bankebis winaSe, aSS-s

federaluri sarezervo sistemis garda, daisva amocana — daecvaT fiqsirebuli

gacvliTi kursebi TavianT valutasa da dolars Soris. amas isini akeTebdnen ucxour

savaluto bazrebze intervenciis gziT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ama Tu im qveynis valutas

26

horizontaluri integracia gulisxmobs erTi tipis qarxnebis muSaobas sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi, anu rodesac centraluri qarxana da misi Svilobili kompaniebi identuri

saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.

konglomeratuli tipis korporaciebi bevr gansxvavebul sferoSi arian Cabmulni

erTdroulad, mag., navTobis, soflis meurneobis, narCenebis gadamuSavebis, mediis,

sammxedro teqnikis warmoebis da sxv.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCe-

vian TavianTi orientaciis mixedviT globalur warmoebasa da realizaciasTan

mimarTebaSi. firma transnacionalurad iTvleba maSinac ki, roca mas mxolod erTi an

ori Svilobili kompania aqvs, romlebzec modis misi mTliani produqciis mxolod

mcire nawili. maT sapirispirod, zogierTi transnacionaluri korporacia sakuTari

produqciis umetes nawils mSobliuri qveynis sazRvrebs gareT awarmoebs, magaliTad,

Sveicaruli firma “nestle” (erT-erTi pirveli transnacionaluri korporacia msof-

lioSi). zogierT transnacionalur korporacias mxolod erT romelime regionSi aqvs

filiali, zogi ki WeSmaritad globaluria, vinaidan misi Svilobili kompaniebi mTel

msoflioSia ganfenili. magaliTad, “fordma” da “jeneral motorsma” manqanebis iseTi

modelebi Seqmnes (“msoflio manqanebi”), romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saRdeba,

sadac SedarebiT normaluri gzebia, maTi awyoba ki warmoebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi

SeiZleba. gaeros gamokvleva Semdeg kategoriebs warmoaCens: orientaciis mixedviT,

korporaciebi aseve iyofian eTnocentrul (mSobliur qveyanaze orientirebul),

policentrul (maspirZel qveyanaze orientirebul) da geocentrul (msoflio

orientaciis) tipebad. “maspinZeli” qveynis xelisufleba xSirad SiSobs, rom ucxouri

kompania mis ekonomikur suverenitets SezRudavs da metic, mis saSiano saqmeebSi

Caereva, raTa sakuTari qveynis sagareo politikuri interesebi ganaxorcielos.

rac Seexeba transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobas, rogorc nebismieri biznes

dawesebuleba, isinic orientirebulni arian mogebaze, korporaciul zrdasa da

sabazro wilis matebaze.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi aseve gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ram-

denad arian CarTulni iseT mwarmoeblur saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapiri ucxouri

kapitalis dabandebis Cveulebriv tips ar Seesabameba - igulisxmeba Svilobili

kompaniebis floba umravlesobis mier (rac Seexeba operaciebis efeqtur kontrols,

tipiuria 30%-ze meti wilis floba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxezea TiTqmis 100%

mflobeloba). saportfelo investiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, produqciisa da reali-

zebis kontroli pirdapiri investirebis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens. is gulisxmobs

codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Tanxebis pakets (erTianobas).

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia — iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs

(Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas.

saportfelo investicia — ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi

kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe.

transnacionaluri korporacia zogjer erTobliv sawarmoSi erTiandeba, sadac

kontroli Tavidanve gadanawilebulia. gilpini aseve asaxelebs transnacionaluri

korporaciis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis mesame tips, marTvis xelSekrulebas, korporacia

ar aris mflobeli, Tumca marTvis sferoSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebis umetesoba mas

ukavia. ucxo qveynebSi saqmianobis kidev erTi variantia e.w. “mza proeqti”, roca

transnacionaluri korporacia daqiravebulia mTeli qarxnis asawyobad da

asamuSaveblad da adgilobrivi muSaxelis gasawvrTnelad. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar gaaCnia

Cveulebrivi aqciebis wili qarxanaSi. masTan SezRuduli urTierToba SeiZleba

gagrZeldes mas Semdegac, rac qarxana adgilobriv mflobels gadaecema — marTvis

sakiTxebSi konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis saxiT. transnacionalurma

korporaciebma SeiZleba ubralod Seisyidon resursebi da produqcia ucxouri

momwodeblebisgan. xSirad, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi damokidebulni xdebian ucxoel

klientebze. zogjer, transnacionaluri korporacia ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi

klienti, radgan adgilobrivi mwarmoeblisTvis xan sesxis, xan masalisa da teqnikuri

konsultaciebis wyarod iqceva.

transnacionaluri saqmianobis erT-erTi aspeqti aris korporaciis Sida savaWro

operaciebis gafarToeba, romlebic Zalian farTo speqtrs moicaven.

gilpinis azriT, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, verti-

51

praqtikulad im qveynebs ekuTvnian, romlebSic funqcionireben da ewevian

TavianT saqmianobas. es xdeba kontraqtaciis bazaze.

vinaidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis upirvelesi mizania maqsimaluri

mogeba, isini dReniadag aumjobeseben menejments, marketingul xelovnebas, eZeben iaf

sawarmo resursebs, iaf adamianur resursebs, strategiul teritoriebs, raTa

minimaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon an gaaumjobeson produqciisa da momsaxurebis

xarisxi da miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba saqminobisgan.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobaSi,

iseve, rogorc nebismier warmoebaSi, aris momxmareblis da myidvelis swori SerCeva da

masze orientireba. Zalian bevri transnacionaluri korporacia, magaliTad, CvenTvis

iseTi kargad cnobili, rogoricaa proqter end gembeli (Procter and Gambel) cdilobs

moicvas momxmarebelTa yvela fena, yvela socialuri statusis piri. amitom, misi

saqoneli, magaliTad, sarecxi fxvnili, varirebs Zvirianidan iafamde. anu, mis

asortimentSi aris rogorc arieli, ZviradRirebuli da maRalxarisxiani sarecxi

fxvnili, aseve taidi, romlis fasic saSualoa da xarisxi didad ar CamorCeba arielis

xarisxs da aseve bonuqsi, romelic iafia, gaTvlilia socialurad naklebad

uzrunvelyofil mosaxleobaze da misi xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia.

gilpinis azriT, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi im

msoflios asaxvaa, romelSic kapitali da teqnologia Zalian mobiluria, xolo Sroma

rCeba SedarebiT naklebad mobiluri. qveynebis ekonomikebs Soris fardobiT upira-

tesobaSi arsebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo transnacionaluri korporaciebi

cdiloben TavianTi warmoeba da filialebi ganaTavson yvelaze xelsayrel,

dawinaurebul, ganviTarebul da, Sesabamisad, momgebian adgilebSi. xelsayrelobaSi

SeiZleba igulisxmebodes iaffasiani muSa xelis arseboba (iafi adamianuri resursebi),

bazrebis siaxlove, liberaluri sagadasaxado CarCoebi, usafrTxoeba.

transnacionaluri kompaniebi sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu romel

sferoSi saqmianoben isini, nedleulis mopovebis, warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis

sferoebSi. meore msoflio omamde pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandeba ZiriTadad

xdeboda nedleulis mopovebasa da plantaciebis moSenebaSi (magaliTad, navTobi,

mineraluri nedleuli, tropikuli xili). kapitalis aseTi gadanawileba asaxavda, erTi

mxriv, samrewvelo qveynebis moTxovnilebas nedleulze da, meore mxriv, evropis

saxelmwifoebis politikur batonobas aziasa da afrikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebisa ki — dasavleTis naxevarsferos umetes nawilSi. Tanamedrove transna-

cionaluri korporaciebis koloniur winamorbedebs ara marto finansuri da teqno-

logiuri resursebi hqondaT, aramed maT gankargulebaSi iyo aseve moqmedi armiebi,

romlebic maTi ekonomikuri Zalauflebis sadarajoze idgnen da, rogorc istoriidan

Cans, xSirad aqtiurad ereodnen kidec.

Tanamedrove transnacionalur korporaciebs ara aqvT pirdapiri samxedro Zala

(Tumca, maTi umetesoba swored samxedro teqnikis warmoebiT aris dakavebuli), amitom

isini ZiriTadad eyrdnobian politikur gavlenas, sabazro Zalauflebas, finansebisa

da teqnologiebis kontrols da, am ukanasknelis gasamyareblad, bazris struqturul

Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1945 wlidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis

saqmianoba gafarTovda swored omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis

pirobebSi, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda amerikis globalur samxedro Zala-

uflebas. metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebis

ZiriTadma sferom nedleulis mopovebidan warmoebaSi gadainacvla — gansakuTrebiT

ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi sam organizaciul tipad iyofa: vertikalurad

integrirebul, horizontalurad integrirebul da konglomeratul tipebad.

vertikalurad integrirebuli korporaciebi ZiriTadad mineraluri nedleulis

mopovebiTa da gadamuSavebiT arian dakavebulni, navTobwarmoebis sferoSi ki maTi

funqciebi ZiriTadad distribucias moicavs. aseTi korporaciebi xSirad floben

benzingasamarT sadgurebs. warmoebis sferoSi momravlda iseTi transnacionaluri

korporaciebi, romlebic nawilebs erT qveyanaSi amzadeben da sxvagan awyoben.

magaliTad, iaponiisa da amerikis eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel firmebs amwyobi

qarxnebi aqvT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, tailandi, filipinebi, malaizia,

samxreT korea da sxv., sadac maT qveynebTan SedarebiT iafi muSaxelia.

50

dolarTan mimarTebaSi hqonda metismetad maRali fasi, misi centraluri banki yidida

Tavisi qveynis valutas dolarebSi gacvliT, riTac amcirebda mis fass. da, piriqiT. Tu

romelime qveynis valutis fasi metismetad dabali aRmoCndeboda, es qveyana

yidulobda Tavis sakuTar valutas da amiT zrdida mis fass.

breton-vudsis konferenciis monawileebma Seqmnes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,

raTa daxmareba gaewiaT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romelTac uWirdaT sagadasaxado

balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta. qveynebs savaluto fondis daxma-

reba sWirdebaT, ZiriTadad, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom isini ganicdian disproporcias

ekonomikaSi. tradiciulad fonds mimarTaven is qveynebi, romlebic arian mZime

mdgomareobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis didi deficitisa da fuladi masis uaRresad didi

zrdis gamo. aseTi qveynebi cdilobdnen moexmaraT meti, vidre maT amis saSualebas

aZlevda Semosavali eqsportisagan. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis standartul

saSualebas, romelsac mimarTavda savaluto fondi, warmoadgenda moTxovnileba

mevale qveynebis mimarT gamajansaRebeli xasiaTis mkveTri makroekonomikuri zomebis

dacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gamkacreba

moklevadiani kreditebis miRebis sanacvlod.

1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-is

ekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis

mdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT hegemonisa

da lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro bloki iyo.

daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tarifebi

da saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis vaWrobam saocari

tempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8 procents miaRwia. kidev

ufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSi

misi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebis

bolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents miaRwia (The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990). avtorTa azriT, am

saswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenerga

da ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZlebloba

gamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdina

warmoebaSi da daesaqmebina mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roli

iTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialuri

saxelmwifo programebi, romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCi-

neboda kerZo investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyo

foladi, navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi,

samrewvelo teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi.

iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa da

importis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika mniSv-

nelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa mkacri

kontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam uzrunvelyo

saSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi meTodebiT impor-

tirebul saqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi administraciuli zomebiT — importis

licenzireba da sxv. paralelurad udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxis

nawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika,

romelic metwilad orientirebuli iyo eqsportze.

gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi gaCnda axali problema. finansuri

bazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mudmivi gaZlierebisa da Zrdis pirobebSi zogi-

erTi qveynebi aRmoCndnen seriozuli problemebis winaSe ucxouri valutis gacemis

saqmeSi — ara imis gamo, rom arasworad warmarTavdnen ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed

imitom, rom kerZo investiciebis dolaris nakadebi ganicdidnen mkveTr cvlilebebs.

xSirad amgvari problemebis gaCenas xsnidnen maTi ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi

struqturuli xarvezebis arsebobiT. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda im finansuri

krizisis dros, romelmac moicva azia 1997 wels.

meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi tailandSi, indoneziasa da

samxreT koreaSi moxda tempebis gansacvifrebeli zrda. inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT

maT Seadgines 9 procenti. ucxoelma investorebma amas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

miaqcies da male aziuri qveynebis ekonomika gaavses finansuri saxsrebiT. azia-wynari

okeanis regionSi kapitalis modena gaizarda daaxloebiT xuTjer. axla, am gada-

27

saxedidan, ekonomistebi ukve amtkiceben, rom am qveynebs ar SeswevdaT Zala

gamklavebodnen kapitalis aseT mozRvavebas. marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram

ekonomistebi mainc mixvdnen, rom am kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili ideboda iseT

sawarmoebSi, romelTac ar mohqondaT Semosavali. maTi azriT, problemas is

arTulebda, rom aziis mraval qveyanaSi cudad iyo organizebuli zedamxedveloba

bankebze, romlebic xSirad iZulebuli iyvnen, zewolis qveS, gaecaT kreditebi ara

ekonomikurad xelsayreli, aramed politikuri interesebiT nakarnaxevi proeqtebis

dasafinanseblad. rodesac ganviTarebis tempebis zrdaSi xarvezebi gaCnda, am

proeqtebis didi nawili ekonomikurad arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. mravali

sawarmo gakotrda.

aziuri krizisis am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SeerTebulma Statebma da sxva qvey-

nebma daiwyes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kapitalis gazrda, raTa fonds

SesaZlebloba hqonoda warmatebiT gadaewyvita amgvari saerTaSoriso finansuri

problemebi. fondma cno, rom gaurkvevloba da informaciis uqonloba xels uwyobda

saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebis cvalebadobas, da daiwyo Tavisi moqmedebebis

sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, SeerTebulma Statebma moiTxoves, rom

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis daJinebuli rekomendaciiT qveynebs ganexor-

cielebinaT struqturuli reformebi.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma amis sapasuxod marTlac wauyena moTxovna

mTavrobebs SeewyvitaT politikurad xelsayreli proeqtebisaTvis kreditebis gacema.

fondma moiTxova qveynebisagan gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformireba, raTa

wamgebiani sawarmoebi male daxuruliyo. es xels Seuwyobda maT mier am qveynebis

ekonomikidan saxsrebis amoqaCvis mankieri praqtikis Sewyvetas. saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizacias. igi,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda, rom qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT savaWro politikis

liberalizacia, kerZod, im mizniT, rom ufro farTod gaexsnaT gza TavianTi

bazrebisaken ucxouri bankebisa da finansuri institutebisaTvis.

gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma,

agreTve cno, rom misi tradiciuli rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado balansSi

problemebis mqone qveynebisaTvis, kerZod — xisti sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi

politikis gatareba, yovelTvis ar amarTlebda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnen

finansur kriziss. zogierT SemTxvevaSi fondma Searbila Tavisi moTxovnebi

deficitis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, raTa qveynebs miscemodaT SesaZlebloba gaezardaT

xarjebi im programebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis miznad isaxavdnen siRaribis masStabebis

Semcirebas da umuSevarTa dacvas.

breton-vudsis konferenciaze Seiqmna, agreTve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso banki. igi warmoadgens mravalmxriv organizacias, romlis mizania xeli

Seuwyos msoflio vaWrobasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas im qveynebisaTvis valis

gacemiT, romlebsac msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad ar gaaCniaT sakuTari finansuri

saxsrebi. msoflio banki kapitals Rebulobs Tavisi wevri-qveynebisagan, romelTac

SeaqvT wvlili maTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis proporciulad. SeerTebulma Statebma

Seitanes pirveldawyebiTi kapitalis daaxloebiT 35 procenti.

Tavisi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze msoflio banki asocirdeboda didi

proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan, magaliTad — kaSxlebis mSeneblobasTan. magram gasuli

saukunis oTxmocian-oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi man gaafarTova Tavisi midgomebi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi da daiwyo meti saxsrebis Cadeba iseT proeqtebSi,

romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebasTan, profesiul momzadebasTan da miznad

isaxavdnen “adamianuri kapitalis” dagrovebas, agreTve qveynebis mier sabazro

ekonomikis mxardasaWerad sxvadasxva institutebis SeqmnasTan.

rac Seexeba momaval saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemas, msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiis

rolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom mas

seriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal indus-

triul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am ideis momxreTa ricxvma iklo ocdameerTe

saukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas an

CineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi.

joan spiros azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi

udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani saxel-

mwifoebi naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli saxel-

28

sabWos: `yvela sawarmo, romelic akontrolebs mogebas — qarxnebi/fabrikebi,

maRaroebi, maRaziebi da msgavsi — or an met saxelmwifoSi” (UNCTC 1978, 158). Tumca,

realurad, transnacionalur kompanias eZaxian iseTsac, romelic saqmianobs Tundac

erT ucxo qveyanaSi.

ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? es aris korporacia, romlis mflobeloba,

menejmenti warmoeba da saqmianobebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSia da sxvadasxva

saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis farglebSia moqceuli. mas gaaCnia saTavo ofisi erT

saxelmwifoSi da filialebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi. korporaciis ZiriTadi mizania

msoflio bazrebisTvis saqonlis maqsimalurad dabal fasSi warmoeba. am miznis miRweva

SesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli adgilis SerCeviT an

maspinZeli saxelmwifosagan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT.

transnacionalur korporaciebs gaaCniaT gamorCeuli menejeruli niWi, finansuri

saSualebebi da teqnikuri resursebi, da isini ewevian udides saqmianobas koor-

dinirebuli globaluri startegiis farglebSi. mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi,

gilpinis azriT, cdiloben ganavrcon da gaimagron sabazro poziciebi korporaciuli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis vertikaluri integraciisa da centralizaciis gziT.

jeneral motorsi, daimler kraisleri, toiota, ford motori, nestle da sxv. tipiuri

magaliTebia (The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987).

aseTi korporaciebi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis yvelaze

TvalsaCino movlenaa. arsebiTad, es aris kapitalis gatanis erT-erTi forma.

miuxedavad imisa, rom transacionaluri korporaciebi intensiurad me-20 saukunis 60-

iani wlebidan vrceldeba, maT winamorbedebi gaaCndaT. maTi ricxvi sul ufro da ufro

izrdeba, jer daiwyo aSS-is korporaciebis raodenobis zrda, Semdeg dasavleT

evropisa da iaponiis. meoce sukunis bolosaTvis ki transnacionaluri korporaciebi

hqondaT ara mxolod maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed mesame samyaros qveynebsac,

gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis.

es korporaciebi dRes TiTqmis yvela dargSia. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan

ara mxolod imiT, Tu ras awarmoeben, aramed imiTac, Tu rogor awarmoeben,

teqnologiis doniT, menejmentis stiliT da maTi produqciis bazris struqturiT.

menejmenti da marketingi aseT korporaciebSi xSirad Sereulia (saerTaSoriso). erT an

ramdenime qveyanaSi marketingis Sedegad produqcia iyideba mTel msoflioSi.

umetes SemTxvevaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi ramodenime qveynis iuris-

diqcias eqvemdebareba, rac aZnelebs maT gakontrolebas erTi konkretuli saxel-

mwifos mier.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegi maxasiTeblebis mixed-

viT: maTi sidide, maTi filialebis raodenoba, saqmianobis tipi (mopovebiTi, samrew-

velo, momsaxureba/servisi, turizmi, sastumroebi, dazRveva, finansebi, transporti,

Sereuli, sasoflo-sameurneo), ucxour filialebTan kavSiris tipi, anu rogor

sakuTrebaSia — mTliani, nawilobrivi, erToblivi. mravalnacionalur korporaciebSi

gamoirCeva sami tipi, romlebic gansxvavdeba mSobeli da filialis kontrolis

proporciebiT, dominirebis xasiaTiTa da xarisxiT.

• pirveli tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSob-

lis miznebisaTvis yvelaferis daqvemdebareba. umetesad transnacionaluri

korporaciebi amjobineben srul mflobelobas, romelic filialebze maqsi-

malur kontrols niSnavs. am korporaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSania moq-

niloba da mobiluroba. Tanamedrove tendenciaa swored aseTi korporaciebis

gavrceleba. isini yvelaze momgebiania, Tumca vinaidan am tipis korporaciebis

miznebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi saxelmwifoebis miznebs, es

xSirad konfliqtebis mizezi xdeba;

• meore tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebis filialebi garkveuli damou-

kideblobiT, avtonomiiT sargebloben. isini ufro metad iTvaliswineben da

eqvemdebarebian mimRebi saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, naklebad

Sedian masTan konfliqtSi;

• mesame tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebi Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveli

orisagan. mis menejmentSi ar aris romelime erovnebis upiratesoba, filialebi

49

ricxvis zrdaze. xolo Suamavlebad ucxouri saportfelo investiciebis ganxorcie-

lebisas gamodis sainvesticio bankebi (fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze Suamavali

organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoebs grZelvadian dabandebaTa dafinansebas). am saxis

investiciebis moZraobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva fasian qaRaldebze gacemuli

procentiani ganakveTebis normebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi procentiani ganakveTebis maRalma normam moizida mravali

ucxoeli investori, gansakuTrebiT — iaponeli. meoce saukunis 1970-1980-ian wlebSi

moxda saerTaSoriso kreditebis zrdis afeTqeba, ramac gamoiwvia msoflio sakre-

dito-safinanso sferos Seqmna. sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari gansakuT-

rebiT swrafi tempebiT izrdeba da am saxsrebis ZiriTadi wvlili modis bankebs Soris

operaciebze.

amJamad sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari iyofa fulis bazarze da

sakuTriv kapitalebis bazarze:

fulis bazari aris moklevadiani kreditebis bazari (erT wlamde).

kapitalebis bazari aris saSualovadiani (2-dan 5 wlamde) sabanko kreditebis da

grZelvadiani (10 welze meti) sesxebis bazari, romlebic gaicema, ZiriTadad, fasiani

qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da SeZenis dros.

bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso bazarze gamoiyeneba grZelvadiani dafinansebis

aratradiciuli formebi, magaliTad, saproeqto dafinanseba, rac gulisxmobs msxvili

kreditebis gacemas sawarmoTa konkretuli samrewvelo proeqtebis gansaxorci-

eleblad. amrigad, grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis aRniSnuli forma uaxlovdeba

pirdapir investiciebs.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi

ris jenkinsi Tavis wignSi `transnacionaluri korporaciebi da uTanaswori

ganviTareba” aRniSnavs, (Rhys Jenkins Trnasnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalisation of Capital and the Third World, p.1.) rom Zalian cota ekonomikuri instituti

iwvevs iseT emociebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi. es gansakuTrebiT

exeba transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mesame samyaros urTierTobis sakiTxs.

transnacionalur korporaciebs xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri uTanasworobis ZiriTad mizezs da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel mniSvne-

lovan faqtors. isini ganixilebian, rogorc msoflios ekonomikurad CamorCenil

regionebSi warmoebis dawyebisa da gaintensiurebis Zalad da, amasTan, CamorCenilobis

mizezad, vinaidan mogeba mudmivad miemarTeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

aleqsandre rondeli Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~ aRniSnavs:

`transnacionaluri korporaciebi iseTive Zlierni (zogjer ufro Zliernic!) arian,

rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. am korporaciebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT, warmoeba

qveynidan gaitanon da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis, msoflio bazarze gasvlis,

Semosavlis mxriv didad waagebs. es korporaciebi ukve imdenad damoukidebel Zalad

iqcnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikur procesebzec didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~.

(saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli

universiteti, 1996. gv. 164).

transnacionalur korporaciebze saubrisas gasarkvevia sakiTxi maTi definiciis

Sesaxeb, vinaidan ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba. literaturaSi

xSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT terminebs `mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi”, `mraval-

nacionaluri sawarmoebi”, `saerTaSoriso firmebi” da sxv. gaeros transnacionaluri

korporaciebis centrma ramdenime aTwleulis muSaobis Sedegad, ver moaxerxa

ganmartebis SemuSaveba. Tumca, 1974 wels gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebis

centris Seqmnis periodidan gaeros publikaciebSi mxolod termins `transnacio-

naluri” vxvdebiT. gaerom mas upiratesoba mianiWa `mravalnacionalurTan” SedarebiT,

laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zogierTi saxelmwifos daJinebuli moTxovnis

safuZvelze. es termini xazs usvams, rom es korporaciebi arian umetesad erovnuli

firmebi (adviladamosacnobi deda firmiT mSobel qveyanaSi), romlebic saqmianoben

saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gareT.

yvelaze farTodmiRebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis gaeros ekonomikur da socialur

48

mwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. misi azriT, opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebad

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv.,

seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans,

tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac intensiuri

savaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame samyaros qveynebTan,

da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis investireba ganviTarebul

qveynebSi. spiro miiCnevs, rom uaxloes momavalSi es saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven da

miiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis marTvaSi, da es

garduvalia. garda amisa, ukve daiwyo yofili aRmosavleTis sistemis saxelmwifoebis

gaerTianeba breton-vudsis sistemaSi da maTi `ekonomikuri amoqaCva~ grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaaZlierebs erTiani evropis poziciebs msoflioSi.

axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema, da

Tu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba mniSvnelovanwilad

mxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi monawileobas bevri

saxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, bevri mecnieri

miiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriam

cxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis) arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli

xangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba.

mecnierTa azriT, miuxedavad zogierTi miRwevebisa, msoflio vaWrobis libe-

ralizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia did siZneleebTan. jer kidev maRalia savaWro

barierebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa momsaxurebis warmoeba da

soflis meurneoba. urugvais raundis dros qveynebi Seecadnen gadaewyvitaT

momsaxurebisa da vaWrobis zogierTi sakiTxi. magram mainc darCa savaWro barierebi,

romlebic exeba momsaxurebis seqtoris daaxloebiT 20 segments. mecnierebasa da

teqnologiaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi warmoSobs axal problemebs vaWrobis

dargSi. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqciis amerikel eqsportiorTa did

SeSfoTebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom evropuli wesebi krZalaven genetikurad

modificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. mTeli rigi problemebisa warmoSva,

agreTve eleqtronuli vaWrobis gaCenam. 1998 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciis

wevr qveynebis ministrebma gamoaqveynes gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom qveynebma ar unda

SeuSalon xeli eleqtronuli vaWrobis warmoebas vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis

eleqtronul gadagzavnaze baJis dawesebiT. magram bevri ram jer kidev gadauWrelia.

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT gadaaqcion interneti utarifo zonad,

uzrunvelyon mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTis konkurenti telekomunikaciuri bazrebis

arseboba da ganamtkicon tariful produqciaze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis

globaluri saSualebebi.

msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation) msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da faqtiurad Secvala gati. misi

Stabbina JenevaSia. mmarTveli organoa ministrTa konferencia, romelic ikribeba or

weliwadSi erTxel. organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas axorcielebs generaluri

sabWo. mas safuZvlad udevs 30-mde SeTanxmeba, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso

vaWrobisa da savaWro politikis samarTlebriv bazas. es SeTanxmebebi Tavmoyrilia

urugvais raundis saboloo aqtSi, romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciuli

damokidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciis

xelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad-ganviTarebuli

qveynebisTvis.

msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani:

• xeli Seuwyos vaWrobas;

• miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT;

• danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi.

• misi erT-erTi mizania, agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola.

29

mesame samyaros gaCena da

ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema

mesame samyaros cneba gaCnda laTinuri amerikis, xolo mogvianebiT aziisa da

afrikis nacionalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. zogierTi

mecnieris azriT, rasobrivi da kulturuli gansxvaveba, ganviTarebul saxel-

mwifoebTan SedarebiT, nawilobriv safuZveli gaxda mesame msoflios nacionalizmisa

(The Global Political Economy, Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Stephen Gill and David Law. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1993). Tumca es naklebad exeba laTinur amerikas,

sadac politikuri elita, oligarqia da mmarTveli Zalebi umetesad TeTrkanianebiT

arian warmodgenili. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri amerikis

elitebi yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyvnen dasavleTze TavianTi damokidebulebisa da

daqvemdebarebis SemcirebiT, rac pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli maTi ekonomikebis

diversifikaciasa da industrializaciasTan.

raul prebiSi pirveli iyo, vinc dasva SekiTxvebi: ratom aris saerTaSoriso Sromis

danawileba aseTi araTanaswori? ratom arian mesame samyaros qveynebi pirveladi,

nedleuli saqonlis eqsportiorebi da mza produqciis importiorebi? ramdenad

racionaluria aseTi sistema?

gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebi sul ufro da ufro

daJinebiT moiTxovdnen axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigs — ufro samarTlians

da damndobs. rodesac 1944-1948 wlebSi iqmneboda liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema da

misi Tanmdevi institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, tari-

febisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeaTanxmeba), aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis

saxelmwifoebi naklebad iyvnen Cabmulni am procesSi, vinaidan bevr maTgans jer

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda moepovebina, da isini swored amiT iyvnen

dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi umetesobas

warmoadgendnen gaero-s generalur asambleaSi, suraTi sxvanairi iyo msoflio banksa

da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. xolo, rac Seexeba, tarifebisa da vaWrobis

generalur SeTanxmebas, igi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier saerTod aRiqmeboda

mdidarTa klubad. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire Sida bazrebis gamo maT faqtobrivad

ar gaaCndaT saimiso berketi, rom raimenairad SeecvalaT gadawyetilebebi tarifebis

regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. isini im etapze moiTxovden, realobidan gamomdinare,

angariSi gaewiaT maTi axalSobili ekonomikebisaTvis da ufleba miscemodaT

esargeblaT SeRavaTiani tarifebiT.

1974 wels moTxovna axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaxeb gacxadda

gaeros maisis rezoluciaSi. rezoluciis miReba dakavSirebuli iyo opekis

warmatebebTan, rodesac man moaxerxa navTobze maRali fasebis daweseba. amis Sedegad

ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan arnaxuli Tanxebi Sevida opekis wevr

saxelmwifoebSi. es warmateba gadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli mesame samyaros

qveynebis mier. maT gadawyvites, rom opeki naTeli magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor

SeeZloT ganviTarebad qveynebs seriozuli rolis Sesruleba msoflio ekonomikaSi.

amasTan, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da bolomde gaazrebuli navTobze ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebis mniSvneloba.

is ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen opekidan,

mxars uWerdnen an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar akritikebdnen opeks, vinaidan maT imedi

hqondaT, rom miiRebdnen garkveul savaWro SeRavaTebs opekisagan; miiRebdnen eko-

nomikur daxmarebas opekis zogierTi saxelmwifosgan; mibaZavdnen opeks da miiRebdnen

mxardaWeras opekis saxelmwifoebisagan axali ekonomikuri wesrigis moTxovnis saqmeSi.

navTobi Zlieri instrumenti iqneboda mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis ganviTare-

bul saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebis dros. amasTan opekis wevr qveynebsac esmodaT,

rom ar unda daeSvaT TavianT winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da

ganviTarebadi navTobis importiori qveynebis aliansi.

1981 wlis navTobis krizisma opeki daasusta. paralelurad dasustda ganviTa-

rebuli saxelmwifoebis isedac susti `vaWrobis poziciebi~ molaparakebebis dros.

amasTan dasavleTi kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom opekis saxelmwifoebis siZliere

didad aris damokidebuli moTxovnaze navTobze, xolo moTxovnas ganapirobeben

30

korporaciuli investorebi moqmedeben Sesabamisi sawarmos, saaqcio sazogadoebis

firmis saxeliT, misi kuTvnili kapitalisa da sasesxo saSualebaTa mixedviT.

korporaciul investorTa mniSvnelovani nawili ZiriTadad awarmoebs materialur

investirebas, xolo fasian qaRaldebSi saxsrebis dabandeba maTTvis investirebis

damatebiTi saSualebaa.

institucionaluri investorebi TavianT kapitals ayalibeben klientebisa da

meanabreebis saxsrebiT da mas abandeben ZiriTadad fasian qaRaldebSi. zogierTi

maTganisTvis damatebiTi aris materialuri investireba.

sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa Sefasebisas investiciebSi igulisxmeba investoris

moRvaweoba, mimarTuli misi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad,

romlebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mimdinare moxmarebasTan. es moRvaweoba emyareba

sakuTari da sasesxo kapitalis dabandebas.

investorad, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad da piradad agebs

pasuxs maT miRwevaze, gamodian an kapitalis mflobelebi, an is pirebi, romlebic

uflebamosilni arian iuridiuli piris saxeliT miiRon sainvesticio da safinanso

gadawyvetilebebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, investireba xdeba sakuTari an saTanado

firmisa da saaqcio sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalis meSveobiT. investiciebis

makroekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaanalizebisas metad mniSvnelovania mewarmeTa

sainvesticio moTxovnilebaTa gamokvleva. aseTi moTxovnilebis faqtorebis

Sesabamisad investiciebi iyofa inducirebul da avtonomiur investiciebad. qedan,

pirvels warmoSobs sxvadasxva materialur faseulobebze moTxovnilebis myari zrda,

xolo meores — maTze mudmivi an fiqsirebuli moTxovnileba.

investoris grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad sakuTari an sasesxo kapitalis

yvelaze xelsayrelad gamoyenebis dasabuTebuli ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi

Seadgens investirebis Teoriis Sinaarss. optimalur investicias warmoadgens is,

romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasaxul miznebs.

msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyofen investirebis sam ZiriTad formas:

1. pirdapiri, anu realuri investiciebi (kapitalis dabandeba mrewvelobaSi,

vaWrobaSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi — uSualod sawarmoebSi);

2. saportfelo, anu finansuri investiciebi (investiciebi ucxour aqciebSi,

obligaciebsa da sxva fasian qaRaldebSi);

3. sasesxo kapitalis saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso kreditebi

da sesxebi samrewvelo da savaWro korporaciebs, bankebsa da sxva finansur

dawesebulebebs.

pirdapir investiciebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos investirebuli kompaniis investori

korporaciebis srul mflobelobaSi gadayvana an saSualeba miscen maT daaweson masze

faqtobrivi kontroli. zogjer amisaTvis saWiroa flobde saaqcio kapitalis ara

umetes 10%.

wamyvani investorebi arian ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, pirvel rigSi —

aSS. magram am bolo wlebSi, ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze, SeerTebuli Statebis wili

ucxoeTis pirdapiri investiciebis saerTo jamSi Semcirda 55 procentidan 44

procentamde, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da iaponiis wili gaizarda —

Sesabamisad 37 procentidan 44 procentamde da 1 procentidan 10 procentamde.

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia, agreTve, pirdapiri investiciebis mimarTulebebSic:

meore mosflio omamde kapitaldabandebaTa ZiriTadi nawili modioda CamorCenil

qveynebze, maSin rodesac ukanasknel xanebSi investorTa mozidvas cdiloben ganvi-

Tarebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi. es aixsneba cvlilebebiT investirebis

dargobriv struqturaSi. investireba axla ukve Tavs iyris gadamamuSavebel

mrewvelobaSi, xolo mis SigniT — mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi.

kapitalis importiori xdebian igive amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tanac ukanasknel

wlebSi aq pirdapiri investiciebis modena sWarbobs kidec maT ukudenas.

saportfelo investiciebi aris im aqciebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro,

romlebsac uSvebs sawarmoebi, msxvili korporaciebi da kerZo bankebi. omisSemdgom

periodSi amgvari investiciebis moculoba izrdeba, rac metyvelebs kerZo investorTa

47

gasasvleli hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebis

xelisuflebam ucxouri kapitali, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kapitali, Seaviwroon.

anu, am ideis avtorTa azriT, ucxouri kapitalis momZlavrebis erT-erTi

ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris is garemoeba, rom arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri

wyoba asocirdeba amerikis TaosnobiT Seqmnil aliansTan, gansakuTrebiT nato-sTan.

mimReb qveyanaze ucxouri kapitalisa da transnacionaluri kompaniis, rogorc

ucxouri kapitalis, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul gavlenaze saubrisas

ikveTeba ori ZiriTadi pozicia: pirvelis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri firmebis

zegavlena zogadad dadebiTia. meore poziciis mixedviT, ki isini zRudaven qveynis

avtonomias, aferxeben mis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, zrdian ekonomikur

uTanasworobas maspinZel qveyanaSi da xSirad, arTmeven ekonomikur suverenitetsac ki

pirveli poziciis gamziareblebi miiCneven, rom ucxouri investiciebi mimRebi

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis seriozuli faqtoria. magaliTad moyavT

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg da maT swraf

ganviTarebas nawilobriv xsnian soliduri amerikuli kapitaldabandebebiT. igive

logikiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba miewereba ucxour

investiciebsa da im politikas, romelmac investiciebi miizida. Tumca, bevri ar

iziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCniaT, rom pirdapir investiciebsa da ekonomikur

ganviTarebas Soris Tanafardoba ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mas mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSiri davarqvaT. pirdapiri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba im qveynebSi,

sadac sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis kargi pirobebia Seqmili, roca qveyanaSi

Sesaferisi politikuri situacia, stabiluroba da usafrTxo garemoa.

saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti

msoflioSi saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis moculoba naklebia, vidre kerZo

kapitalisa, da amas logikuri axsnac aqvs. saxelmwifo kapitalis mizani ar aris swrafi

da moklevadiani mogeba. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis

gavrceleba investirebad qveyanaSi da iq sasurveli pirobebis Seqmna kerZo kapitalis

investirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportireba umetesad xdeba qveynis

infrastruqturaSi, satransporto dargebSi, sakredito-safinanso sistemaSi da sxv.,

anu iseT sferoebSi, romelTa ganviTarebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneba kerZo

kapitalis efeqturi da usafrTxo eqsportireba.

saxelmwifo kapitalis formebia: grZelvadiani sesxebi da kreditebi, usasyidlo

daxmareba. saxelmwifo kapitali mimarTulia susti, ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisa-

ken. amiT xdeba maTze gavlenis moxdena da garkveuli kontrolis damyareba. saxel-

mwifo kapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze. miuxedavad

imisa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsports altruizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs,

mas seriozuli pragmatuli gaTvlebic aqvs — saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis Sedegad

mimRebi qveynebi investori qveynisgan yiduloben maT uaxles teqnologiebs, saqonels,

momsaxurebas da sxv.

kerZo kapitalis eqsporti

kerZo kapitalis eqsporti ufro farTomasStabiania da igi ufro didi movlenaa,

vidre saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti. igi xorcieldeba an pirdapiri investiciis

gziT (iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze,

romelSic is axdens investirebas), an saportfelo investiciis gziT (ucxouri firmis

aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis

gareSe). kerZo kapitalis umTavresi mizania swrafi da didi mogeba.

investiciebis xasiaTisa da sakuTari kapitalis formis mixedviT asxvaveben

individualur (fizikuri pirebis), korporaciul (sawarmoebi da organizaciebi) da

institucionalur (koleqtiur) investorebs.

individualuri investorebi ar aerTianeben TavianT kapitals, investirebas axor-

cieleben TavianTi saxeliT da sakuTari saxsrebiT erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.

46

swored isini, ganviTarebuli qveynebi.

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis mcdeloba mieRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba, aseve

warumateblad damTavrda. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba samxedro daxmarebiT ufro

Semoifargleboda, vidre ekonomikuriT. mas ar SeeZlo da ar undoda sazRvrebi gaexsna

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis produqciisaTvis, es advilic ar iqneboda gegmiuri

ekonomikis pirobebSi. amgvarad, ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris

`socialisturebsac~, dasavleTTan ufro intensiuri vaWroba hqondaT, vidre sabWoTa

blokTan.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis kavSiric ar Sedga. amis mizezi

mravalia: gansxvavebebi ideologiaSi, kulturaSi, religiaSi (gansakuTrebiT

sunitebisa da Siitebis dapirispireba), industrializaciis doneSi da sxv. amas emateba

regionaluri SuRlebi da uTanxmoebebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad ver

gaamarTla TiTqmis verc erTma ekonomikurma kavSirma, romelTa Seqmnis mcdelobebic

ara erTxel iyo.

radikaluri saxelmwifoebis azriT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili

liberaluri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi qveynebis uTanasworobisa da

simdidris araTanabrad gadanawilebis mTavari mizezia.

gilpinis azriT (The Political Economy of International Relations), miuxedavad imisa, rom

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mxriv iyo ara erTi

mcdeloba daxmarebodnen postkoloniur da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs ekonomikuri

zrdis daCqarebaSi, es procesi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

samarTliani. amis magaliTia afrikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, laTinur

amerikaSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyveta 80-ian wlebSi da dasavleTis mTeli

yuradRebis koncentrireba Soreul aRmosavleTze (axali industriuli qveynebi).

axali industriuli qveynebi

axal industriul saxelmwifoebs `aziur vefxvebsac~ uwodeben. es saxelmwifoebia:

taivani, tailandi, samxreT korea, filipinebi, malaizia, singapuri, honkongi da

indonezia (garkveuli mosazrebebiT laTinuramerikuli saxelmwifoebi brazilia,

meqsika, argentina da Cilec miekuTvnebian axali industriuli qveynebis sias). es

saxelmwifoebi meoce saukunis movlenaa. isini saocrad swrafi tempiT ganviTardnen da

garkveuli wona moipoves msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. maTi ganviTarebis sawindari

iyo industriuli dargebis amuSaveba da samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis dawyeba.

Tumca industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero, romelic ganaviTares axalma indus-

triulma qveynebma. maT seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies mecnierebatevad dargebSi,

bioteqnologiaSi, zegamtarobis sferoSi, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis gamo-

yenebaSi, robotmSeneblobaSi da sxv. ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis mizniT es qveynebi

qmnidnen da qmnian saeqsporto sawarmoo zonebs, sadac sagareo bazarze orienti-

rebuli saqoneli iwarmoeba. umetesad isini iqmneba navsadgurebTan da aeroportebTan

axlos da iq yvela SesaZlo pirobaa Seqmnili swrafi da maqsimalurad iafi warmo-

ebisaTvis (SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi, gaficvebis akrZalva, sxv.).

am qveynebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iafi muSaxelis arsebobam da

Sromatevadi dargebis Semosvlam ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. Tumca umTavresi, albaT,

mainc am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier arCeuli swori ekonomikuri strategiaa. gilpinis

azriT, am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifo da

ekonomikuri biurokratia, romelsac unari Seswevda Camoeyalibebina prioritetebi,

ganexorcielebina mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politika da gaetarebina saWiro da

xSirad arapopularuli reformebi. ekonomikis mesveurebma SeZles vaWroba, investi-

reba da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba ewarmoebinaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi

interesebidan gamomdinare. saxelmwifo da kerZo struqturebma moaxerxes konstruq-

ciuli TanamSromloba da SeimuSaves apolitikuri industriuli politika, romelic

orives interess da, saboloo jamSi, qveynebis interesebs pasuxobda. da bolos, rac,

albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am qveynebma uzarmazari investiciebi Cades ganaT-

lebasa da adamianur resursebSi.

axali industriuli qveynebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs globaluri

siRaribis Temas. is faqti, rom ramdenime daqvemdebarebulma da sustma qveyanam

31

moaxerxa aseTi swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba da bevri ganviTarebuli qveynis

ekonomikuri zrdis tempis gadaWarbebac ki, badebs SekiTxvas: ratom ganviTardnen isini

da ratom ver ganviTardnen maTi msgavsi sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebi? ra iyo is swori

nabiji, ramac maT aseTi ganviTarebis saSualeba misca?

am qveynebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda iyos CvenTvis, rogorc

susti saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisaTvis, da, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemic.

gagrZeldeba Tu ara axali industriuli qveynebis aRmasvla da SesaZlebelia Tu

ara, rom sxva saxelmwifoebmac gaimeoron maTi gza, didad aris damokidebuli

globaluri ekonomikis zrdis tempebze, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis

gaxsnilobaze da industriuli teqnologiis cvalebadobaze.

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis qvesistemebi

amerikeli ekonomisti joan edelman spiro Tavis wignSi (The Politics of International Economic Relations) gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dayofas sam

qvesistemad. globaluri sistemis amgvarad danawileba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia,

radgan es qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da izolirebuli ar aris. magram

politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi TiToeul qvesistemaSi mainc specifiuria da

saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofi

saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da qceva saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

dasavleTis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) qvesistema

es qvesistema, romelsac aseve urTierTdamokidebulebis qvesistemas uwodeben,

moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis maRalganviTarebul

saxelmwifoebs. joan spiro aqve aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia am qvesistemaSi

avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da samxreT afrikis gaerTianebac (The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition.). isini uamravi ekonomikuri,

savaWro, safinanso, teqnologiuri da sxv. kavSiriT mWidroda arian erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli. maT Soris amgvari urTierToba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda meore

msoflio omis Semdeg. amaSi udidesi roli Seasrula e.w. breton-vudsis savaluto-

safinanso sistemam da tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalurma SeTanxmebam. saerTaSoriso

reJimma, romelic aSS dolarze da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur da

samxedro hegemoniaze iyo dafuZnebuli. orive xsenebulma reJimma xeli Seuwyo am

qvesistemis saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas, warmoebis gaSlas, eqsportis

zrdas, teqnologiur progress da aS. aman saerTaSoriso safinanso da savaWro

aqtivoba, safinanso bazrebis internacionalizacia da, rogorc yovelive amis Sedegi,

xsenebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. am qvesistemis SigniT

Camoyalibda evropis saxelmwifoTa integracia da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis

integracia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement – CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba. daarsda 1994 wels. Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda aSS-s, kanadasa da

meqsikas. mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis

gaintensiurebas. iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis

savaWro sferoSi SeRavaTebis miniWebas da sxv.).

mkveTrad gazrdilma urTierTdamokidebulebam da integraciam, marTalia,

keTildReoba moutana am saxelmwifoebs, magram maT garkveuli politikuri da

ekonomikuri problemebi Seuqmna. TiTqos urTierTdamokidebuleba ufro swrafad

ganviTarda, vidre misi marTvis, menejmentis saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT unda

aRiniSnos, rom am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo

ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomika sxva monawileTa ekonomikuri politikisa da

viTarebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. erTis avadmyofoba gadadis meoreze. erTi

qveynis monetarul, savaWro da investiciaTa politikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi

uSualo gavlenas axdenen sxva saxelmwifoebis imave sferoebze. uaryofiTi movlenebi,

rogoricaa umuSevroba, warmoebis dacema, inflacia da sxv., am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebs

ar scnobs.

32

mmarTveloba, iqneba es erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso doneebze, unda efuZnebodes

erTian Sexedulebebs, kulturul Rirebulebebs da saerTo identurobas. misi azriT,

Cven jer ar vcxovrobT globaluri samoqalaqo kulturis eraSi da mxolod ramdenime

saerTo Rirebuleba aerTianebs msoflios xalxebs. Tumca tendencia ukeTesobiskenaa

da arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebsac ukve yvela iziarebs, ganurCevlad

erovnebisa, religiisa Tu politikuri simpatiebisa. magaliTad — adamianis uflebebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebi jer kidev irRveva, damnaSave

saxelmwifoebi cdiloben am faqtebis damalvas da sxvagvarad warmoCenas. garda amisa,

ganviTarebuli qveynebi mxolod TavianTi problemebiT arian dainteresebulni da

naklebad iTvaliswineben ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs. zogadad, dRevandeli

msoflios erT-erTi dilema isaa, rom mdidrebi Raribebs ver ugeben. gilpini, misTvis

Cveuli realizmiT askvnis, rom am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, saubari globalur

mTavrobaze ararealuria. yvelaze saukeTeso, rasac SeiZleba velodoT, aris is, rom

ZiriTadma Zlierma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da msoflios

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTanamSromlon ufro stabiluri da humanuri

saerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.

kapitalis moZraoba

kapitalis moZraoba dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

es aris globaluri movlena, romlisTvisac sazRvrebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs. yvela

erovnebis kapitalis buneba erTnairia — igi miemarTeba iqiT, sadac garantirebulia

didi mogeba.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalis eqsportma mkveTrad imata, da es gaxda

sayovelTao movlena. am periodSive mniSvnelovnad gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis roli kapitalis eqsportSi. Semdeg mas daemata germaniis federaciuli

respublika da iaponia. safrangeTi kvlav inarCunebda wamyvan poziciebs, magram

Semcirda didi britaneTis xvedriTi wili. mecxramete saukuneSi iyo kapitalis erTi

gamokveTili eqsportiori qveyana — didi britaneTi, magram meoce saukunis ormociani

wlebidan msoflio hegemonis cvlasTan erTad Seicvala kapitalis yvelaze didi

eqsportioric, da is aSS gaxda.

bevri mecnieris azriT, kapitalis eqsporti ufro mWidro kavSirebs qmnis, vidre

saerTaSoriso vaWroba. kapitalis eqsporti xels uwyobs kavSirebis ganmtkicebas

qveynebs Soris. es kavSirebi stabiluria da isini grZelvadiani mSvidobis garantiaa.

kapitalis gatana, garkveulwilad, misi siWarbis Sedegia. dRevandel msoflioSi

kapitalis brunva saocrad did masStabebs aRwevs. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs:

transnacionaluri korporaciebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba; manqanamowyobilobe-

bisa da satransporto saSualebaTa eqsportis mkveTri zrda.

kapitalis gatana da misi sxva qveyanaSi investireba SesaZleblobas iZleva mimReb

qveyanaze gavlenis moxdenis.

gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan kapitali miemarTeba Tanamedrove

wamyvani dargebisaken, mecnierebatevadi dargebisaken.

meoce saukunis bolodan aseve kapitali umetesad miemarTeba ganviTarebuli da

liberaluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli qveynebisaken, maSin roca adre tendencia

sxvagvari iyo, da kapitali miemarTeboda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan ganviTa-

rebadebSi. kapitalis eqsportis geografiis cvlileba, erTis mxriv, dakavSirebulia

kapitalis mimRebi dargebis cvlilebasTan. meores mxriv, zogierTi mecnieri eWvs

gamoTqvams, rom vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ganviTa-

rebul kapitalistur qveynebs Soris, xolo es qveynebi aSS-is mokavSireebi arian,

amerikis mokavSireebi ara marto sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi xdebian masze

damokidebulni, aramed im mizeziTac, rom maT mwarmoeblebs vrcel amerikul bazarze

45

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi radikalurad gansxvavebul xelfasebs iReben. yovelive zemo-

Tqmulis safuZvelze gilpini ar miiCnevs dRevandel msoflios iseT integrirebulad,

rogoradac bevri mis daxatvas cdilobs.

bevris azriT, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro

organizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso institutebi seriozul reformebs saWiroeben,

raTa moergon axal realobas globaluri ekonomikis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am

organizaciebiT mudmivad ukmayofiloebi iyvnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmo-

madgenlebi, maT reformirebaze realurad saubari daiwyo 1990 wels aSS-s

warmomadgenelTa palatis konservatuli frTis mier. kritika gansakuTrebiT exeboda

saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen Tanxebis fuW xarjvaSi da

sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli politiksaTvis. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad

Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelmac muSaobis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi

kongress warudgina.

komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da

msoflio bankis radikaluri reformireba da restruqturizacia, vinaidan es

organizaciebi cuds ufro xSirad akeTebdnen ganviTarebad samyaroSi, vidre kargs.

amasTan, miliardian sesxebs gascemdnen saSualoSemosavlian qveynebze, romlebsac

SeeZloT Tavad gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba bazarze

dayrdnobiT.

ZiriTadi rekomendacia gulisxmobda Semdegs: saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds unda

SeezRuda sesxebis gacema ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da Seewyvita maT saSinao

politikur da ekonomikur saqmeebSi Careva. garda amisa, vinaidan saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi hpirdeboda ganviTarebad qveynebs, rom daexmareboda maT finansuri

problemebis dros, komisiis azriT, ubiZgebda ganviTarebad qveynebs ufro meti sesxi

aeRoT fondidan, vidre es maT sWirdebodaT, rac kidev ufro damokidebuls xdida am

qveynebs fondze. amasTan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis xangrZlivi daxmareba

qveynebs `azarmacebda~ da saSualebas aZlevda maT finansurad gaumarTlebeli

saqcieli CaedinaT.

msoflio bankTan mimarTebaSi igive saxis SeniSvnebi iyo. komisiis rekomendaciiT,

banks unda Seemcirebina sesxebis gacema (gilpinis monacemebiT, msoflio banki

weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolaris sesxebs gascems) da Seewyvita kerZo

seqtorTan konkurencia, riTac afuWebda bazars da xels uSlida adgilobriv

mewarmeebs.

da bolos, rekomendaciebSi naTqvamia, rom bazarze orientirebuli globaluri

ekonomikis pirobebSi aranairi Carevaa saWiro, da es dasaSvebia mxolod iSviaTi

gamonaklisebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc gilpini wers, faqtiurad meore msoflio omis

damTavrebis Semdeg pirvelad daisva SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, saerTod, saWiroa Tu ara

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.

ramdenime sityviTSevexebi antiglobalistur moZraobas. Tavad e.w. antiglobalis-

tebi miiCneven, rom termini `antiglobalizmi~ masmediis mier aris mogonili da is maT

ar Seefereba, vinaidan isini globalizaciis procesis winaaRmdeg ki ar gamodian,

aramed msoflios arasamarTliani mowyobis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian da moiTxoven ufro

samarTlian msoflios. maTi ZiriTadi lozungia — `sxvanairi msoflios arseboba

SesaZlebelia~. isini miiCneven, rom SeuzRudavi vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis intensifikacia mxolod ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis aris momgebiani

Raribi saxelmwifoebis xarjze. zogierTi antiglobalistis azriT, globalizaciis

procesi imperialisturi xasiaTisaa. ase mag., erayis omis dawyebis mizani iyo usafrT-

xoebis mizniT fuladi danazogebis amerikaSi gadadineba. amgvarad, globalizacia

ufro amerikanizaciaa, vinaidan am procesidan yvelaze met sargebels iRebs yvelaze

mdidari saxelmwifo aSS-is saxiT.

antiglobalistebi aseve miiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi siamayis safuZvels

ar iZleva, vinaidan igi exeba korporaciebs da fuls, magram ara xalxs. amis naTeli

ilustracia, maTi azriT, aris mkacri kontroli migraciaze TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da

Sromis uflebebis ugulebelyofa ganviTarebad qveynebSi.

kidev erTi argumenti, romelsac iyeneben antiglobalistebi isaa, rom

globalizaciis procesSi meorexarisxovani xdeba suverenuli saxelmwifo, knindeba

misi roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da igi kargavs TviTmyobadobas.

gilpini, ganixilavs ra globaluri ekonomiis marTvis sakiTxebs, aRniSnavs, rom

44

garda amisa, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebidan Tu vimsjelebT,

urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Careva xdeba saxelmwifo politikasa da

ekonomikaSi. igi asustebs erovnuli qveynis marTvas. TiTqos sadRac zRudavs

erovnul interesebsac ki. joan spiros azriT, sul ufro izrdeba daZabuloba

saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso menejmentebs Soris, vinaidan xSirad erovnul mTavrobas

uwevs rTuli da kompleqsuri saSinao problemebis mosagvareblad jer

urTierTdamokidebulebiT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebaze fiqri.

dasavleTis qvesistema aris liberaluri. am qvesistemis mTavari niSnebia: mWidro

urTierTdamokidebuleba da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi liberaluri ekonomikiT da

liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli mTavrobebiT.

CrdiloeT-samxreTis (damokidebulebis) qvesistema

am qvesistemaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli dapirispireba da daqvemdebareba SeiniSneba

ganviTarebul (dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia) da ganviTarebad

(afrika, azia da laTinuri amerika) qveynebs Soris. dasavleTis qvesistemisgan

gansxvavebiT, am qvesistemaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi Zlier gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT da saerTo erovnuli produqtiT erT

sul mosaxleze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mdgoma-

reoba garkveulwilad umjobesdeba, absoluturi gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi ucvlelia.

umTavresi problema am uTanasworo qvesistemisa aris damokidebuleba (daqvem-

debareba). daqvemdebareba arsebobs, rodesac samxreTis saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuri

interaqciis maRali done gaaCniaT CrdiloeTis qveynebTan, rodesac es interaqcia

Zalian mniSvnelovania erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, samxreTis saxel-

mwifoebi damokidebulebi xdebian CrdiloeTSi mimdinare movlenebze da CrdiloeTis

saxelmwifoebis qmedebebze. CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki es interaqciebi ar

aris xarisxobrivad mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebuleba aris

simetriuli movlena, maSin, rodesac damokidebuleba — asimetriuli.

daqvemdebarebis sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs.

aris savaWro daqvemdebareba — samxreTis saxelmwifoebis umetesobis Sida bazrebi

pataraa da isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni CrdiloeTis bazrebze, raTa

gaitanon da gayidon TavianTi saqoneli. Sesabamisad samxreTi Zalian mgrZnobiareaa

CrdiloeTSi arsebuli faqtorebis mimarT, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri,

romlebic qmnian CrdiloeTis moTxovnas da gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze. garda amisa,

samxreTis qveynebis vaWrobis udidesi procenti xSirad modis CrdiloeTis romelime

erT konkretul saxelmwifoze, rac kidev erTxel aZlierebs mis damokidebulebas am

konkretul bazarze. samxreTi, rogorc wesi, yidis erT an ramdenime pirvelad

produqts, amitom Zalian mgrZnobiarea am produqciaze moTxovnilebis rxevadobaze.

Tanac, yidis umetesad nedleuls da naxevarfabrikats, rac bevrad ufro iafia, vidre

mza produqcia. amgvarad, susti qveynebi vaWrobaSi eqsportze xdebian damokidebulni,

raTa miRebuli SemosavliT moaxerxon importis xarjebis dafarva. xolo vinaidan,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nedleulisa da naxevarfabrikatis Rirebuleba bevrad

naklebia mza produqciis fasTan SedarebiT, eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali ar

yofnis imports, da es mudmivi procesia.

daqvemdebarebis meore formaa daqvemdebareba kapitaldabandebis sferoSi.

samxreTis qveynebSi Sida kapitaldabandebebi ucxouria. amitom, ucxouri kapital-

dabandebebi akontrolebs am qveynis wamyvan dargebs. daqvemdebarebis done, aqedan

gamomdinare, Zalian maRalia da viTardeba ara qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli,

aramed CrdiloeTisaTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli sferoebi.

daqvemdebarebis mesame formaa finansuri. susti qveyana iRebs daxmarebas

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan, romelic itovebs uflebas ukarnaxos qveyanas

ekonomikis warmoebis politika da Caerios qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi.

fondi qveyanas uyenebs garkveul pirobebs, romlebic man unda Seasrulos.

moTxovnebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi fonds aqvs qveynis dasjis berketebic

(momdevno tranSis argacema, finansuri daxmarebis Sewyveta, Sav siaSi Seyvana, aS.).

susti qveynebi iReben sesxebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis kerZo

komerciuli bankebisgan.

33

susti qveynis finansuri daqvemdebarebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia ganviTarebuli

Zlieri qveynebis komerciuli bankebisadmi davalianeba. ucxouri daxmareba qmnis

daqvemdebarebas. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, susti qveynebi eqvemdebareba im

organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebs, romlebSic maT xmis ufleba ar gaaCniaT (msoflio

banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi). susti qveynebi gaTiSulia yvela

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom sustia. Tumca

amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso-savaluto organizaciebs da

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs TavianTi mosazrebebi aqvs. maTi azriT, samxreTis

qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis gamo, miRebuli

Tanxa (daxmareba) arakeTilsindisierad ixarjeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, aZnelebs

SemdgomSi Tanxis dabrunebas da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, im dargis an sferos

ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac iyo is Tanxa gamiznuli. garda amisa, ganviTarebul

saxelmwifoebs magaliTad mohyavT axali industriuli qveynebi, romlebmac SeZles

daxmarebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba, TavianTi ekonomikis giganturi nabijebiT

ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, daqvemdebarebisTvis garkveulwilad Tavis daRweva.

zemoT aRniSnuli ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebebi, Cveulebriv, kidev ufro

Zlierdeba sxva saxis urTierTobebiT CrdiloeTTan: kulturuli kavSirebi, sxvadasxva

saxis aliansebi da xelSekrulebebi, araformaluri politikuri kavSirebi da samxedro

kavSirebi, dawyebuli samxedro daxmarebiT da damTavrebuli samxedro intervenciiT.

joan spiros azriT, samxreTis saxelmwifo im institutebis mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis sagani xdeba, romlebSic mas bevris Tqmis ufleba ar aqvs. msoflio

ekonomikis marTvidan samxreTis saxelmwifoebis gamoricxvis yvelaze naTeli

magaliTebia iseTi ekonomikuri institutebi CrdiloeTSi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia. es is institutebia,

romlebic Seiqmna ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier da, romlebic gamoxataven maT

interesebs. CrdiloeTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gadawyveti-

lebebi gavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur zrdaze. amgvarad,

samxreTis qveynebis azriT, arsebuli sistema aris arakanonieri, vinaidan maT ar

gaaCniaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da isini realurad ver iReben monawileobas

am sistemis marTvaSi. arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigi samxreTis daqvemdebarebis

SenarCunebis institutad aRiqmeba am qveynebis mier da ukve mravali welia mis Secvlas

moiTxoven. maTi survilia monawileoba miiRon sistemis marTvaSi da srulad

isargeblon am sistemis sikeTeebiT.

yovelive amis Semdeg unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri daqvemdebareba politikuri

daqvemdebarebis sawindaria da politikur gadawyvetilebebs sust saxelmwifoebs

Zlierebi axveven Tavs.

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis qvesistema

am qvesistemas damoukideblobis qvesistemasac uwodeben. masSi moiazreba

socialisturi qveynebi da dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, dasavleTis

sabazro ekonomika da socialisturi qveynebis gegmiuri ekonomika. civi omis periodSi

isini izolirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan da maT Soris kavSirebi naklebad iyo. maT

Seqmnes TavianTi ekonomikuri institutebi. aRmosavleTi ar monawileobda saerTa-

Soriso savaluto fondSi, msoflio banksa da gatSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTs Soris vaW-

roba umniSvnelo iyo da ar xdeboda kapitalisa Tu investiciebis brunva. dReisaTvis es

qvesistema irRveva da igi faqtiurad aRar arsebobs.

aRmosavleTis qveynebis SesaZlo gadasvla sxva sistemaSi qmnis mraval politikur

da ekonomikur problemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTa-

Soriso ekonomikaSi sami ZiriTadi problemaa: urTierTdamokidebulebis kontroli

dasavleTis sistemaSi, Tanasworobis miRweva da ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebis moxsna,

dasavleT-aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaZliereba da amis xarjze

aRmosavleTis ekonomikis gaZliereba (dasavleTis ekonomikasTan miaxloeba da Semdeg

gaTanabreba).

34

orad aiwevs da, garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropidan Camosulebi, daTanxmdebian ra

SedarebiT nakleb anazRaurebaze, gaafuWeben biznes garemos, anu adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba arakonkurentunarian garemoSi aRmoCndeba.

gilpinis azriT, Sromis globalizacia pirvel msoflio omamde ufro intensiurad

mimdinareobda, vidre mas Semdeg an axla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT evropam miiRo

bevri ltolvili da emigranti, maTi mxolod umniSvnelo procenti miiRebs moqa-

laqeobas. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi Sromis migracia aRar aris msoflio

ekonomiis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tavad evrokavSirSic ki erTi wevri

saxelmwifodan meoreSi migracia dabali intensivobiT xdeba.

SromiTi migrantebisaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili barierebia, romlebzec kontrols

mTavrobebi axorcieleben. amis erT-erT mizezad gilpini asaxelebs socialur SeRa-

vaTebs, riTac, damkvidrebuli azriT, mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebma unda isargeblon.

amis gamo adamianebi Raribi qveynebidan ver Cadian mdidar qveynebSi, sadac isini

SeZlebdnen normaluri samuSaos moZebnas da normaluri xelfasis miRebas. es ki, Tavis

mxriv, Seamcirebda sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris. sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, mcire wvlili iqneboda globaluri simdidris gadanawilebaSi naklebad

mdidari qveynebisTvis.

ekonomikis sferos globalizaciaze saubrisas beki aRniSnavs, rom xdeba inter-

nacionalizacia da ara globalizacia. igi wers: `msoflios garkveul regionebs SigniT

da maT Soris, transnacionaluri savaWro da samrewvelo kavSirebis ganmtkicebis

dafiqsireba SeiZleba, es Seexeba amerikas, aziasa da evropas. amis dasturia is, rom

vaWroba da ucxouri investiciebi jer kidev msoflios am sam msxvil ekonomikur bloks

Soris xorcieldeba, amitomac laparakoben msoflio ekonomikis triadizaciaze~.

globalizaciis kritikosebis azriT, globalizaciis usamarTlobis kidev erTi

naTeli ilustracia aris is, rom is msoflios sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebulad Seexo.

saerTaSoriso savaWro da safinanso kavSirebi yvelaze intensiurad CrdiloeT

amerikaSi, dasavleT evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi ganviTarda. saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi dRes liderebi arian aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia. msoflio produqciis

warmoebis udidesi wilic am sameulze modis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas produqciis

eqsportze da produqciis moxmarebaze. xolo rac Seexeba safinanso sferos, aq udavo

lideria aSS. aSS dolari msoflios yvela kuTxeSia konvertabeluri da ucxouri

investiciebis umetesobac am valutaSi xorcieldeba. am mizeziT, dolars eqspansiur

valutasac uwodeben da globalizacias `amerikanizaciasTan~ aigiveben. maTi azriT,

meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi jer kidev ar Sexebia Rarib

qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. naklebad savaraudoa,

rom es odesme moxdes. es qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi arian maSin, rofesac

saubaria warmoebis, vaWrobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis globalizaciaze. bevri

mecnieris azriT, savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis globalizaciam xeli Seuwyo

simdidris araTanabar gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris.

bevri problema, romlebsac ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miiCneven, gil-

pinis azriT, mTavrobebis araswori politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis, an teqnolo-

giuri cvlilebebis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegia. garemos dacviTi organizaciebi

aqtiurad gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, ekologiuri problemebi ara

globalizaciis procesma, aramed mTavrobebis uyuradRebobam da upasuxisgeblobam

gamoiwvia. dasavleT evropaSi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri porblemebis

warmoSobaSi adanaSauleben globalizacias, maSin, roca maTi gamomwvevi mizezi

regionis ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciaa. globalizaciis dadanaSauleba

TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove problemaSi nacionalisturi da qsenofoburi ganwyobis

Sedegia politikuri memarjveneebis mxridan da antikapitalisturi azrovnebisa —

politikuri memarcxeenebis mxridan.

gilpini miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri integraciis da urTierTdamokidebulebis

gasazomad yvelaze kargi meTodia `erTi fasis kanoni~. Tu erTsa da imave saqonels da

momsaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an mis sxadasxva regionSi erTnairi an daaxloebiT

erTnairi fasi aqvs, maSin ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom es ekonomikebi mWidrod

integrirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, dRevandel msoflioSi fasebi Zalin gan-

sxvavebulia. Tu am kanons aSS-Tan mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom amerikis

fasebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis fasebisgan. gansakuTrebuli sxvaobaa

Sromis anazRaurebaSi da identuri Sromis SesrulebaSi adamianebi msoflios

43

warmoSobs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis sakiTxi. iyo mcdelobebi

dawyebuliyo ganxilvebi internet-vaWrobis dabgvrasTan dakavSirebiT, magarm

seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo, ver moxerxda. vaWrobis globalurobis kidev erTi

magaliTia eleqtronuli plastikuri baraTebis farTo gavrceleba, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, mWidro kavSirSia finansur globalizaciasTan. plastikuri baraTebiT

SesaZlebelia produqciis SeZena an momsaxurebiT sargebloba nebismier qveyanaSi.

finansebis globalizaciis dasawyisad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, breton-vudsis

Semdgom periods miiCneven, rodesac saubari daiwyo erTiani safinanso reJimis

Seqmnaze da saxelmwifoebis mier erToblivi safinanso politikis SemuSavebaze.

finansuri globalizaciis saboloo mizania erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyalibeba.

xolo rac Seexeba globalur valutas, pirvelad am funqciis Sesruleba dolarma

daiwyo, 2002 wels ki evros SemoRebam kidev erTxel daadastura finansuri

globalizaciis arseboba. globaluri aqtivebic finansebi globalizaciis Sedegia.

bankebis umetesoba transnacionalur saqmianobas eweva. maTi nebismieri

filialidan msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi SeiZleba fulis gagzavna an sxva

transnacionaluri finansuri operaciis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, bankebma daiwyes

sesxebis gacema sxva qveynebSi da kreditorebis saqmianobas eleqtronuli kavSiriT

axorcieleben.

finansuri globalizacia icavs qveynebs finansuri krizisebisagan da saSualebas

aZlevs maT problemebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT isargeblon. Tumca,

finansuri globalizaciis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, mis uaryofiT Tvisebebzec

saubroben. finansuri bazrebis aseTi intensiuri da mWidro kavSiris pirobebSi arc

erTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli e.w. `dominos principisagan~, anu rodesac erT

qveyanaSi Seqmnili finansuri problemebi yvela mis partniorze vrceldeba.

ofSoruli centrebi aseve finansuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aseTi zonebi

gamartivebuli momsaxurebiT da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT,

gavrcelebulia axal industriul qveynebsa da karibis kunZulebze da investorTa

mozidvas isaxavs miznad.

kapitalis iseT intensiur brunvas, rogoric dRes aris, istoriaSi analogi ar

moepoveba. kapitali WeSmaritad globaluri gaxda da, ugulebelyofs ra sazRvrebs,

miemarTeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac swrafi da maRali mogeba aqvs

garantirebuli. Tumca aq aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi mudmivad

ukmayofiloni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikiT kapitaldabandebis sferoSi

da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciis sikeTeebiT am sferoSic ganviTarebulma

saxelmwifoebma isargebles. maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi kapitali miemarTaT im

qveynebisken da im sferoebisken, romlebic maTTvis iyo momgebiani. mimRebi qveynebis

interesebi ki arasodes aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebis azriT,

amgvarad dabandebuli kapitali maT qveyanas ar exmareba ganviTarebaSi da metic, maT

problemebs uqmnis. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi ver

akontroleben ucxour kapitals da ver moqmedeben masze Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr.

Tumca, biznesis warmoebisas komerciuli interesi ara Tu mimRebi saxelmwifos, aramed

erovnulsac ki naklebad eqvemdebareba.

kapitalbrunvis intensifikaciasTan erTad globalizaciis eram misi axali

formebic moitana. farTo gavrcelebas povebs kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcieleba

telefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT.

warmoebisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia Sromis globalizacia,

rasac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis intensiuri migracia mohyva. dReisaTvis migraciis

tendenciaa ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebulSi, rac Zalian bevr problemas

qmnis. gamudmebiT izrdeba aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi, romlebmac samuSaos ZiebaSi

datoves TavianTi qveynebi da ufro mdidar saxelmwifoebs miaSures.

dasavleT evropa da aSS gamudmebiT fiqroben SromiTi migrantebis problemebze

rogorc ganviTarebadi, aseve aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan. evrokavSirSi

intensiurad mimdinareobs molaparakebebi qveynebs Soris, imis Taobaze, rom

aRmosavleT evropis moqalaqeebs mianiWon dasavleT evropis qveynebSi muSaobis

ufleba, rac, maTi azriT, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs aralegaluri migrantebis ricxvs

am qveynebidan da, garkveulwilad, xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis

legalizacias. gasakviri ar aris, rom am mosazrebebs ar iziarebs Tavad dasavleT

evropis mosaxleoba, miaCnia ra, rom umuSevrobis isedac maRali maCvenebeli erTi-

42

navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia

(Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries – OPEC) navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (opeki) aris TerTmeti ganviTarebadi

qveynisagan Semdgari saerTaSoriso organizacia. daarsda 1960 wlis seqtemberSi

baRdadis konferenciaze. pirveli xuTi weli Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. 1965 wlidan ki —

venaSia. misi wevrebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli navTobidan miRebul

Semosavalze, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroze da es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa

am qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. opeks hyavs xuTi damaarsebeli qveyanaa: irani, erayi,

quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da venesuela. Semdeg SeuerTdnen: katari (1961w.), indonezia

(1961w.), libia (1962w.), arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi (1967w.), alJiri (1969w.),

nigeria (1971w.), ekvadori (1973-1992ww.) da gaboni (1975-1994ww.). maTgan ekvadorma da gabonma meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves organizacia.

opekis daarsebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen seriozuli navTobkompaniebi, romlebic,

ZiriTadad, aSS-s britaneTsa da germanias ekuTvnoda. opeks surda navTobis fasebis da

mwarmoeblebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba. Tavidan igi muSaobda rogorc araformaluri

gaerTianeba, romelic awarmoebda molaparakebebs mesame samyaros mier navTobis

gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. im periodSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda

dasavleTis navTobkompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT da navTobis xarisxis kontroliT.

organizaciis wevroba Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens

navTobis solidur eqsportiors da iziarebs organizaciis idealebs.

TerTmeti wevri erToblivad bazars miawodebs navTobis mTeli produqciis 40%-s

da flobs msoflio navTobis dadasturebuli maragis 3/4-ze mets. ufro konkretulad,

opeki flobs 78%. aqedan yvelaze didi wili modis saudis arabeTze, Semdeg modian

irani, erayi, quveiTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, venesuela, libia, nigeria,

katari, alJiri da indonezia. maTgan saudis arabeTis, iranisa da erayis maragebi

Seadgens opekis mTeli maragis 57%-s.

opekis mizania koordinireba gauwios wevri saxelmwifoebis politikas navTobTan

mimarTebaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos samarTliani da stabiluri fasebi navTobproduqci-

aze, efeqturi, ekonomiuri da regularuli miwodeba momxmarebeli saxelmwifoebisaT-

vis da kapitalis samarTliani dabruneba maTTvis, vinc investireba moaxdina indus-

triaSi.

opekis ministrTa konferencia ikribeba weliwadSi orjer da igi pasuxismgebelia

organizaciis zogadi politikis formulirebaze.

opekis samdivno mudmivmoqmedi mTavrobaTaSoriso organoa. igi dafuZnebulia

venaSi. samdivnos oficialuri enaa inglisuri.

opekis daxmarebiT, misi wevri qveynebi eqsportidan mniSvnelovnad met mogebas

iReben, vidre isini amas damoukideblad miiRebdnen. opekis oficialuri internet-

gverdis monacemebiT, 2004 wels opekis TerTmetma wevrma miiRo 338 miliardi aSS

dolari navTobis eqsportidan. 2003 welTan SedarebiT es ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda.

igive internet-gverdze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia SevadaroT es ricxvebi 1972 wlis

monacemebs, rodesac eqsportiorebma miiRes 23 miliardi aSS dolari, an 1977 wlis

monacemebs, rodesac 1973 wlis energo krizisis Semdeg eqsportiorma qveynebma 140

miliardi aSS dolari miiRes.

navTobi iyideba amerikul dolarSi da, Sesabamisad, misi kursi Zalian did gavlenas

axdens opekze, mag., Tu dolaris kursi ecema, maSin opekis wevrebi nakleb Tanxas iReben

TavianT valutaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT gadamxdelunarianobaze. evros

SemoRebis Semdeg opekis ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris erays, mcdeloba

hqonda navTobis gayidvebi evroze gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uSedegod, Tu am mosazrebas

opekis yvela wevri gaiziarebda, maSin aSS-s ekonomikas seriozuli zarali miadgeboda.

opekis gadawyvetilebebi did gavlenas axdens navTobis saerTaSoriso fasebze.

magaliTad, 1973 wlis energokrizisis dros opekma uari ganacxada navTobis eqsportze

dasavleTis qveynebSi (aSS da dasavleT evropa), romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels iom

qifuris anu oqtombris omSi egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. aman ganapiroba navTobis

fasis gaoTxmageba, ramac xuT Tves gastana, 1973 wlis 17 oqtombridan 1974 wlis 18

martamde.

energokrizisi gamowveuli iyo arab-israelis konfliqtiT. embargomde industri-

uli dasavleTi, da gansakuTrebiT aSS, opekidan navTobs iRebda sakmaod iafad. 1945-

35

1970 wlebSi dasavleTma da iaponiam moixmares ufro meti navTobi da mineralebi, vidre

mTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. navTobis gamoyeneba aSS-Si gaormagda 1950-1974

wlebSi.. am periodSi aSS-is mosaxleoba Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 6% da

moixmarda msoflios navTobis 33%.

vinaidan opekis saxelmwifoebi navTobs aSS dolarebSi yiddnen da amasTan, navTobis

fasi dolarebSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, nebismieri cvlileba aSS-is ekonomikaSi

aisaxeboda opekis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikaze. xolo, vinaidan meoce saukunis

samocdaaTian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda amerikaSi, bunebrivia, navTobis

eqsportiori qveynebi am movlenebisgan izolirebulni ver darCnen. amerikis

prezidenti riCard niqsoni 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi

aRmoCnda. fasebis zrda da ekonomikuri stagnacia umwvavesi sakiTxebi iyo. 1971 wels

niqsonma SeaCera dolaris konvertabeluroba oqroSi. dasrulda valutebis mcocavi

kursebis era, rac faqtiurad breton-vudsis sistemis daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdeg

dolari oqrosTan SedarebiT 8%-iT gaufasurda 1971 wlis dekembers da Semdeg isev

gaufasurda 1973 wels.

gaufasurebam gamoiwvia msoflios ekonomikisa da politikis aramdgradoba.

amasTan erTad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dolaris gaufasureba daemTxva navTobis

fasis dacemas dolarebSi. aman gaamyara amerikeli biznesmenebis mdgomareoba

iaponelebTan da evropelebTan SedarebiT. magram dolaris kursis dacemam da

devalvaciam gamoiwvia mesame samyaros nedleulis mwarmoebelTa ukmayofileba. isini

mixvdnen, rom simdidre xelidan eclebodaT da maTi Semosavlebi da qoneba cota xnis

win bevrad ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre axla. aman ganapiroba brZola msoflios

bunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebisaTvis da dasavleTma da opekis wevrma saxel-

mwifoebma ufro konstruqciul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies resursebis ganawilebasTan

dakavSirebiT. Tumca, opekis wevri qveynebi miiCnevdnen, rom isini metis Rirsni iyvnen.

amas erTvoda opekis arabuli saxelmwifoebis ukmayofileba aSS-sa da misi momxreebis

proebrauli politikiT regionSi — israelma miiRo daxmareba, raTa SewinaaRmdegeboda

egviptisa da siriis jarebs. opekma dasavleTis dasja gadawyvita — ganviTarebuli

qveynebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen damokidebuli opekis navTobze, kidev ufro

damokidebuli gaexadaT da es damokidebuleba Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina.

opekma navTobis miyidva aSS-sTvis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiisTvis.

bevri sxva gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, opekma warmatebas miaRwia navTobis

fasis didi xniT zrdaSi. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, am warmatebaSi didi wvlili

miuZRvis saudis arabeTs, romelmac Seamcira Tavisi produqcia, rom gaeTanabrebina

opekis mTliani warmoeba, radgan zogma wevrma Tavis wils gadaaWarba. am mxriv, saudis

arabeTis wevroba organizaciisaTvis didi pliusia, vinaidan, danarCeb wevrebs Soris

is erTaderTia, romelsac gaaCnia imdenad soliduri rezervi, rom saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebiT manevrireba.

opekis politika warmatebuli gamodga. man SeZlo daumuSavebeli navTobisa da

damuSavebuli da gawmendili navTobis fasebis gaTanabreba. magram opeks ar SeuZlia

fasebis usasrulod gazrda. fasis gazrdas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia opekis

mTliani sistemis Secvla, rac gamoiwvevda momxmareblis mier navTobis magivrad

alternatiuri energiis gamoyenebas.

navTobis fasis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi komentari gaakeTa iranis Sahma: `ra

Tqma unda msoflios navTobis fasi gaizrdeba, ra Tqma unda! da rogor? Tqven

(dasavleli naciebi) xorblis fasi, romelsac Cven mogvyidiT 300%-iT gazardeT, igive

gaakeTeT cementsa da Saqarze, Tqven yidulobT Cven daumuSavebel navTobs da mere

ukan mogvyidiT mas, ubralod gadamuSavebuls, asjer ufro Zvirad... erTaderTi

samarTali is iqneba, Tu Tqven navTobze mets gadaixdiT. 10-jer ufro mets~ (New York Times, 1973).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msoflios navTobis Soki daiwyo 1973 wlis 17 oqtombers,

rodesac opekis arabma wevrebma iom qifuris omis dros ganacxades, rom aRar

miawvdidnen navTobs im qveynebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels egviptesTan

konfliqtSi, anu aSS-sa da mis mokavSire dasavleT evropas. amave dros, opekis wevrma

qveynebma gadawyvites msoflios navTobis fasebi gaeoTxmagebinaT da maT es SeZles.

amas bevri eqsperti opekis seriozul gamarjvebad miiCnevs. amave dros, es kargi

magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor iyvnen dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi

damokidebuli opekze. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxa aSS-ze, dasavleT evro-

36

msoflios nebismieri qveynidan; mobiluroba, rac gulisxmobs mogebis gazrdis mizniT

sawarmos gadatanas msoflios erTi kuTxidan meoreSi; da, bolos, is efeqturoba,

romelic miiRweva procesis aseTi danawilebis Sedegad dazogili droiT. warmoebis

aseTi tipis farTod gavrceleba meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da misi

Tanmdevi procesia mosaxleobis migracia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sromis globalizaciis

Semadgeneli nawilia.

globaluri warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegia e.w. `specialuri ekonomikuri zonebi”,

sadac adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier dawesebulia SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi an

saerTod gaTavisuflebulia saeqsporto da saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. pirvelad

aseTi zonebi evropaSi Seiqmna, Tumca mogvianebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova laTinur

amerikaSi, karibis kunZulebze da, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac aseTi

zonebis Seqmna axali industriuli qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri elitisaTvis

erT-erT prioritetadac iqca. gasul saukineSi am qveynebis saocari tempebiT

ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad bevri swored maT aseT ekonomikur politikas miawers.

globaluri warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli produqti, bunebrivia, globaluri

produqtia, romelic aseve globalur qselebSi iyideba (benetoni, naiki, gepi, peJo,

reno da mravali sxva).

globalur warmoebaSi Cabmul kompaniebs transnacionaluri korporaciebi

ewodeba. maTi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom maTi deda-kompania aris

erT qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi — sxva qveynebSi. maT faqtiurad ar gaaCniaT

erovneba da, TavisTavad, ar scnoben sazRvrebs. dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasi

transnacionaluri kompaniaa da maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. magram miuxedavad

imisa, rom msoflios 100 yvelaze msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniis aqtivebis

TiTqmis naxevari im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareTaa, sadac saTavo ofisebia,

transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili jer kidev TavianT

saxelmwifoebSia.

vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubari gatiT unda daviwyoT. am organizaciam, rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis liberalizacias da niadagi

moamzada savaWro urTierTobebis intensifikaciisaTvis. gatis Semcvleli — msoflio

savaWro organizaciac igive mizans emsaxureba, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyobasa da

vaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas.

Tumca, rac ar unda paradoqsuli iyos, Tavad `Tavisufali bazris~ ideis avtorebi

da gamtareblebic mimarTaven xolme proteqcionistul zomebs vaWrobaSi. dRes

dasavleTi ZiriTadad icavs Tavis bazars axali industriuli qveynebis

produqciisagan.

beki eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom globalizebuli ekonomika saukeTesoa

msoflioSi keTildReobis donis asamaRleblad da miaCnia, rom `Tavisufali vaWroba~,

dRevandeli gagebiT, Zalian Sors aris devid rikardoseuli modelisagan. mesame

samyaros da evropis postkomunistur qveynebSi ekonomikis dabali done da

gavrcelebuli umuSevroba aiZulebs am qveynebis mTavrobebs gaataron eqsportze

orientirebuli politika, riTac zaraldeba socialuri da ekologiuri standartebi.

es qveynebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan investiciebis

mozidvaSi. saubari imaze, rom Tavisufali vaWrobiT gamowveuli konkurencia amcirebs

danaxarjebs da amitom is ormxrivad xelsayrelia, bekis azriT, cinizmia, vinaidan

danaxarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia an gazrdili ekonomiurobiT (ufro

srulyofili teqnologiebi, ukeTesi menejmenti, sxv.) an adamianisaTvis Sesabamisi

samuSao pirobebis arSeqmniT. amgvarad, bekis azriT, aseTi gziT miRweuli

danaxarjebis Semcireba `transnacionaluri mekobreobis gviandel variants~ hgavs.

beki aseve iSveliebs maqs veberis mosazrebas, romelic man jer kidev 1894 wels

gamoTqva Tavis naSromSi — iseTi msoflio ekonomika, rogoris Seqmnac sabolood surT

dRevandel liberalebs, anu msoflio saxelmwifoebis gareSe da kacobriobis

kulturuli donis sruli gaTanabreba — sruli utopiaa.

vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT vaWrobis eleqtronul

formas. is farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas meoce saukunis bolo periodidan da, Tavis

mxriv, informaciis globalizaciis Sedegia. swored inetrnetis saSualebiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda saxlidan gausvlelad ramdenime wamSi nebismieri produqciis SeZena

msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. vaWrobis am formaSi ugulebelyofilia droisa da

teritoriuli siSoris faqtorebi. Tumca internet-vaWroba garkveul sirTuleebs

41

ver iqneboda) ar Camouvardeboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda kidec dRevandel

maCveneblebs. rogorc hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, vinaidan 1870-1914 wlebSi

saerTaSoriso savaWro brunva yovelwliurad 3,4%-iT izrdeboda da msoflios

mTliani Sida produqtis 33%-s Seadgenda, anu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre dRes, globalizaciaze, rogorc

Tanamedrove movlenaze saubari ar aris mizanSewonili da metic, es ubralod miTia.

globalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilebi erT-erT argumentad asaxeleben

pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods, rodesac ekonomikuri transaqciebis

intensivobam mniSvnelovnad iklo im proteqcionistuli politikis gamo, romlis

gatarebac daiwyes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi roli

Seasrula aSS-is mier miRebulma smuT-holeis aqtma, romelic am qveynis istoriaSi

yvelaze proteqcionistuli kanoni iyo. Semosul saqonelze tarifebis gazrdiT,

amerikam faqtiurad aiZula sxva saxelmwifoebi, SeewyvitaT masTan savaWro

urTierTobebi da metic, igive nabijebi gadaedgaT, anu aseve moematebinaT tarifebi

importze. am istoriul magaliTze dayrdnobiT globalizaciis skeptikosebi askvnian,

rom pirvel rigSi globalizaciis procesi ar aris axali movlena, da meore — is aris

sxva, ufro farTo, procesis nawili, romelic araTanmimdevrulia da seriozuli

cvalebadobebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevridan

agorebuli axali talRa aucileblad Seicvleba, vinaidan savaraudoa, rom erovnuli

interesebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebi kvlav Caketaven sazRvrebs da

daubrundebian proteqcionizms.

am mosazrebis ar eTanxmebian globalizaciis momxreebi da miiCneven, rom msoflio

omebs Soris periodis ekonomikuri krizisi swored imis Sedegi iyo, rom qveynebs jer

kidev kargad ar hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli Ria vaWrobisa da ekonomikis yvela

sferoSi intensiuri transaqciebis roli. maTi azriT, krizisi gamowveuli iyo imiT,

rom saxelmwifoebma ara liberaluri, aramed proteqcionisturi mosazrebebiT

ixelmZRvaneles. Tumca, aqve aRniSnaven, rom es Secdoma kargad gaaanalizes

dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi cvlilebebi msoflio

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi amis dasturia.

bevri mecnieris azriT, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia swored meore msoflio

omis Semdeg iwyeba da pirdapir ukavSirdeba breton-vudsis institutebs. msoflio

banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi safinanso sferoSi, xolo gati — savaWro

sferoSi, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis qvakuTxeds warmoadgendne. pirveli ori

organizaciis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT valutis stabiluri kursi, xeli SeewyoT

omisagan dasustebuli evropis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gamojansaRebisaTvis,

finansuri daxmareba aRmoeCinaT yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac es esaWi-

roeboda da, zogadad, daemkvidrebinaT liberaluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebi. garda

amisa, dadginda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursi, anu saxelmwifoebma TavianTi erovnuli

valutebi aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvres, xolo dolari Seefarda oqros.

gatis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebda tarifebis dawevis xelSewyobas da savaWro sferos

liberalizacias. im periodSi savaWro brunva TiTqmis oTxjer gaizarda. savaWro da

safinanso sistemebis liberalizacias mohyva sainvesticio klimatis liberalizacia

da qveynebma gaxsnes sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso investiciebisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom breton-vudsis sistemam didi xani ver iarseba da 1971 wels

man oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba, globalistebis proponentebis azriT, safuZveli

Caeyara Tvisebrivad axal, Seuqcevad process, romlis saboloo mizanic aris erTiani

ekonomikis Seqmna. am procesSi, bunebrivia, erovnuli ekonomika veRar iqneba

gancalkevebuli da, rogorc zurab daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, dRevandel pirobebSi

saxelmwifoebi ise arian erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebuli, rom arc erTi erovnuli

ekonomika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `saSinaod~. es aris msoflio, sadac erT qveyanaSi

SegiZlia SeiZino nedleuli, meore qveyanaSi gadaamuSavo igi, mesameSi — Seqmna misgan

produqti, meoTxeSi — SefuTo, mexuTeSi — gayido, xolo meeqvseSi — gauwio yvelafer

amas koordinacia. anu, es aris warmoebis procesi sazRvrebs gareSe, rogorc mas

mecnierebi uwodeben. misi arsi isaa, rom erTi warmoebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

mimdinareobs. warmoebis aseT process bevri upiratesoba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia:

warmoebis ekonomiuroba, romelic ganpirobebulia didi masStabebiT; arCevanis

mravalferovneba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom warmoebis procesSi SesaZlebelia SeirCes

nedleuli, danadgarebi, adamianuri resursebi da sxv. yvelaze xelsayrel fasSi

40

paze, kanadasa da iaponiaze. mag., kanadaSi am periodSi inflaciam Seadgina 10%, xolo

umuSevroba gaizarda 7%-iT. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam dasavleTis seriozuli

SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebina maT yuradReba im politikur-

ekonomikur daZabulobaze, romelic ukve didi xani arsebobda ganviTarebul da

ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.

garda amisa, es gamarjveba imedismimcemi iyo mesame samyaros sxva qveynebisaTvis,

romlebic opekis qveynebi msgavsad antidasavlurad iyvnen ganwyobilni.

navTobis fasis gazrdas seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva. aziis qveynebma, romlebic

industriul ZalebSi dominirebdnen, daiwyes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis

gakontroleba. navTobis eqsportis mwarmoebelma qveynebma daagroves kapitali.

Semosavalis garkveuli nawili daixarja gaerTianebis SeqmnaSi, romelic unda

daxmareboda sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa ekonomikac kriziss ganicdida. maT

Semosavali ar hqondaT, radgan dasavleTi Tavis produqtebSi Zalian Zvirs iTxovda, es

qveynebi ki daumuSavebel navTobs iafad yiddnen. am fulis umetesi nawili elitis

xelSi xvdeobda, romelic kvlav abandebda mas dasavleTSi an am Tanxas TavisTvis

itovebda. aseve am fulis didi nawili armiis SesyidvaSi daixarja, ramac kidev ufro

gaaZliera politikuri daZabuloba aziaSi.

saudis arabeTma operatiulad daawesa kontroli aramkoze, romlis nacionaliza-ciac moaxdina 1980 wels. aseve opekis sxva wevrebic asrulebdnen yvela moTxovnas,

swored amitom gaerTianebis Semosavali sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. saudis

arabeTma Semosavlebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT SeimuSava xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma,

romelic daiwyo 1980 wels da mis ganxorcielebaSi daixarja 250 miliardi aSS

dolari. gaerTianebis sxva wevrebmac SeimuSaves ganviTarebis programebi.

energokrizisma namdvili qaosi warmoqmna dasavleTSi.aSS-Si benzinis galonis

calobiTi fasi 1973 wlis maisSi iyo 38.5 centi da 1974 wlis ivnisSi 55.1 centamde

gaizarda. amis gamo niu-iorkis birJam 97 miliardi dolari eqvs kviraSi dakarga.

dasavlur qveynebSi navTobis eqsportis akrZalvis dasawyisSi, aSS-Si

yoveldRiurad 1,2 milioni barelis nacvlad, 19000 bareli navTobi Sedioda. misi

moxmareba 1973 wlis seqtembridan Tebervlamde 6.1%-iT Semcirda, xolo 1974 wlis

zafxulSi ki 7%-iT. aSS-Si iyo sawvavis mwvave ukmarisoba, rac meore msoflio omis

Semdeg pirvelad moxda.

navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi arc ki elodnen, rom maT gadawyvetilebas aseTi

Sedegi mohyveboda. maT dainaxes, rom arakomunistur, industriul samyaroSi

SesaZlebelia aseTi inflacia da, zogadad, ekonomikis aseTi krizisi. industriul

qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, am krizisma kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevrobis

problema da gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda iseT socialur jgufebze, romlebsac mcire

Semosavali hqondaT. aSS-Si skolebi da ofisebi xSirad ixureboda sawvavis ekonomiis

mizniT, qarxnebi amcirebdnen produqciis warmoebas da samsaxuridan iTxovdnen

TanamSromlebs.

navTobis eqsportis akrZalva mTlian evropas ar Seexo. evropis ekonomiuri

gaerTianebis cxra wevridan yvelaze metad germania dazaralda, radgan man mxari

dauWira israels da amerikelebs Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebis ufleba

misca.didi britaneTi da safrangeTi uwyvetad iRebdnen navTobs, radgan maT uari

uTxres amerikas Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaSi da neitraluri pozicia daiWires

arabeT-israelis konfliqtSi. danarCen eqvs wevrs navTobis miwodeba mxolod

nawilobriv SeumcirdaT. didi britaneTi tradiciulad iyo israelis mokavSire da

harold vilsonis mTavroba mxarSi edga israels eqvsdRiani omis dros, magram didi

britaneTis momdevno premier-ministrma, ted hesma ar gaagrZela es politika da

mouxmo israels daTanxmeboda sazRvrebis cvlilebas. amgvarad, evropis ekonomikuri

gaerTianebis wevrebma ver miiRes saerTo politikuri gadawyvetileba iom qipuris omis

pirveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi. gaerTianebam sabolood Tavisi azri 6 noembers

daafiqsira, rodesac navTobis eqsporti ukve akrZaluli iyo da navTobis fasebic

ganuxrelad izrdeboda. es gadawyvetileba ganxiluli iyo rogorc proarabuli da

amitom opekma akrZalva gaerTianebis wevrebze ar gamoiyena. magram fasis gazrdam

ufro didi gavlena moaxdina evropaze, vidre saerTod navTobis akrZalvam,

gansakuTrebiT ki did britaneTSi (sadac isini axdendnen industriuli aqciisa da

qvanaxSiris maRaroebis kombinacias).

37

aSS-Si energokrizisis daZlevis mizniT specialuri energetikis departamenti

Seiqmna. daiwyo energiis racionalizaciaze aqtiuri fiqri. dawesda grafiki benzinze

da mZRolebs mxolod garkveul dReebSi SeeZloT benzinis Casxma. manqanebiT moZraoba

mxolod dabali siCqariT SeiZleboda benzinis ekonomiurad moxmarebis mizniT. aseve

specialuri politika SemuSavda sinaTlis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvis

saaTic ki gadawies dRis Suqis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis mizniT.

sxva navTobimportiori ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia yvelaze

karg mdgomareobaSi iyo msoflio energokrizisis Semdeg. am qveyanam, realobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saswrafod daiwyo iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba,

romlebic yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda energoresursebs. iaponiis warmatebebi

robotmSeneblobasa da, zogadad, maRalteqnologiur sferoSi, swored am periodidan

iwyeba. amasTan, iaponelma manqanaTmSeneblebma meore revolucia moaxdines da

Zveleburi didi manqanebis magivrad patara, kompaqturi da ekonomiuri manqanebis

gamoSveba daiwyes. specialistebis azriT, 1973 wlis krizisi iyo mTavari faqtori imisa,

rom iaponia CamoSorda navTobis industrias da uzarmazari investiciebi

eleqtronikaSi Cado.

1974 wels vaSingtonis konferenciaze molaparakebebis Semdeg navTobze embargo

moixsna, magram krizisis Sedegebi amis Semdeg ufro aSkara gaxda. navTobis fasis zrda

gagrZelda kidev erTi weli da dolari, rogorc valuta, sagrZnoblad dasustda.

energo-krizisis erT-erTi Sedegia is, rom qveynebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen iseTi

energiis miRebaze, romlis ganaxlebac da aRdgenac SeiZlebvoda, gansakuTrebiT xis

sawvavze. aiwyo mzisa da qaris energiis intensiuri kvlevebi. krizisma aseve ganapiroba

Crdilo-amerikaSi arsebuli navTobis WaburRilebis Seswavla da aTviseba. garda amisa,

kidev erTxel daarwmuna dasavleTi birTvuli energiisa da naxSiris mniSvnelobaSi.

krizisis gamo gamoigones mravali ufro efeqtruri manqana, xalxi ki

alternatiuli energiis ZiebaSi iyo, amitom navTobis fasebi TavisTavad daeca da 1973

wlis krizisis kvali nel-nela qreboda. aSS kvlav iyenebs navTobs Tavis

mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met proporciebSi.

1981 wlidan opekis produqciis xarisxma iklo da mas sxva qveynebis produqcia

gacilebiT sjobda. Tan, masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebi erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdebodnen.

saudis arabeTi cdilobda yvelaze didi wili aeRo, igi yidda yvelaze Zvir

navTobproduqcias, ris gamoc naklebs an saerTod ar iRebda Semosavals. amis gamo es

qveyana iZulebuli gaxda Seemcirebina navTobis fasi. navTobis fasma piks 1979 wels

miaRwia, maSin erTi bareli Savi oqro 80 aSS dolari Rirda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

es ricxvi Semcirda da 38 dolari Seadgina. mTlianobaSi, Savi oqros gaiafeba didi

warmateba iyo navTobmomxmarebeli qveynebisaTvis (iaponiisaTvis, evropisaTvis da

gansakuTrebiT — mesame samyarosTvis). amave dros, navTobis fasis dacemam seriozuli problema Seuqmna CrdiloeT

evropasa da sparseTis yuris regions, aseve ramodenime mWidrod dasaxlebul qveyanas,

romelTa ekonomikac Zlier iyo damokidebuli navTobze. magaliTad, meqsika, nigeria,

alJiri da libani navTobis gaiafebiT es qveynebi gamouval viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen.

navTobis gadaWarbebulma warmoebam msoflio bazarze 1980-iani wlebSi warmoSva

zedmeti produqcia, navTobis fasebi daeca da am faqtma opekSi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia.

navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis — venesuelis, nigerisaa da meqsikis ekonomika fasebis

vardnis gamo savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, saudis arabeTis uZlieresi

ekonomikac ki dasustda.ganxeTqilebam opekSi ufro gaarTula mdgomareoba

bevris azriT, 1973 wlis krizisma kargad daanaxa msoflios, Tu ramdenad

damokidebulni arian dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi navTobze da mis momwodebel

qveynebze. Sesabamisad, dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom navTobwarmoebis regionebi

dasavleTis mudmivi interesis sfero iqneba da trategiul regionebad moiazreba.

navTobis politika ki kvlavac darCeba saSiS da riskian politikad.

britaneTSi 2004 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda ocdaaTi wlis winandeli dokumentebi.

maT mixedviT aSS-is politikuri elita 1973 wlis energo-krizisis dros ganixilavda

saudis arabeTsa da quveitSi SeWris ides, romli mizanic iyo am qveynebis navTobis

WaburRilebze kontrolis damyareba. Tumca, es gegmebi uaryofili iyo, rogorc

droebiTi efeqtis momtani da, saboloo jamSi, uSedego.

dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da opekis urTierTobaSi yovelTvis

SeimCneoda daZabuloba. im urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobs maT Soris,

38

dadebiTis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. ramdenime Tvis win amerikis prezidentma

buSma ganacxada, rom misi qveynisaTvis erT-erTi strategiuli sakiTxia energo-

uzrunvelyofa da rom qveyanam intensiurad unda daiwyos energiis alternatiuli

wyaroebis moZieba da danergva. es kidev erTi naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, rom

dasavleTi ar aris mSvidad im faqtiT, rom is iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric

energetikaa, damokidebulia iseT arastabilur da Znelad Sesacnob saxelmwifoebze

(ramdenimes garda, romlebsac aSkarad prodasavluri kursi aqvT), rogoric opekis

wevrebia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi bolo xanebSi gadaiqca saudis arabeTis Semdeg meore

yvelaze msxvil navTobeqsportior qveyanad. mas aseve gaaCnia dadasturebuli da jer

auTvisebeli maragebi arqtikasa da sxva Znelad misadgom regionebSi, rac bunebrivia,

gaaZvirebs mopovebiT samuSaoebs. ruseTi ar aris opekis wevri, magram eqspertebi sul

ufro xSirad saubroben opekis alternatiuli organizaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze.

momavali organizaciis wevrebad moiazrebian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi,

azerbaijani da irani.

globalizacia

ras eZaxian dRes globalizacias da ratom aris es termini aseTi aqtualuri

dRevandel msoflioSi? am Temaze davoben ara marto specielistebi, aramed

socialuri mecnierebebidan Sors myofnic. garda amisa, xSirad globalizaciis arsis

gadmosacemaT SecdomiT iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: `vesternizacia~,

`internacionalizacia~, `amerikanizacia~ da sxv. Tavad mecnierTa Soris aris azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba globalizaciis Sesaxeb da maT mier globalizaciis erTiani gan-

sazRvrebac ki ar aris SemuSavebuli. amas erTvis is, rom globalizaciis procesi,

rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT igi, ganuxrelad mimdinareobs da yvela qveyanasa da maT

yvela moqalaqes exeba. gaCnda iseTi terminebic, rogorebicaa `globalisti~ da `anti-

globalisti~. antiglobalisturi gamosvlebi dRevandeli msoflios politikuri

cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.

antiglobalisturad ganwyobili beki globalizmze saubrisas wers: `globalizmi —

esaa azrobrivi virusi, romelic bolo dros Seeyara yvela partias, yvela redaqcias,

yvela institituts. mis dogmats warmoadgens ara is, rom adamianebma ekonomikurad

unda imoqmedon, aramed is, rom yvelaferi, politika, mecniereba, kultura —

ekonomikur primats unda emorCilebodes. amiT neo-liberalisturi globalizmi Tavis

dauZinebel mters — marqsizms mogvagonebs~ (ra aris globalizacia? u. beki. gv. 156).

globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi aseve Tvlian, rom es procesi neoliberalebis

mogonili da wamowyebulia, vinaidan es maT politikur interesebSi Sedis.

globalizacia, maTi azriT akninebs suverenuli saxlmwifoebisa da maTimTavrobebis

rols saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. am mosazrebas globalizaciis proponentebi katego-

riulad ar eTanxmebian da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciam ki ar SezRuda erovnuli

mTavrobebis roli, aramed sxva funqcia SesZina maT. ase magaliTad, erovnuli

mTavrobebi axla ufro xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs saqmiani SexvedrebiT, vidre es

odesme momxdara. garda amisa, yvela ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetileba

saerTaSoriso doneze miiReba urTierTSeTanxmebiT da erTmaneTis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. swored erovnuli mTavrobebis damsaxurebaa is, rom globalizaciis

procesi saerTod daiwyo da igi ase Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs. oponentebi amis

sapirispirod ganviTarebad qveynebs asaxeleben, romlebic yvela mniSvnelovani

gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan gaTiSulebi arian.

globalizmis procesis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni acxadeben, rom

mecxramete saukunis bolos saerTaSoriso transaqciebi ufro intensiuradac ki

mimdinareobda, vidre dRes, anu savaWro da safinanso brunva (aq absoluturi

raodenobis brunva ar igulisxmeba, rac, naTelia, Tanamedrove maCvenebelze maRali

39

aSS-Si energokrizisis daZlevis mizniT specialuri energetikis departamenti

Seiqmna. daiwyo energiis racionalizaciaze aqtiuri fiqri. dawesda grafiki benzinze

da mZRolebs mxolod garkveul dReebSi SeeZloT benzinis Casxma. manqanebiT moZraoba

mxolod dabali siCqariT SeiZleboda benzinis ekonomiurad moxmarebis mizniT. aseve

specialuri politika SemuSavda sinaTlis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT. amisTvis

saaTic ki gadawies dRis Suqis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis mizniT.

sxva navTobimportiori ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia yvelaze

karg mdgomareobaSi iyo msoflio energokrizisis Semdeg. am qveyanam, realobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saswrafod daiwyo iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba,

romlebic yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda energoresursebs. iaponiis warmatebebi

robotmSeneblobasa da, zogadad, maRalteqnologiur sferoSi, swored am periodidan

iwyeba. amasTan, iaponelma manqanaTmSeneblebma meore revolucia moaxdines da

Zveleburi didi manqanebis magivrad patara, kompaqturi da ekonomiuri manqanebis

gamoSveba daiwyes. specialistebis azriT, 1973 wlis krizisi iyo mTavari faqtori imisa,

rom iaponia CamoSorda navTobis industrias da uzarmazari investiciebi

eleqtronikaSi Cado.

1974 wels vaSingtonis konferenciaze molaparakebebis Semdeg navTobze embargo

moixsna, magram krizisis Sedegebi amis Semdeg ufro aSkara gaxda. navTobis fasis zrda

gagrZelda kidev erTi weli da dolari, rogorc valuta, sagrZnoblad dasustda.

energo-krizisis erT-erTi Sedegia is, rom qveynebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen iseTi

energiis miRebaze, romlis ganaxlebac da aRdgenac SeiZlebvoda, gansakuTrebiT xis

sawvavze. aiwyo mzisa da qaris energiis intensiuri kvlevebi. krizisma aseve ganapiroba

Crdilo-amerikaSi arsebuli navTobis WaburRilebis Seswavla da aTviseba. garda amisa,

kidev erTxel daarwmuna dasavleTi birTvuli energiisa da naxSiris mniSvnelobaSi.

krizisis gamo gamoigones mravali ufro efeqtruri manqana, xalxi ki

alternatiuli energiis ZiebaSi iyo, amitom navTobis fasebi TavisTavad daeca da 1973

wlis krizisis kvali nel-nela qreboda. aSS kvlav iyenebs navTobs Tavis

mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met proporciebSi.

1981 wlidan opekis produqciis xarisxma iklo da mas sxva qveynebis produqcia

gacilebiT sjobda. Tan, masSi gawevrianebuli qveynebi erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdebodnen.

saudis arabeTi cdilobda yvelaze didi wili aeRo, igi yidda yvelaze Zvir

navTobproduqcias, ris gamoc naklebs an saerTod ar iRebda Semosavals. amis gamo es

qveyana iZulebuli gaxda Seemcirebina navTobis fasi. navTobis fasma piks 1979 wels

miaRwia, maSin erTi bareli Savi oqro 80 aSS dolari Rirda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

es ricxvi Semcirda da 38 dolari Seadgina. mTlianobaSi, Savi oqros gaiafeba didi

warmateba iyo navTobmomxmarebeli qveynebisaTvis (iaponiisaTvis, evropisaTvis da

gansakuTrebiT — mesame samyarosTvis). amave dros, navTobis fasis dacemam seriozuli problema Seuqmna CrdiloeT

evropasa da sparseTis yuris regions, aseve ramodenime mWidrod dasaxlebul qveyanas,

romelTa ekonomikac Zlier iyo damokidebuli navTobze. magaliTad, meqsika, nigeria,

alJiri da libani navTobis gaiafebiT es qveynebi gamouval viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen.

navTobis gadaWarbebulma warmoebam msoflio bazarze 1980-iani wlebSi warmoSva

zedmeti produqcia, navTobis fasebi daeca da am faqtma opekSi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia.

navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis — venesuelis, nigerisaa da meqsikis ekonomika fasebis

vardnis gamo savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, saudis arabeTis uZlieresi

ekonomikac ki dasustda.ganxeTqilebam opekSi ufro gaarTula mdgomareoba

bevris azriT, 1973 wlis krizisma kargad daanaxa msoflios, Tu ramdenad

damokidebulni arian dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi navTobze da mis momwodebel

qveynebze. Sesabamisad, dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi, rom navTobwarmoebis regionebi

dasavleTis mudmivi interesis sfero iqneba da trategiul regionebad moiazreba.

navTobis politika ki kvlavac darCeba saSiS da riskian politikad.

britaneTSi 2004 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda ocdaaTi wlis winandeli dokumentebi.

maT mixedviT aSS-is politikuri elita 1973 wlis energo-krizisis dros ganixilavda

saudis arabeTsa da quveitSi SeWris ides, romli mizanic iyo am qveynebis navTobis

WaburRilebze kontrolis damyareba. Tumca, es gegmebi uaryofili iyo, rogorc

droebiTi efeqtis momtani da, saboloo jamSi, uSedego.

dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da opekis urTierTobaSi yovelTvis

SeimCneoda daZabuloba. im urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobs maT Soris,

38

dadebiTis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. ramdenime Tvis win amerikis prezidentma

buSma ganacxada, rom misi qveynisaTvis erT-erTi strategiuli sakiTxia energo-

uzrunvelyofa da rom qveyanam intensiurad unda daiwyos energiis alternatiuli

wyaroebis moZieba da danergva. es kidev erTi naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, rom

dasavleTi ar aris mSvidad im faqtiT, rom is iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoric

energetikaa, damokidebulia iseT arastabilur da Znelad Sesacnob saxelmwifoebze

(ramdenimes garda, romlebsac aSkarad prodasavluri kursi aqvT), rogoric opekis

wevrebia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTi bolo xanebSi gadaiqca saudis arabeTis Semdeg meore

yvelaze msxvil navTobeqsportior qveyanad. mas aseve gaaCnia dadasturebuli da jer

auTvisebeli maragebi arqtikasa da sxva Znelad misadgom regionebSi, rac bunebrivia,

gaaZvirebs mopovebiT samuSaoebs. ruseTi ar aris opekis wevri, magram eqspertebi sul

ufro xSirad saubroben opekis alternatiuli organizaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobaze.

momavali organizaciis wevrebad moiazrebian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi,

azerbaijani da irani.

globalizacia

ras eZaxian dRes globalizacias da ratom aris es termini aseTi aqtualuri

dRevandel msoflioSi? am Temaze davoben ara marto specielistebi, aramed

socialuri mecnierebebidan Sors myofnic. garda amisa, xSirad globalizaciis arsis

gadmosacemaT SecdomiT iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: `vesternizacia~,

`internacionalizacia~, `amerikanizacia~ da sxv. Tavad mecnierTa Soris aris azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba globalizaciis Sesaxeb da maT mier globalizaciis erTiani gan-

sazRvrebac ki ar aris SemuSavebuli. amas erTvis is, rom globalizaciis procesi,

rogorc ar unda ganvsazRvroT igi, ganuxrelad mimdinareobs da yvela qveyanasa da maT

yvela moqalaqes exeba. gaCnda iseTi terminebic, rogorebicaa `globalisti~ da `anti-

globalisti~. antiglobalisturi gamosvlebi dRevandeli msoflios politikuri

cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.

antiglobalisturad ganwyobili beki globalizmze saubrisas wers: `globalizmi —

esaa azrobrivi virusi, romelic bolo dros Seeyara yvela partias, yvela redaqcias,

yvela institituts. mis dogmats warmoadgens ara is, rom adamianebma ekonomikurad

unda imoqmedon, aramed is, rom yvelaferi, politika, mecniereba, kultura —

ekonomikur primats unda emorCilebodes. amiT neo-liberalisturi globalizmi Tavis

dauZinebel mters — marqsizms mogvagonebs~ (ra aris globalizacia? u. beki. gv. 156).

globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi aseve Tvlian, rom es procesi neoliberalebis

mogonili da wamowyebulia, vinaidan es maT politikur interesebSi Sedis.

globalizacia, maTi azriT akninebs suverenuli saxlmwifoebisa da maTimTavrobebis

rols saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. am mosazrebas globalizaciis proponentebi katego-

riulad ar eTanxmebian da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciam ki ar SezRuda erovnuli

mTavrobebis roli, aramed sxva funqcia SesZina maT. ase magaliTad, erovnuli

mTavrobebi axla ufro xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs saqmiani SexvedrebiT, vidre es

odesme momxdara. garda amisa, yvela ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetileba

saerTaSoriso doneze miiReba urTierTSeTanxmebiT da erTmaneTis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. swored erovnuli mTavrobebis damsaxurebaa is, rom globalizaciis

procesi saerTod daiwyo da igi ase Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs. oponentebi amis

sapirispirod ganviTarebad qveynebs asaxeleben, romlebic yvela mniSvnelovani

gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan gaTiSulebi arian.

globalizmis procesis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni acxadeben, rom

mecxramete saukunis bolos saerTaSoriso transaqciebi ufro intensiuradac ki

mimdinareobda, vidre dRes, anu savaWro da safinanso brunva (aq absoluturi

raodenobis brunva ar igulisxmeba, rac, naTelia, Tanamedrove maCvenebelze maRali

39

ver iqneboda) ar Camouvardeboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda kidec dRevandel

maCveneblebs. rogorc hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, vinaidan 1870-1914 wlebSi

saerTaSoriso savaWro brunva yovelwliurad 3,4%-iT izrdeboda da msoflios

mTliani Sida produqtis 33%-s Seadgenda, anu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi ufro intensiuri iyo, vidre dRes, globalizaciaze, rogorc

Tanamedrove movlenaze saubari ar aris mizanSewonili da metic, es ubralod miTia.

globalizaciis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilebi erT-erT argumentad asaxeleben

pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods, rodesac ekonomikuri transaqciebis

intensivobam mniSvnelovnad iklo im proteqcionistuli politikis gamo, romlis

gatarebac daiwyes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi roli

Seasrula aSS-is mier miRebulma smuT-holeis aqtma, romelic am qveynis istoriaSi

yvelaze proteqcionistuli kanoni iyo. Semosul saqonelze tarifebis gazrdiT,

amerikam faqtiurad aiZula sxva saxelmwifoebi, SeewyvitaT masTan savaWro

urTierTobebi da metic, igive nabijebi gadaedgaT, anu aseve moematebinaT tarifebi

importze. am istoriul magaliTze dayrdnobiT globalizaciis skeptikosebi askvnian,

rom pirvel rigSi globalizaciis procesi ar aris axali movlena, da meore — is aris

sxva, ufro farTo, procesis nawili, romelic araTanmimdevrulia da seriozuli

cvalebadobebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, meoce saukunis meore naxevridan

agorebuli axali talRa aucileblad Seicvleba, vinaidan savaraudoa, rom erovnuli

interesebidan gamomdinare saxelmwifoebi kvlav Caketaven sazRvrebs da

daubrundebian proteqcionizms.

am mosazrebis ar eTanxmebian globalizaciis momxreebi da miiCneven, rom msoflio

omebs Soris periodis ekonomikuri krizisi swored imis Sedegi iyo, rom qveynebs jer

kidev kargad ar hqondaT gaTviTcnobierebuli Ria vaWrobisa da ekonomikis yvela

sferoSi intensiuri transaqciebis roli. maTi azriT, krizisi gamowveuli iyo imiT,

rom saxelmwifoebma ara liberaluri, aramed proteqcionisturi mosazrebebiT

ixelmZRvaneles. Tumca, aqve aRniSnaven, rom es Secdoma kargad gaaanalizes

dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi cvlilebebi msoflio

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi amis dasturia.

bevri mecnieris azriT, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia swored meore msoflio

omis Semdeg iwyeba da pirdapir ukavSirdeba breton-vudsis institutebs. msoflio

banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi safinanso sferoSi, xolo gati — savaWro

sferoSi, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis qvakuTxeds warmoadgendne. pirveli ori

organizaciis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT valutis stabiluri kursi, xeli SeewyoT

omisagan dasustebuli evropis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gamojansaRebisaTvis,

finansuri daxmareba aRmoeCinaT yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac es esaWi-

roeboda da, zogadad, daemkvidrebinaT liberaluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebi. garda

amisa, dadginda valutebis fiqsirebuli kursi, anu saxelmwifoebma TavianTi erovnuli

valutebi aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi gansazRvres, xolo dolari Seefarda oqros.

gatis saqmianoba iTvaliswinebda tarifebis dawevis xelSewyobas da savaWro sferos

liberalizacias. im periodSi savaWro brunva TiTqmis oTxjer gaizarda. savaWro da

safinanso sistemebis liberalizacias mohyva sainvesticio klimatis liberalizacia

da qveynebma gaxsnes sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso investiciebisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom breton-vudsis sistemam didi xani ver iarseba da 1971 wels

man oficialurad Sewyvita arseboba, globalistebis proponentebis azriT, safuZveli

Caeyara Tvisebrivad axal, Seuqcevad process, romlis saboloo mizanic aris erTiani

ekonomikis Seqmna. am procesSi, bunebrivia, erovnuli ekonomika veRar iqneba

gancalkevebuli da, rogorc zurab daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, dRevandel pirobebSi

saxelmwifoebi ise arian erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebuli, rom arc erTi erovnuli

ekonomika ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos `saSinaod~. es aris msoflio, sadac erT qveyanaSi

SegiZlia SeiZino nedleuli, meore qveyanaSi gadaamuSavo igi, mesameSi — Seqmna misgan

produqti, meoTxeSi — SefuTo, mexuTeSi — gayido, xolo meeqvseSi — gauwio yvelafer

amas koordinacia. anu, es aris warmoebis procesi sazRvrebs gareSe, rogorc mas

mecnierebi uwodeben. misi arsi isaa, rom erTi warmoebis procesi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

mimdinareobs. warmoebis aseT process bevri upiratesoba aqvs. maTgan aRsaniSnavia:

warmoebis ekonomiuroba, romelic ganpirobebulia didi masStabebiT; arCevanis

mravalferovneba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom warmoebis procesSi SesaZlebelia SeirCes

nedleuli, danadgarebi, adamianuri resursebi da sxv. yvelaze xelsayrel fasSi

40

paze, kanadasa da iaponiaze. mag., kanadaSi am periodSi inflaciam Seadgina 10%, xolo

umuSevroba gaizarda 7%-iT. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam dasavleTis seriozuli

SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da kidev erTxel gaamaxvilebina maT yuradReba im politikur-

ekonomikur daZabulobaze, romelic ukve didi xani arsebobda ganviTarebul da

ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.

garda amisa, es gamarjveba imedismimcemi iyo mesame samyaros sxva qveynebisaTvis,

romlebic opekis qveynebi msgavsad antidasavlurad iyvnen ganwyobilni.

navTobis fasis gazrdas seriozuli Sedegebi mohyva. aziis qveynebma, romlebic

industriul ZalebSi dominirebdnen, daiwyes sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis

gakontroleba. navTobis eqsportis mwarmoebelma qveynebma daagroves kapitali.

Semosavalis garkveuli nawili daixarja gaerTianebis SeqmnaSi, romelic unda

daxmareboda sxva ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa ekonomikac kriziss ganicdida. maT

Semosavali ar hqondaT, radgan dasavleTi Tavis produqtebSi Zalian Zvirs iTxovda, es

qveynebi ki daumuSavebel navTobs iafad yiddnen. am fulis umetesi nawili elitis

xelSi xvdeobda, romelic kvlav abandebda mas dasavleTSi an am Tanxas TavisTvis

itovebda. aseve am fulis didi nawili armiis SesyidvaSi daixarja, ramac kidev ufro

gaaZliera politikuri daZabuloba aziaSi.

saudis arabeTma operatiulad daawesa kontroli aramkoze, romlis nacionaliza-ciac moaxdina 1980 wels. aseve opekis sxva wevrebic asrulebdnen yvela moTxovnas,

swored amitom gaerTianebis Semosavali sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. saudis

arabeTma Semosavlebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT SeimuSava xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma,

romelic daiwyo 1980 wels da mis ganxorcielebaSi daixarja 250 miliardi aSS

dolari. gaerTianebis sxva wevrebmac SeimuSaves ganviTarebis programebi.

energokrizisma namdvili qaosi warmoqmna dasavleTSi.aSS-Si benzinis galonis

calobiTi fasi 1973 wlis maisSi iyo 38.5 centi da 1974 wlis ivnisSi 55.1 centamde

gaizarda. amis gamo niu-iorkis birJam 97 miliardi dolari eqvs kviraSi dakarga.

dasavlur qveynebSi navTobis eqsportis akrZalvis dasawyisSi, aSS-Si

yoveldRiurad 1,2 milioni barelis nacvlad, 19000 bareli navTobi Sedioda. misi

moxmareba 1973 wlis seqtembridan Tebervlamde 6.1%-iT Semcirda, xolo 1974 wlis

zafxulSi ki 7%-iT. aSS-Si iyo sawvavis mwvave ukmarisoba, rac meore msoflio omis

Semdeg pirvelad moxda.

navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi arc ki elodnen, rom maT gadawyvetilebas aseTi

Sedegi mohyveboda. maT dainaxes, rom arakomunistur, industriul samyaroSi

SesaZlebelia aseTi inflacia da, zogadad, ekonomikis aseTi krizisi. industriul

qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, am krizisma kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevrobis

problema da gansakuTrebiT imoqmeda iseT socialur jgufebze, romlebsac mcire

Semosavali hqondaT. aSS-Si skolebi da ofisebi xSirad ixureboda sawvavis ekonomiis

mizniT, qarxnebi amcirebdnen produqciis warmoebas da samsaxuridan iTxovdnen

TanamSromlebs.

navTobis eqsportis akrZalva mTlian evropas ar Seexo. evropis ekonomiuri

gaerTianebis cxra wevridan yvelaze metad germania dazaralda, radgan man mxari

dauWira israels da amerikelebs Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebis ufleba

misca.didi britaneTi da safrangeTi uwyvetad iRebdnen navTobs, radgan maT uari

uTxres amerikas Tavisi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaSi da neitraluri pozicia daiWires

arabeT-israelis konfliqtSi. danarCen eqvs wevrs navTobis miwodeba mxolod

nawilobriv SeumcirdaT. didi britaneTi tradiciulad iyo israelis mokavSire da

harold vilsonis mTavroba mxarSi edga israels eqvsdRiani omis dros, magram didi

britaneTis momdevno premier-ministrma, ted hesma ar gaagrZela es politika da

mouxmo israels daTanxmeboda sazRvrebis cvlilebas. amgvarad, evropis ekonomikuri

gaerTianebis wevrebma ver miiRes saerTo politikuri gadawyvetileba iom qipuris omis

pirveli Tvis ganmavlobaSi. gaerTianebam sabolood Tavisi azri 6 noembers

daafiqsira, rodesac navTobis eqsporti ukve akrZaluli iyo da navTobis fasebic

ganuxrelad izrdeboda. es gadawyvetileba ganxiluli iyo rogorc proarabuli da

amitom opekma akrZalva gaerTianebis wevrebze ar gamoiyena. magram fasis gazrdam

ufro didi gavlena moaxdina evropaze, vidre saerTod navTobis akrZalvam,

gansakuTrebiT ki did britaneTSi (sadac isini axdendnen industriuli aqciisa da

qvanaxSiris maRaroebis kombinacias).

37

1970 wlebSi dasavleTma da iaponiam moixmares ufro meti navTobi da mineralebi, vidre

mTeli kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. navTobis gamoyeneba aSS-Si gaormagda 1950-1974

wlebSi.. am periodSi aSS-is mosaxleoba Seadgenda msoflio mosaxleobis 6% da

moixmarda msoflios navTobis 33%.

vinaidan opekis saxelmwifoebi navTobs aSS dolarebSi yiddnen da amasTan, navTobis

fasi dolarebSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, nebismieri cvlileba aSS-is ekonomikaSi

aisaxeboda opekis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikaze. xolo, vinaidan meoce saukunis

samocdaaTian wlebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda amerikaSi, bunebrivia, navTobis

eqsportiori qveynebi am movlenebisgan izolirebulni ver darCnen. amerikis

prezidenti riCard niqsoni 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi

aRmoCnda. fasebis zrda da ekonomikuri stagnacia umwvavesi sakiTxebi iyo. 1971 wels

niqsonma SeaCera dolaris konvertabeluroba oqroSi. dasrulda valutebis mcocavi

kursebis era, rac faqtiurad breton-vudsis sistemis daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdeg

dolari oqrosTan SedarebiT 8%-iT gaufasurda 1971 wlis dekembers da Semdeg isev

gaufasurda 1973 wels.

gaufasurebam gamoiwvia msoflios ekonomikisa da politikis aramdgradoba.

amasTan erTad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, dolaris gaufasureba daemTxva navTobis

fasis dacemas dolarebSi. aman gaamyara amerikeli biznesmenebis mdgomareoba

iaponelebTan da evropelebTan SedarebiT. magram dolaris kursis dacemam da

devalvaciam gamoiwvia mesame samyaros nedleulis mwarmoebelTa ukmayofileba. isini

mixvdnen, rom simdidre xelidan eclebodaT da maTi Semosavlebi da qoneba cota xnis

win bevrad ufro Rirebuli iyo, vidre axla. aman ganapiroba brZola msoflios

bunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebisaTvis da dasavleTma da opekis wevrma saxel-

mwifoebma ufro konstruqciul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies resursebis ganawilebasTan

dakavSirebiT. Tumca, opekis wevri qveynebi miiCnevdnen, rom isini metis Rirsni iyvnen.

amas erTvoda opekis arabuli saxelmwifoebis ukmayofileba aSS-sa da misi momxreebis

proebrauli politikiT regionSi — israelma miiRo daxmareba, raTa SewinaaRmdegeboda

egviptisa da siriis jarebs. opekma dasavleTis dasja gadawyvita — ganviTarebuli

qveynebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen damokidebuli opekis navTobze, kidev ufro

damokidebuli gaexadaT da es damokidebuleba Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina.

opekma navTobis miyidva aSS-sTvis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiisTvis.

bevri sxva gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, opekma warmatebas miaRwia navTobis

fasis didi xniT zrdaSi. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, am warmatebaSi didi wvlili

miuZRvis saudis arabeTs, romelmac Seamcira Tavisi produqcia, rom gaeTanabrebina

opekis mTliani warmoeba, radgan zogma wevrma Tavis wils gadaaWarba. am mxriv, saudis

arabeTis wevroba organizaciisaTvis didi pliusia, vinaidan, danarCeb wevrebs Soris

is erTaderTia, romelsac gaaCnia imdenad soliduri rezervi, rom saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebiT manevrireba.

opekis politika warmatebuli gamodga. man SeZlo daumuSavebeli navTobisa da

damuSavebuli da gawmendili navTobis fasebis gaTanabreba. magram opeks ar SeuZlia

fasebis usasrulod gazrda. fasis gazrdas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia opekis

mTliani sistemis Secvla, rac gamoiwvevda momxmareblis mier navTobis magivrad

alternatiuri energiis gamoyenebas.

navTobis fasis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi komentari gaakeTa iranis Sahma: `ra

Tqma unda msoflios navTobis fasi gaizrdeba, ra Tqma unda! da rogor? Tqven

(dasavleli naciebi) xorblis fasi, romelsac Cven mogvyidiT 300%-iT gazardeT, igive

gaakeTeT cementsa da Saqarze, Tqven yidulobT Cven daumuSavebel navTobs da mere

ukan mogvyidiT mas, ubralod gadamuSavebuls, asjer ufro Zvirad... erTaderTi

samarTali is iqneba, Tu Tqven navTobze mets gadaixdiT. 10-jer ufro mets~ (New York Times, 1973).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msoflios navTobis Soki daiwyo 1973 wlis 17 oqtombers,

rodesac opekis arabma wevrebma iom qifuris omis dros ganacxades, rom aRar

miawvdidnen navTobs im qveynebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels egviptesTan

konfliqtSi, anu aSS-sa da mis mokavSire dasavleT evropas. amave dros, opekis wevrma

qveynebma gadawyvites msoflios navTobis fasebi gaeoTxmagebinaT da maT es SeZles.

amas bevri eqsperti opekis seriozul gamarjvebad miiCnevs. amave dros, es kargi

magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor iyvnen dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi

damokidebuli opekze. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxa aSS-ze, dasavleT evro-

36

msoflios nebismieri qveynidan; mobiluroba, rac gulisxmobs mogebis gazrdis mizniT

sawarmos gadatanas msoflios erTi kuTxidan meoreSi; da, bolos, is efeqturoba,

romelic miiRweva procesis aseTi danawilebis Sedegad dazogili droiT. warmoebis

aseTi tipis farTod gavrceleba meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da misi

Tanmdevi procesia mosaxleobis migracia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sromis globalizaciis

Semadgeneli nawilia.

globaluri warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegia e.w. `specialuri ekonomikuri zonebi”,

sadac adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier dawesebulia SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi an

saerTod gaTavisuflebulia saeqsporto da saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. pirvelad

aseTi zonebi evropaSi Seiqmna, Tumca mogvianebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova laTinur

amerikaSi, karibis kunZulebze da, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac aseTi

zonebis Seqmna axali industriuli qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri elitisaTvis

erT-erT prioritetadac iqca. gasul saukineSi am qveynebis saocari tempebiT

ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad bevri swored maT aseT ekonomikur politikas miawers.

globaluri warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli produqti, bunebrivia, globaluri

produqtia, romelic aseve globalur qselebSi iyideba (benetoni, naiki, gepi, peJo,

reno da mravali sxva).

globalur warmoebaSi Cabmul kompaniebs transnacionaluri korporaciebi

ewodeba. maTi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom maTi deda-kompania aris

erT qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi — sxva qveynebSi. maT faqtiurad ar gaaCniaT

erovneba da, TavisTavad, ar scnoben sazRvrebs. dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 60 aTasi

transnacionaluri kompaniaa da maTi ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. magram miuxedavad

imisa, rom msoflios 100 yvelaze msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniis aqtivebis

TiTqmis naxevari im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareTaa, sadac saTavo ofisebia,

transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili jer kidev TavianT

saxelmwifoebSia.

vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubari gatiT unda daviwyoT. am organizaciam, rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli vaWrobis liberalizacias da niadagi

moamzada savaWro urTierTobebis intensifikaciisaTvis. gatis Semcvleli — msoflio

savaWro organizaciac igive mizans emsaxureba, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyobasa da

vaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas.

Tumca, rac ar unda paradoqsuli iyos, Tavad `Tavisufali bazris~ ideis avtorebi

da gamtareblebic mimarTaven xolme proteqcionistul zomebs vaWrobaSi. dRes

dasavleTi ZiriTadad icavs Tavis bazars axali industriuli qveynebis

produqciisagan.

beki eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom globalizebuli ekonomika saukeTesoa

msoflioSi keTildReobis donis asamaRleblad da miaCnia, rom `Tavisufali vaWroba~,

dRevandeli gagebiT, Zalian Sors aris devid rikardoseuli modelisagan. mesame

samyaros da evropis postkomunistur qveynebSi ekonomikis dabali done da

gavrcelebuli umuSevroba aiZulebs am qveynebis mTavrobebs gaataron eqsportze

orientirebuli politika, riTac zaraldeba socialuri da ekologiuri standartebi.

es qveynebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan investiciebis

mozidvaSi. saubari imaze, rom Tavisufali vaWrobiT gamowveuli konkurencia amcirebs

danaxarjebs da amitom is ormxrivad xelsayrelia, bekis azriT, cinizmia, vinaidan

danaxarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia an gazrdili ekonomiurobiT (ufro

srulyofili teqnologiebi, ukeTesi menejmenti, sxv.) an adamianisaTvis Sesabamisi

samuSao pirobebis arSeqmniT. amgvarad, bekis azriT, aseTi gziT miRweuli

danaxarjebis Semcireba `transnacionaluri mekobreobis gviandel variants~ hgavs.

beki aseve iSveliebs maqs veberis mosazrebas, romelic man jer kidev 1894 wels

gamoTqva Tavis naSromSi — iseTi msoflio ekonomika, rogoris Seqmnac sabolood surT

dRevandel liberalebs, anu msoflio saxelmwifoebis gareSe da kacobriobis

kulturuli donis sruli gaTanabreba — sruli utopiaa.

vaWrobis globalizaciaze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT vaWrobis eleqtronul

formas. is farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas meoce saukunis bolo periodidan da, Tavis

mxriv, informaciis globalizaciis Sedegia. swored inetrnetis saSualebiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda saxlidan gausvlelad ramdenime wamSi nebismieri produqciis SeZena

msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. vaWrobis am formaSi ugulebelyofilia droisa da

teritoriuli siSoris faqtorebi. Tumca internet-vaWroba garkveul sirTuleebs

41

warmoSobs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis sakiTxi. iyo mcdelobebi

dawyebuliyo ganxilvebi internet-vaWrobis dabgvrasTan dakavSirebiT, magarm

seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo, ver moxerxda. vaWrobis globalurobis kidev erTi

magaliTia eleqtronuli plastikuri baraTebis farTo gavrceleba, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, mWidro kavSirSia finansur globalizaciasTan. plastikuri baraTebiT

SesaZlebelia produqciis SeZena an momsaxurebiT sargebloba nebismier qveyanaSi.

finansebis globalizaciis dasawyisad, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, breton-vudsis

Semdgom periods miiCneven, rodesac saubari daiwyo erTiani safinanso reJimis

Seqmnaze da saxelmwifoebis mier erToblivi safinanso politikis SemuSavebaze.

finansuri globalizaciis saboloo mizania erTiani safinanso bazris Camoyalibeba.

xolo rac Seexeba globalur valutas, pirvelad am funqciis Sesruleba dolarma

daiwyo, 2002 wels ki evros SemoRebam kidev erTxel daadastura finansuri

globalizaciis arseboba. globaluri aqtivebic finansebi globalizaciis Sedegia.

bankebis umetesoba transnacionalur saqmianobas eweva. maTi nebismieri

filialidan msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi SeiZleba fulis gagzavna an sxva

transnacionaluri finansuri operaciis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, bankebma daiwyes

sesxebis gacema sxva qveynebSi da kreditorebis saqmianobas eleqtronuli kavSiriT

axorcieleben.

finansuri globalizacia icavs qveynebs finansuri krizisebisagan da saSualebas

aZlevs maT problemebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT isargeblon. Tumca,

finansuri globalizaciis dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, mis uaryofiT Tvisebebzec

saubroben. finansuri bazrebis aseTi intensiuri da mWidro kavSiris pirobebSi arc

erTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli e.w. `dominos principisagan~, anu rodesac erT

qveyanaSi Seqmnili finansuri problemebi yvela mis partniorze vrceldeba.

ofSoruli centrebi aseve finansuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aseTi zonebi

gamartivebuli momsaxurebiT da SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT,

gavrcelebulia axal industriul qveynebsa da karibis kunZulebze da investorTa

mozidvas isaxavs miznad.

kapitalis iseT intensiur brunvas, rogoric dRes aris, istoriaSi analogi ar

moepoveba. kapitali WeSmaritad globaluri gaxda da, ugulebelyofs ra sazRvrebs,

miemarTeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac swrafi da maRali mogeba aqvs

garantirebuli. Tumca aq aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi mudmivad

ukmayofiloni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikiT kapitaldabandebis sferoSi

da miaCniaT, rom globalizaciis sikeTeebiT am sferoSic ganviTarebulma

saxelmwifoebma isargebles. maT saSualeba miecaT TavianTi kapitali miemarTaT im

qveynebisken da im sferoebisken, romlebic maTTvis iyo momgebiani. mimRebi qveynebis

interesebi ki arasodes aris gaTvaliswinebuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebis azriT,

amgvarad dabandebuli kapitali maT qveyanas ar exmareba ganviTarebaSi da metic, maT

problemebs uqmnis. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi ver

akontroleben ucxour kapitals da ver moqmedeben masze Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr.

Tumca, biznesis warmoebisas komerciuli interesi ara Tu mimRebi saxelmwifos, aramed

erovnulsac ki naklebad eqvemdebareba.

kapitalbrunvis intensifikaciasTan erTad globalizaciis eram misi axali

formebic moitana. farTo gavrcelebas povebs kapitaldabandebebis ganxorcieleba

telefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT.

warmoebisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia Sromis globalizacia,

rasac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis intensiuri migracia mohyva. dReisaTvis migraciis

tendenciaa ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebulSi, rac Zalian bevr problemas

qmnis. gamudmebiT izrdeba aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi, romlebmac samuSaos ZiebaSi

datoves TavianTi qveynebi da ufro mdidar saxelmwifoebs miaSures.

dasavleT evropa da aSS gamudmebiT fiqroben SromiTi migrantebis problemebze

rogorc ganviTarebadi, aseve aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebidan. evrokavSirSi

intensiurad mimdinareobs molaparakebebi qveynebs Soris, imis Taobaze, rom

aRmosavleT evropis moqalaqeebs mianiWon dasavleT evropis qveynebSi muSaobis

ufleba, rac, maTi azriT, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs aralegaluri migrantebis ricxvs

am qveynebidan da, garkveulwilad, xels Seuwyobs Crdilovani ekonomikis

legalizacias. gasakviri ar aris, rom am mosazrebebs ar iziarebs Tavad dasavleT

evropis mosaxleoba, miaCnia ra, rom umuSevrobis isedac maRali maCvenebeli erTi-

42

navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia

(Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries – OPEC) navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (opeki) aris TerTmeti ganviTarebadi

qveynisagan Semdgari saerTaSoriso organizacia. daarsda 1960 wlis seqtemberSi

baRdadis konferenciaze. pirveli xuTi weli Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. 1965 wlidan ki —

venaSia. misi wevrebi mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebuli navTobidan miRebul

Semosavalze, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroze da es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa

am qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. opeks hyavs xuTi damaarsebeli qveyanaa: irani, erayi,

quveiTi, saudis arabeTi da venesuela. Semdeg SeuerTdnen: katari (1961w.), indonezia

(1961w.), libia (1962w.), arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi (1967w.), alJiri (1969w.),

nigeria (1971w.), ekvadori (1973-1992ww.) da gaboni (1975-1994ww.). maTgan ekvadorma da gabonma meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves organizacia.

opekis daarsebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen seriozuli navTobkompaniebi, romlebic,

ZiriTadad, aSS-s britaneTsa da germanias ekuTvnoda. opeks surda navTobis fasebis da

mwarmoeblebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba. Tavidan igi muSaobda rogorc araformaluri

gaerTianeba, romelic awarmoebda molaparakebebs mesame samyaros mier navTobis

gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. im periodSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda

dasavleTis navTobkompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT da navTobis xarisxis kontroliT.

organizaciis wevroba Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens

navTobis solidur eqsportiors da iziarebs organizaciis idealebs.

TerTmeti wevri erToblivad bazars miawodebs navTobis mTeli produqciis 40%-s

da flobs msoflio navTobis dadasturebuli maragis 3/4-ze mets. ufro konkretulad,

opeki flobs 78%. aqedan yvelaze didi wili modis saudis arabeTze, Semdeg modian

irani, erayi, quveiTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, venesuela, libia, nigeria,

katari, alJiri da indonezia. maTgan saudis arabeTis, iranisa da erayis maragebi

Seadgens opekis mTeli maragis 57%-s.

opekis mizania koordinireba gauwios wevri saxelmwifoebis politikas navTobTan

mimarTebaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos samarTliani da stabiluri fasebi navTobproduqci-

aze, efeqturi, ekonomiuri da regularuli miwodeba momxmarebeli saxelmwifoebisaT-

vis da kapitalis samarTliani dabruneba maTTvis, vinc investireba moaxdina indus-

triaSi.

opekis ministrTa konferencia ikribeba weliwadSi orjer da igi pasuxismgebelia

organizaciis zogadi politikis formulirebaze.

opekis samdivno mudmivmoqmedi mTavrobaTaSoriso organoa. igi dafuZnebulia

venaSi. samdivnos oficialuri enaa inglisuri.

opekis daxmarebiT, misi wevri qveynebi eqsportidan mniSvnelovnad met mogebas

iReben, vidre isini amas damoukideblad miiRebdnen. opekis oficialuri internet-

gverdis monacemebiT, 2004 wels opekis TerTmetma wevrma miiRo 338 miliardi aSS

dolari navTobis eqsportidan. 2003 welTan SedarebiT es ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda.

igive internet-gverdze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia SevadaroT es ricxvebi 1972 wlis

monacemebs, rodesac eqsportiorebma miiRes 23 miliardi aSS dolari, an 1977 wlis

monacemebs, rodesac 1973 wlis energo krizisis Semdeg eqsportiorma qveynebma 140

miliardi aSS dolari miiRes.

navTobi iyideba amerikul dolarSi da, Sesabamisad, misi kursi Zalian did gavlenas

axdens opekze, mag., Tu dolaris kursi ecema, maSin opekis wevrebi nakleb Tanxas iReben

TavianT valutaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT gadamxdelunarianobaze. evros

SemoRebis Semdeg opekis ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris erays, mcdeloba

hqonda navTobis gayidvebi evroze gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uSedegod, Tu am mosazrebas

opekis yvela wevri gaiziarebda, maSin aSS-s ekonomikas seriozuli zarali miadgeboda.

opekis gadawyvetilebebi did gavlenas axdens navTobis saerTaSoriso fasebze.

magaliTad, 1973 wlis energokrizisis dros opekma uari ganacxada navTobis eqsportze

dasavleTis qveynebSi (aSS da dasavleT evropa), romlebic mxars uWerdnen israels iom

qifuris anu oqtombris omSi egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. aman ganapiroba navTobis

fasis gaoTxmageba, ramac xuT Tves gastana, 1973 wlis 17 oqtombridan 1974 wlis 18

martamde.

energokrizisi gamowveuli iyo arab-israelis konfliqtiT. embargomde industri-

uli dasavleTi, da gansakuTrebiT aSS, opekidan navTobs iRebda sakmaod iafad. 1945-

35

susti qveynis finansuri daqvemdebarebis kidev erTi maCvenebelia ganviTarebuli

Zlieri qveynebis komerciuli bankebisadmi davalianeba. ucxouri daxmareba qmnis

daqvemdebarebas. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, susti qveynebi eqvemdebareba im

organizaciebis gadawyvetilebebs, romlebSic maT xmis ufleba ar gaaCniaT (msoflio

banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi). susti qveynebi gaTiSulia yvela

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom sustia. Tumca

amasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso safinanso-savaluto organizaciebs da

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs TavianTi mosazrebebi aqvs. maTi azriT, samxreTis

qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis gamo, miRebuli

Tanxa (daxmareba) arakeTilsindisierad ixarjeba, rac, ra Tqma unda, aZnelebs

SemdgomSi Tanxis dabrunebas da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, im dargis an sferos

ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac iyo is Tanxa gamiznuli. garda amisa, ganviTarebul

saxelmwifoebs magaliTad mohyavT axali industriuli qveynebi, romlebmac SeZles

daxmarebis miznobrivad gamoyeneba, TavianTi ekonomikis giganturi nabijebiT

ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, daqvemdebarebisTvis garkveulwilad Tavis daRweva.

zemoT aRniSnuli ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebebi, Cveulebriv, kidev ufro

Zlierdeba sxva saxis urTierTobebiT CrdiloeTTan: kulturuli kavSirebi, sxvadasxva

saxis aliansebi da xelSekrulebebi, araformaluri politikuri kavSirebi da samxedro

kavSirebi, dawyebuli samxedro daxmarebiT da damTavrebuli samxedro intervenciiT.

joan spiros azriT, samxreTis saxelmwifo im institutebis mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis sagani xdeba, romlebSic mas bevris Tqmis ufleba ar aqvs. msoflio

ekonomikis marTvidan samxreTis saxelmwifoebis gamoricxvis yvelaze naTeli

magaliTebia iseTi ekonomikuri institutebi CrdiloeTSi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia. es is institutebia,

romlebic Seiqmna ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier da, romlebic gamoxataven maT

interesebs. CrdiloeTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri gadawyveti-

lebebi gavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur zrdaze. amgvarad,

samxreTis qveynebis azriT, arsebuli sistema aris arakanonieri, vinaidan maT ar

gaaCniaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da isini realurad ver iReben monawileobas

am sistemis marTvaSi. arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigi samxreTis daqvemdebarebis

SenarCunebis institutad aRiqmeba am qveynebis mier da ukve mravali welia mis Secvlas

moiTxoven. maTi survilia monawileoba miiRon sistemis marTvaSi da srulad

isargeblon am sistemis sikeTeebiT.

yovelive amis Semdeg unda iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri daqvemdebareba politikuri

daqvemdebarebis sawindaria da politikur gadawyvetilebebs sust saxelmwifoebs

Zlierebi axveven Tavs.

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis qvesistema

am qvesistemas damoukideblobis qvesistemasac uwodeben. masSi moiazreba

socialisturi qveynebi da dasavleTis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi, dasavleTis

sabazro ekonomika da socialisturi qveynebis gegmiuri ekonomika. civi omis periodSi

isini izolirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan da maT Soris kavSirebi naklebad iyo. maT

Seqmnes TavianTi ekonomikuri institutebi. aRmosavleTi ar monawileobda saerTa-

Soriso savaluto fondSi, msoflio banksa da gatSi. aRmosavleT-dasavleTs Soris vaW-

roba umniSvnelo iyo da ar xdeboda kapitalisa Tu investiciebis brunva. dReisaTvis es

qvesistema irRveva da igi faqtiurad aRar arsebobs.

aRmosavleTis qveynebis SesaZlo gadasvla sxva sistemaSi qmnis mraval politikur

da ekonomikur problemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saerTa-

Soriso ekonomikaSi sami ZiriTadi problemaa: urTierTdamokidebulebis kontroli

dasavleTis sistemaSi, Tanasworobis miRweva da ekonomikuri daqvemdebarebis moxsna,

dasavleT-aRmosavleTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaZliereba da amis xarjze

aRmosavleTis ekonomikis gaZliereba (dasavleTis ekonomikasTan miaxloeba da Semdeg

gaTanabreba).

34

orad aiwevs da, garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropidan Camosulebi, daTanxmdebian ra

SedarebiT nakleb anazRaurebaze, gaafuWeben biznes garemos, anu adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba arakonkurentunarian garemoSi aRmoCndeba.

gilpinis azriT, Sromis globalizacia pirvel msoflio omamde ufro intensiurad

mimdinareobda, vidre mas Semdeg an axla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT evropam miiRo

bevri ltolvili da emigranti, maTi mxolod umniSvnelo procenti miiRebs moqa-

laqeobas. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi Sromis migracia aRar aris msoflio

ekonomiis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani da Tavad evrokavSirSic ki erTi wevri

saxelmwifodan meoreSi migracia dabali intensivobiT xdeba.

SromiTi migrantebisaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnili barierebia, romlebzec kontrols

mTavrobebi axorcieleben. amis erT-erT mizezad gilpini asaxelebs socialur SeRa-

vaTebs, riTac, damkvidrebuli azriT, mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebma unda isargeblon.

amis gamo adamianebi Raribi qveynebidan ver Cadian mdidar qveynebSi, sadac isini

SeZlebdnen normaluri samuSaos moZebnas da normaluri xelfasis miRebas. es ki, Tavis

mxriv, Seamcirebda sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris. sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, mcire wvlili iqneboda globaluri simdidris gadanawilebaSi naklebad

mdidari qveynebisTvis.

ekonomikis sferos globalizaciaze saubrisas beki aRniSnavs, rom xdeba inter-

nacionalizacia da ara globalizacia. igi wers: `msoflios garkveul regionebs SigniT

da maT Soris, transnacionaluri savaWro da samrewvelo kavSirebis ganmtkicebis

dafiqsireba SeiZleba, es Seexeba amerikas, aziasa da evropas. amis dasturia is, rom

vaWroba da ucxouri investiciebi jer kidev msoflios am sam msxvil ekonomikur bloks

Soris xorcieldeba, amitomac laparakoben msoflio ekonomikis triadizaciaze~.

globalizaciis kritikosebis azriT, globalizaciis usamarTlobis kidev erTi

naTeli ilustracia aris is, rom is msoflios sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebulad Seexo.

saerTaSoriso savaWro da safinanso kavSirebi yvelaze intensiurad CrdiloeT

amerikaSi, dasavleT evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi ganviTarda. saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi dRes liderebi arian aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia. msoflio produqciis

warmoebis udidesi wilic am sameulze modis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas produqciis

eqsportze da produqciis moxmarebaze. xolo rac Seexeba safinanso sferos, aq udavo

lideria aSS. aSS dolari msoflios yvela kuTxeSia konvertabeluri da ucxouri

investiciebis umetesobac am valutaSi xorcieldeba. am mizeziT, dolars eqspansiur

valutasac uwodeben da globalizacias `amerikanizaciasTan~ aigiveben. maTi azriT,

meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi jer kidev ar Sexebia Rarib

qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. naklebad savaraudoa,

rom es odesme moxdes. es qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi arian maSin, rofesac

saubaria warmoebis, vaWrobisa da finansuri urTierTobebis globalizaciaze. bevri

mecnieris azriT, savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis globalizaciam xeli Seuwyo

simdidris araTanabar gadanawilebas qveynebs Soris.

bevri problema, romlebsac ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miiCneven, gil-

pinis azriT, mTavrobebis araswori politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis, an teqnolo-

giuri cvlilebebis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegia. garemos dacviTi organizaciebi

aqtiurad gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, ekologiuri problemebi ara

globalizaciis procesma, aramed mTavrobebis uyuradRebobam da upasuxisgeblobam

gamoiwvia. dasavleT evropaSi garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri porblemebis

warmoSobaSi adanaSauleben globalizacias, maSin, roca maTi gamomwvevi mizezi

regionis ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciaa. globalizaciis dadanaSauleba

TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove problemaSi nacionalisturi da qsenofoburi ganwyobis

Sedegia politikuri memarjveneebis mxridan da antikapitalisturi azrovnebisa —

politikuri memarcxeenebis mxridan.

gilpini miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri integraciis da urTierTdamokidebulebis

gasazomad yvelaze kargi meTodia `erTi fasis kanoni~. Tu erTsa da imave saqonels da

momsaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an mis sxadasxva regionSi erTnairi an daaxloebiT

erTnairi fasi aqvs, maSin ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom es ekonomikebi mWidrod

integrirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, dRevandel msoflioSi fasebi Zalin gan-

sxvavebulia. Tu am kanons aSS-Tan mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, davinaxavT, rom amerikis

fasebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis fasebisgan. gansakuTrebuli sxvaobaa

Sromis anazRaurebaSi da identuri Sromis SesrulebaSi adamianebi msoflios

43

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi radikalurad gansxvavebul xelfasebs iReben. yovelive zemo-

Tqmulis safuZvelze gilpini ar miiCnevs dRevandel msoflios iseT integrirebulad,

rogoradac bevri mis daxatvas cdilobs.

bevris azriT, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro

organizacia da sxva saerTaSoriso institutebi seriozul reformebs saWiroeben,

raTa moergon axal realobas globaluri ekonomikis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am

organizaciebiT mudmivad ukmayofiloebi iyvnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmo-

madgenlebi, maT reformirebaze realurad saubari daiwyo 1990 wels aSS-s

warmomadgenelTa palatis konservatuli frTis mier. kritika gansakuTrebiT exeboda

saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen Tanxebis fuW xarjvaSi da

sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli politiksaTvis. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad

Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelmac muSaobis Sedegad SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi

kongress warudgina.

komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da

msoflio bankis radikaluri reformireba da restruqturizacia, vinaidan es

organizaciebi cuds ufro xSirad akeTebdnen ganviTarebad samyaroSi, vidre kargs.

amasTan, miliardian sesxebs gascemdnen saSualoSemosavlian qveynebze, romlebsac

SeeZloT Tavad gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba bazarze

dayrdnobiT.

ZiriTadi rekomendacia gulisxmobda Semdegs: saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds unda

SeezRuda sesxebis gacema ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da Seewyvita maT saSinao

politikur da ekonomikur saqmeebSi Careva. garda amisa, vinaidan saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi hpirdeboda ganviTarebad qveynebs, rom daexmareboda maT finansuri

problemebis dros, komisiis azriT, ubiZgebda ganviTarebad qveynebs ufro meti sesxi

aeRoT fondidan, vidre es maT sWirdebodaT, rac kidev ufro damokidebuls xdida am

qveynebs fondze. amasTan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis xangrZlivi daxmareba

qveynebs `azarmacebda~ da saSualebas aZlevda maT finansurad gaumarTlebeli

saqcieli CaedinaT.

msoflio bankTan mimarTebaSi igive saxis SeniSvnebi iyo. komisiis rekomendaciiT,

banks unda Seemcirebina sesxebis gacema (gilpinis monacemebiT, msoflio banki

weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolaris sesxebs gascems) da Seewyvita kerZo

seqtorTan konkurencia, riTac afuWebda bazars da xels uSlida adgilobriv

mewarmeebs.

da bolos, rekomendaciebSi naTqvamia, rom bazarze orientirebuli globaluri

ekonomikis pirobebSi aranairi Carevaa saWiro, da es dasaSvebia mxolod iSviaTi

gamonaklisebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc gilpini wers, faqtiurad meore msoflio omis

damTavrebis Semdeg pirvelad daisva SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, saerTod, saWiroa Tu ara

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.

ramdenime sityviTSevexebi antiglobalistur moZraobas. Tavad e.w. antiglobalis-

tebi miiCneven, rom termini `antiglobalizmi~ masmediis mier aris mogonili da is maT

ar Seefereba, vinaidan isini globalizaciis procesis winaaRmdeg ki ar gamodian,

aramed msoflios arasamarTliani mowyobis mowinaaRmdegeebi arian da moiTxoven ufro

samarTlian msoflios. maTi ZiriTadi lozungia — `sxvanairi msoflios arseboba

SesaZlebelia~. isini miiCneven, rom SeuzRudavi vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis intensifikacia mxolod ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis aris momgebiani

Raribi saxelmwifoebis xarjze. zogierTi antiglobalistis azriT, globalizaciis

procesi imperialisturi xasiaTisaa. ase mag., erayis omis dawyebis mizani iyo usafrT-

xoebis mizniT fuladi danazogebis amerikaSi gadadineba. amgvarad, globalizacia

ufro amerikanizaciaa, vinaidan am procesidan yvelaze met sargebels iRebs yvelaze

mdidari saxelmwifo aSS-is saxiT.

antiglobalistebi aseve miiCneven, rom globalizaciis procesi siamayis safuZvels

ar iZleva, vinaidan igi exeba korporaciebs da fuls, magram ara xalxs. amis naTeli

ilustracia, maTi azriT, aris mkacri kontroli migraciaze TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da

Sromis uflebebis ugulebelyofa ganviTarebad qveynebSi.

kidev erTi argumenti, romelsac iyeneben antiglobalistebi isaa, rom

globalizaciis procesSi meorexarisxovani xdeba suverenuli saxelmwifo, knindeba

misi roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da igi kargavs TviTmyobadobas.

gilpini, ganixilavs ra globaluri ekonomiis marTvis sakiTxebs, aRniSnavs, rom

44

garda amisa, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis poziciebidan Tu vimsjelebT,

urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi Careva xdeba saxelmwifo politikasa da

ekonomikaSi. igi asustebs erovnuli qveynis marTvas. TiTqos sadRac zRudavs

erovnul interesebsac ki. joan spiros azriT, sul ufro izrdeba daZabuloba

saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso menejmentebs Soris, vinaidan xSirad erovnul mTavrobas

uwevs rTuli da kompleqsuri saSinao problemebis mosagvareblad jer

urTierTdamokidebulebiT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebaze fiqri.

dasavleTis qvesistema aris liberaluri. am qvesistemis mTavari niSnebia: mWidro

urTierTdamokidebuleba da maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi liberaluri ekonomikiT da

liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli mTavrobebiT.

CrdiloeT-samxreTis (damokidebulebis) qvesistema

am qvesistemaSi mkafiod gamoxatuli dapirispireba da daqvemdebareba SeiniSneba

ganviTarebul (dasavleT evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia) da ganviTarebad

(afrika, azia da laTinuri amerika) qveynebs Soris. dasavleTis qvesistemisgan

gansxvavebiT, am qvesistemaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi Zlier gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT da saerTo erovnuli produqtiT erT

sul mosaxleze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mdgoma-

reoba garkveulwilad umjobesdeba, absoluturi gansxvaveba SemosavlebSi ucvlelia.

umTavresi problema am uTanasworo qvesistemisa aris damokidebuleba (daqvem-

debareba). daqvemdebareba arsebobs, rodesac samxreTis saxelmwifoebs ekonomikuri

interaqciis maRali done gaaCniaT CrdiloeTis qveynebTan, rodesac es interaqcia

Zalian mniSvnelovania erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, samxreTis saxel-

mwifoebi damokidebulebi xdebian CrdiloeTSi mimdinare movlenebze da CrdiloeTis

saxelmwifoebis qmedebebze. CrdiloeTis saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki es interaqciebi ar

aris xarisxobrivad mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebuleba aris

simetriuli movlena, maSin, rodesac damokidebuleba — asimetriuli.

daqvemdebarebis sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs.

aris savaWro daqvemdebareba — samxreTis saxelmwifoebis umetesobis Sida bazrebi

pataraa da isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni CrdiloeTis bazrebze, raTa

gaitanon da gayidon TavianTi saqoneli. Sesabamisad samxreTi Zalian mgrZnobiareaa

CrdiloeTSi arsebuli faqtorebis mimarT, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri,

romlebic qmnian CrdiloeTis moTxovnas da gavlenas axdenen vaWrobaze. garda amisa,

samxreTis qveynebis vaWrobis udidesi procenti xSirad modis CrdiloeTis romelime

erT konkretul saxelmwifoze, rac kidev erTxel aZlierebs mis damokidebulebas am

konkretul bazarze. samxreTi, rogorc wesi, yidis erT an ramdenime pirvelad

produqts, amitom Zalian mgrZnobiarea am produqciaze moTxovnilebis rxevadobaze.

Tanac, yidis umetesad nedleuls da naxevarfabrikats, rac bevrad ufro iafia, vidre

mza produqcia. amgvarad, susti qveynebi vaWrobaSi eqsportze xdebian damokidebulni,

raTa miRebuli SemosavliT moaxerxon importis xarjebis dafarva. xolo vinaidan,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nedleulisa da naxevarfabrikatis Rirebuleba bevrad

naklebia mza produqciis fasTan SedarebiT, eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali ar

yofnis imports, da es mudmivi procesia.

daqvemdebarebis meore formaa daqvemdebareba kapitaldabandebis sferoSi.

samxreTis qveynebSi Sida kapitaldabandebebi ucxouria. amitom, ucxouri kapital-

dabandebebi akontrolebs am qveynis wamyvan dargebs. daqvemdebarebis done, aqedan

gamomdinare, Zalian maRalia da viTardeba ara qveynisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli,

aramed CrdiloeTisaTvis misaRebi da xelsayreli sferoebi.

daqvemdebarebis mesame formaa finansuri. susti qveyana iRebs daxmarebas

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan, romelic itovebs uflebas ukarnaxos qveyanas

ekonomikis warmoebis politika da Caerios qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi.

fondi qveyanas uyenebs garkveul pirobebs, romlebic man unda Seasrulos.

moTxovnebis arSesrulebis SemTxvevaSi fonds aqvs qveynis dasjis berketebic

(momdevno tranSis argacema, finansuri daxmarebis Sewyveta, Sav siaSi Seyvana, aS.).

susti qveynebi iReben sesxebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis kerZo

komerciuli bankebisgan.

33

moaxerxa aseTi swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba da bevri ganviTarebuli qveynis

ekonomikuri zrdis tempis gadaWarbebac ki, badebs SekiTxvas: ratom ganviTardnen isini

da ratom ver ganviTardnen maTi msgavsi sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebi? ra iyo is swori

nabiji, ramac maT aseTi ganviTarebis saSualeba misca?

am qveynebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda iyos CvenTvis, rogorc

susti saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisaTvis, da, ra Tqma unda, imedis momcemic.

gagrZeldeba Tu ara axali industriuli qveynebis aRmasvla da SesaZlebelia Tu

ara, rom sxva saxelmwifoebmac gaimeoron maTi gza, didad aris damokidebuli

globaluri ekonomikis zrdis tempebze, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis

gaxsnilobaze da industriuli teqnologiis cvalebadobaze.

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis qvesistemebi

amerikeli ekonomisti joan edelman spiro Tavis wignSi (The Politics of International Economic Relations) gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis dayofas sam

qvesistemad. globaluri sistemis amgvarad danawileba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia,

radgan es qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da izolirebuli ar aris. magram

politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi TiToeul qvesistemaSi mainc specifiuria da

saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofi

saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da qceva saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

dasavleTis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) qvesistema

es qvesistema, romelsac aseve urTierTdamokidebulebis qvesistemas uwodeben,

moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da iaponiis maRalganviTarebul

saxelmwifoebs. joan spiro aqve aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia am qvesistemaSi

avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da samxreT afrikis gaerTianebac (The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition.). isini uamravi ekonomikuri,

savaWro, safinanso, teqnologiuri da sxv. kavSiriT mWidroda arian erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli. maT Soris amgvari urTierToba Camoyalibda da ganviTarda meore

msoflio omis Semdeg. amaSi udidesi roli Seasrula e.w. breton-vudsis savaluto-

safinanso sistemam da tarifebisa da vaWrobis generalurma SeTanxmebam. saerTaSoriso

reJimma, romelic aSS dolarze da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikur da

samxedro hegemoniaze iyo dafuZnebuli. orive xsenebulma reJimma xeli Seuwyo am

qvesistemis saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas, warmoebis gaSlas, eqsportis

zrdas, teqnologiur progress da aS. aman saerTaSoriso safinanso da savaWro

aqtivoba, safinanso bazrebis internacionalizacia da, rogorc yovelive amis Sedegi,

xsenebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. am qvesistemis SigniT

Camoyalibda evropis saxelmwifoTa integracia da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis

integracia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement – CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba. daarsda 1994 wels. Tavdapirvelad aerTianebda aSS-s, kanadasa da

meqsikas. mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobis

gaintensiurebas. iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis

savaWro sferoSi SeRavaTebis miniWebas da sxv.).

mkveTrad gazrdilma urTierTdamokidebulebam da integraciam, marTalia,

keTildReoba moutana am saxelmwifoebs, magram maT garkveuli politikuri da

ekonomikuri problemebi Seuqmna. TiTqos urTierTdamokidebuleba ufro swrafad

ganviTarda, vidre misi marTvis, menejmentis saSualebebi. gansakuTrebiT unda

aRiniSnos, rom am qvesistemis saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo

ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomika sxva monawileTa ekonomikuri politikisa da

viTarebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. erTis avadmyofoba gadadis meoreze. erTi

qveynis monetarul, savaWro da investiciaTa politikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi

uSualo gavlenas axdenen sxva saxelmwifoebis imave sferoebze. uaryofiTi movlenebi,

rogoricaa umuSevroba, warmoebis dacema, inflacia da sxv., am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebs

ar scnobs.

32

mmarTveloba, iqneba es erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso doneebze, unda efuZnebodes

erTian Sexedulebebs, kulturul Rirebulebebs da saerTo identurobas. misi azriT,

Cven jer ar vcxovrobT globaluri samoqalaqo kulturis eraSi da mxolod ramdenime

saerTo Rirebuleba aerTianebs msoflios xalxebs. Tumca tendencia ukeTesobiskenaa

da arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebebi, romlebsac ukve yvela iziarebs, ganurCevlad

erovnebisa, religiisa Tu politikuri simpatiebisa. magaliTad — adamianis uflebebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebi jer kidev irRveva, damnaSave

saxelmwifoebi cdiloben am faqtebis damalvas da sxvagvarad warmoCenas. garda amisa,

ganviTarebuli qveynebi mxolod TavianTi problemebiT arian dainteresebulni da

naklebad iTvaliswineben ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs. zogadad, dRevandeli

msoflios erT-erTi dilema isaa, rom mdidrebi Raribebs ver ugeben. gilpini, misTvis

Cveuli realizmiT askvnis, rom am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, saubari globalur

mTavrobaze ararealuria. yvelaze saukeTeso, rasac SeiZleba velodoT, aris is, rom

ZiriTadma Zlierma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da msoflios

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iTanamSromlon ufro stabiluri da humanuri

saerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad.

kapitalis moZraoba

kapitalis moZraoba dRevandel msoflioSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

es aris globaluri movlena, romlisTvisac sazRvrebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs. yvela

erovnebis kapitalis buneba erTnairia — igi miemarTeba iqiT, sadac garantirebulia

didi mogeba.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalis eqsportma mkveTrad imata, da es gaxda

sayovelTao movlena. am periodSive mniSvnelovnad gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis roli kapitalis eqsportSi. Semdeg mas daemata germaniis federaciuli

respublika da iaponia. safrangeTi kvlav inarCunebda wamyvan poziciebs, magram

Semcirda didi britaneTis xvedriTi wili. mecxramete saukuneSi iyo kapitalis erTi

gamokveTili eqsportiori qveyana — didi britaneTi, magram meoce saukunis ormociani

wlebidan msoflio hegemonis cvlasTan erTad Seicvala kapitalis yvelaze didi

eqsportioric, da is aSS gaxda.

bevri mecnieris azriT, kapitalis eqsporti ufro mWidro kavSirebs qmnis, vidre

saerTaSoriso vaWroba. kapitalis eqsporti xels uwyobs kavSirebis ganmtkicebas

qveynebs Soris. es kavSirebi stabiluria da isini grZelvadiani mSvidobis garantiaa.

kapitalis gatana, garkveulwilad, misi siWarbis Sedegia. dRevandel msoflioSi

kapitalis brunva saocrad did masStabebs aRwevs. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs:

transnacionaluri korporaciebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba; manqanamowyobilobe-

bisa da satransporto saSualebaTa eqsportis mkveTri zrda.

kapitalis gatana da misi sxva qveyanaSi investireba SesaZleblobas iZleva mimReb

qveyanaze gavlenis moxdenis.

gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan kapitali miemarTeba Tanamedrove

wamyvani dargebisaken, mecnierebatevadi dargebisaken.

meoce saukunis bolodan aseve kapitali umetesad miemarTeba ganviTarebuli da

liberaluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli qveynebisaken, maSin roca adre tendencia

sxvagvari iyo, da kapitali miemarTeboda ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebidan ganviTa-

rebadebSi. kapitalis eqsportis geografiis cvlileba, erTis mxriv, dakavSirebulia

kapitalis mimRebi dargebis cvlilebasTan. meores mxriv, zogierTi mecnieri eWvs

gamoTqvams, rom vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ganviTa-

rebul kapitalistur qveynebs Soris, xolo es qveynebi aSS-is mokavSireebi arian,

amerikis mokavSireebi ara marto sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi xdebian masze

damokidebulni, aramed im mizeziTac, rom maT mwarmoeblebs vrcel amerikul bazarze

45

gasasvleli hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebis

xelisuflebam ucxouri kapitali, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kapitali, Seaviwroon.

anu, am ideis avtorTa azriT, ucxouri kapitalis momZlavrebis erT-erTi

ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris is garemoeba, rom arsebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri

wyoba asocirdeba amerikis TaosnobiT Seqmnil aliansTan, gansakuTrebiT nato-sTan.

mimReb qveyanaze ucxouri kapitalisa da transnacionaluri kompaniis, rogorc

ucxouri kapitalis, politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul gavlenaze saubrisas

ikveTeba ori ZiriTadi pozicia: pirvelis Tanaxmad, transnacionaluri firmebis

zegavlena zogadad dadebiTia. meore poziciis mixedviT, ki isini zRudaven qveynis

avtonomias, aferxeben mis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, zrdian ekonomikur

uTanasworobas maspinZel qveyanaSi da xSirad, arTmeven ekonomikur suverenitetsac ki

pirveli poziciis gamziareblebi miiCneven, rom ucxouri investiciebi mimRebi

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis seriozuli faqtoria. magaliTad moyavT

dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg da maT swraf

ganviTarebas nawilobriv xsnian soliduri amerikuli kapitaldabandebebiT. igive

logikiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba miewereba ucxour

investiciebsa da im politikas, romelmac investiciebi miizida. Tumca, bevri ar

iziarebs am mosazrebas da miaCniaT, rom pirdapir investiciebsa da ekonomikur

ganviTarebas Soris Tanafardoba ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom mas mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSiri davarqvaT. pirdapiri investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba im qveynebSi,

sadac sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis kargi pirobebia Seqmili, roca qveyanaSi

Sesaferisi politikuri situacia, stabiluroba da usafrTxo garemoa.

saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti

msoflioSi saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis moculoba naklebia, vidre kerZo

kapitalisa, da amas logikuri axsnac aqvs. saxelmwifo kapitalis mizani ar aris swrafi

da moklevadiani mogeba. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis

gavrceleba investirebad qveyanaSi da iq sasurveli pirobebis Seqmna kerZo kapitalis

investirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportireba umetesad xdeba qveynis

infrastruqturaSi, satransporto dargebSi, sakredito-safinanso sistemaSi da sxv.,

anu iseT sferoebSi, romelTa ganviTarebis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneba kerZo

kapitalis efeqturi da usafrTxo eqsportireba.

saxelmwifo kapitalis formebia: grZelvadiani sesxebi da kreditebi, usasyidlo

daxmareba. saxelmwifo kapitali mimarTulia susti, ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisa-

ken. amiT xdeba maTze gavlenis moxdena da garkveuli kontrolis damyareba. saxel-

mwifo kapitalis eqsporti xorcieldeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze. miuxedavad

imisa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsports altruizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs,

mas seriozuli pragmatuli gaTvlebic aqvs — saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsportis Sedegad

mimRebi qveynebi investori qveynisgan yiduloben maT uaxles teqnologiebs, saqonels,

momsaxurebas da sxv.

kerZo kapitalis eqsporti

kerZo kapitalis eqsporti ufro farTomasStabiania da igi ufro didi movlenaa,

vidre saxelmwifo kapitalis eqsporti. igi xorcieldeba an pirdapiri investiciis

gziT (iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs (Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze,

romelSic is axdens investirebas), an saportfelo investiciis gziT (ucxouri firmis

aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis

gareSe). kerZo kapitalis umTavresi mizania swrafi da didi mogeba.

investiciebis xasiaTisa da sakuTari kapitalis formis mixedviT asxvaveben

individualur (fizikuri pirebis), korporaciul (sawarmoebi da organizaciebi) da

institucionalur (koleqtiur) investorebs.

individualuri investorebi ar aerTianeben TavianT kapitals, investirebas axor-

cieleben TavianTi saxeliT da sakuTari saxsrebiT erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.

46

swored isini, ganviTarebuli qveynebi.

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis mcdeloba mieRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba, aseve

warumateblad damTavrda. sabWoTa kavSiris daxmareba samxedro daxmarebiT ufro

Semoifargleboda, vidre ekonomikuriT. mas ar SeeZlo da ar undoda sazRvrebi gaexsna

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis produqciisaTvis, es advilic ar iqneboda gegmiuri

ekonomikis pirobebSi. amgvarad, ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs, maT Soris

`socialisturebsac~, dasavleTTan ufro intensiuri vaWroba hqondaT, vidre sabWoTa

blokTan.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis kavSiric ar Sedga. amis mizezi

mravalia: gansxvavebebi ideologiaSi, kulturaSi, religiaSi (gansakuTrebiT

sunitebisa da Siitebis dapirispireba), industrializaciis doneSi da sxv. amas emateba

regionaluri SuRlebi da uTanxmoebebi sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad ver

gaamarTla TiTqmis verc erTma ekonomikurma kavSirma, romelTa Seqmnis mcdelobebic

ara erTxel iyo.

radikaluri saxelmwifoebis azriT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili

liberaluri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi qveynebis uTanasworobisa da

simdidris araTanabrad gadanawilebis mTavari mizezia.

gilpinis azriT (The Political Economy of International Relations), miuxedavad imisa, rom

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mxriv iyo ara erTi

mcdeloba daxmarebodnen postkoloniur da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs ekonomikuri

zrdis daCqarebaSi, es procesi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

samarTliani. amis magaliTia afrikis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, laTinur

amerikaSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sewyveta 80-ian wlebSi da dasavleTis mTeli

yuradRebis koncentrireba Soreul aRmosavleTze (axali industriuli qveynebi).

axali industriuli qveynebi

axal industriul saxelmwifoebs `aziur vefxvebsac~ uwodeben. es saxelmwifoebia:

taivani, tailandi, samxreT korea, filipinebi, malaizia, singapuri, honkongi da

indonezia (garkveuli mosazrebebiT laTinuramerikuli saxelmwifoebi brazilia,

meqsika, argentina da Cilec miekuTvnebian axali industriuli qveynebis sias). es

saxelmwifoebi meoce saukunis movlenaa. isini saocrad swrafi tempiT ganviTardnen da

garkveuli wona moipoves msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. maTi ganviTarebis sawindari

iyo industriuli dargebis amuSaveba da samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis dawyeba.

Tumca industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero, romelic ganaviTares axalma indus-

triulma qveynebma. maT seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies mecnierebatevad dargebSi,

bioteqnologiaSi, zegamtarobis sferoSi, energiis alternatiuli wyaroebis gamo-

yenebaSi, robotmSeneblobaSi da sxv. ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis mizniT es qveynebi

qmnidnen da qmnian saeqsporto sawarmoo zonebs, sadac sagareo bazarze orienti-

rebuli saqoneli iwarmoeba. umetesad isini iqmneba navsadgurebTan da aeroportebTan

axlos da iq yvela SesaZlo pirobaa Seqmnili swrafi da maqsimalurad iafi warmo-

ebisaTvis (SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimi, gaficvebis akrZalva, sxv.).

am qveynebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iafi muSaxelis arsebobam da

Sromatevadi dargebis Semosvlam ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. Tumca umTavresi, albaT,

mainc am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier arCeuli swori ekonomikuri strategiaa. gilpinis

azriT, am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifo da

ekonomikuri biurokratia, romelsac unari Seswevda Camoeyalibebina prioritetebi,

ganexorcielebina mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politika da gaetarebina saWiro da

xSirad arapopularuli reformebi. ekonomikis mesveurebma SeZles vaWroba, investi-

reba da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba ewarmoebinaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi

interesebidan gamomdinare. saxelmwifo da kerZo struqturebma moaxerxes konstruq-

ciuli TanamSromloba da SeimuSaves apolitikuri industriuli politika, romelic

orives interess da, saboloo jamSi, qveynebis interesebs pasuxobda. da bolos, rac,

albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am qveynebma uzarmazari investiciebi Cades ganaT-

lebasa da adamianur resursebSi.

axali industriuli qveynebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs globaluri

siRaribis Temas. is faqti, rom ramdenime daqvemdebarebulma da sustma qveyanam

31

mesame samyaros gaCena da

ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema

mesame samyaros cneba gaCnda laTinuri amerikis, xolo mogvianebiT aziisa da

afrikis nacionalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. zogierTi

mecnieris azriT, rasobrivi da kulturuli gansxvaveba, ganviTarebul saxel-

mwifoebTan SedarebiT, nawilobriv safuZveli gaxda mesame msoflios nacionalizmisa

(The Global Political Economy, Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Stephen Gill and David Law. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1993). Tumca es naklebad exeba laTinur amerikas,

sadac politikuri elita, oligarqia da mmarTveli Zalebi umetesad TeTrkanianebiT

arian warmodgenili. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikis, aziisa da laTinuri amerikis

elitebi yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyvnen dasavleTze TavianTi damokidebulebisa da

daqvemdebarebis SemcirebiT, rac pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli maTi ekonomikebis

diversifikaciasa da industrializaciasTan.

raul prebiSi pirveli iyo, vinc dasva SekiTxvebi: ratom aris saerTaSoriso Sromis

danawileba aseTi araTanaswori? ratom arian mesame samyaros qveynebi pirveladi,

nedleuli saqonlis eqsportiorebi da mza produqciis importiorebi? ramdenad

racionaluria aseTi sistema?

gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebi sul ufro da ufro

daJinebiT moiTxovdnen axal saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wesrigs — ufro samarTlians

da damndobs. rodesac 1944-1948 wlebSi iqmneboda liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema da

misi Tanmdevi institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, tari-

febisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeaTanxmeba), aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis

saxelmwifoebi naklebad iyvnen Cabmulni am procesSi, vinaidan bevr maTgans jer

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda moepovebina, da isini swored amiT iyvnen

dakavebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi umetesobas

warmoadgendnen gaero-s generalur asambleaSi, suraTi sxvanairi iyo msoflio banksa

da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi. xolo, rac Seexeba, tarifebisa da vaWrobis

generalur SeTanxmebas, igi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier saerTod aRiqmeboda

mdidarTa klubad. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire Sida bazrebis gamo maT faqtobrivad

ar gaaCndaT saimiso berketi, rom raimenairad SeecvalaT gadawyetilebebi tarifebis

regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT. isini im etapze moiTxovden, realobidan gamomdinare,

angariSi gaewiaT maTi axalSobili ekonomikebisaTvis da ufleba miscemodaT

esargeblaT SeRavaTiani tarifebiT.

1974 wels moTxovna axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaxeb gacxadda

gaeros maisis rezoluciaSi. rezoluciis miReba dakavSirebuli iyo opekis

warmatebebTan, rodesac man moaxerxa navTobze maRali fasebis daweseba. amis Sedegad

ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan arnaxuli Tanxebi Sevida opekis wevr

saxelmwifoebSi. es warmateba gadaWarbebulad iyo Sefasebuli mesame samyaros

qveynebis mier. maT gadawyvites, rom opeki naTeli magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor

SeeZloT ganviTarebad qveynebs seriozuli rolis Sesruleba msoflio ekonomikaSi.

amasTan, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da bolomde gaazrebuli navTobze ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebis moTxovnilebis mniSvneloba.

is ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic navTobis imports eweodnen opekidan,

mxars uWerdnen an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar akritikebdnen opeks, vinaidan maT imedi

hqondaT, rom miiRebdnen garkveul savaWro SeRavaTebs opekisagan; miiRebdnen eko-

nomikur daxmarebas opekis zogierTi saxelmwifosgan; mibaZavdnen opeks da miiRebdnen

mxardaWeras opekis saxelmwifoebisagan axali ekonomikuri wesrigis moTxovnis saqmeSi.

navTobi Zlieri instrumenti iqneboda mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis ganviTare-

bul saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebebis dros. amasTan opekis wevr qveynebsac esmodaT,

rom ar unda daeSvaT TavianT winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da

ganviTarebadi navTobis importiori qveynebis aliansi.

1981 wlis navTobis krizisma opeki daasusta. paralelurad dasustda ganviTa-

rebuli saxelmwifoebis isedac susti `vaWrobis poziciebi~ molaparakebebis dros.

amasTan dasavleTi kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom opekis saxelmwifoebis siZliere

didad aris damokidebuli moTxovnaze navTobze, xolo moTxovnas ganapirobeben

30

korporaciuli investorebi moqmedeben Sesabamisi sawarmos, saaqcio sazogadoebis

firmis saxeliT, misi kuTvnili kapitalisa da sasesxo saSualebaTa mixedviT.

korporaciul investorTa mniSvnelovani nawili ZiriTadad awarmoebs materialur

investirebas, xolo fasian qaRaldebSi saxsrebis dabandeba maTTvis investirebis

damatebiTi saSualebaa.

institucionaluri investorebi TavianT kapitals ayalibeben klientebisa da

meanabreebis saxsrebiT da mas abandeben ZiriTadad fasian qaRaldebSi. zogierTi

maTganisTvis damatebiTi aris materialuri investireba.

sainvesticio gadawyvetilebaTa Sefasebisas investiciebSi igulisxmeba investoris

moRvaweoba, mimarTuli misi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad,

romlebic ar arian dakavSirebuli mimdinare moxmarebasTan. es moRvaweoba emyareba

sakuTari da sasesxo kapitalis dabandebas.

investorad, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad da piradad agebs

pasuxs maT miRwevaze, gamodian an kapitalis mflobelebi, an is pirebi, romlebic

uflebamosilni arian iuridiuli piris saxeliT miiRon sainvesticio da safinanso

gadawyvetilebebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, investireba xdeba sakuTari an saTanado

firmisa da saaqcio sazogadoebis sasesxo kapitalis meSveobiT. investiciebis

makroekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaanalizebisas metad mniSvnelovania mewarmeTa

sainvesticio moTxovnilebaTa gamokvleva. aseTi moTxovnilebis faqtorebis

Sesabamisad investiciebi iyofa inducirebul da avtonomiur investiciebad. qedan,

pirvels warmoSobs sxvadasxva materialur faseulobebze moTxovnilebis myari zrda,

xolo meores — maTze mudmivi an fiqsirebuli moTxovnileba.

investoris grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad sakuTari an sasesxo kapitalis

yvelaze xelsayrelad gamoyenebis dasabuTebuli ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi

Seadgens investirebis Teoriis Sinaarss. optimalur investicias warmoadgens is,

romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasaxul miznebs.

msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyofen investirebis sam ZiriTad formas:

1. pirdapiri, anu realuri investiciebi (kapitalis dabandeba mrewvelobaSi,

vaWrobaSi, momsaxurebis sferoSi — uSualod sawarmoebSi);

2. saportfelo, anu finansuri investiciebi (investiciebi ucxour aqciebSi,

obligaciebsa da sxva fasian qaRaldebSi);

3. sasesxo kapitalis saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani saerTaSoriso kreditebi

da sesxebi samrewvelo da savaWro korporaciebs, bankebsa da sxva finansur

dawesebulebebs.

pirdapir investiciebs SeuZlia uzrunvelyos investirebuli kompaniis investori

korporaciebis srul mflobelobaSi gadayvana an saSualeba miscen maT daaweson masze

faqtobrivi kontroli. zogjer amisaTvis saWiroa flobde saaqcio kapitalis ara

umetes 10%.

wamyvani investorebi arian ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, pirvel rigSi —

aSS. magram am bolo wlebSi, ukanaskneli oci wlis manZilze, SeerTebuli Statebis wili

ucxoeTis pirdapiri investiciebis saerTo jamSi Semcirda 55 procentidan 44

procentamde, xolo dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da iaponiis wili gaizarda —

Sesabamisad 37 procentidan 44 procentamde da 1 procentidan 10 procentamde.

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia, agreTve, pirdapiri investiciebis mimarTulebebSic:

meore mosflio omamde kapitaldabandebaTa ZiriTadi nawili modioda CamorCenil

qveynebze, maSin rodesac ukanasknel xanebSi investorTa mozidvas cdiloben ganvi-

Tarebuli ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi. es aixsneba cvlilebebiT investirebis

dargobriv struqturaSi. investireba axla ukve Tavs iyris gadamamuSavebel

mrewvelobaSi, xolo mis SigniT — mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiur dargebSi.

kapitalis importiori xdebian igive amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tanac ukanasknel

wlebSi aq pirdapiri investiciebis modena sWarbobs kidec maT ukudenas.

saportfelo investiciebi aris im aqciebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro,

romlebsac uSvebs sawarmoebi, msxvili korporaciebi da kerZo bankebi. omisSemdgom

periodSi amgvari investiciebis moculoba izrdeba, rac metyvelebs kerZo investorTa

47

ricxvis zrdaze. xolo Suamavlebad ucxouri saportfelo investiciebis ganxorcie-

lebisas gamodis sainvesticio bankebi (fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze Suamavali

organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoebs grZelvadian dabandebaTa dafinansebas). am saxis

investiciebis moZraobaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva fasian qaRaldebze gacemuli

procentiani ganakveTebis normebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi procentiani ganakveTebis maRalma normam moizida mravali

ucxoeli investori, gansakuTrebiT — iaponeli. meoce saukunis 1970-1980-ian wlebSi

moxda saerTaSoriso kreditebis zrdis afeTqeba, ramac gamoiwvia msoflio sakre-

dito-safinanso sferos Seqmna. sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari gansakuT-

rebiT swrafi tempebiT izrdeba da am saxsrebis ZiriTadi wvlili modis bankebs Soris

operaciebze.

amJamad sasesxo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso bazari iyofa fulis bazarze da

sakuTriv kapitalebis bazarze:

fulis bazari aris moklevadiani kreditebis bazari (erT wlamde).

kapitalebis bazari aris saSualovadiani (2-dan 5 wlamde) sabanko kreditebis da

grZelvadiani (10 welze meti) sesxebis bazari, romlebic gaicema, ZiriTadad, fasiani

qaRaldebis gamoSvebisa da SeZenis dros.

bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso bazarze gamoiyeneba grZelvadiani dafinansebis

aratradiciuli formebi, magaliTad, saproeqto dafinanseba, rac gulisxmobs msxvili

kreditebis gacemas sawarmoTa konkretuli samrewvelo proeqtebis gansaxorci-

eleblad. amrigad, grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis aRniSnuli forma uaxlovdeba

pirdapir investiciebs.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi

ris jenkinsi Tavis wignSi `transnacionaluri korporaciebi da uTanaswori

ganviTareba” aRniSnavs, (Rhys Jenkins Trnasnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalisation of Capital and the Third World, p.1.) rom Zalian cota ekonomikuri instituti

iwvevs iseT emociebs, rogorsac transnacionaluri korporaciebi. es gansakuTrebiT

exeba transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mesame samyaros urTierTobis sakiTxs.

transnacionalur korporaciebs xSirad warmoadgenen rogorc saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri uTanasworobis ZiriTad mizezs da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel mniSvne-

lovan faqtors. isini ganixilebian, rogorc msoflios ekonomikurad CamorCenil

regionebSi warmoebis dawyebisa da gaintensiurebis Zalad da, amasTan, CamorCenilobis

mizezad, vinaidan mogeba mudmivad miemarTeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

aleqsandre rondeli Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~ aRniSnavs:

`transnacionaluri korporaciebi iseTive Zlierni (zogjer ufro Zliernic!) arian,

rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. am korporaciebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT, warmoeba

qveynidan gaitanon da am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo dasaqmebis, msoflio bazarze gasvlis,

Semosavlis mxriv didad waagebs. es korporaciebi ukve imdenad damoukidebel Zalad

iqcnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikur procesebzec didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~.

(saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, aleqsandre rondeli, Tbilisis damoukidebeli

universiteti, 1996. gv. 164).

transnacionalur korporaciebze saubrisas gasarkvevia sakiTxi maTi definiciis

Sesaxeb, vinaidan ar arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba. literaturaSi

xSirad SeiZleba SevxvdeT terminebs `mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi”, `mraval-

nacionaluri sawarmoebi”, `saerTaSoriso firmebi” da sxv. gaeros transnacionaluri

korporaciebis centrma ramdenime aTwleulis muSaobis Sedegad, ver moaxerxa

ganmartebis SemuSaveba. Tumca, 1974 wels gaeros transnacionaluri korporaciebis

centris Seqmnis periodidan gaeros publikaciebSi mxolod termins `transnacio-

naluri” vxvdebiT. gaerom mas upiratesoba mianiWa `mravalnacionalurTan” SedarebiT,

laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zogierTi saxelmwifos daJinebuli moTxovnis

safuZvelze. es termini xazs usvams, rom es korporaciebi arian umetesad erovnuli

firmebi (adviladamosacnobi deda firmiT mSobel qveyanaSi), romlebic saqmianoben

saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gareT.

yvelaze farTodmiRebuli ganmarteba ekuTvnis gaeros ekonomikur da socialur

48

mwifoebis rols am sistemaSi. misi azriT, opekis wevr saxelmwifoebs da iseT naklebad

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs, rogorebicaa brazilia, meqsika, argentina da sxv.,

seriozuli sityvis Tqma SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT umetes, taivans,

tailands, samxreT koreas, singapurs, malaizias da filipinebs, romlebsac intensiuri

savaWro urTierTobebi aqvT rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve mesame samyaros qveynebTan,

da romlebmac ukve daiwyes mniSvnelovani masStabebis investireba ganviTarebul

qveynebSi. spiro miiCnevs, rom uaxloes momavalSi es saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven da

miiReben kidec monawileobas saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis marTvaSi, da es

garduvalia. garda amisa, ukve daiwyo yofili aRmosavleTis sistemis saxelmwifoebis

gaerTianeba breton-vudsis sistemaSi da maTi `ekonomikuri amoqaCva~ grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi kidev ufro gaaZlierebs erTiani evropis poziciebs msoflioSi.

axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi iqneba mravalmxrivi marTvis sistema, da

Tu adre konfliqtebisa da TanamSromlobis sakiTxebis mogvareba mniSvnelovanwilad

mxolod erTi saxelmwifos mier xdeboda, momavalSi amaSi monawileobas bevri

saxelmwifo miiRebs saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, bevri mecnieri

miiCnevs, rom mravalmxrivi menejmenti (marTva) msoflio ekonomikisa Zalian Znelia.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom, rogorc istoriam

cxadyo, mxolod erTi lideris (hegemonis) arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli

xangrZlivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba.

mecnierTa azriT, miuxedavad zogierTi miRwevebisa, msoflio vaWrobis libe-

ralizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia did siZneleebTan. jer kidev maRalia savaWro

barierebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa momsaxurebis warmoeba da

soflis meurneoba. urugvais raundis dros qveynebi Seecadnen gadaewyvitaT

momsaxurebisa da vaWrobis zogierTi sakiTxi. magram mainc darCa savaWro barierebi,

romlebic exeba momsaxurebis seqtoris daaxloebiT 20 segments. mecnierebasa da

teqnologiaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi warmoSobs axal problemebs vaWrobis

dargSi. magaliTad, soflis meurneobis produqciis amerikel eqsportiorTa did

SeSfoTebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom evropuli wesebi krZalaven genetikurad

modificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebas. mTeli rigi problemebisa warmoSva,

agreTve eleqtronuli vaWrobis gaCenam. 1998 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciis

wevr qveynebis ministrebma gamoaqveynes gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom qveynebma ar unda

SeuSalon xeli eleqtronuli vaWrobis warmoebas vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis

eleqtronul gadagzavnaze baJis dawesebiT. magram bevri ram jer kidev gadauWrelia.

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT gadaaqcion interneti utarifo zonad,

uzrunvelyon mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTis konkurenti telekomunikaciuri bazrebis

arseboba da ganamtkicon tariful produqciaze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis

globaluri saSualebebi.

msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organisation) msoflio savaWro organizacia daarsda 1995 wels da faqtiurad Secvala gati. misi

Stabbina JenevaSia. mmarTveli organoa ministrTa konferencia, romelic ikribeba or

weliwadSi erTxel. organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas axorcielebs generaluri

sabWo. mas safuZvlad udevs 30-mde SeTanxmeba, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso

vaWrobisa da savaWro politikis samarTlebriv bazas. es SeTanxmebebi Tavmoyrilia

urugvais raundis saboloo aqtSi, romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciuli

damokidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciis

xelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad-ganviTarebuli

qveynebisTvis.

msoflio savaWro organozacias aqvs sami ZiriTadi mizani:

• xeli Seuwyos vaWrobas;

• miaRwios TandaTanobiT liberalizacias molaparakebebis gziT;

• danergos davebis samarTliani mogvarebis meqanizmebi.

• misi erT-erTi mizania, agreTve proteqcionizmTan brZola.

29

saxedidan, ekonomistebi ukve amtkiceben, rom am qveynebs ar SeswevdaT Zala

gamklavebodnen kapitalis aseT mozRvavebas. marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram

ekonomistebi mainc mixvdnen, rom am kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili ideboda iseT

sawarmoebSi, romelTac ar mohqondaT Semosavali. maTi azriT, problemas is

arTulebda, rom aziis mraval qveyanaSi cudad iyo organizebuli zedamxedveloba

bankebze, romlebic xSirad iZulebuli iyvnen, zewolis qveS, gaecaT kreditebi ara

ekonomikurad xelsayreli, aramed politikuri interesebiT nakarnaxevi proeqtebis

dasafinanseblad. rodesac ganviTarebis tempebis zrdaSi xarvezebi gaCnda, am

proeqtebis didi nawili ekonomikurad arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. mravali

sawarmo gakotrda.

aziuri krizisis am gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SeerTebulma Statebma da sxva qvey-

nebma daiwyes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kapitalis gazrda, raTa fonds

SesaZlebloba hqonoda warmatebiT gadaewyvita amgvari saerTaSoriso finansuri

problemebi. fondma cno, rom gaurkvevloba da informaciis uqonloba xels uwyobda

saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebis cvalebadobas, da daiwyo Tavisi moqmedebebis

sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, SeerTebulma Statebma moiTxoves, rom

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis daJinebuli rekomendaciiT qveynebs ganexor-

cielebinaT struqturuli reformebi.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma amis sapasuxod marTlac wauyena moTxovna

mTavrobebs SeewyvitaT politikurad xelsayreli proeqtebisaTvis kreditebis gacema.

fondma moiTxova qveynebisagan gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformireba, raTa

wamgebiani sawarmoebi male daxuruliyo. es xels Seuwyobda maT mier am qveynebis

ekonomikidan saxsrebis amoqaCvis mankieri praqtikis Sewyvetas. saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondi aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizacias. igi,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda, rom qveynebs ganexorcielebinaT savaWro politikis

liberalizacia, kerZod, im mizniT, rom ufro farTod gaexsnaT gza TavianTi

bazrebisaken ucxouri bankebisa da finansuri institutebisaTvis.

gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damlevs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma,

agreTve cno, rom misi tradiciuli rekomendaciebi sagadasaxado balansSi

problemebis mqone qveynebisaTvis, kerZod — xisti sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi

politikis gatareba, yovelTvis ar amarTlebda im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdidnen

finansur kriziss. zogierT SemTxvevaSi fondma Searbila Tavisi moTxovnebi

deficitis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, raTa qveynebs miscemodaT SesaZlebloba gaezardaT

xarjebi im programebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis miznad isaxavdnen siRaribis masStabebis

Semcirebas da umuSevarTa dacvas.

breton-vudsis konferenciaze Seiqmna, agreTve rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso banki. igi warmoadgens mravalmxriv organizacias, romlis mizania xeli

Seuwyos msoflio vaWrobasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas im qveynebisaTvis valis

gacemiT, romlebsac msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad ar gaaCniaT sakuTari finansuri

saxsrebi. msoflio banki kapitals Rebulobs Tavisi wevri-qveynebisagan, romelTac

SeaqvT wvlili maTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis proporciulad. SeerTebulma Statebma

Seitanes pirveldawyebiTi kapitalis daaxloebiT 35 procenti.

Tavisi moRvaweobis adrindel etapze msoflio banki asocirdeboda didi

proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan, magaliTad — kaSxlebis mSeneblobasTan. magram gasuli

saukunis oTxmocian-oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi man gaafarTova Tavisi midgomebi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi da daiwyo meti saxsrebis Cadeba iseT proeqtebSi,

romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebasTan, profesiul momzadebasTan da miznad

isaxavdnen “adamianuri kapitalis” dagrovebas, agreTve qveynebis mier sabazro

ekonomikis mxardasaWerad sxvadasxva institutebis SeqmnasTan.

rac Seexeba momaval saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemas, msoflio vaWrobaSi iaponiis

rolis mzardi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre bevri mecnieri miiCnevda, rom mas

seriozuli rolis TamaSi SeeZlo, liderobac ki, msoflio vaWrobaSi axal indus-

triul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. Tumca, am ideis momxreTa ricxvma iklo ocdameerTe

saukunis dasawyisisTvis da axla sul ufro metni miiCneven gaerTianebul evropas an

CineTs potenciur liderebad savaWro sferoSi.

joan spiros azriT, momavali saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis CamoyalibebaSi

udidesi mniSvneloba eqneba imas, Tu rogor gaiazreben dRevandeli wamyvani saxel-

mwifoebi naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da axali industriuli saxel-

28

sabWos: `yvela sawarmo, romelic akontrolebs mogebas — qarxnebi/fabrikebi,

maRaroebi, maRaziebi da msgavsi — or an met saxelmwifoSi” (UNCTC 1978, 158). Tumca,

realurad, transnacionalur kompanias eZaxian iseTsac, romelic saqmianobs Tundac

erT ucxo qveyanaSi.

ra aris transnacionaluri korporacia? es aris korporacia, romlis mflobeloba,

menejmenti warmoeba da saqmianobebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSia da sxvadasxva

saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis farglebSia moqceuli. mas gaaCnia saTavo ofisi erT

saxelmwifoSi da filialebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi. korporaciis ZiriTadi mizania

msoflio bazrebisTvis saqonlis maqsimalurad dabal fasSi warmoeba. am miznis miRweva

SesaZlebelia produqciis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli adgilis SerCeviT an

maspinZeli saxelmwifosagan sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT.

transnacionalur korporaciebs gaaCniaT gamorCeuli menejeruli niWi, finansuri

saSualebebi da teqnikuri resursebi, da isini ewevian udides saqmianobas koor-

dinirebuli globaluri startegiis farglebSi. mravalnacionaluri korporaciebi,

gilpinis azriT, cdiloben ganavrcon da gaimagron sabazro poziciebi korporaciuli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis vertikaluri integraciisa da centralizaciis gziT.

jeneral motorsi, daimler kraisleri, toiota, ford motori, nestle da sxv. tipiuri

magaliTebia (The Political Economy of International Relations, Robert Gilpin, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1987).

aseTi korporaciebi ekonomikuri urTierTobebis internacionalizaciis yvelaze

TvalsaCino movlenaa. arsebiTad, es aris kapitalis gatanis erT-erTi forma.

miuxedavad imisa, rom transacionaluri korporaciebi intensiurad me-20 saukunis 60-

iani wlebidan vrceldeba, maT winamorbedebi gaaCndaT. maTi ricxvi sul ufro da ufro

izrdeba, jer daiwyo aSS-is korporaciebis raodenobis zrda, Semdeg dasavleT

evropisa da iaponiis. meoce sukunis bolosaTvis ki transnacionaluri korporaciebi

hqondaT ara mxolod maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, aramed mesame samyaros qveynebsac,

gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis.

es korporaciebi dRes TiTqmis yvela dargSia. isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan

ara mxolod imiT, Tu ras awarmoeben, aramed imiTac, Tu rogor awarmoeben,

teqnologiis doniT, menejmentis stiliT da maTi produqciis bazris struqturiT.

menejmenti da marketingi aseT korporaciebSi xSirad Sereulia (saerTaSoriso). erT an

ramdenime qveyanaSi marketingis Sedegad produqcia iyideba mTel msoflioSi.

umetes SemTxvevaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi ramodenime qveynis iuris-

diqcias eqvemdebareba, rac aZnelebs maT gakontrolebas erTi konkretuli saxel-

mwifos mier.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegi maxasiTeblebis mixed-

viT: maTi sidide, maTi filialebis raodenoba, saqmianobis tipi (mopovebiTi, samrew-

velo, momsaxureba/servisi, turizmi, sastumroebi, dazRveva, finansebi, transporti,

Sereuli, sasoflo-sameurneo), ucxour filialebTan kavSiris tipi, anu rogor

sakuTrebaSia — mTliani, nawilobrivi, erToblivi. mravalnacionalur korporaciebSi

gamoirCeva sami tipi, romlebic gansxvavdeba mSobeli da filialis kontrolis

proporciebiT, dominirebis xasiaTiTa da xarisxiT.

• pirveli tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSob-

lis miznebisaTvis yvelaferis daqvemdebareba. umetesad transnacionaluri

korporaciebi amjobineben srul mflobelobas, romelic filialebze maqsi-

malur kontrols niSnavs. am korporaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSania moq-

niloba da mobiluroba. Tanamedrove tendenciaa swored aseTi korporaciebis

gavrceleba. isini yvelaze momgebiania, Tumca vinaidan am tipis korporaciebis

miznebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi saxelmwifoebis miznebs, es

xSirad konfliqtebis mizezi xdeba;

• meore tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebis filialebi garkveuli damou-

kideblobiT, avtonomiiT sargebloben. isini ufro metad iTvaliswineben da

eqvemdebarebian mimRebi saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, naklebad

Sedian masTan konfliqtSi;

• mesame tipis transnacionaluri korporaciebi Zalian gansxvavdeba pirveli

orisagan. mis menejmentSi ar aris romelime erovnebis upiratesoba, filialebi

49

praqtikulad im qveynebs ekuTvnian, romlebSic funqcionireben da ewevian

TavianT saqmianobas. es xdeba kontraqtaciis bazaze.

vinaidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis upirvelesi mizania maqsimaluri

mogeba, isini dReniadag aumjobeseben menejments, marketingul xelovnebas, eZeben iaf

sawarmo resursebs, iaf adamianur resursebs, strategiul teritoriebs, raTa

minimaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon an gaaumjobeson produqciisa da momsaxurebis

xarisxi da miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba saqminobisgan.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobaSi,

iseve, rogorc nebismier warmoebaSi, aris momxmareblis da myidvelis swori SerCeva da

masze orientireba. Zalian bevri transnacionaluri korporacia, magaliTad, CvenTvis

iseTi kargad cnobili, rogoricaa proqter end gembeli (Procter and Gambel) cdilobs

moicvas momxmarebelTa yvela fena, yvela socialuri statusis piri. amitom, misi

saqoneli, magaliTad, sarecxi fxvnili, varirebs Zvirianidan iafamde. anu, mis

asortimentSi aris rogorc arieli, ZviradRirebuli da maRalxarisxiani sarecxi

fxvnili, aseve taidi, romlis fasic saSualoa da xarisxi didad ar CamorCeba arielis

xarisxs da aseve bonuqsi, romelic iafia, gaTvlilia socialurad naklebad

uzrunvelyofil mosaxleobaze da misi xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia.

gilpinis azriT, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi im

msoflios asaxvaa, romelSic kapitali da teqnologia Zalian mobiluria, xolo Sroma

rCeba SedarebiT naklebad mobiluri. qveynebis ekonomikebs Soris fardobiT upira-

tesobaSi arsebuli da mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo transnacionaluri korporaciebi

cdiloben TavianTi warmoeba da filialebi ganaTavson yvelaze xelsayrel,

dawinaurebul, ganviTarebul da, Sesabamisad, momgebian adgilebSi. xelsayrelobaSi

SeiZleba igulisxmebodes iaffasiani muSa xelis arseboba (iafi adamianuri resursebi),

bazrebis siaxlove, liberaluri sagadasaxado CarCoebi, usafrTxoeba.

transnacionaluri kompaniebi sam ZiriTad tipad iyofa imisda mixedviT, Tu romel

sferoSi saqmianoben isini, nedleulis mopovebis, warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis

sferoebSi. meore msoflio omamde pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandeba ZiriTadad

xdeboda nedleulis mopovebasa da plantaciebis moSenebaSi (magaliTad, navTobi,

mineraluri nedleuli, tropikuli xili). kapitalis aseTi gadanawileba asaxavda, erTi

mxriv, samrewvelo qveynebis moTxovnilebas nedleulze da, meore mxriv, evropis

saxelmwifoebis politikur batonobas aziasa da afrikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebisa ki — dasavleTis naxevarsferos umetes nawilSi. Tanamedrove transna-

cionaluri korporaciebis koloniur winamorbedebs ara marto finansuri da teqno-

logiuri resursebi hqondaT, aramed maT gankargulebaSi iyo aseve moqmedi armiebi,

romlebic maTi ekonomikuri Zalauflebis sadarajoze idgnen da, rogorc istoriidan

Cans, xSirad aqtiurad ereodnen kidec.

Tanamedrove transnacionalur korporaciebs ara aqvT pirdapiri samxedro Zala

(Tumca, maTi umetesoba swored samxedro teqnikis warmoebiT aris dakavebuli), amitom

isini ZiriTadad eyrdnobian politikur gavlenas, sabazro Zalauflebas, finansebisa

da teqnologiebis kontrols da, am ukanasknelis gasamyareblad, bazris struqturul

Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1945 wlidan transnacionaluri korporaciebis

saqmianoba gafarTovda swored omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis

pirobebSi, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda amerikis globalur samxedro Zala-

uflebas. metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis dabandebis

ZiriTadma sferom nedleulis mopovebidan warmoebaSi gadainacvla — gansakuTrebiT

ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi sam organizaciul tipad iyofa: vertikalurad

integrirebul, horizontalurad integrirebul da konglomeratul tipebad.

vertikalurad integrirebuli korporaciebi ZiriTadad mineraluri nedleulis

mopovebiTa da gadamuSavebiT arian dakavebulni, navTobwarmoebis sferoSi ki maTi

funqciebi ZiriTadad distribucias moicavs. aseTi korporaciebi xSirad floben

benzingasamarT sadgurebs. warmoebis sferoSi momravlda iseTi transnacionaluri

korporaciebi, romlebic nawilebs erT qveyanaSi amzadeben da sxvagan awyoben.

magaliTad, iaponiisa da amerikis eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel firmebs amwyobi

qarxnebi aqvT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa taivani, tailandi, filipinebi, malaizia,

samxreT korea da sxv., sadac maT qveynebTan SedarebiT iafi muSaxelia.

50

dolarTan mimarTebaSi hqonda metismetad maRali fasi, misi centraluri banki yidida

Tavisi qveynis valutas dolarebSi gacvliT, riTac amcirebda mis fass. da, piriqiT. Tu

romelime qveynis valutis fasi metismetad dabali aRmoCndeboda, es qveyana

yidulobda Tavis sakuTar valutas da amiT zrdida mis fass.

breton-vudsis konferenciis monawileebma Seqmnes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi,

raTa daxmareba gaewiaT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romelTac uWirdaT sagadasaxado

balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyveta. qveynebs savaluto fondis daxma-

reba sWirdebaT, ZiriTadad, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom isini ganicdian disproporcias

ekonomikaSi. tradiciulad fonds mimarTaven is qveynebi, romlebic arian mZime

mdgomareobaSi saxelmwifo biujetis didi deficitisa da fuladi masis uaRresad didi

zrdis gamo. aseTi qveynebi cdilobdnen moexmaraT meti, vidre maT amis saSualebas

aZlevda Semosavali eqsportisagan. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis standartul

saSualebas, romelsac mimarTavda savaluto fondi, warmoadgenda moTxovnileba

mevale qveynebis mimarT gamajansaRebeli xasiaTis mkveTri makroekonomikuri zomebis

dacvis Sesaxeb, maT Soris sagadasaxado-sabiujeto da fuladi politikis gamkacreba

moklevadiani kreditebis miRebis sanacvlod.

1970-ian da 80-ian wlebSi iaponiisa da evropis ekonomikebis gajansaRebam da aSS-is

ekonomikis SedarebiT dasustebam gaarTula saerTaSoriso savaWro sistemis

mdgomareoba. amasTan, iaponia da evropa jer ar iyvnen mzad SeesrulebinaT hegemonisa

da lideris roli. 1957 wlidan evropis Tanamegobroba udidesi savaWro bloki iyo.

daarsda sabaJo kavSiri Tavisufali Sida vaWrobiT, Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tarifebi

da saerTo sasoflo-sameurneo politika. evropis qveynebis vaWrobam saocari

tempebiT imata da 1986 wels msoflio saerTo vaWrobis 38.8 procents miaRwia. kidev

ufro gaizarda vaWroba evropis qveynebs Soris. rac Seexeba iaponias, 1960-ian wlebSi

misi wili msoflio vaWrobaSi Seadgenda mxolod 3 procents. 1980-iani wlebis

bolosaTvis ki misma wilma 8.3 procents miaRwia (The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990). avtorTa azriT, am

saswaulebrivi ganviTarebis ukan idga iaponiis unikaluri niWi SeeTvisebina, daenerga

da ganeviTarebina uaxlesi ucxouri teqnologiebi, agreTve SesaZlebloba

gamoeTavisuflebina xalxi soflis meurneobidan, seriozuli investireba moexdina

warmoebaSi da daesaqmebina mosaxleoba am sferoSi. mTavrobam gadamwyveti roli

iTamaSa iaponiis ekonomikis aseT mzard ganviTarebaSi — SemuSavda specialuri

saxelmwifo programebi, romelTa farglebSic mniSvnelovani mxardaWera aRmoeCi-

neboda kerZo investiciebs qveynisaTvis iseT strategiul dargebSi, rogoric iyo

foladi, navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimikatebi, avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi,

samrewvelo teqnika, eleqtroteqnika da kompiuterebi.

iaponiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli Seasrula eqsportis gafarToebisa da

importis proteqcionizmis (SezRudvis) politikam. vinaidan iaponiis ekonomika mniSv-

nelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli nedleulis importze, mTavrobam daawesa mkacri

kontroli arasasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqonlis importze. mTavrobam uzrunvelyo

saSinao warmoebis ganviTareba garkveuli proteqcionisturi meTodebiT impor-

tirebul saqonelze (tarifebi, kvotebi) da rigi administraciuli zomebiT — importis

licenzireba da sxv. paralelurad udidesi aqcenti keTdeboda nebismieri saxis

nawarmis eqsportze. 1960-ani wlebidan iaponiam moaxerxa Seeqmna iseTi ekonomika,

romelic metwilad orientirebuli iyo eqsportze.

gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi gaCnda axali problema. finansuri

bazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mudmivi gaZlierebisa da Zrdis pirobebSi zogi-

erTi qveynebi aRmoCndnen seriozuli problemebis winaSe ucxouri valutis gacemis

saqmeSi — ara imis gamo, rom arasworad warmarTavdnen ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed

imitom, rom kerZo investiciebis dolaris nakadebi ganicdidnen mkveTr cvlilebebs.

xSirad amgvari problemebis gaCenas xsnidnen maTi ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi

struqturuli xarvezebis arsebobiT. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda im finansuri

krizisis dros, romelmac moicva azia 1997 wels.

meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi tailandSi, indoneziasa da

samxreT koreaSi moxda tempebis gansacvifrebeli zrda. inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT

maT Seadgines 9 procenti. ucxoelma investorebma amas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

miaqcies da male aziuri qveynebis ekonomika gaavses finansuri saxsrebiT. azia-wynari

okeanis regionSi kapitalis modena gaizarda daaxloebiT xuTjer. axla, am gada-

27

• upirobo TanamSromloba yvela wevrs Soris.

unda Seqmniliyo msoflio savaWro reJimi an universaluri kanonebi savaWro

politikis warmoebisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis bloki da naklebad ganviTarebuli saxel-

mwifoebis umetesoba ar SeuerTda gats da ar scnes misi principebi, xolo wevri

saxelmwifoebi srulad ar asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, gatma mniSvnelovnad

Seuwyo xeli omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis liberalizaciis process.

1980-ian wlebSi bevrma saxelmwifom eWvi Seitana gatis SesaZleblobaSi Seenar-

Cunebina liberaluri vaWrobis reJimi. amis mizezi iyo struqturuli cvlilebebi

msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelTa Sedegadac Seirya gatis principebi. saxelmwifoebs

surdaT scodnodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara liberaluri reJimi, da Tu ara, romeli

reJimi Secvlida omis Semdgom liberalur savaWro wesrigs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom

meore msoflio omis Semdeg gatis farglebSi Catarebuli ramdenime warmatebuli

raundis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda tarifebi da gaizarda msoflio vaWroba.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardma qselma TandaTan CaiTria saxelmwifo ekonomikebi

erTian urTierTdamokidebulebis sistemaSi, rasac mohyva spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, rom

iwyeba mWidrod integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikis era, romelsac dadebiTze meti

uaryofiTis motana SeuZlia erovnuli ekonomikisTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala balansi

liberalizaciisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis momxreTa Soris.

1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis SesamCnevi gaxda ekonomikuri nacionalizmis

upiratesoba liberalizmTan SedarebiT da vaWrobam Semcireba iwyo, rac aseve aisaxa

savaWro sistemis bunebaze. 70-ian wlebSi vaWrobis Semcirebasa da ekonomikuri

proteqcionizmisaken dabrunebas xeli Seuwyo ramodenime fundamenturma movlenam:

• mcocav savaluto kursze gadasvlam;

• 1973-74 ww. zamTarSi navTobze fasis masiurma momatebam;

• iaponiasTan konkurenciis gaZlierebam;

• Zlier konkurentunariani axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis gamoCenam

msoflio bazarze;

• aSS-is ekonomikis SedarebiTma dasustebam;

• evropuli ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis daSlam;

• globaluri stagflaciis (stagnacia+inflacia) niSnebma.

yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg dawyebuli vaWrobis

liberalizaciis procesis SeCerebas.

gati iyo wesebis krebuli, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba instituciuri fundamentis

gareSe. es iyo mcire samdivno, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso savaWro

organizaciis daarsebas. dRes arsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ki mudmivi

institutia Tavisi samdivnoTi. gatis kanonebi exeboda mxolod saqonels da mxolod

mis irgvliv aregulirebda urTierTobebs. msoflio savaWro organizaciis kanonebi ki

exeba, agreTve momsaxurebis sferos da inteleqtualuri qonebis savaWro aspeqtebs.

gatisagan gansxvavebiT msoflio savaWro organizacias gaaCnia davebis mogvarebis

ufro efeqturi da swrafi meqanizmebi.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi ormxrivobam farTod Secvala gatis mravalmxrivobis

principi, da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas

sul ufro metad xelmZRvaneloben politikuri mosazrebebiT.

breton-vudis sistemis Tanaxmad, qveynis centraluri bankebis winaSe, aSS-s

federaluri sarezervo sistemis garda, daisva amocana — daecvaT fiqsirebuli

gacvliTi kursebi TavianT valutasa da dolars Soris. amas isini akeTebdnen ucxour

savaluto bazrebze intervenciis gziT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ama Tu im qveynis valutas

26

horizontaluri integracia gulisxmobs erTi tipis qarxnebis muSaobas sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi, anu rodesac centraluri qarxana da misi Svilobili kompaniebi identuri

saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.

konglomeratuli tipis korporaciebi bevr gansxvavebul sferoSi arian Cabmulni

erTdroulad, mag., navTobis, soflis meurneobis, narCenebis gadamuSavebis, mediis,

sammxedro teqnikis warmoebis da sxv.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCe-

vian TavianTi orientaciis mixedviT globalur warmoebasa da realizaciasTan

mimarTebaSi. firma transnacionalurad iTvleba maSinac ki, roca mas mxolod erTi an

ori Svilobili kompania aqvs, romlebzec modis misi mTliani produqciis mxolod

mcire nawili. maT sapirispirod, zogierTi transnacionaluri korporacia sakuTari

produqciis umetes nawils mSobliuri qveynis sazRvrebs gareT awarmoebs, magaliTad,

Sveicaruli firma “nestle” (erT-erTi pirveli transnacionaluri korporacia msof-

lioSi). zogierT transnacionalur korporacias mxolod erT romelime regionSi aqvs

filiali, zogi ki WeSmaritad globaluria, vinaidan misi Svilobili kompaniebi mTel

msoflioSia ganfenili. magaliTad, “fordma” da “jeneral motorsma” manqanebis iseTi

modelebi Seqmnes (“msoflio manqanebi”), romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saRdeba,

sadac SedarebiT normaluri gzebia, maTi awyoba ki warmoebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi

SeiZleba. gaeros gamokvleva Semdeg kategoriebs warmoaCens: orientaciis mixedviT,

korporaciebi aseve iyofian eTnocentrul (mSobliur qveyanaze orientirebul),

policentrul (maspirZel qveyanaze orientirebul) da geocentrul (msoflio

orientaciis) tipebad. “maspinZeli” qveynis xelisufleba xSirad SiSobs, rom ucxouri

kompania mis ekonomikur suverenitets SezRudavs da metic, mis saSiano saqmeebSi

Caereva, raTa sakuTari qveynis sagareo politikuri interesebi ganaxorcielos.

rac Seexeba transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobas, rogorc nebismieri biznes

dawesebuleba, isinic orientirebulni arian mogebaze, korporaciul zrdasa da

sabazro wilis matebaze.

transnacionaluri korporaciebi aseve gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ram-

denad arian CarTulni iseT mwarmoeblur saqmianobaSi, romelic pirdapiri ucxouri

kapitalis dabandebis Cveulebriv tips ar Seesabameba - igulisxmeba Svilobili

kompaniebis floba umravlesobis mier (rac Seexeba operaciebis efeqtur kontrols,

tipiuria 30%-ze meti wilis floba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi saxezea TiTqmis 100%

mflobeloba). saportfelo investiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, produqciisa da reali-

zebis kontroli pirdapiri investirebis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens. is gulisxmobs

codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da Tanxebis pakets (erTianobas).

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia — iseTi investicia, rodesac investori iRebs

(Seisyidis) kontrols im firmaze, romelSic is axdens investirebas.

saportfelo investicia — ucxouri firmis aqciebis Sesyidva firmaze yovelnairi

kontrolis an menejmentSi monawileobis gareSe.

transnacionaluri korporacia zogjer erTobliv sawarmoSi erTiandeba, sadac

kontroli Tavidanve gadanawilebulia. gilpini aseve asaxelebs transnacionaluri

korporaciis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis mesame tips, marTvis xelSekrulebas, korporacia

ar aris mflobeli, Tumca marTvis sferoSi sakvanZo Tanamdebobebis umetesoba mas

ukavia. ucxo qveynebSi saqmianobis kidev erTi variantia e.w. “mza proeqti”, roca

transnacionaluri korporacia daqiravebulia mTeli qarxnis asawyobad da

asamuSaveblad da adgilobrivi muSaxelis gasawvrTnelad. am SemTxvevaSi mas ar gaaCnia

Cveulebrivi aqciebis wili qarxanaSi. masTan SezRuduli urTierToba SeiZleba

gagrZeldes mas Semdegac, rac qarxana adgilobriv mflobels gadaecema — marTvis

sakiTxebSi konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis saxiT. transnacionalurma

korporaciebma SeiZleba ubralod Seisyidon resursebi da produqcia ucxouri

momwodeblebisgan. xSirad, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi damokidebulni xdebian ucxoel

klientebze. zogjer, transnacionaluri korporacia ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi

klienti, radgan adgilobrivi mwarmoeblisTvis xan sesxis, xan masalisa da teqnikuri

konsultaciebis wyarod iqceva.

transnacionaluri saqmianobis erT-erTi aspeqti aris korporaciis Sida savaWro

operaciebis gafarToeba, romlebic Zalian farTo speqtrs moicaven.

gilpinis azriT, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, verti-

51

kalurad integrirebuli transnacionaluri sawarmoebi ar dominireben ganviTarebadi

qveynebis savaWro saqmianobaSi. aSS-s sawarmoebis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mzardi

internacionalizacia da warmoebis vertikalurad integrirebuli sistema mxolod

dasavleT evropiTa da kanadiT Semoifargleba.

vertikaluri integraciis modelTan Tanaarsebobs, agreTve konglomeratis

elementebi, garda amisa, ufro da ufro xSiria sxvadasxva qveynebis transnacionaluri

firmebis TanamSromloba da erToblivi sawarmoebis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevebi. bevri

miiCnevs, rom aseTi tipis urTierTobebi riskis faqtors amcirebs (gadaanawilebs) da

gamokvlevebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiTac ekonomiuria.

meoce saukuneSi masobrivi warmoebisa da gamokvlevebze damyarebuli mrewvelobis

ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo axali firmebis bazarze SeRwevas da oligofoliis

ganviTarebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mwarmoebeli transnacionaluri korpo-

raciebi gansakuTrebiT momZlavrdnen qimiuri preparatebis, avtomobilebis, kompiu-

terebisa da eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebaSi. meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTeli periodis

manZilze am kompaniebs samrewvelo ganviTarebis maRali maCvenebeli hqondaT.

mogvianebiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ganviTarda momsaxurebis sferoSic. es

gansakuTrebiT exeba safinanso, sabanko, monacemTa gadamuSavebis, kavSirgabmulobisa

da mediis sferoebs. Cndeba monacemTa globaluri bazebi. xolo teqnikuri SesaZ-

leblobebis zrdis paralelurad SesaZlebeli xdeba safinanso bazrebis dakavSireba

da maTi integracia. imavdroulad, transnacionalizaciam ganviTareba daiwyo sacalo

vaWrobis sferoSic, romelic, ar aris CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan,

Cveulebriv, moiTxovs klientTan axlo urTierTobas da axlo distancias.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, garkveuli drois Semdeg, Sesaferisi globaluri

politikis pirobebSi, transnacionaluri kompaniebi ufro metad ganviTardeba, vidre

wmindad nacionaluri firmebi. amis mizezi gaxdeba maTi ekonomiuroba, rasac

ganapirobebs maTi masStaburoba, aseve kapitalis ufro mravalferovani da iafi

wyaroebis mopoveba da gadasaxadebis dabali faqtiuri ganakveTi. am ukanasknelSi

igulisxmeba is, rom transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia fasebis dakleba an momateba

saqonelze, masalebze an sesxebze, Tavisi kompaniis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mdebare

filialebs Soris. amitom, transferuli fasebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba or

damoukidebel kompanias Soris SeTanxmebuli fasebisgan, anu im fasebisgan, romlebic

asaxavs sabazro pirobebs. vinaidan transnacionalur kompanias SeuZlia aseTi

intrastruqturuli savaWro operaciebis warmoeba im qveyanaSi, romelSic kor-

poraciuli gadasaxadebi maRalia, kompaniis mogeba SeiZleba imaze dabali maCvenebliT

gaformdes, rasac realurad warmoadgens. amis miRweva SeiZleba, magaliTad, im

nawilebze fasebis daklebiT, romlebic sxva qveyanaSi, dabali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi

arsebul Svilobil kompaniaSi gadaigzavneba. amgvarad, transnacionalur kompanias

manevrirebis bevrad meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, da es saSualebas iZleva

vivaraudod, rom transnacionaluri kompaniebis ricxvis zrda Seuqcevadi procesia.

transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobis

sakiTxi mudmivi gansjis Temaa, vinaidan bevri qveyana miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri

korporaciebi politikur gavlenas amyareben mimReb qveyanaze. zogi mecnieris azriT,

yvela saxelmwifo SeiZleba ufro da ufro metad daeqvemdebaros transnacionaluri

kompaniebis Zalauflebasa da gavlenas, maTi globaluri bunebisa da yvelgan

SeRwevadobis gamo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom liberalur saxelmwifoebs naklebad-

konfliqturi urTierTobebi aqvT transnacionalur korporaciebTan.

spiros azriT, yvela qveyanaSi aris imisi moTxovnileba, rom moizidon pirdapiri

ucxouri kapitali da gamonaxon ucxour firmebTan urTierTobis saukeTeso gza.

transnacionalur firmebTan urTierTobisas yvela saxelmwifo awydeba garkveul

problemebs da daZabulobas, Tumca, zogierTi urTierTobis tipi ufro metad

daZabulia, vidre sxva. ufro mravalmxrivad rom warmovadginoT es sakiTxi, vityviT,

rom transnacionaluri kompaniis, anu transnacionaluri kapitalis, rogorc

klasobrivi struqturis nawilis, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra

tipisaa konkretuli saxelmwifo. msoflio sistemaTa terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, am

SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia mocemuli qveynis statusi — centraluria igi,

periferiuli, Tu naxevrad periferiuli.

Tumca, zemoT Tqmulis mixedviT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi gare Zalas

warmoadgenen, maSin roca saxelmwifoebs SigniT, gansakuTrebiT ki “centralur”

52

mkveTri zrda, rasac mohyva inflacia, fasebis zrda.

pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qveynebi Seecadnen aRedginaT oqros standarti,

magram igi gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis didi depresiis periodSi mTlianad daeca.

zogierTi ekonomisti acxadebda, rom oqros standartis dacva ar aZlevda saSualebas

xelmZRvanel fulad-sakredito dawesebulebebs gaezardaT mimoqcevaSi fulis

raodenoba saqmiani aqtiurobis aRsadgenad saWiro sakmaod swrafi tempebiT.

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi aRiniSneba msoflio vaWrobis libera-

lizaciis dawyebiT. am procesSi lideris funqcia ikisra amerikam. es ganpirobebuli

iyo aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieriT da, rac aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania, misi surviliT

Seesrulebina msoflio hegemonis roli. aSS-Si mixvdnen, rom stabiluroba qveyanaSi da

mokavSireebis erTgulebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi ekonomikis

aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi. amerikis daxmarebas am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca

ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da misi Semdgomi zrdis misaRwevad maT

esaWiroebodaT, agreTve, saeqsporto bazrebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is udidesi bazari.

1944 wels msoflios wamyvani qveynebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen

breton-vudsSi, Stati niu-hemfSiri, raTa SeeqmnaT axali saerTaSoriso finansuri

sistema. vinaidan im dros SeerTebuli Statebis wilad modioda msoflioSi arsebuli

oqros naxevarze meti, wamyvanma qveynebma gadawyvites miebaT msoflios valutebi

dolarisaTvis da moexdinaT, aRniSnul qveynebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze, misi konvertireba oqroSi —erT unciaSi 35 dolari.

amerikam, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ikisra lideris roli da saTaveSi Caudga vaWrobis

liberalizaciis process. man didi roli Seasrula tarifebisa da vaWrobis

generaluri SeTanxmebis (gati) SeqmnaSi, romelic warmoadgenda satarifo da savaWro

wesebis saerTaSoriso krebuls da mas xeli moewera 1947 wels.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qcevis wesebis krebulis SemoRebis garda, gati

(vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba) gamovida mravalmxrivi savaWro

molaparakebebis ramdenime raundis sponsoros rolSi, xolo amerika, liderobda ra am

saqmeSi, aqtiurad monawileobda yovel maTganSi. meoce saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi

urugvais raundze, romelsac ase ewoda imis gamo, rom igi daiwyo pulta-del-estaSi

(urugvai) molaparakebebisas, qveynebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen vaWrobis Semdgomi

liberalizaciis Sesaxeb da dasaxes samoqmedo gegmebi.

vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba

(General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade – GATT) vaWrobisa da tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba (gati) ganixileboda rogorc mdi-

dari qveynebis klubi. gatis wesebi esaa — e.w. vaWrobis liberaluri wesebi mdidarTa

sasargeblod.

gati Seiqmna 1947 wels. mizani iyo wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisaTvis

xelSewyoba, rac gamoixateboda molaparakebebis warmoebaSi tarifebis dareguli-

rebisa da Semcirebis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali vaWrobis gafarToeba da gaintensiureba,

Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobda kacobriobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. mas, agreTve

unda SeemuSavebina davebis mogvarebis meqanizmebi. Stabbina iyo JenevaSi. gatis mola-

parakebebs uwodeben raundebs.

gatis unda mieRwia Tavisufali da ufro samarTliani vaWrobisaTvis, tarifebis

Semcirebisa da sxva savaWro barierebis moxsnis gziT. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi

eyrdnoboda sam princips:

• aradiskriminacia, mravalmxrivoba, da yvelaze sasurveli saxelmwifos prin-

cipis (Most-Favoured Nation Principle) gavrceleba SeTanxmebis yvela wevrze (yvelaze

sasurveli qveynis principi niSnavs imas, rom yovelTvis, rodesac wevri saxel-

mwifo SeRavaTebs awesebs erTi savaWro partniorisTvis, man igive SeRavaTebi

unda mianiWos msoflio savaWro organizaciis yvela danarCen wevrs, raTa yvela

iyos Tanabar pirobebSi);

• vaWrobis gaintensiureba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro barierebis

Semcirebis gziT;

25

vaWroba mxolod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveynebisTvisaa momgebiani, romelTa

ekonomikac ar aris damokidebuli erT romelime seqtorze da erT konkretul

produqtze. xolo ekonomikurad SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi-

saTvis ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi ufro momgebiani da mizanSewonilia.

nacionalistebi nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da miaCniaT,

rom qveynis eqsporti unda aRematebodes imports — qveyanam unda gayidos meti

produqcia, vidre iyidos. Tumca Tu am pozicias yvela qveyana gaiziarebs, maSin

gasayidi aRaraferi iqneba da saerTaSoriso vaWrobac aRar iarsebebs.

liberalebi miiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobis garantiaa, da rac meti

qveyanaa Cabmuli masSi, miT ufro usafrTxo da stabiluria msoflio, nacionalistebi

ar eTanxmebian da Tvlian, rom dRevandelma globalurma ekonomikam, romelic TiTqmis

yvela qveynis ekonomikas moicavs, moitana damokidebulebis axali formebi da Seqmna

niadagi ekonomikuri konfliqtebisaTvis.

Tanamedrove yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi iyo

periodebi, rodesac isini mkveTrad uxvevdnen ekonomikuri proteqcionizmisken. ase,

magaliTad, amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe aleqsandre hamiltoni aSS-is samrewvelo

ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad moiTxovda proteqcionistuli tarifis SemoRebas, da

unda iTqvas, rom misi rekomendaciebi xSirad sruldeboda. hamiltoni ar iziarebda

adam smitis `Tavisufali bazris“ ideas da miaCnda, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli

daxmareba unda gaewia industriis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikulma proteqcionizmma

Tavis piks miaRwia 1930 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna smuT-holei tarifi (ix. zeviT),

romelmac mkveTrad gazarda aSS-Si SemoRebuli tarifebi.

germanelma ekonomistma fridrix listmac ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi miiCnia

mizanSewonilad Tavisi qveynisaTvis. laparakia mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis

daqucmacebul da sust germaniaze. listis rekomendaciiT germanulma saxelmwifoebma

garkveuli barieri dauweses inglisur saqonels maRali baJis saxiT, riTac moaxerxes

sakuTari mrewvelobis dacva, misTvis xelSewyoba da, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis dawyeba.

rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, liberalebic da nacionalistebic Tanxmdebian, rom

warmoebas sWirdeba dacva mis sawyis etapze, magram maTi Sexedulebebi fundamenturad

gansxvavdeba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra aris am dacvis, anu proteqcionizmis, mizani.

nacionalistebisTvis proteqcionizmi saboloo mizania, romelsac mohyveba indus-

triuli Zalaufleba da Zlieri saxelmwifo. liberalebisTvis ki — proteqcionizmi

droebiTi etapia, romelic qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs mixvdes, Tu romel sferoSi aqvs

mas SefardebiTi upiratesoba. saboloo mizani ki — Tavisufali vaWroba da msoflio

simdidris Seqmnaa. liberalebis azriT, yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi

upiratesoba rameSi da amitom maT ar unda eSinodeT Tavisufali vaWrobis.

savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg

pirvel msoflio omamde msoflio ekonomika moqmedebda oqros standartis arse-

bobis pirobebSi. es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, ama Tu im konkretuli kursis

mixedviT, yvela qveynis valutis konvertireba oqroSi. amgvarma sistemam ganapiroba

fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis SemoReba, e. i. yvela qveynis valutis gacvla nebis-

mieri sxva qveynis valutaze SesaZlebeli iyo myarad dadgenili, ucvleli kursiT.

fiqsirebulma savaluto kursebma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas,

vinaidan maT erTgvarad gamoricxes is gaurkvevlobis faqtorebi, romlebic dakav-

Sirebuli iyo e.w. mcurav kursebTan. magram am sistemas, mecnierTa azriT, hqonda sul

cota ori nakli. jer erTi, oqros standartis pirobebSi qveynebs ar hqondaT

SesaZlebloba gaekontrolebinaT TavianTi oqros masebi. amis nacvlad yoveli qveynis

oqros masa ganisazRvreboda oqros im nakadiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda sxva qveynebTan

angariSsworebis dros. meorec is, rom yvela qveyanaSi oqros politika ganicdida

oqros mopovebis tempebis gavlenas. mecxramete saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, rodesac

oqro mcire raodenobiT moipoveboda, oqros masa mTels msoflioSi neli tempiT

izrdeboda, raTa ar CamorCenoda ekonomikis zrdas. amis Sedegi iyo deflacia, fasebis

dacema. SemdgomSi, mecxramete saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, aliaskaze da samxreT afrikaSi

oqros sabadoebis aRmoCenam gamoiwvia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis

24

saxelmwifoebSi, transnacionaluri kapitalis zegavlena SeiZleba metad mniSvnelo-

vani iyos. marqsisti analitikosebi miiCneven, rom aSS-Si amerikuli transnacionaluri

korporaciebis interesebi dominirebs.

ase rom, maSin, roca transnacionaluri kompaniebis pirdapiri Zalaufleba,

garedan zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovnad CaiTvalos,

roca saubaria “centralur” qveynebze, am qveynebis SigniT maTi struqturuli

siZliere umaRles wertils aRwevs, gansakuTrebiT ideologiur doneze.

nawilobriv kapitalisturi sistemis xelSemwyobi koncefciebis kanonTan Sesaba-

misobaSi moyvanis didi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa aSS, iaponia,

germania, safrangeTi da britaneTi, da saxelmwifos qcevasa da ekonomikuri aqtivobis

doneze saqmiani koniunqturisa da mtkice saqmiani poziciis damsaxurebiT, kapitalis

Zalauflebam SeiZleba TiTqmis hegemonur statuss miaRwios. Tu imuSavebs ekono-

mikuri aqtivobis ZiriTadi liberaluri kanonebi, saqmiani koniunqturis interna-

cionalizacia imas niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso masStabiT mobiluri kapitalis struq-

turuli Zalaufleba marTlac rom Zalze didi iqneba. es pozicia aris transnaci-

onaluri kompaniebis Zalauflebis dominirebadi realisturi interpretirebis meore

mxare. realistebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifos avtonomiurobas da “erovnuli

interesebis” ideis dominantur zegavlenas, rac wina planze ayenebs usafrTxoebas.

am TvalsazrisiT, transnacionaluri kompaniebi iqamde gaSlian TavianT saqmia-

nobebs da gaizrdebian, sanam es Zlier saxelmwifoebis interesebSi iqneba. saxelmwifo

da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan calsaxad gaimijnon. amitom,

saxelmwifo politika ar unda ganixilebodes mxolod “erovnuli” TvalsazrisiT.

saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politika da is daZabuloba, romelic saxelmwifo

kursis gatarebas axlavs, dakavSirebulia aseve klasobriv da klasebis struqturuli

elementebis interesebTan.

joan spiros azriT, ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis politika pirdapir

ucxour kapitalTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi

xSirad SiSiT uyureben transnacionalur korporaciebs da metic, cdiloben SezRudon

maTi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu korporaciebi Cabmulni arian

nedleulis, kerZod, mineraluri nedleulis mopovebaSi. amgvari damokidebuleba

bunebrivia imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis didi nawilis mier

transnacionaluri korporaciebi aRiqmeba mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebis poli-

tikis gamtareblad, romelTa interesic calmxrivi mogebaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebis

umetesoba xvdeba nedleuliTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT vaWrobis uperspeqtivobas da

yvelanairad cdilobs pirdapiri ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi.

meoce saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ganxorcielda

sagadasaxado sistemis met-naklebi liberalizacia, moxda saxelmwifos mier

momsaxurebis garkveuli saxeebis subsidireba, Seiqmna saeqsportod gankuTvnili

saqonlis warmoebis specialuri zonebi da gatarda sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic

mimarTuli iyo iseTi transnacionaluri korporaciebis mozidvaze, romlebic

imuSavebdnen qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis sferoebSi da xels Seuwyobdnen

erovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan ganviTarebadi

saxelmwifoebis speqtri mravalferovania, maTi damokidebuleba transnacionaluri

korporaciebis mimarT aseve araerTgvarovania.

zogi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos naklebad keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba

sabazro meqanizmis, konkurenciisa da zogjer kerZo warmoebis mimarT ganpirobebulia

bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis damokidebulebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobisadmi, rogorc

sabazro sistemisadmi, romelic CrdiloeTSi ufro kargad muSaobs, vidre samxreTSi.

amgvarad, kerZo sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki transnacionaluri kompaniebis, mimarT

ganxorcielebuli SezRudvebi ganixileba rogorc aucilebeli RonisZiebebi, raTa

saxelmwifos ufro meti wili darCes ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavlidan an imisTvis, rom ganviTardes axlad aRmocenebuli sawarmoebi.

ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad aRiniSneba saxelmwifos zewola

transnacionalur korporaciebze. politikur elitebs ar surT damokidebulni iyvnen

ucxour kompaniebze da maT sapirispirod iwyeben sajaro seqtoris ganviTarebis

xelSewyobas, gansakuTrebiT, im sferoebSi, romlebic, maTi azriT, strategiuli

mniSvnelobisaa. mag. indoeTSi aseT sferoebad miCneulia qimiuri, farmacevtuli,

navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da nedleulis mopoveba. meoce saukunis 60-70-ian

53

wlebSi iseTma prokapitalisturma qveyanamac ki, rogoricaa brazilia, vrceli sajaro

seqtori ganaviTara, romelSic Sevida aseve samrewvelo sawarmoebi. yovelive es

amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi kvlavac mniSvnelovania da, rom misi mniSvneloba

srulebiTac ar Semcirebula mesame msoflios saxelmwifo biurokratiaSi. bevri

miiCnevs, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis SezRudviT mTavrobebi

sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, vinaidan erovnuli korporaciebi

xSirad ver uzrunvelyofen produqciaze iseTive fasebs, rogorsac transnacionalu-

ri korporaciebi, amasTan maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an momsaxurebis xarisxic

SeiZleba ufro dabali iyos. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebels mouwevs ufro

maRali safasuris gadaxda naklebad xarisxian saqonelSi. arsebobs azri, rom

sazogadoeba cudad aris informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarji Tu mogeba mohyveba

qveyanaSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis moqmedebis SezRudvas an gamoricxvas. es

gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa iseT dargebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT

momgebiania an perspeqtiuli. am sferoebis nacionalizacia ise xdeba xolme, rom

sazogadoeba ar aris informirebuli xarjebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxva regionebSi.

ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi transnacionaluri kompaniebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli politika, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da

ekonomikuri damoukideblobis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba da ara rogorc ekonomikuri

zrdis Seferxebis mizezi. es gadawyvetileba ki, rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis umravles

nawilze uaryofiTad aisaxeba, maSin, roca politikuri elita, romelic irCevs amgvar

politikas, importisa da transnacionaluri kompaniebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli

RonisZiebebidan sargebels poulobs. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aseTma

viTarebam Sedegad gamoiRos transnacionaluri kompaniebis saqmianobis Seferxeba an

aRkveTa. piriqiT, SeiZleba adgilobrivma elitam erTobliv sawarmoSi gaerTianeba da

am gziT Tavisis Semosavlebis gazrda isurvos. damokidebulebis Teoriis oponentebis

azriT, swored elitis arasaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebi da procesebze uaryofiTi

gavlena ganapirobebs politikuri Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da codnis uTanasworo

gadanawilebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi.

ucxouri sawarmoebis nacionalizacia yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia nedleulis

warmoebis seqtorisTvis. es aris koloniuri gamocdilebis gamoZaxili. ucxouri

batonoba asocirdeba swored am seqtorTan, romelzec mTeli ekonomika iyo

damokidebuli. nedleulis mogebaze orientirebulma warmoebam seriozuli wvlili

Seitana mTliani erovnuli produqtis maCveneblis zrdaSi da ucxouri valutis

Semodenis ZiriTad wyarod iqca. situacia ar Secvlila rig ganviTarebad qveyanaSi,

magaliTad, spilenZis warmoeba zambiaSi, sadac nacionalizebuli warmoeba nawilobriv

damokidebuli darCa transnacionalur kompaniebze. es urTierToba “marTvis

xelSekrulebis” saxiT gaformda xsenebuli warmoebis adrindel mflobelebTan.

sxvaTa Soris, aseTi xelSekrulebis Sedegad, 70-iani wlebis bolosa d 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi spilenZis fasebis dacemis simZime ufro metad zambias daawva, vidre

transnacionalur kompaniebs.

gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis mtruli ganwyoba

transnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT 60-ian wlebTan da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisTan

SedarebiT Serbilda. am droisTvis bevrma maTganma ukve moaxerxa, rom TavianTi

sabadoebisa da plantaciebis kontolis umetes wils dapatroneboda. 1970-ian wlebSi,

navTobis fasebiT gamowveuli Sokis pirobebSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic

navTobis imports eweodnen, sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli problemebis

winaSe aRmoCndnen. maT meti ucxouri valuta esaWiroebodaT da amisi erT-erTi

saSualeba iyo saeqportod gankuTvnili warmoebis asamuSaveblad TavianT qveynebSi

transnacionaluri kompaniebis mozidva. swored aman ganapiroba saeqporto saqonlis

gadamamuSavebeli zonebis momravleba. sagadasaxado balansTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi kidev ufro damZimda wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, radgan ganviTarebuli

qveynebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba niSnavda ganviTarebadi qveynebis saeqsporto

saqonelze moTxovnilebis dacemas. Sedegad, bevrma ganviTarebadma qveyanam mimarTa

saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio banks sesxebis asaRebad. orive es

organizacia muSaobs, raTa xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebad qveynebs ukeT gaecnon

transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobas, ndobiT ganewyon maT mimarT, Seecadnon

maT mozidvas TavianT qveynebSi da Semdeg ukve SeZlon maTTan TanamSromloba.

54

saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi

meore msoflio omis Semdeg

vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zogierTi

mecnieri imdenad Sors midis vaWrobis rolis SefasebaSi, rom vaWrobasa da oms

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTad Semadgenlebad miiCnevs.

saerTaSoriso vaWroba udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso politikaze, vinaidan

qmnis mWidro saqmian kavSirebs qveynebs Soris. igi mSvidobis faqtoria. Tanamedrove

urTierTdamokidebul msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis

saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. dRes saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabmulia yvela qveyana,

vinaidan verc erTi maTgani ver SeZlebs iyos TviTkmari da mxolod sakuTari warmoebis

produqciiT uzrunvelyos Tavisi Tavi. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi

qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveuli produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto

xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia

qveyana, miT ufro didi nawili misi erovnuli produqciisa aris Cabmuli saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis arsis da misi bunebis axsnas cdilobs ori erTmaneTisagan

Zalze gansxvavebuli Teoria. erTi efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs (mas dRes heqsCer-

olin-samuelsonis Teorias uwodeben, SemoklebiT — H-O), xolo meore — nacio-

nalisturs. am TeoriebSi absoluturad gansxvavebulad aris axsnili saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis mizezebi, miznebi da Sedegebi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos

Teoriebidan iRebs safuZvels, Tumca misi Tanamedrove varianti garkveulwilad

saxecvlilia.

liberalebs sjeraT vaWrobis Ria sistemis, romelzec vrceldeba kanonierebis

principi. maTi azriT, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania masSi Cabmuli yvela mxari-

saTvis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela mxare aucileblad Tanabradaa mogebuli am

procesSi. gilpini liberalebis am mosazrebis axsnisas aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufali

vaWrobis dasacavad mTavari argumenti ara mogebis Tanabari ganawilebaa, aramed

maqsimaluri efeqturoba da msoflio simdidris gazrda. Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawileba zrdis individualur produqtiulobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs

erovnuli da msoflio simdidris Seqmnasa da dagrovebas. Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawileba da misi gaRrmaveba msoflio ekonomikis ayvavebis da saerTaSoriso

keTildReobis sawindaria.

Tavisufal vaWrobas sargebeli moaqvs sxva xalxebisTvisac. ekonomistebi ukve

didi xania Tvlian, rom vaWroba aZlevs uflebas qveynebs miaqcion ZiriTadi yuradReba

im saqonlis warmoebas da im momsaxurebas, romelTa maRali xarisxic SeuZliaT

uzrunvelyon am qveynebma maqsimaluri efeqturobiT. mgvarad, isini amaRleben mTeli

msoflio Tanamegobrobis sawarmoo simZlavreebs. ufro metic, vaWroba xels uwyobs

ekonomikisa da socialuri stabilurobis zrdas, demokratiis ganviTarebas calkeul

qveynebSi, agreTve msoflios ayvavebas, kanonierebis damyarebas da mSvidobis

uzrunvelyofas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.

vaWrobis Ria sistema moiTxovs, rom qveynebma ganaxorcielon samarTliani da

diskriminaciisgan Tavisufali SeRweva erTmaneTis bazrebze. amisaTvis qveynebi unda

Seecadon Seuqmnan sxva qveynebs xelsayreli pirobebi Tavis bazrebze SesaRwevad —

Seamciron TavianTi savaWro barierebi mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis

dadebis gziT. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciisas ZiriTadi yuradReba

tradiciulad eTmoba tarifebisa da garkveuli arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas,

ukanasknel wlebSi gaCnda axali saSualebebi am liberalizaciis uzrunvelsayofad.

yvela qveynis savaWro kanonmdebloba da savaWro praqtika unda iyos gamWvirvale, anu,

sxvagvarad, yvelam unda icodes wesebi da yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari Sansebi

konkurenciaSi monawileobisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis Tavad liberalebic ki aRiareben, rom wminda

saxiT Tavisufali vaWroba praqtikaSi ar arsebobs da `uxilav xelze~ efeqturi, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo Carevaa, am Teoriis mimdevrebi mainc rCebian ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevis momxreebad.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberaluri Teoriis oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavisufali

23

2004 wels msoflio bankma gasca 20,1 miliardi aSS dolari 245 proeqtis

gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic mimarTuli iyo msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi

siRaribesTan sabrZolvelad.

teqnikurad msoflio banki gaeros sistemis nawilia, magram misi mmarTvelobis

struqtura gansxvavebulia. bankis wevroba xmis uflebas iTvaliswinebs, magram aseve

arsebobs damatebiTi xmis ufleba, romelic damokidebulia organizaciaSi finansuri

kontribuciis odenobaze. Sesabamisad banki ZiriTadad kontroldeba ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebis mier, maSin roca misi ZiriTadi klientebi arian ganviTarebadi

saxelmwifoebi. 2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, aSS-s gaaCndaT xmebis mTliani

raodenobis 16,4%, iaponias — 7,9%, germanias — 4,5% da did britaneTsa da safrangeTs

Tanambrad 4,3%. vinaidan seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiroa xmaTa 85%,

aSS-s SeuZliaT dablokon nebismieri cvlileba. kritikosebis azriT, saWiroa bankis

mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis Secvla, raTa ukeT iyos gaTvaliswinebuli

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebi da maTTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis

sakiTxebi maTive aqtiuri monawileobiT wydebodes.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aris gaeros specializebuli dawesebuleba,

romelic Seiqmna 1944 wels breton-vudsis konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT. fondi

sruli avtonomiiT sargeblobs. fondis wevria 180-mde qveyana. wesdebis mixedviT,

fondma xeli unda Seuwyos saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobas, saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis gafarToebas, Tvalyuri adevnos valutis stabilurobas da gasces kreditebi

wevr saxelmwifoebze sagadasaxado balansebis gasawonasworeblad.

fondis ZiriTad kapitals Seadgens wevri saxelmwifoebis kvoturi Senatanebi.

TiToeuli saxelmwifos kvoturi Senatanis odenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis finansur-

ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa gadaxedvac periodulad

xdeba. sawevroebis 25 procenti ixdeba oqrosa da aSS dolarSi, xolo 75 procenti —

erovnul valutaSi. kreditebis odenoba, romelic SeiZleba avtomaturad miiRos

TiToeulma qveyanam, Seefardeba mis `oqros wils~. fondidan am odenobaze meti Tanxis

miReba SezRudulia. kreditebi fondis wevr qveyanas eZleva misTvis saWiro ucxouri

valutis miyidvis gziT, raSic valdebulia gadaixados erovnuli valuta. 1970 wlidan

fondi uSvebs saerTaSoriso sakredito saSualebebs — e.w. valutis `sasesxo specialur

uflebebs~, romlebic fondis wevrebs Soris maTi kvotebis proporciulad nawildeba.

fondSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben aSS, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia,

italia, kanada, belgia, niderlandebi da Sveicaria (e.w. aTTa jgufi), romlebsac xmebis

umravlesoba aqvT da gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto

politikas.

fondis umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo, romelic weliwadSi erTxel ikribeba.

sabWoSi Sedis TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. fondis Stab-bina

mdebareobs vaSingtonSi.

saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevria 1992 wlidan.

22

evropis integracia

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis internet-gverdis 2005 wlis oficialuri

monacemebiT, dReisaTvis evrokavSiris ekonomika udidesia da misi erTiani Sida

produqti, Seadgens ra 12 865 602 milion aSS dolars, odnav uswrebs aSS-s igive

maCvenebels (11 734 300 milioni). evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda 1990 wlamde Camor-

Ceboda aSS-s, xolo umuSevrobis done amerikaze maRali iyo. igive wyaroSi miTiTebuli

gaTvlebiT, 2006 wels evrokavSiris ekonomikuri zrda Seadgens 2,3%. amasTan,

ekonomikuri zrdis procentuli maCvenebeli kavSiris Zvel wevrebSi bevrad naklebia,

vidre mis axal wevr qveynebSi. evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi lideria saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi da misi ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi arian: iaponia, Sveicaria da aSS.

ra gza gaiara evropam gaerTianebamde da ra iyo evropuli integraciis mizani?

evropelebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi niSnavda evropuli civilizaciis

dasasruls. Tumca umciresoba xvdeboda, rom evropis gadarCena da misi usafrTxoeba

damokidebuli iyo mis unarze, daeZlia agresiuli nacionalizmi, romelmac evropis

kontinenti katastrofamde miiyvana, da gaeTavisebina idea mSvidobiani da erTiani

evropis Sesaxeb.

1923 wels avstrielma rixard kudenxov-kalergim daaarsa panevropuli moZraoba.

1926 wels man moaxerxa erTad Seekriba evropis sxvadasxva gamoCenili politikuri

figurebi pirvel panevropul kongresze venaSi. aRniSnul kongresamde, evropa,

rogorc politikuri koncefcia, ar arsebobda. kudenxov-kalergis azriT, urTierT-

zizRi evropaSi wamlavda atmosferos da evropis problemebis mogvareba mxolod

Tavad evropelebs SeeZloT. misi azriT, evropis mSvidobiani gaerTianebis gzaze erT-

erTi urTulesi dabrkoleba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli aTaswliani

SuRli iyo.

pan-evropuli moZraobis oqros wlebi meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevari

iyo, rodesac xelmoweril iqna lokarnos SeTanxmeba (1925w. germaniis dasavleTis

sazRvrebis garantiis Sesaxeb) da brian-kelogis paqti (1928w. omze, rogorc

saxelmwifo politikis iaraRze, uaris Tqma).

1929 wels safrangeTis premier-ministrma brianma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba evro-

pis saxelmwifoebis federaciis idea: federacia, romelic efuZneba solidarobasa da

survils, miRweul iqnes ekonomikuri simdidre da politikuri da socialuri Tana-

mSromloba. ideas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri

moRvaweebi.

evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianobis koncefcia swrafad

farTovdeboda da Zlierdeboda, Tumca rigma ekonomikurma da, Semdeg, politikurma

movlenebma ramdenime wliT Seaferxa misi saboloo formiT Camoyalibeba da sruli

realizeba. 1930 wels daiwyo ekonomikuri depresia yvela Tanmdevi problemebiT, xolo

1933 wels germaniaSi xelisuflebaSi movida hitleri. nacionalizmma kidev ufro didi

simZafriT iCina Tavi, da evropa axalma katastrofam moicva.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg kidev ufro cxadi gaxda evropis erTianobis saWiroeba.

evropam gaacnobiera Tavisi sisuste — omma bolo mouRo evropis tradiciul

hegemonias msoflioSi. or axal supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs —

gaaCndaT bevrad ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomika, isini bevrad ukeTes politikur da

samxedro mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, vidre evropis yvela saxelmwifo erTad. orive

msoflio omi daiwyo, rogorc evropis omi da evropis kontinenti mTavari saomari veli

iyo orive SemTxvevaSi. erTaderTi gamosavali Seqmnil viTarebaSi iyo evropuli

saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebaSi. am ideis matarebelni imedovnebdnen, rom am gaer-

TianebiT Seiqmneboda mesame (im periodis or supersaxelmwifos — aSS-sa da ssrk-s

Semdeg) ekonomikuri da politikuri centri, da evropa daibrunebda Tavis istoriul

funqcias msoflio sistemaSi.

umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda germaniisa da safrangeTis Serigebis sakiTxi, maT Soris,

arsebuli istoriuli problemebis mogvareba. Suamavlad SeiZleba aSS gamosuliyo, da

es mSvidobis garantia gaxdeboda. garda amisa, mecnierTa azriT, evropelebs Soris sul

ufro da ufro matulobda survili ecxovraT Tavisufal, samarTlian da ekono-

mikurad Zlier kontinentze, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTardeboda

urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

55

1946 wels didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris uinston CerCilis mier

warmoTqmuli sityva ciurixis universitetSi, bevris azriT, omis Semdeg pirveli

nabiji iyo evropis integraciisaken. CerCilis TqmiT, mTeli evropa iseTive Tavisufa-

li da bednieri unda yofiliyo, rogorc Sveicaria. amis miRweva, misi azriT, SesaZlebe-

li iyo erTiani evropuli ojaxis SeqmniT da misi iseTi struqturiT uzrunvelyofiT,

romlis pirobebSic mSvidobiani, usafrTxo da Tavisufali cxovreba iqneboda. misi

azriT, Sesaqmneli iyo evropis gaerTianebuli Statebi, xolo amisken gadadgmuli

pirveli nabiji unda yofiliyo TanamSromloba safrangeTsa da germanias Soris.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli mosflio omis Semdgomi periodisagan gansxvave-

biT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRar mimarTes izolacionistur politikas da,

rogorc msoflios uZlieresma saxelmwifom, Tavis Tavze aiRes pasuxismgebloba

Careuliyvnen evropis saSinao saqmeebSi. amerikis mTavroba darwmunda, rom Tavi-

sufali vaWrobis Semaferxebeli garemoebebis didi damsaxureba iyo is saerTaSoriso

daZabuloba, romelmac, saboloo jamSi, meore msoflio omamde miiyvana qveynebi.

amrigad, 1945 wlidan Tavisufali vaWrobis agitacia da misi mxardamWeri politikis

gatareba amerikis ZiriTadi piroba gaxda im evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romleb-

sac surdaT aSS-isagan ekonomikuri daxmarebis miReba. civi omis pirobebSi amerikam

SeimuSava marSalis gegma, romlis mizanic iyo evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi-

Tarebis daCqareba, raTa is ar gadaqceuliyo komunisturi reJimis gavlenis sferod.

aseve aSS-is iniciativiT 1949 wels dasavleT evropis umetesma saxelmwifom, aSS-ma

da kanadam daaarses CrdiloeTatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato),

romelic upirispirdeboda socialistur qveynebs. es iyo koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis

organizacia da masSi gaerTianebiT evropulma saxelmwifoebma kidev erTi nabiji

gadadges politikuri erTianobisaken.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis samma qveyanam garkveuli nabiji gaerTianebisken

jer kidev meore msoflio omis dros gadadga. esenia: belgia, niderlandebi da

luqsemburgi. 1944 wels maT Seqmnes beniluqsi — sabaJo kavSiri. 1948 wels am qveynebma

daiwyes saerTo sagareo tarifis SemoRebaze muSaoba.

1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna kidev erTi nabiji iyo evropis gaerTianebisken.

misi mizani iyo evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis

xelSewyoba, demokratiuli sistemebis mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva.

evropis kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi pirveli nabiji iyo 1950 wels safrangeTis

sagareo saqmeTa ministris robert Sumanis winadadeba, safrangeTsa da germanias,

agreTve yvela sxva msurvel saxelmwifos SeeerTebinaT TavianTi qvanaxSirisa da

foladis resursebi. am ekonomikur integracias Sors gamiznuli gegma hqonda — mWidro

ekonomikuri kavSiriT daezRviaT evropa SesaZlo omisagan.

1951 wels parizis xelSekrulebiT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba

daarsda, romlis damfuZnebelic iyo eqvsi qveyana: safrangeTi, germania, italia,

belgia, niderlandebi da luqsemburgi. naTeli iyo, rom ekonomikuri kavSiri

erTaderTi SesaZlo gza iyo politikuri erTianobisaken, da im istoriul etapze

ekonomikuri kavSirebi ufro myari SeiZleboda yofiliyo evropis saxelmwifoebs

Soris, vidre politikuri da samxedro.

1957 wels eqvsi saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres

SeTanxmebas evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb da evropis atomuri energiis

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb.

1992 weli gardamtexi periodia evropisaTvis. am wels xeli moewera maastrixtis

xelSekrulebas (evropis kavSiris xelSekruleba). masSi modificirebuli iyo parizis,

romisa da sxva sakvanZo xelSekrulebebi, daxvewili da ganvrcobili iyo evropis mokle

da gZelvadiani ekonomikuri miznebi da Camoyalibebuli evropis qveynebis politikuri

TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi amocanebi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg

oficialurad damkvidrda termini `evropis kavSiri~ (evrokavSiri).

ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti xelSekrulebidan:

• 1990 wlidan 1993 wlamde evrokavSiris prioriteti unda yofiliyo kapitalis

Tavisufali brunvis/moZraobis xelSewyoba;

• 1994 wlidan 1999 wlamde wevr saxelmwifoebs unda moexdinaT TavianTi

ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia, raTa mieRwiaT saerTo miznebisaTvis,

56

vudsis safinanso institutebi) dResac umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben saerTaSo-

riso ekonomikaSi. Xolo, rac Seexeba, aSS dolars, igi kvlavac rCeba msoflios lider

valutad, romelsac mravali qveyana ufardebs TavianT valutebs, gansakuTrebiT

laTinuri amerika da sxva ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebi.

msoflio banki

msoflio bankis Seqmna gadawyda breton-vudsSi 1944 wels. muSaoba daiwyo 1945

wels. igi gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebaa, magram mis wevrad miiRebian mxolod

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri saxelmwifoebi. Stab-binaa vaSingtonSi. misi

umaRlesi organoa mmarTvelTa sabWo. bankis operatiul saqmianobas axorcielebs

direqtorati. banks hyavs prezidenti.

pirveli sesxi bankma misca safrangeTs 1947 wels omis Semdgomi rekonstruq-

ciisaTvis (250 milioni aSS dolari). am mizniT sesxis gacema mas Semdeg msoflio bankis

erT-erTi prioritetuli sferoa. bankSi 180-ze meti wevria. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi

mizania siRaribesTan brZola mTels msoflioSi. msoflio banki yovelwliurad

aqveynebs msoflios ganviTarebis angariSs.

saqarTvelo msoflio bankis wevria 1992 wlidan.

amJamad bankSi gaerTianebulia xuTi instituti:

• rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (International Bank for Reconstruction and Cooperation - IBRD):

Seiqmna 1945 wels. aerTianebs 184 qveyanas. mizania Seamciros siRaribis done

qveynebSi mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. amisTvis gascems sesxebs,

grantebs, kreditebs. exmareba qveynebs analitikuri da sakonsultacio

samsaxuris meSveobiT.

• saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (International Development Association - IDA): daarsda 1960 wels. aerTianebs 162 wevrs. xels uwyobs reformebs

saxelmwifoebSi ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebSi, sufTa wyalmomaragebis

sakiTxebSi da sxv. misi saqmianoba, agreTve, mimarTulia umuSevrobis

aRmofxvrisa da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken.

• saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (International Finance Corporation – IFC): daarsda 1956 wels. aerTianebs 175 wevr saxelmwifos. misi mizania ekonomikis

ganviTarebis xelSewyoba kerZo seqtoris gaZlierebis gziT. muSaobs biznes-

partniorebTan, investirebas axdens ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis kerZo

seqtorSi da aZlevs maT grZelvadian sesxebs, exmareba konsultaciebiT.

• mravalmxrivi investiciebis garantiis saagento (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency – MIGA):

daarsda 1988 wels. aerTianebs 157 wevrs. mouwodebs ucxoel investorebs

moaxdinon kapitaldabandebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iZleva garantias arako-

merciul riskTan dakavSirebiT — eqspropriacia, valutis arakonvertabe-

luroba, transferebis SezRudva, omi, samoqalaqo areuloba da sxv. teqnikur

daxmarebas uwevs qveynebs SesaZlo ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb informaciis

gavrcelebaSi.

• investiciebis sferoSi davebis mosagvarebeli saerTaSoriso centri

(International Center for Settlement of International Disputes – ICSID): daarsda 1966 wels. aerTianebs 134 wevr saxelmwifos. xels uwyobs investi-

ciebis mozidvas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, risTvisac SeimuSavebs saerTaSoriso

investirebis wesebs, davebis mogvarebis kanonebs. gaugebrobisa da konfliqturi

situaciebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva rCevebs saerTaSoriso investirebis kanonis

Sesabamisad.

21

marSalis gegma, romlis farglebSic Teqvsmetma evropulma saxelmwifom miiRo

daxmareba 1948-1952ww. 17 miliardi dolaris odenobiT.

qveynidan gasuli fuli nawilobriv kvlav qveyanaSi brundeboda amerikuli

saqonlisa da servisis SeZenis gziT. sistema muSaobda. evropisa da iaponiis

ekonomikebi aRorZinda.

1950 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma, romelic faqtiurad umoqmedo iyo aSS-

is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodSi, daiwyo ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba.

1958 wlidan iwyeba dolaris siWarbis, anu breton-vudsis meore periodi, romelsac

xSirad uwodeben mravalmxriv menejments aSS-is liderobiT.

dolari aRar iyo erTaderTi Zlieri valuta. evropa da iaponia Tanmimdevrulad

viTardebodnen da 1959 wlis bolosTvis maTi rezervebi aSS-sas miuaxlovda. aSS-is

oqros maragma daiklo 24,4 miliardi dolaridan 1948 wels 19,5 miliard dolaramde

1959 wlis bolosTvis. ucxoeTSi akumulirebuli dolaris maragi gaizarda 7,3

miliardidan 1948 wels 19,4 miliardamde 1959 wels.

1960 wlis noemberSi dafiqsirda ramdenime SemTxveva, rodesac spekulantebma

dolari gadaaxurdaves oqroze. es ar niSnavda dolaris gaufasurebas. amerika kvlav

lideri iyo da misi ekonomika janmrTeli, Tumca es imaze mianiSnebda, rom amerikas

aRar SeeZlo erTpirovnulad emarTa safinanso sistema da saWiro gaxda sxva wevrebis

aqtiuri Cabma.

jer evropuli valutebis gaZlierebam, Semdeg, cota mogvianebiT, 1964 wels,

iaponiis valutis gamyarebam da konvertabelurad gadaqcevam dabada am qveynebSi

survili, rom maTTan aRar akumulirebuliyo aSS dolari. amitom am qveynebma

intensiurad daiwyes dolarisgan gaTavisufleba. amas Tan daerTo vietnamis omi da

axali politikur-ekonomikuri realobis Camoyalibeba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

faqtiurad veRar asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs. 1968-1971 wlebSi saerTaSoriso

savaluto sistema da misi menejmenti paralizebuli iyo. 1971 wlis 15 agvistos aSS-is

prezidentma niqsonma, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sxva wevrebTan SeTanxmebis

gareSe, calmxrivad gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri politika: SeCerda dolaris

konvertacia oqrosTan mimarTebaSi. es faqtiurad breton-vudsis dasasruli iyo.

1976 wels kingstonSi (iamaika) Sedga saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wamyvani

saxelmwifoebis Sexvedra, sadac sabolood gacxadda breton-vudsis sistemis

dasasruli. rogorc gilpini aRniSnavs, breton-vudsisa da fiqsirebuli gacvliTi

kursis de faqto damTavreba de iure gaxda iamaikis konferenciaze (Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 140). konferenciaze qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Semdeg

sakiTxebze:

• moxda mcuravi gacvliTi kursebis legalizacia;

• oqros, rogorc rezervis, roli Semcirda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis

oqros rezervis erTi meeqvsedi daubrunda wevr saxelmwifoebs yofil

oficialur fasSi maTi kvotebis proporciulad. kidev erTi meeqvsedi gaiyida

Ria bazarze da miRebuli Tanxa sesxad gaica ganviTarebad qveynebze;

• saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kvotebi gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT opekis

qveynebisTvis;

• gaizarda dafinanseba naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis da amiT,

mecnierTa azriT, gaizarda ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba;

• qveynebs Tavad unda ganesazRvraT Tavisi valutebis par valu. amgvarad,

erovnul mTavrobebs TviTon unda moewesrigebinaT TavianTi safinanso-

savaluto sistemebi saerTaSoriso wesrigSi Sesvlamde.

konferenciaze, marTalia, oficialurad dadasturda arsebuli sistemis daSla,

magram axali ar Seqmnila.

sTiven gilisa da devid los azriT,breton-vudsis sistema bolomde ar

dasrulebula, vinaidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki (breton-

20

rogoricaa: inflaciis da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba, biujetis

deficitisa da valebis kontroli, evropis savaluto sistemis gacvliTi

kursebis meqanizmiT rekomendirebuli normaluri CarCoebis dacva. is

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic moaxerxebdnen am pirobebis Sesrulebas,

gadadiodnen Semdeg etapze;

• 1999 wlidan 2002 wlamde unda daarsebuliyo evropis centraluri banki,

romelic gaakontrolebda gacvliT kursebs da xmarebaSi Seiyvanda erTian

valutas — evros. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac Seasrules wina abzacSi

CamoTvlili pirobebi, ase vTqvaT, gadavidnen Semdeg etapze da maT qveynebSi

mimoqcevaSi Sevida evro. Tavdapirvelad es saxelmwifoebi iyo: espaneTi,

portugalia, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi,

germania, avstria, irlandia da fineTi. oTxi saxelmwifo — didi britaneTi,

saberZneTi, dania da Svecia — ar aris evros arealSi;

• evrokavSiris erT-erTi mizani unda yofiliyo socialuri da ekonomikuri

Tanasworobis miRweva evropaSi. amisaTvis 1994 wels Seiqmna Tanasworobis

(solidarobis) fondi, romelsac finansuri daxmareba unda gaewia

naklebadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebisaTvis,

gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT iseT seqtorebze, rogorebicaa garemos dacva da

satransporto infrastruqtura. am daxmarebiT isargebles espaneTma,

saberZneTma, portugaliam da irlandiam.

maastrixtis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia arc ise advili aRmoCnda, rogorc

elodnen, Tumca igi ZalaSi mainc Sevida 1993 wlis 2 noembers.

dReisaTvis evropis kavSiri Sedgeba sami organizaciisagan. esenia: evropis

qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, evropis ato-

muri energiis komisia (evratomi). kavSiris ZiriTadi organoebia: komisia, evropar-

lamenti da ministrTa sabWo. evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtuna-

rianobis mqone gaerTianebaa. igi aRiarebulia damoukidebel subieqtad, romelsac

ufleba aqvs dados xelSekruleba rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, aseve

saxelmwifoebTan.

komunisturi reJimebis ngrevasTan erTad gafarTovda evrokavSiris politikuri

da ekonomikuri amocanebic: demokratiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi, adamianis uflebebis

dacvaSi da gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi daxmarebis gaweva.

1999 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen ungreTi, poloneTi da CexeTi. Semdegi

kandidatebi arian TurqeTi, malta da kviprosi. am da kontinentis kidev sxva danarCeni

qveynebis gawevrianebiT evropas istoriuli Sansi eZleva umniSvnelovanesi roli

Seasrulos saerTaSoriso scenaze.

Tumca, evropis Semdgom gaerTianebas seriozuli oponentebic hyavs Tavad

evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi. maTgan yvelaze mdidari da Zlieri qveynebi SiSoben,

rom aseTi mzardi tempebiT kavSiris gafarToeba da iseTi moumzadebeli da

ekonomikurad araTanaswori qveynebis gaerTianeba, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, TurqeTi

da kviprosi, seriozul problemad SeiZleba iqces maTTvis. am ideas gansakuTrebiT

bevri mxardamWeri hyavs germaniaSi, avstriaSi da safrangeTSi. garda imisa, rom aseTi

naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis kavSirSi SesvliT damatebiTi jafa daawveba

kavSiris mdidar qveynebs, mosalodnelia seriozuli emigraciac axlad gawevrianebuli

qveynebidan, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs suraTs, rogorc ekonomikurs, aseve

politikurs. miT ufro, rom, maTi azriT, kavSirs sxva bevri problemac aqvs. ase,

magaliTad, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevis miuxedavad, iugoslaviis

konfliqtma, sadac gadamwyveti roli kvlav aSS-ma da natom iTamaSa, evropas aCvena,

rom mas jer kidev bevri dro sWirdeba, rom Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri

problemebi mTlianad Tavad gadawyvitos.

bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom evropis kavSiri aris am kontinentis saxelmwifoebs

Soris myari ekonomikuri da politikuri erTianoba, dafuZnebuli saerTo erovnul

interesebze, da erT dRes igi SeiZleba gaxdes `evropis SeerTebuli Statebi”. Tumca am

mosazrebis oponentebi miiCneven, rom movlenebis msgavsi ganviTareba ararealuria,

vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT saerTo miznebi,

maTi ekonomikebi, socialuri standartebi da garkveuli politikuri miznebi

57

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. metic, maTi azriT, aSS-is tipis

saxelmwifod evrokavSiris gadaqcevis nebismieri mcdeloba SeiZleba misi daSliTac ki

damTavrdes. ufro savaraudoa, rom evropis momavali mowyoba konfederaluri tipis

iyos (Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996). hersti da tomfsoni aRniSnaven, rom evrokavSiri aris mravalerovnuli ekono-

mikuri marTvis yvelaze ambiciuri proeqti Tanamedrove msoflioSi, magram mas jer

kidev sWirdeba daxvewa. misi ZiriTadi problema, avtorebis azriT, Sida komunikacia da

isaa, rom mis Semadgenel qveynebs gansxvavebulad warmoudgeniaT kavSiris momavali,

rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erTiani sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas.

igive avtorebis azriT, dRevandel msoflio ekonomikaSi dominirebs sameuli —

evrokavSiri, iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA), da Tu isini SeTanxmebulad imoqmedeben, SeZleben

msoflio ekonomikis mimarTulebis efeqturad gakontrolebas. avtorebs eWvi ara

aqvT, rom wminda Tavisufali bazari Zalian mgrZnobiarea da Znelad Sesacnobi.

Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis momavali stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia

msoflio savaWro sistemis marTvis formis mofiqreba da danergva. xolo vinaidan

dRevandel ekonomikur sistemaSi lideroben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evrokavSiri,

iaponia da Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia, mmarTvelobis

formazec isini unda SeTanxmdnen. anu, savaraudod, mmarTveloba unda iyos

mravalmxrivi, ufro sworad — sammxrivi. xolo efeqturi mmarTvelobisaTvis sameulis

qmedebebi unda iyos koordinirebuli. amas arTulebs ramdenime garemoeba: maSin,

rodesac Crdilo-amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi dominanti saxelmwifoa

aSS, aris, iaponiis ekonomika ki erT saxelmwifos efuZneba, es orni martivad

Tanxmdebian garkveul sakiTxebze da kompromisebsac advilad pouloben. evrokav-

SirTan mimarTebaSi ki mdgomareoba ufro rTulia. misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebi

xSirad ver pouloben saerTo enas da kavSiris rols msoflio ekonomikis marTvis

saqmeSic gansxvavebulad xedaven. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi wevri saxelmwi-

foebi warmodgenilia evrokavSiris mier da gadawyvetilebebsac maT magivrad iRebs. es

gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba qveynebis SigniT miRebul (nacionaluri done) da Semdeg

kavSiris doneze (supranacionaluri done) miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. amas sam doneze

TamaSis Teorias uwodeben.

amgvarad, evrokavSiris zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dRevan-

deli msofliosaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebs iRebs evro-

kavSiri da ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba igi.

CrdiloeTi atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia

North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO)

nato Seiqmna 1949 wels rogorc samxedro kavSiri, Tumca Zalian male man serio-

zuli politikuri funqciac SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad natos ZiriTadi mizani iyo wevri

saxelmwifoebis dacva komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisagan. am ukanasknelis daSlis

Semdeg ki misi mizani Seicvala da axla evropaSi stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi

mdgomareobs. amJamad natoSi gaerTianebulia Semdegi saxelmwifoebi: aSS, didi

britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, norvegia

dania, islandia, portugalia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, germania, espaneTi, CexeTi,

ungreTi, poloneTi. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs agresiis

mogeriebaSi, iTanamSromlos saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis

ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebisaTvis da sxv.

,

,

natos umaRlesi politikuri organoa Crdilo-atlantikuri sabWo.

natos CarCoebSi moqmedebs evrojgufi, romelSic Sedian nato-s wevri dasavleT

evropuli qveynebis (safrangeTis da islandiis garda) Tavdacvis ministrebi. misi

mTavari amocanaaa am jgufSi gaerTianebuli qveynebis SeiaraRebis gegmebis

koordinacia.

natos farglebSi moqmedebs evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo (1991w.), romlis

mizania ganamtkicos mWidro urTierToba yofil socialistur qveynebTan. misi wevria

natos yvela wevri da, agreTve avstria, azerbaijani, albaneTi, belorusia, bulgareTi,

58

konvertacias ver axerxebdnen. amitom evropis da iaponiis sagadamxdelo saSualebebi

nolze iyo. 1945 wlidan 1947 wlamde aSS aqtiurad moiTxovdnen wevri saxelmwi-

foebisgan breton-vudsis SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas da finansuri institutebis

srulfasovan muSaobas. amisaTvis did Zalisxmevas mimarTes aSS-ma. amerikam did bri-

taneTs 3,75 miliardi dolaris odenobis sesxi misca, rom am ukanasknels daemTavrebina

qveynis SigniT aRdgeniTi-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi da funti sterlingi kvlav

konvertabeluri gaexada. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, 1947 wels amerika darwmunda, rom

breton-vudsis sistema ar muSaobda. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rezervebi

amoiwura da daarsebidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1947 wels, sesxebis gacema SeCerda.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, 1947 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi pirdapir iyo

dakavSirebuli politikur problemebTan: germania politikurad da ekonomikurad

ganadgurebuli iyo; italiasa da safrangeTSi omisSemdgomi mdgomareoba arastabi-

luri iyo; didi britaneTi, nawilobriv Tavisi ekonomikuri siZneleebis gamo, tovebda

indoeTsa da palestinas da veRar asrulebda saberZneTisa da TurqeTisTvis micemul

pirobebs usafrTxoebisa da politikuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb; sabWoTa kavSiri

intensiurad muSaobda evropaSi da Tanmimdevrulad `asocialistebda~ saxelmwifoebs

(poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, iugoslavia); amasTan,

komunisti partizanebi wartmatebiT ibrZodnen saberZneTSi da komunisturi partiebi

garkveul ndobas ixveWdnen evropis saxelmwifoebSi (mag., safrangeTSi, italiaSi).

1947 wlidan, aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, breton-vudsis sistema, romelic

saerTaSoriso savaluto institutebis mier unda yofiliyo marTuli, gadaiqca aSS-is

mier marTul sistemad. mTeli simZime daawva amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, romelsac

sWirdeboda, rom sxva qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dawyebuliyo, raTa iq ar

dawyebuliyo komunisturi ideebis gavrceleba, ar Sesuliyo komunizmi.

1947 wlidan 1960 wlamde amerikas SeeZlo da survilic hqonda ekisra es funqciebi.

rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, aSS-s roli iyo altruizmisa da interesebis narevi.

amerikis ekonomikurma siZlierem da omebs Soris periodSi miRebulma gamocdilebam

xeli Seuwyo mis ekonomikur da politikur liderobas da am faqtis cnobas sxva

saxelmwifoebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi laparakia ZiriTadad evropaze).

1947 wels naTeli gaxda, rom oqro da funti sterlingi veRar asrulebdnen

msoflio fulis rols. oqros warmoeba ar iyo sakmarisi, raTa daekmayofilebina

saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebis mzardi moTxovnilebebi. didi britaneTis

ekonomikuri sisustis gamo funti veRar iyo msoflio valuta. erTaderTi Zlieri

valuta im periodSi iyo aSS dolari (igi myar mimarTebaSi iyo oqrosTan — 35 dolari

udrida erT uncia oqros). garda amisa, aSS-is mTavroba Tanaxma iyo gaecvala dolari

oqroze aRniSnuli kursiT, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda dolars. realurad dolari

ukeTesic iyo, vidre oqro, vinaidan misdami interesi izrdeboda da igi gamoiyeneboda

vaWrobasa da finansebSi. omis bolos amerika flobda msoflios oqros valutis 3/4¾-s.

vinaidan oqros fizikuri warmoeba iyo Zalze Semcirebuli, dolari gaxda ara mxolod

wamyvani sayrdeni valuta, aramed centraluri bankebis ZiriTadi sarezervo

faseuloba. omis Semdeg oqros standarti dolaris standartad iqca. amrigad, breton-

vudsis sistema gaxda hegemonuri savaluto wesrigi, agebuli dolarze. saerTaSoriso

vaWroba, investireba — yvelaferi dolarze damyarda. aSS lideri gaxda civi omis

pirobebSi da xelSi Caigdo dasavleT samyaros marTva. aSS-s izolacionizmi Cabarda

warsuls. es garkveuli garigeba iyo aSS-sa da evropas Soris — aSS-s hegemonizms sxva

mokavSireebi sakuTari ekonomikebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod daTanxmdnen.

Tumca aman garkveuli problemebic Seuqmna aSS-s. dolarze mzardma moTxovnilebam

aSS-s uzarmazari deficiti gauCina.

breton-vudsis sistemis istoria iyofa or periodad: dolaris naklebobis periodi

da dolaris siWarbis periodi. pirveli periodi gagrZelda 1958 wlamde, meore ki — 1971

wlamde. 1950-1956 wlebSi didi sesxebi ar gacemula.

pirvel periodSi, romelsac xSirad aSS-is erTpirovnuli menejmentis periodsac

uwodeben, rogorc vTqviT, aRiniSneboda dolaris, rogorc msoflios ZiriTadi

valutis, nakleboba. Tavad aSS-Si vaWroba gamalebiT izrdeboda da seriozuli

ekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeboda. magram imisaTvis, rom sistemas emuSava, saWiro iyo es

procesi evropaSic dawyebuliyo da momxdariyo dolaris gadineba. dolaris gadineba

moxda aSS-is daxmarebis programebiT: trumenis gegma saberZneTisa da TurqeTis

dasaxmareblad, daxmareba ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani,

19

safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi

meore msoflio omis Semdeg

didi depresiisa da meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis demokratiulma saxel-

mwifoebma gamoyes ori ekonomikuri prioriteti: ekonomikuri zrdisa da sruli

dasaqmebis miRweva da stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. yvelafer

amas ar unda daeSva axali ekonomikuri da politikuri kolafsi da kidev erTi samxedro

konfliqti. es iyo saerTaSoriso konsensusi, vinaidan wina monetarulma sistemebma,

romlebic ZiriTadad bazris Zalebs eyrdnoboda, ar gaamarTla. 1944 wels breton-

vudsSi (niu-hemfSiri, aSS) Catarda konferencia. masSi monawileobda ormocdaoTxi

saxelmwifo. konferenciis mizani swored amgvari stabiluri msoflio ekonomikuri

wesrigis Seqmna iyo. jon keinsi britaneTSi da heri deqster uaiti aSS-Si iyvnen am

sistemis arqiteqtorebi.

es ekonomikuri sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc liberaluri, romelsac gana-

mtkicebda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da romelic xels Seuwyobda xangrZliv

mSvidobas msoflioSi. orwliani ormxrivi molaparakebebis Sedegad aSS-sa da did

britaneTs Soris (msoflios imJamindeli politikuri da ekonomikuri liderebi) axali

saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis Seqmnis gegma daisaxa.

Tavdapirvelad igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, pirvelad istoriaSi, saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis mier marTvad sistemad, iseTebis, rogorebicaa msoflio banki da

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. maT unda ekisraT savaluto funqciebis Sesruleba

saerTaSoriso sistemisaTvis. aRniSnuli organizaciebis daarsebac swored breton-

vudsSi gadawyda.

breton-vudsis sistemaSi Semdegi mTavari punqtebi iyo Camoyalibebuli:

1. vinaidan omebs Soris periodma cxadyo, rom Tavisuflad rxevadi savaluto

kursebi araxelsayrelia saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, monawile

qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba gamoacxadon TavianTi valutebis “par valu”, rogorc

dadgenili gacvlis kursi or valutas an valutasa da oqros Soris dadgenili

garkveuli wonis da valutasa da valutebis kalaTs Soris. saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gacvliT kursebSi stabilurobis damyareba. SemuSavda

sistema, romelsac erqva par (equal) valu sistema. aSS-ma gansazRvres TavianTi

dolari ase: erTi uncia oqro iyo 35 dolari. sxva saxelmwifoebma gansazRvres

TavianTi valutebi dolarTan mimarTebaSi. isini itovebdnen, agreTve, Carevis

uflebas, raTa valutebis rxevadoba daeyvanaT minimumamde +1-dan —-1-mde;

2. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen Tavi aeridebinaT yovelgvari ekonomikuri omebisTvis.

amasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna monawileTa qcevis kodeqsi, romelic Caiwera

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wesdebaSi. amiT ganmtkicda mravalmxrivi gadaxdebi

savaluto konvertabelurobis bazaze;

3. qveynebi SeTanxmdnen savaluto problemebis gadasawyvetad SeeqmnaT erTgvari

savaluto instituti. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi Sesatani wesebiTa

da kvotebiT, romelic gascemda sesxebs. amgvar instituts analogi ar hqonda

istoriaSi. mas daekisra sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. valutis gacvliTi kursebis da

konvertabelurobis regulireba; 2. damatebiTi valutiT, oqroTi uzrunvelyofa

(finansuri funqcia); 3. sakonsultacio funqcia.

breton-vudsis sistemas ar Seucvlia oqroze gacvlis standarti. amave dros

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis savaluto rezervi ganixileboda rogorc sakmarisi

nebismieri problemis gadasawyvetad.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Tavdapirvelad Caido daaxloebiT 8,8 miliardi

dolari, romelic Sedgeboda wevri saxelmwifoebis Senatanebisgan oqroSi da maT

erovnul valutaSi.

magram omis Semdgomi savaluto urTierTobebi ver gaxda stabiluri. mxolod aSS-

ma, kanadam da centraluri amerikis ramdenime saxelmwifom SeZles dadgenili wesebis

Sesruleba. danarCenebi imdenad dasustebulebi iyvnen, rom TavianTi valutebis

18

estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi,

saqarTvelo, slovakia, slovenia, somxeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, ungreTi,

fineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da sxv.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is tendenciebi, romlebic SeiniSneba am organizaciaSi

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. es aris natos gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT da es

organizaciis swored im funqcias ukavSirdeba, romelic gulisxmobs evropaSi

stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas. vinaidan natos wevrobis kandidatebi

yofili socialisturi saxelmwifoebia, gasakviri ar aris rom am procesiT

ukmayofiloa ruseTi.

,

evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki

evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki daarsda 1991 wels centralur da

aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis dacemis sapasuxod, raTa xeli Seewyo am

saxelmwifoebSi kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiul garemoSi. amJamad

banki exmareba 27 qveyanas aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi, damoukidebel

saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis CaTvliT. ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros qveynebs

Tanmimdevrulad gadavidnen sabazro ekonomikaze. Tavisi fulis investirebis garda

banki axdens didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciis mobilizaciasac qveynebisaTvis.

bankis daxmareba gaicema sesxebis saxiT umetesad finansebSi, infrastruqturasa da

warmoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba mcire da saSualo biznesze. kerZo

seqtoris garda, banki muSaobs, agreTve saxelmwifo seqtorSic da xels uwyobs

privatizaciis process, saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi kompaniebisa da

municipaluri samsaxurebis restruqturizacias. bankis investiciebs Tan axlavs

teqnikuri daxmarebis programebi, romelTa mizania xeli Seuwyon qveyanas gardamaval

periodSi politikur, ekonomikur da garemos dacvis doneebze. bankis kapitali

Seadgens 20 miliard evros.

erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika

am sakiTxis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xarjaven saxelmwifoebi

uzarmazar Tanxebs SeiaraRebaze, ra principiT da risi gaTvaliswinebiT ixarjeba es

Tanxebi, ra kavSirSia SeiaraReba, samxedro siZliere da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, ra

kavSirSia ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro ZlierebasTan da ra tendenciebia meore

msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi samxedro industriis ganviTarebis sferoSi.

nebismieri saxelmwifo zrunavs Tavis erovnul usafrTxoebaze da cdilobs

maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos igi. magram yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifosac ki ar SeuZlia

absoluturad iyos darwmunebuli, rom mis erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar

emuqreba, vinaidan is ar aris erTaderTi, vinc am problemis mogvarebaze zrunavs, da

misi mezobeli Tu moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi, mis paralelurad, gamalebiT aumjobeseben

da xvewen TavianT usafrTxoebas. amgvarad, yvela qveyana, surs mas es Tu ara,

iZulebulia gaaZlieros Tavisi samxedro da samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi.

rogorc aleqsandre rondeli aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi~,

`radgan safrTxe ara mxolod fizikurad arsebobs, aramed xSirad Zalze subieq-

turadac da igi yvelas mier gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba, usafrTxoebas mniSvnelovani

fsiqologiuri aspeqtic axasiaTebs. usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi mis

obieqtur Sefasebasa da aRqmas metad arTulebs da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, erovnuli

usafrTxoebis prioritetebisa da politikis gansazRvrisas, araracionaluri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ganapirobebs~.

arnold uolfersis azriT, usafrTxoeba da Zala sinonimuri cnebebi iqneboda im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zalis dagroveba iqneboda

59

saWiro. magram vinaidan es ase ar aris da `amasTan, Tavdasxmis SiSi — usafrTxoeba

subieqturi gagebiT — ar aris SedarebiTi Zlierebis proporciuli. Tu es mcdari

mosazrebaa, maSin, ratom grZnobs zogierTi susti da daucveli saxelmwifo Tavs ufro

usafrTxod, vidre aSS?” (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria. qrestomaTia.

samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004).

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom samxedro teqnika sakmaod Zviria da misi fasi

ganuwyvetliv izrdeba mis ganviTarebasTan da gaumjobesebasTan erTad. xolo

samxedro teqnikis efeqturoba swored mis TanamedroveobaSi da upiratesobaSi

mdgomareobs. Sesabamisad, samxedro teqnikis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi, an mis

importirebas, mniSvnelovani danaxarjebi aqvs. swored amitom, xSirad miiCneven, rom

kargi SeiaraReba mxolod maRalganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis prerogativaa.

aq gasamijnia ori momenti — samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoeba da misi importi. rac

Seexeba warmoebas, amis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba hqondes im qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia

seriozuli ekonomikuri resursebi, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri struqtura, inteleqtua-

luri kapitali da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, amis tradicia.

Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraReba moiTxovs maRalteqnologiuri dargebis mniSvne-

lovan ganviTarebas, xolo maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTareba praqtikulad

SeuZlebelia dabalganviTarebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. samxedro danaxarjebi,

mSvidobian periodTan SedarebiT, erTi-orad izrdeba omis dros. amas emateba

adamianuri resursebi, ekonomikis sxva, ara samxedro sferos, danaxarjebi, bunebrivi

resursebis gazrdili xarjebi da sxva.

rac Seexeba samxedro SeiaraRebis imports, es msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikaa da

mas TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo mimarTavs, Tumca umetesad naklebad ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT yvela is zemoT CamoTvlili piroba, romelic

saWiroa Tanamedrove da efeqturi SeiaraRebis warmoebisaTvis. Tumca aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom sul ufro meti naklebadganviTarebuli qveyana iwyebs 1980-iani

wlebidan Tavisi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eqsportsac ki.

umetesad laTinur amerikaSi (brazilia) da aziaSi. paralelurad es qveynebi SeiZleba

SeiaraRebis importsac eweodnen. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, muSa

xelis deficiti naklebia, Tumca xSiria maRalkvalificiuri samxedroebis an samxedro

teqnikis mcodneTa nakleboba an ararseboba. naklebadganviTarebuli qveynebi xSirad

yiduloben (qiraoben) samxedro-industriuli sferos specialistebs da adgilzeve

cdiloben samxedro SeiaraRebis warmoebas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT

danaxarjebs mza produqciis importirebasTan SedarebiT.

ratom sWirdeba Zlier da ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifos Tanxebis

daxarjva SeiaraRebaze da aris Tu ara ekonomikuri siZliere samxedro Zlierebis

safuZveli?

am sakiTxebze saubrisas, gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis iseT movlenas,

rogoric iyo civi omi (iTvleba, rom daiwyo 1946 wels uinston CerCilis sityvebiT:

`rkinis farda~ CamoeSva dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris). am periodSi e.w. Sejibri

SeiaraRebaSi (arms race; гонка вооружений) aqtiurad mimdinareobda or zesaxelmwifos —

aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (msoflio politikuri sistema bipolaruli iyo). civi omis

periodSi ukanaskneli donis da masStaburi SeiaraReba pirdapir asocirdeboda

erovnul usafrTxoebasTan (Zalis demonstrireba — grandiozuli aRlumebi samxedro

teqnikis CvenebiT, omebi sxva saxelmwifoebSi — vietnami, avRaneTi, da sxv.). civi omis

periodSi koleqtiur usafrTxoebaze zrunvis Sedegad dapirispirebuli

saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen samxedro blokebSi — dasavleTi — CrdiloeTi atlantikis

xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (nato), sabWoTa kavSiri, Tavis satelitebTan erTad —

varSavis paqtSi.

varSavis paqti

,

1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis,

germaniis demokratiuli respublikis (aRmosavleT germania), ungreTis,

poloneTisa da rumineTis komunisturi da mSromelTa partiebis

generaluri mdivnebi Seikribnen varSavaSi. maT xeli moaweres dokuments

romelic agrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromlo-

60

hegemonobaze pretendenti: espaneTi;

niderlandebi — 1580 — 1688ww. (utrextis 1579 wlis xelSekrulebidan uiliam

oranelis Camosvlamde inglisSi). emyareboda niderlandebis mier fulisa da

kreditebis kontrolirebas. hegemonobaze pretendenti: inglisi;

britaneTi — 1688 — 1792ww. (didi revoluciidan napoleonis omebamde). emyareboda

britaneTis safeiqro mrewvelobas da mis mier didi zRvebis kontrols. hegemonobaze

pretendenti: safrangeTi;

britaneTi — 1815 — 1914ww. (venis kongresidan pirvel msoflio omamde). emyareboda

britaneTis industriul upiratesobas da rkinigzas. hegemonobaze pretendenti:

germania;

aSS.. 1945 — 1971ww. emyareboda navTobsa da Sida wvis Zravas. hegemonobaze

pretendenti: ssrk.

am qronologiur sqemasTan aRsaniSnavia modelskisa da tomfsonis msoflio

liderobis grZeli ciklebis Teoria. isini Tavis TeoriaSi emyarebian am sqemas da

acxadeben, rom TiToeul ciklSi oTxi fazaa gamoyofili: 1. globaluri omi; 2.

msoflio batonoba; 3. delegitimacia; 4. dekoncentracia. Teoriis mixedviT, lideri

saxelmwifo ibadeba globaluri omis Sedegad, romlis drosac vlindeba politikurad

da ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelsac Seswevs Zala marTos

saerTaSoriso sistema, daawesos TamaSis garkveuli wesebi da SeinarCunos isini sxva

saxelmwifoebisaTvis. aqedan iwyeba meore faza, romelsac msoflio batonoba hqvia.

qveyana Tavisi siZlieris zenitSia yvela aspeqtSi. magram hegemonobas da liderobas

pliusebTan erTad minusebic aqvs: liderobis SenarCunebas sWirdeba seriozuli

resursebi da energia. amasTan, mSvidobianobis periodSi nel-nela Zlierdebian sxva

saxelmwifoebic (globalur omSi damarcxebuli), izrdeba pretenziebi hegemonis

mimarT da Cndeba ambiciebi hegemonobaze. aq iwyeba mesame faza: hegemonobaze

pretendentis seriozuli ganacxadi da arsebuli wesrigis delegitimacia.

delegitimacias mohyveba areuloba sistemaSi, sistemis decentralizacia da isev

globaluri omis dawyeba axali hegemonis gamosavlenad. am Teoriis mixedviT,

globalur omebs Soris mSvidobiani periodebi daaxloebiT 80 weliwadia, da meore

msoflio omis Semdeg momdevno globaluri omi daaxloebiT 2030 wlisaTvis unda

daiwyos.

goldstainis grZeli ciklebis Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri omebi seriozuli

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dawyebis Tanmdevia, vinaidan ekonomikur aRmavlobas da

keTildReobas sWirdeba soliduri resursebi, romelTa mosapoveblad da maTze

kontrolis dasamyareblad aucilebeli xdeba brZola. swored amitom hegemonobis

pretendenti saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas da amiT Tavisi

ekonomikuri Zlierebis uzrunvelyofas. magram omi Zalian Zviri siamovnebaa, moiTxovs

uzarmazar danaxarjebs, da qveyanas didi xani ar SeuZlia misi gagrZeleba. igi sustdeba

da iwyeba mSvidobiani periodis axali 50-wliani cikli. am Teorias meorenairad

ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da omebis ciklis Teoriasac uwodeben (a. rondeli.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 1996).

meoce saukunis meore naxevridan hegemonobaze pretenzias sabWoTa kavSiric

acxadebda, Tumca misma daSlam da, zogadad, komunisturi reJimis ngrevam amerika

kvlav erTaderT hegemonad datova.

vin iqneba Semdegi hegemoni? erTiani evropa? CineTi? Tu kvlav amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi SeinarCuneben hegemonobas?

17

marSalis gegma

marSalis gegma oficialurad wamoyenebuli iyo aSS saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj

marSalis mier 1947 wels, rogorc omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis

gegma. misi ganxorcieleba daiwyo 1948 wels da dasrulda 1949 wels. igi iTva-

liswinebda amerikis mier evropisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas. gegmis wevri

iyo yvela evropuli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis garda. daxmarebis

gareSe darCa, agreTve, espaneTi, frankos reJimis gamo, da dasavleT germania. es

ukanaskneli 1949 wels gaxda marSalis gegmis wevri. gegmis ganxorcielebaze kontroli

daekisra amisaTvis specialurad Seqmnil amerikul organizacias — ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis administracias marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-ma gamoyves 12

miliardi dolari.

rogor isargebla am gegmiT amerikam? aSS-Si seriozulad eSinodaT, rom meore

msoflio omis Semdeg ar dabrunebuliyo 30-iani wlebis SimSili da umuSevroba.

marSalis gegmis erT-erTi mizani iyo amerikis ekonomikis SenarCuneba. imdroindel

erT-erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoqveynebulia statia amerikeli biznesmenebisaTvis:

`marSalis gegma aris biznes-gegma.... es aris saofise da sawarmoo da sasawyobo samuSao.

marSalis gegma niSnavs samuSaos, da Tqven iqnebiT masSi momuSaveebi”. (Kiplinger Magazine, Washington D.C., May 1948). marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis periodSi fuli, romelic

evropulma saxelmwifoebma miiRes, daixarja aSS-is mier warmoebul sursaTsa da

saqonelSi. amerikis ekonomika ayvavda.

Tu Tavdapirvelad marSalis gegmis logo iyo `evropis aRorZinebisaTvis — aSS-

sgan”, 1955 wlidan is Seicvala da gaxda `siZliere Tavisufali msofliosaTvis — aSS-

sgan”. es ukanaskneli kargad gamoxatavda marSalis gegmis erT-erT umTavres mizans —

Tavisufali da maRalganviTarebuli ekonomika da msoflio daepirispirebina komu-

nizmisaTvis.

marSalis gegma Tavidanve seriozulad iyo gakritikebuli ssrk-s mier. igi gani-

xilavda marSalis gegmas rogorc imperialisturi politikis erT-erT ZiriTad aqts,

romelic miznad isaxavda amerikuli monopoliebis mier evropis ekonomikebis eqspan-

siasa da agresiuli samxedro blokebis sistemis Seqmnas. misi mizani iyo, agreTve, See-

narCunebina meore msoflio omis Sedegad dasavleT evropaSi kapitalizmis Seryeuli

poziciebi, gaeZlierebina evropis damokidebuleba amerikaze da win aRdgomoda

progresul socialur cvlilebebs. (Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971).

Carlz kindlebergeri (1910 — 2002)

Carlz kindlebergeri iyo amerikeli ekonomisti, romelic iTvleba

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mamad. igi iyo, agreTve, erT-erTi

avtori marSalis gegmisa. 1932 wels man daamTavra pensilvaniis

universiteti, xolo 1937 doqtoris xarisxi miiRo kolumbiis univer-

sitetSi. Semdeg muSaoba daiwyo niu-iorkis federalur sarezervo bankSi.

1985 wlidan gaxda amerikis ekonomistTa asociaciis prezidenti. iyo

amerikis xelovnebisa da mecnierebis akademiis wevri, amerikis

filosofiuri sazogadoebis wevri. aris asamde samecniero naSromisa da

wignis avtori, maT Soris – saerTaSoriso ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelosi,

romelic pirvelad 1957 wels gamoica. 1991 wels daibeWda misi

avtobiografia `ekonomistis cxovreba~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali mosazreba arsebobs Tavad hegemonuri stabi-

lurobis Teoriis Sesaxeb, mis momxre mecnierTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba qvemoT

moyvanili hegemonebis arsebobaze istoriaSi da maTi hegemonobis vadebze. TiToeulis

hegemonobis periodi daaxloebiT saukune grZeldeboda:

portugalia — 1494 — 1580ww. (italiuri omebis dasasrulidan espaneTis meir

portugaliis dapyrobamde). emyareboda portugaliis dominirebas navigaciaSi.

16

basa da erTmaneTis daxmarebaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikur-

samxedro aliansi aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqti upirispirdeboda

natos. 1949 wels Camoyalibebuli, natosgan gansxvavebiT, varSavis paqti

ar iyo damoukidebeli organizaciuli struqtura aramed mas hqonda

sabWoTa kavSiris, Tavdacvis saministros nawilis funqciebi. sabWoTa

kavSiri iyenebda varSavis paqts Tavisi daarsebidan 30 wlis manZilze

rogorc mTavar meqanizms aRmosavleT evropaSi saomari da politikuri

kontrolis damyarebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSirs sWirdeboda varSavis

paqti, raTa Seeqmna STabeWdileba erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa

da daemala simarTle Tavisi politikuri dominirebis da saomari Carevis

Sesaxeb mravali qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. sabWoTa kavSiri varSavis paqts

iyenebda, agreTve aRmosavleT evropuli socialisturi qveynebis jare-

bis gasaviTareblad da maTi saomari strategiis gamosayeneblad.

,

1955 wlis paqtis dadebamde didi xniT adre sabWoTa kavSirma Camoaya-

liba aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis aliansi, romelic emsaxureboda

misi usafrTxoebis interesebs. aRmosavleT evropis faSisturi germa-

niisgan ganTavisuflebisas, meore msoflio omis dros, wiTelma armiam

daamyara politikuri da saomari kontroli am regionze. sabWoTa kavSi-

ris sididem, ekonomikurma wonam da didma samxedro Zalam ganapiroba

misi, rogorc qveynis, dominireba evropis am nawilSi. sabWoTa kavSirs

undoda aRmosavleT evropis gamoyeneba buferul zonad Tavisi dasavle-

Ti sazRvrebis dasacavad da ideologiuri gavlenis gasavrceleblad.

meore mizezi iyo samSoblos dacva sabWoTa kavSiris uSiSroebis

prioritetebis ierarqiaSi. aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis daqvemde-

barebiT sabWoTa kavSirma uzrunvelyo Tavisi kontroli regionze.

1955 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirma Camoayaliba aRmosavleT evropis

aliansis sistema. varSavaSi erTad Seikribnen warmomadgenlebi albane-

Tidan, bulgareTidan, Cexoslovakiidan, ungreTidan, poloneTidan da

rumineTidan. maTi mizani iyo xeli moeweraT mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisa-

Tvis megobrobaze, TanamSromlobaze da urTierTdaxmarebaze, romelic

hgavda ukve ZalaSi Sesul maT ormxriv SeTanxmebas sabWoTa kavSirTan.

legaluri mravalmxrivi aliansis formirebam gaaZliera sabWoTa

kavSiris pretenzia msoflioSi socialisturi sistemis liderobaze,

gazarda misi prestiJi da daakanona misi arseboba da gavlena aRmosavleT

evropaSi. natos Camoyalibebamde (1949 wels) sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelo-

vani mizezebi hqonda araformaluri kavSiris sistemis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis, magram varSavis paqtma, rogorc formalurma organizaciam,

saSualeba misca sabWoTa kavSirs, rom oficialurad SewinaaRmdegeboda

natos dasavlur-aRmosavlur diplomatiaSi. varSavis paqtma misca

sabWoTa kavSirs Tanaswori statusi amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan, rad-

gan igi iyo lideri damoukidebeli qveynebisa, romlebic mxars uWerdnen

mis Sinagan politikas saerTaSoriso arenaze. varSavis paqti asevev

daexmara sabWoTa kavSirs gaeadvilebina saSinao politikis gavrceleba

aRmosavleT evropaSi. varSavis paqtma sabWoTa kavSirs daakanonebina

sabWoTa jaris yofna da Tavisi didi gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis amerikis ekonomikis

TandaTanobiTi Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es samxedro Sejibri iyo,

romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura da saTanado

yuradRebis gareSe datova qveynisaTvis sxva mniSvnelovani dargebi. laparaki aRar

aris ssrk-ze, romlis gegmiuri ekonomika Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo da civi omis

dasrulebisaTvis ukve naTeli xdeboda sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesis

Seuqcevadoba.

civi omis damTavrebam SesaZlebloba misca amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mniSvne-

lovnad SeemcirebinaT Tavisi samxedro xarjebi. 1991 wels erovnuli usafrTxoeba

asaqmebda daaxloebiT eqvs milion adamians kerZo samxedro industriaSi, aqtiur

samxedro samsaxurSi da Tavdacvis departamentSi. 1991 wlidan 2001 wlamde (aT

weliwadSi) es ricxvi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioniT Semcirda. meore msoflio omidan 1988

61

wlamde aSS-ma 9,6 trilioni dolari daxarjes SeiaraRebaze.

msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi uzarmazari iyo da mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda

1970-ian wlebSi. 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gagrZelda

industrializebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram daaxloebiT 1982 wlidan am xarjebma iklo

naklebadganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi.

msoflios samxedro danaxarjebi 1975-1984 wlebSi

(aSS miliard dolarebSi)

1975 1981 1982 1983 1984

procentuli wili

msoflioSi

ise 257,534 290,278 307,827 324,230 348,697 53.7

aise 171,972 185,448 189,757 191,671 196,133 30.2

Zneq 33,352 45,143 48,598 44,874 44,988 6.9

dm 43,452 54,238 61,862 60,018 57,419 8.8

mTliani 507,480 576,860 609,900 622,800 649,070 100.0

SeniSvna: ise — industriuli sabazro ekonomikebi; aise — araindustriuli sabazro

ekonomikebi; Zneq — ZiriTadi navTob eqsportiori qveynebi; dm — danarCeni msoflio

Stephen Gill and David Law. The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies. p.106. Source: R. Luckman, “Disarmament and Development – the International Context”IDS Bulletin (October 1985), Vol. 16, No. 4, p.3.

is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs samxedro danaxarjebs da gavlenas axdenen

maT aseT maRal maCveneblebze, kompleqsuria. zogierTi faqtori ganekuTvneba

erovnuli politikuri ekonomikis Sida struqturas, zogierTi — globaluri

politikuri ekonomikis struqturas. maTgan zogierTi ki iseT ekonomikur faqtorebs,

rogoricaa cvlilebebi teqnologiis doneSi. ra Tqma unda, gare da Sida faqtorebi

erTmaneTTanaa kavSirSi. garda amisa, is kavSirebi, qiSpoba Tu TanamSromloba, romelic

arsebobs saxelmwifoebs Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi, gulisxmobs, rom gadawyve-

tilebebi SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba iyos miRebuli damoukideblad,

zogadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aq qveynebi iTvaliswineben Zalian bevr

faqtors: zogad tendenciebs msoflioSi, maT mdgomareobas regionSi, maTi

strategiuli partniorebis saerTaSoriso statuss da SeiaraRebis dones, im rols,

romlis TamaSsac es saxelmwifo apirebs msoflio politikaSi (mag., samarTliano-

bisaTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifos roli, istoriulad neitraluri roli, regionSi

lideris roli da sxv.), Tavis geopolitikur mdebareobas (Tumca samxedro teqnikis

ganviTarebis pirobebSi sazRvrebis rolis mniSvnelobis dasustebam es faqtori, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena).

dekolonizacias, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifoTa ricxvma imata, mohyva omebi

mesame samyaroSi da regionaluri konfliqtebi. aman, TavisTavad, gazarda samxedro

xarjebi am qveynebSi. es zrda ufro didi iyo, vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. swored

amitom, 1950 wlidan sagrZnoblad Semcirda super-saxelmwifoebis samxedro

danaxarjebis wili msoflio samxedro danaxarjebSi, da es imis miuxedavad, rom 1950

wlidan masiurad izrdeboda SeiaraRebis (teqnikis) fasebi. aSS-is wili, magaliTad, 1950

wels Seadgenda 50 procents, 1980 wlisaTvis ki misi wili ukve Seadgenda daaxloebiT 23

procents. daaxloebiT amdenives Seadgenda am periodisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wili.

zurab daviTaSvilis azriT, imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologia

mecnierebatevadi da specializebuli dargia, saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromloba

iaraRis warmoebaSi gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT izrdeba. igi aseve exeba

transnacionaluri korporaciebis rols am sferoSi da aRniSnavs: `dasavleTis

qveynebis TavdacviTi industriis transnacionalizacia momdinareobs komerciuli

logikidan, rac erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba, magram es

tendencia sayovelTaoa. miT ufro, rom samxedro mrewveloba mWidrod aris

62

gamoikveTeba vaWrobis liberalizacia, da aSS kisruloben mTavari ro-

lis Sesrulebas Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyoba-

ganviTarebaSi (GATT, NAFTA, WTO). izolaciis saxifaTo mxareebi (minusebi) kargad Seiswavles amerikelma poli-

tikosebma meore msoflio omis Semdeg. aSS-ma aRar gaimeores daSvebuli Secdomebi da

dauyovnebliv ikisres msoflio lideris roli. daiwyo Ria saerTaSoriso savaWro

sistemis (dafuZnebuli gatze) da stabiluri savaluto sistemis (dafuZnebuli

breton-vudsis sistemaze) Seqmna. marSalis gegma smuT-holeis tarifis pirdapiri

antiTezisi iyo. igi ansaxierebda amerikis mier Tavisi gansakuTrebuli rolisa da

pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas sakuTar sazRvrebs gareT mSvidobisa da keTildReobis

damyareba-SenarCunebis saqmeSi.

eWvebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaCnda 1960-iani

wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. amerikis ekonomikuri upiratesobebi

danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT swrafad iklebda, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi

intensiurad viTardebodnen da eweodnen aSS-s. amis sapasuxod amerikaSi izrdeboda

proteqcionisturi grZnobebi, romlebic upirispirdebodnen iq arsebuli Tavisufali

vaWrobis tradiciul politikas. amerikis aseTi qmedebis gamo dairRva, agreTve,

saerTaSoriso savaluto bazrebis stabiluroba. amave dros vietnamis omma xeli

Seuwyo amerikaSi inflaciis zrdas, romelic eqsportirdeboda sazRvargareT

saerTaSoriso gacvlebSi dolaris rolis gamo. amerikis partniorebi, gansakuTrebiT

safrangeTi da germania, ukmayofiloni iyvnen aSS dolaris, rogorc msoflios

sarezervo valutis, fasis amgvari dacemiT. sabolood am problemebma uari aTqmevina

amerikas breton-vudsis konferenciis Sedegad dadgenili myari gacvliTi kursis

sistemaze, da daiwyo mcocavi kursis xana. amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis

politikam safuZveli Cauyara bazrebis mzard globalizacias, amerikuli hegemoniis

dakninebam mravali eWvi dabada, gansakuTrebiT Tavad amerikaSi, msoflio ekonomikis

stabilurobisa da perspeqtivebis mimarT.

amJamad amgvari eWvebi amerikis mimarT aRar arsebobs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua

periodisaTvis amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis safrTxe aRar iyo realuri. sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlis, iaponiis Tanmimdevruli dasustebis, evropaSi umuSevrobis maRali

donisa da ekonimikis zrdis neli tempebis, agreTve, aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSirSi

integraciis problemebis fonze, amerikis industria kvlav konkurentunariani gaxda.

rogorc omebs Soris periodSi amerikis moqmedebidan Cans, saukeTeso resursebis qona

ar niSnavs avtomaturad yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifod gadaqcevas.

erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar miiCnevs zogierTi mecnieri Zalauflebis

ganawilebas saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT

faqtorad, aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da maTi roli. iseTi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi, rogorebicaa gaero, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,

msoflio savaWro organizacia da evrokavSiri, uzrunvelyofen informaciis gacvlas

wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, aadvileben molaparakebebs da SeTanxmebebs maT Soris,

agreTve, akontroleben miRebuli wesebis dacvas da xandaxan sjian SeTanxmebebis

damrRvevebs. am organizaciebis gareSe saerTaSoriso ekonomika da saerTaSoriso

politika bevrad ufro arastabiluri, naklebad gaxsnili da metad konfliqturi

iqneboda.

Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da gavlena sadavoa. realistebi,

ZalauflebisaTvis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli xazgasmiT, ar miiCneven saerTaSoriso

organizaciebs realur Zalad da Tvlian, rom maTi gavlenianoba damokidebulia da

ganisazRvreba wevri saxelmwifoebis qmedebebiT. evrokavSirSi, magaliTad, germania

TamaSobs hegemonis rols. bevrs, umetesad evropel mecnierebs, miaCniaT, rom

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs aSS akontroleben, da, Sesabamisad, isini aSS interesebs

gamoxataven. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msoflio

banks, romlebsac aSS iyeneben sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad.

15

saxelmwifos dasustebisa da axali hegemonis gaCenis periodebi, Teoriis mixedviT,

konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtebis masStabi da

xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris Seguebuli

yofili hegemoni Tavis dasustebas da axal mdgomareobas, ramdenad sworad

gansazRvravs igi samomavlo politikur da ekonomikur strategias da ramdenad

moaxerxeben Zveli da axali hegemonebi konstruqciul TanamSromlobas ekonomikuri

transformaciebis Tanmdevi problemebis gadasaWrelad.

mecxramete saukuneSi didi britaneTi asrulebda ekonomikuri hegemonis rols

msoflios umetes nawilze. britaneTis lideroba asocirdeboda bazrebis globa-

lizaciasTan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis intensifikaciasa da kapitalis brunvasTan,

transnacionaluri korporaciebis ricxvis zrdasTan da, zogadad, ekonomikur da

politikur stabilurobasTan, romelic axasiaTebda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropas mainc.

pirvelma msoflio omma uecrad mouRo bolo rogorc britaneTis hegemonias, aseve mis

mier dawesebul wesebsa da Seqmnil pirobebs. mzardma proteqcionizmma, regionuli

blokebis Camoyalibebam da kapitalis brunvis Semcirebam 1920-1930-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi xeli Seuwyo ekonomikur arastabilurobas da depresias.

pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTvis aSS iyo ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri

saxelmwifo msoflioSi. magram man uari ganacxada Seesrulebina lideris roli,

romelsac ukve veRar asrulebda britaneTi. amis yvelaze kargi ilustracia iyo smuT-

holei tarifi (1930), romlis mixedviTac, aSS-Si saSualo gadasaxadi importze gaizar-

da 40 procentiT. didi depresiis dasawyisSi aSS-ma Caketes Tavisi sazRvrebi ucxouri

saqonlisaTvis da amgvarad xeli Seuwyes msoflio ekonomikis arnaxul dakninebas. ame-

rikis uarma gaekontrolebina savaluto sistemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba.

msoflios ekonomikuri hegemonis amgvarma izolacionisturma poziciam uaryofiTi

gavlena iqonia danarCeni saxelmwifoebis umetesobaze da Tavad amerikazec.

smuT-holeis tarifi

1930 wlis ivnisis smuT-holeis tarifis aqtiT, aSS-Si dawesda qveynis

istoriaSi yvelaze maRali tarifebi. aqts xeli moawera prezidentma

huverma. avtorebi iyvnen respublikeli senatori smuTi iutas Statidan

da respublikeli kongresmeni holei oregonidan. tarifis mizani iyo

Sida fermerebis dacvis gaZliereba ucxoeli sasoflo-sameurneo saqon-

lis importis sawinaaRmdegod. es aqti misi miRebidan dRemde gansjis

mudmivi sagania. bevri miiCnevs, rom smuT-holeis tarifma seriozulad

gaaRrmava didi depresia da es ugunuri proteqcionizmis naTeli

magaliTi iyo. am tarifis istoria huveris saprezidento kampaniidan

iwyeba, rodesac prezidentobis kandidati dapirda fermerebs maTi

saqonlis importze tarifebis gazrdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920-iani

wlebi zogadad amerikis keTildReobis periodi iyo, soflis meurneoba

dacemas ganicdida. 1920-1929ww. saSualo Semosavlebi am sferoSi

Semcirda. 1929 wlis martSi, gaprezidentebis Semdeg huverma wamoayena

tarifebis gazrdis idea, Tumca mas mxari ar dauWires ara marto

demokratebma, aramed respublikelebis nawilmac. 1929 wlis agvistoSi

dawyebuli didi depresiis (ase aTariRebs ekonomistebis umravlesoba,

Tumca zogierTi didi depresiis dasawyisad oqtomberSi sabirJo bazris

kraxs miiCnevs) pirobebSi senatSi moxerxda saWiro xmebis dagroveba

aqtis misaRebad 245 xmiT 177-is winaaRmdeg. mas mxari dauWires res-

publikelebis umetesobam da demokratebis 15 warmomadgenelma,

romelTagan 10 iyo luizianadan da florididan. isini warmoadgendnen

citrusebisa da Saqris interesebs, romlebsac axali aqti mniSvnelovan

proteqcias hpirdeboda. smuT-holeis tarifma gamoiwvia sxva saxel-

mwifoebis sapasuxo qmedebebi da gaxda `gaaRaribe Seni mezobeli” (beggar-thy-neighbor politikis simbolo. am politikis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad

iklo saerTaSoriso vaWrobam. smuT-holeis tarifi aris proteqcio-

nizmis naTeli magaliTi meoce saukuneSi. am daSvebuli Secdomis sapi-

rispirod 1934 wlidan amerikis savaWro politikaSi aSkarad

)

14

gadajaWvuli samoqalaqo dargebTan, romelTa sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris

faqtiurad waiSala~ (zurab daviTaSvili, nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi.

2003. gv. 225).

dRevandel msoflioSi yvela saxis teqnologia saocari tempiT vrceldeba da am

dros Zalin Znelia gamijno samoqalaqo da samxedro teqnologiebi. magram maSinac ki,

rodesac es xerxdeba, samxedro teqnologiebi mainc vrceldeba saerTaSoriso

ekonomikis konkurentuli bunebis gamo. imisaTvis, rom qveyana konkurentunariani iyos

maRalteqnologiur dargebSi, man unda gaataros dabalansebuli ekonomikuri kursi,

xolo Tu misi Sida bazari ar aris sakmarisad didi, eqsports sasicocxlo mniSvneloba

eniWeba, raTa qveyanam miiRos Semosavali da daafinansos Semdgomi kvlevebi. erovnuli

usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, qveynebma SeiZleba isurvon moaxdinon

romelime samxedro industriuli teqnologiis monopolizacia, magram teqnologiuri

inovaciebis ekonomika aiZulebs maT mimarTon gavrcelebis xelSewyobis politikas.

xSirad supersaxelmwifoebi sxva mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebze yidian Tanamedrove

iaraRs, raTa moipovon maTze gavlena. samxedro teqnikiT vaWroba farTod

gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da mas qveynebisTvis soliduri Semosavali moaqvs. saerTo

RirebulebiT (brunviT) iaraRiT vaWroba pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. 1970-1980-ian

wlebSi iaraRiT gamalebuli momarageba xdeboda navTobiT mdidari saxelmwifoebis

aziaSi — arabuli saxelmwifoebi da, meore mxriv israeli, irani da meore mxriv — erayi.

iaraRis mimwodeblebi iyvnen aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri da am supersaxelmwifoebis

Sejibri (arms race) am regionSi grZeldeboda. gamonaklisi ar iyo am mxriv arc afrikis

kontinenti, romlis danawilebasac gavlenis sferoebad cdilobdnen igive

supersaxelmwifoebi. aSS-s gansakuTrebuli istoriuli interesi hqondaT da aqvT

samxreT amerikaSi, Sesabamisad samxedro teqnikasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi maT

Soris yovelTvis iyo. iaraRiT vaWroba xdeboda da xdeba rogorc Riad saxelmwifoebis

mier, aseve farulad an kerZo kompaniebis saSualebiT. am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes

sabWoTa kavSiris magaliTi axlo aRmosavleTSi Tundac palestinasTan mimarTebaSi da

sxv. SeiZleba aseve aRiniSnos birTvuli iaraRis saidumloebebis miyidvis faqtebi

aRmosavleTis zogierTi qveynisaTvis da sxva mravali.

dRemde birTvuli omis muqara da mZime kalibris iaraRis raodenobis swrafi zrda

dominirebda debatebSi globaluri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garigebebi cecxlsasroli

da msubuqi kalibris iaraRis (small arms and light weapons - SALW) SeZenaze saSualebas

aZlevda mimReb qveynebs mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis da aRniSnuli iaraRis nacvlad

SeetanaT mZime kalibris iaraRi. 1990-iani wlebis damdegs debatebi birTvul iaraRze

Seicvala gacxovelebuli msjelobiT SALW-ze, rogorc did saSiSroebaze globaluri

usafrTxoebisaTvis, risTvisac sakmaod seriozuli mizezi iyo. civi omis Semdgom

periodSi namdvili omebis gaCenam ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi da am omebSi Cabmuli

urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebis warmodgenam aseve Secvala SALW-is roli da igi

damxmare SeiaraRebidan masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRad aqcia.

mSvidobis programis, romelic wyvets iaraRis gavrcelebis problemas, kampaniis

wevrebma kargad unda icodnen am problemis Taviseburebebi. upirveles yovlisa, SALW-i arTulebs konfliqtebs da xels uwyobs banditizms, magram ar warmoqmnis maT. Semdeg,

warmatebuli kampania ver akrZalavs naRmebs, radgan SeuZlebelia SALW-is produqciis

akrZalva. marTalia, cota vinme Tu uaryofs imas, rom qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebi

arahumanuria da maT postkonfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi aTeuli wlebis Semdegac

ewirebian adamianebi, magram vinaidan SALW-i gamoiyeneba sportsa da usafrTxoebis

dacvaSi, igi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagani xdeba. SALW-ze kamaTi yovelTvis exeba,

agreTve qveynis nacionalur suverenitets. saboloo Tanxmobis micema iaraRis

gatanasa da realizaciaze mxolod mTavrobas SeuZlia. imaze, rom SALW—is SeTan-

xmebebis umravlesoba ukanonoa da rom es SeTanxmebebi eyrdnoba ukanono gadatanebs,

dRes Riad laparakoben diplomatiur wreebSi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze.

civi omis Semdgom msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebi xSirad saubroben sayovelTao

ganiaraRebaze, konversiaze, da es saubrebi, garkveulwilad, kargi tonic aris

diplomatiaSi. konversia aris samxedro mrewvelobis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleq-

sis gadayvana samoqalaqo produqciis an ormxrivi daniSnulebis produqciis warmo-

ebaze. garda amisa, konversia gulisxmobs samxedro personalis an samxedro

industriaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis gadamzadebas da maTTvis axali, samoqalaqo

63

samsaxurebis SeTavazebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politekonomiis erT-erTi

mimdinareobac aris, romelic konkretulad Seiswavlis konversiis tendenciebs da

perspeqtivebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi.

dasavleTis politikis oponentebi miiCneven, rom imisaTvis, rom moxdes gani-

araReba da SenarCunebuli iyos mSvidoba, strategiis SemmuSaveblebma unda miscen

magaliTi sxva saxelmwifoebs. upirveles yovlisa, iaraRis Semomtanma ZiriTadma

qveynebma — aSS-ma, ruseTma, didma britaneTma da safrangeTma unda gamoiCinon simkacre

iaraRis gavrcelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseve maT unda gaakontrolon arale-

galuri iaraRis mTavari gadamtanebi afrikaSi — ukraina, bulgareTi da slovakeTi, rom

gaamyaron kontroli iaraRis transportirebaze. Semdeg, ganviTarebulma qveynebma

Tavis Tavze unda aiRon didi pasuxismgebloba iaraRiT movaWreebze da usafrTxoebis

kerZo kompaniebze.

am kuTxiT muSaobisTvis SemuSavda iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativa

(Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI), romelic aris globaluri mcdeloba SeaCeros

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba. am proeqtis Sesaxeb gamoacxada prezi-

dentma buSma 2003 wlis 31 maiss. es xedva aseve gacxadebuli iyo 2002 wlis nacionalur

strategiaSi, romelic qveynis erT-erT prioritetad asaxelebda masobrivi ganad-

gurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. es strategia cxadyofs, rom

saWiroa qveynebis sayovelTao kooperacia am saxis iaraRis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

mTel msoflioSi.

iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativis mTavari mizania Camoayalibos

ufro dinamiuri, axleburi da aqtiuri midgoma iaraRis swrafi gavrcelebis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es yvelaferi moxdeba am iniciativis TanamSromlobiT

saxelmwifoebTan da mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. amasTan, gamoyene-

buli iqneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelTarsebuli yvela berketi, raTa

saqmianoba ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi.

2003 wlis seqtemberSi avstralia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia,

niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, didi britaneTi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

daeTanxmnen iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativas da aRiares igi

oficialur amkrZalav principad. mas Semdeg bevrma qveyanam dauWira mxari am

principebs. iaraRis gavrcelebis usafrTxoebis iniciativaSi msurvelebs gawevrianeba

SeuZliaT Riad. PSI—s partniorebi sTxoven saxelmwifoebs PSI -s mxardaWeras da

urCeven gaiaron is etapebi iaraRis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic gaiara PSI-m. PSI-s daxmareba kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom ufro seriozuli zomebia misaRebi iaraRis

swrafi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobiT.

SeniSvna:

vinaidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis kursi axali sagania

da, garda amisa, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur

movlenebTan, igi Zalian dinamiuria da mudmivad cvalebadi.

64

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis satarifo SeRavaTebis miniWebas — cxrametma ganviTare-

bulma saxelmwifom 10 wliT calmxrivad moxsna sabaJo gadasaxadebi ganviTarebadi

qveynebis gadaumuSavebel da naxevradgadaumuSavebel produqciaze, (SeTanxmeba moq-

medebs 1971 wlidan); miRebulia rezolucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis

mizniT dabalSemosavliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis davalianebis retroaqtiul

koreqtirebas (moqmedebs 1978 wlidan); SemuSavebulia davalianebis restruqtu-

rizaciis sferoSi saerTaSoriso zomebis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (1980w.) da sxv.

garda amisa, unktadma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis

(Less Developed Countries) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. am Temas mieZRvna unktadis mier

organizebuli ramodenime konferencia, sadac SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma naklebad

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad.

miuxedavad yovelive zemoT aRniSnulisa, gaeros konferenciam vaWrobasa da

ganviTarebaze ver SeZlo mTeli rigi dasaxuli problemebis gadaWra, da kvlav bevria

gasakeTebeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi

aRsaniSnavia sami Teoria. pirveli aris ormagi ekonomikis, anu dualizmis Teoria (Dual Economy Theory), romelic gamomdinareobs liberaluri Teoriidan. mis mixedviT, bazris

warmoqmna pirdapir ukavSirdeba sayovelTao survils miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri

efeqturoba da maqsimaluri mogeba. meore aris Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebis

Teoria (Modern World Systems). masze udidesi gavlena iqonia marqsistulma moZRvrebam.

am Teoriis mixedviT msoflio bazari aris ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi ekonomikis

mqone qveynebis mier naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis eqsploataciis

meqanizmi. mesame da dResdReobiT yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa hegemonuri

stabilurobis Teoria. igi axlos aris realizmTan da misi yvelaze farTod

gavrcelebulobisa da popularobis gamo swored masze gveqneba detaluri saubari.

robert gilpinis, stefan krasnerisa da realisturi skolis sxva warmomadgenlebis

mixedviT, Zalauflebis ganawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikis

stabilurobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoria. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria,

romelic pirvelad Carlz kindlebergerma wamoayena 1970 wels, aqcents akeTebs

wamyvani saxelmwifoebis rolze, magaliTad, did britaneTze mecxramete saukuneSi da

aSS-ze meoce saukuneSi, da imaze, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs SesaZleblobebisa da

Zalauflebis ganawilebas msoflio ekonomikaze. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTi

saxelmwifos yovelmxrivi dominireba saWiro aris Ria, liberaluri da stabiluri

msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. amgvari hegemonis daniSnulebaa koordinacia gauwios sxva

saxelmwifoebs da daawesos maTTvis qcevis garkveuli wesebi. aseT pirobebSi sxva

saxelmwifoebi SedarebiT mSvidad grZnoben Tavs. maT ar eSiniaT gaxsnan TavianTi

bazrebi da Tavs arideben im politikas, romlis arsia `gaaRaribe mezobeli”.

Sesabamisad, Teoriis mixedviT, hegemonis dasustebas moyveba ekonomikuri dacema,

arastabiluroba da moqiSpe regionuli blokebis Seqmna. robert gilpini SeniSnavs,

rom hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis gansazRvraSi ZiriTadi sityva aris

`liberaluri~ (The Political Economy of International Relations, p. 72), rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom

TeoriaSi igulisxmeba Ria da aradiskriminaciul Tavisufal bazarze damyarebuli

saerTaSoriso ekonomika. iseTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigi, rogoricaa

liberaluri, ver ganviTardeba srulad hegemoni/dominanti saxelmwifos gareSe.

Tumca mxolod hegemonis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi liberaluri ekonomikuri sis-

temis Camoyalibebasa da funqcionirebisaTvis. hegemoni Tavad unda iyos liberaluri

principebisa da Rirebulebebis erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. hegemonis roli ar

Semoifargleba mxolod ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCunebiT, igi mzad unda iyos

moagvaros krizisuli situaciebi da daicvas qveynebi SesaZlo safrTxisgan. hegemoni

13

raul prebiSi

raul prebiSi daibada argentinaSi 1901 wels. igi cnobili gaxda rogorc laTinuri

amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis direqtori da struqturalizmisa da damokidebulebis

Teoriebis fuZemdebeli. man ganaTleba miiRo buenos-airesis universitetSi da 1925

wels imave universitetSi daiwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1950 wels prebiSi gaxda gaero-s

laTinuri amerikis ekonomikuri komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivani. man intensiurad

daiwyo mesame samyaros qveynebis problemebis Seswavla da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

uTmobda laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebs.

prebiSi ganixilavda vaWrobis pirobebs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis (perife-

riisaTvis). man aCvena, rom vaWrobis pirobebi periferiisaTvis aTwleulebis manZilze

uaresdeboda da sul ufro aZnelebda am qveynebis ganviTarebas. amasTan, ganviTa-

rebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis Semosavlebs Soris gansxvaveba, Semcirebis magiv-

rad, gamudmebiT izrdeboda. es problema mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli, agreTve,

umuSevrobasTan periferiaSi, rac aormagebda ra Raribi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobas,

xels uSlida maT TavianTi resursebis srulad gamoyenebaSi.

prebiSi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis struqturalisturi xedvis fuZemdebeli.

struqturalizmma mkafiod gamijna ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis

ekonomikebis struqturebi.

am TeoriiT prebiSs surda aexsna, Tu ratom iyo mesame samyaros qveynebSi masobrivi

umuSevroba, ratom uaresdeboda maTi vaWroba, ratom izrdeboda sxvaoba Semosavlebs

Soris da a.S. amisaTvis man ganixila rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve Sida

faqtorebi, romlebic aferxebdnen ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikur zrdas.

prebiSis ideebi safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, damokidebulebis Teorias, romelmac

Semdgom Tavisi ganviTareba, sakmaod radikaluri formiT, pova sxva laTinurmerikeli

ekonomistebis naSromebSi.

1963 wels prebiSi gaxda vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze gaero-s konferenciis

(UNCTAD) generaluri mdivani, xolo 1969 wels — ekonomikuri da socialuri dagegmis

gaeros laTinuramerikuli institutis generaluri direqtori.

gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze

UN Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD)

gaeros konferencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (unktadi) aris gaeros generaluri

asambleis ZiriTadi organo vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi. igi dafuZnda ro-

gorc mudmivi mTavrobaTaSoriso organo 1964 wels JenevaSi Catarebuli konferenciis

pirvel sesiaze. misi dafuZneba miznad isaxavda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas da

ekonomikur ganviTarebas, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi.

unktadi Tavis mandats axorcielebs Semdegi meTodebiT: politikis analizi,

problemis ganxilva, konsensusis miRweva da mTavrobaTaSoriso doneze mola-

parakebebis gamarTva, kontrolis ganxorcieleba, praqtikuli muSaoba da teqnikuri

TanamSromloba. unktadis wevr saxelmwifoebs surT miaRwion stabilur, mdgrad zrdas

yvela qveyanaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, raTa

yvelam isargeblos warmatebebiT socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi.

unktadis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 188 saxelmwifo. damkvirveblebis statusiT

sargebloben mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. misi samdivno aris

JenevaSi. umaRlesi organoa konferencia. rogorc wesi, konferencia atarebs sesiebs

ministrebis doneze oTx weliwadSi erTxel politikis ZiriTadi principebis

SesamuSaveblad. unktadi finansdeba gaeros regularuli biujetidan. misi wliuri

biujeti operaciuli saqmianobisaTvis Seadgens daaxloebiT 55 milion aSS dolars.

Tavisi arsebobis periodSi unktadma SeZlo mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesruleba,

romlebic, pirvel rigSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebs Seesabameba. miRweul iqna

SeTanxmebebi pirveladi warmoebis (nedleuli) saqonlis sferoSi da Seiqmna kvleviTi

jgufebi, romlebic dakompleqtebulia nedleulis mwarmoebeli da nedleulis

momxmarebeli qveynebiT; miRebuli iqna SeRavaTTa ganzogadoebuli sistema (Generalized System of Preferences), romelic iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mier

12

bibliografia:

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saqarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. Tbilisi, 2003;

3. ra aris globalizacia? ulrix beki, elfis gamomcemloba, 2003;

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instituti, 2004;

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9. The Global Political Economy (Perspectives, Problems and Policies), Stephen Gill and David Law, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993;

10. Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (The Internalization of Capital and The Third World), Rhys Jenkins, Methuen, London and New York 1987;

11. The Politics of International Economic Relations, Joan Edelman Spero, Fourth Edition, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990;

12. Globalization in Question. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Second Edition, 1996;

13. On Liberty, John Stuart Mill, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company, New York;

14. Transnational Corporations, United Nations, UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development, 2004;

15. Дипломатический словарь, Издательство политической литературы, том II, Москва 1971.

65

internet resursebi:

www.mitpress.mit.edu

www.tandf.co.uk

www.drake.edu

www.bisa.ac.uk/groups/ipeg

www.tn.regentsdegrees.org

www.indiana.edu/~ipe

www.ucpress.edu/books/SIPE

www.mtholyoke.edu

www.gamethory.net/dictionary

www.pupress.princeton.edu

www.duke.edu

www.guilford.edu

www.pup.princeton.edu

www.routledge.com

www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci

www.curzonpress.co.uk

www.reference.routlege.com

www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision

www.rrojasdatabank.org

www.state.gov/r/pa/ho

www.wikipedia.org/wiki

www.consulting.ru/econs_art

www.wto.org

www.opec.org

www.imf.org

66

Toba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Zalauflebis sistemiT da naklebad sarwmunoa, rom

Zalaufleba mxolod kapitalizms eyrdnobodes. magaliTad, yofili socialisturi

blokis damokidebuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi (Tundac aRmosavleT evropa da

kuba) Zalian hgavs Raribi qveynebisa da wamyvani kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebis

urTierTobebs. imis daSveba, rom damokidebuli mdgomareoba ZalauflebaTa

uTanasworobasTan ufro axloa, vidre konkretuli ekonomikuri sistemis ama Tu im

maxasiaTebelTan, metad damaintrigebelia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebis iseT SedarebiT ufro tradiciul analizs, rogoricaa realizmi.

gilpini ganixilavs ramdenime mosazrebas, romlebic, misi azriT, damokidebulebis

Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tumca yvela maTgani sakamaToa. esenia:

1. ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba aris mdgomareoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

ganuviTareblobisgan. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba im mdgomareobas, romelic ar

gulisxmobs resursebis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, amerikeli kolonistebi CrdiloeT

amerikas ganuviTarebel regionad Tvlidnen. miwa, misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saTanadod ar muSavdeboda. ekonomikuri CamorCena ki niSnavs im

situacias, roca resursebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT sargeblobs

dominanturi saxelmwifo da ara is Raribi qveyana, romlis teritoriazec moipoveba

resursebi.

2. ekonomikur CamorCenilobasa da ganuviTareblobas Soris sxvaoba msoflios

Rarib qveynebs absoluturad gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs. es qveynebi

msoflios mdidar qveynebs arc CamorCebian da arc ewevian, isini imitom ki ar arian

Raribebi, rom evropis samecniero gardaqmnebsa Tu ganmanaTleblobis Rirebulebebs

ver aubes mxari, aramed imitom, rom ZaldatanebiT gaerTiandnen evropis ekonomikur

sistemaSi mxolod rogorc nedleulis da naxevarfabrikatebis mimwodeblebi an

rogorc iafi muSaxelis wyaro, da imitom, rom maT principulad ar miecaT

SesaZlebloba gaetanaT bazarze TavianTi resursebi da ama Tu im gziT konkurencia

gaewiaT dominanturi saxelmwifoebisTvis.

3. damokidebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis gza

sjobia resursebis gamoyenebis im modelebs, romlebic Tavsaa moxveuli dominanturi

saxelmwifoebis mier. privilegirebuli modelebis naTlad Camoyalibebuli definicia

ar arsebobs, Tumca garkveuli kriteriumebi SeiZleba davadginoT. magaliTad, gan-

viTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqs-

porti, rac Zalian xSirad damokidebulebis TeoretikosTa kritikis sagania. kritikis

mizezi aris is, rom ekonomikurad CamorCenil bevr qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba sakvebis

ukmarisobis maRali maCvenebeli, maSin roca am qveynebs didi raodenobiT sakvebi

produqti gaaqvT eqsportis saxiT. damokidebulebis bevri Teoretikosis azriT,

Raribi qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebi unda gamoiyenebodes maTive mox-

marebisTvis sakvebis ukmarisobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad.

4. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs garkveuli erovnuli eko-

nomikuri interesi, romelic TiToeul qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari keTildReobisTvis

aamoqmedos, da es asec unda xdebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, damokidebulebis Teoria

realizmis principebs iziarebs. gansxvavebuli midgoma isaa, rom, damokidebulebis

Teoriis Tanaxmad, qveynis erovnuli interesebi mxolod maSin iqneba gaTvalis-

winebuli, roca dakmayofildeba Tavad am sazogadoebis Raribebis moTxovnilebebi da

ara samTavrobo an korporaciuli interesebi. Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra aris

ukeTesi RaribebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta did dros moiTxovs. damokide-

bulebis Teoretikosebs jer ar SeumuSavebiaT erovnuli ekonomikuri interesis

srulyofili da gamoyenebadi ganmarteba.

5. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (stabilurad damokidebuli mdgomareoba

evropis eqspansiidan, anu meTxuTmete saukunidan iwyeba) resursebis gadineba ara

marto dominanturi saxelmwifoebis iniciativiT xdeba, aramed, agreTve, Tavad damo-

kidebuli qveynebis elitis mier. damokidebulebis Teoriis analitikosebis azriT,

elitarul wreebs xels aZlevs arsebuli damokidebuli mdgomareoba, radgan maTi

piradi interesebi dominanturi qveynebis interesebs emTxveva. ase rom, damokide-

buleba sinamdvileSi “nebayoflobiTi” mdgomareobaa. aravin amtkicebs imas, TiTqos

damokidebuli qveynis elita mizandasaxulad Ralatobdes sakuTari qveynis RaribTa

interesebs. ubralod mmarTvel elitas gulwrfelad sjera, rom ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis aucilebeli pirobaa liberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrinis morCilad miReba.

11

nawilia, romlis dominanturi wevrebic amJamad ganviTarebuli qveynebi arian.

damokidebulebis Teoria cdilobs axsnas zogierTi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis dabali done qveynebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis modelebis

Seswavlis gziT da am modelebis aucilebel da ganuyofel pirobad miiCnevs qveynebis

uTanasworobas. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebis umetesoba saerTaSoriso kapita-

lizms miiCnevs damokidebulebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad. maTi azriT, istoriuli

kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ganviTarebis dabali done ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi

umeteswilad ganpirobebulia rogorc maTi qveynebis istoriiT, aseve mimdinare

ekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebiT maTsa (ekonomikurad CamorCenil sate-

litebsa) da amJamad ganviTarebul metropoliebs Soris. metic, es urTierTobebi aris

nawili msoflio masStabis erTiani kapitalisturi sistemisa.

am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturma sistemam xeli Seuwyo da ganamtkica

Sromis uxeSi gadanawileba, romelmac msoflios bevr regionSi ekonomikuri Camor-

Ceniloba gamoiwvia. damokidebuli saxelmwifoebidan moedineba iafi nedleuli,

soflis meurneobis produqcia da iafi muSaxeli, garda amisa, damokidebuli qveynebi

mdidari saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens Warbi kapitalis gadanawilebis,

moZvelebuli teqnikisa da warmoebuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazars. amgvari interaqcia

Rarib qveynebs damokidebuls xdis Zlier saxelmwifoebze, vinaidan aseTi kavSirebis

wyalobiT satelitur qveynebSi marTlac Semoedineba fuli, saqoneli da momsaxureba,

magram am resursebis ganawilebis politikas dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeimuSaveben

da masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli damokidebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri interesebi.

Sromis amgvari gadanawileba, saboloo jamSi, iwvevs siRaribes, xolo kapita-

lizmisTvis aseTi viTareba resursebis efeqturi ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa.

umeteswilad damokidebulebis modelebi eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, rom ekonomikuri da

politikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli da centralizebulia indus-

trializebul qveynebSi. am mosazrebas iziareben imperializmis marqsistuli Teoriis

momxreebic. Tumca damokidebulebis yvela Teoretikosi marqsisti rodia, amitom unda

gavmijnoT damokidebulebisa da imperializmis Teoriebi.

imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria emsaxureba dominanturi saxelmwifoebis eqs-

pansiis axsnas, damokidebulebis Teoria ki ekonomikuri CamorCenisas. sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, marqsistuliTeoriebi ganmartaven imperializmis warmomSob mizezebs, damo-

kidebulebis Teoriebi ki imperializmis Sedegebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansxva-

vebaa. marqsistuli gagebiT, imperializmi msoflio transformaciis procesis nawilia

da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialisturi revoluciis katalizatori. marqsi dadebiTad

afasebda britaneTis kolonializms indoeTSi. misi azriT, ingliss ori misia ekisra

indoeTSi: erTi destruqciuli, meore ki regeneraciuli — Zveli aziuri sazogadoebis

ganadgureba da aziaSi dasavluri sazogadoebis materialuri safuZvlebis Seqmna.

damokidebulebis TeoretikosebisTvis ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba yovelmxriv

uaryofiTi mdgomareobaa, romelic xangrZlivi da avtonomiuri ekonomikuri Ronis-

Ziebebis ganxorcielebis aranair saSualebas ar aZlevs damokidebul qveyanas. garda

amisa, imperializmis marqsistuli Teoria Tavisi arsiT TviTlikvidacias gulisxmobs,

damokidebulebis Teoria ki TviTgadarCenas. leninizmis CarCoebSi imperializmis bo-

lo aris is Jami, roca ori dominanturi Zala erTmaneTs oms gamoucxadebs swrafad-

klebadi saeqsploataciod vargisi saSualebebis gamo. leninis azriT, pirveli msof-

lio omi am ideis naTeli dadastureba iyo. omis Semdeg inglisi da safrangeTi daepat-

ronen germaniis yofil koloniebs. damokidebulebis Teoria aseT midgomas ar

eTanxmeba.

damokidebuleba arsebobs imisda miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romelia dominan-

turi qveyana. is, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeebrZolon

damokidebuli teritoriebisTvis, TavisTavad faseul informacias ar warmoadgens

(garda imisa, rom dominanturi saxelmwifoebis omianobis periodSi damokidebul

saxelmwifoebs saSualeba eZlevaT gawyviton arsebuli urTierTobebi). damokide-

bulebis TeoriisTvis globaluri ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris mTeli

Tanamedrove periodis manZilze mdgradi siRaribe da am procesis Seuqcevadoba

msoflios erTsa da imave regionSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli saxelmwifo akon-

trolebs situacias.

garda amisa, damokidebulebis zogierTi Teoretikosi ar Tvlis, rom aseTi

urTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtors kapitalizmi warmoadgens. xsenebuli urTier-

10

Nino Jvania

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE RESUME

International Political Economy is a relatively new discipline, developing since 70th last century.

Its formation was necessitated by rapidly increased tight interrelationship between international politics and economy, and an assumption that economics and international relations separately were too narrow disciplines to explain central aspects of international political and international economic relations.

This course cannot cover all aspects of the discipline. It introduces main theories of the international political economy, describes monetary and trade systems after the WWII (Breton Woods Conference and following events) and compares them to the current systems. It also attempts to explain the logic of international investments and current trends in this sphere. Further, the course tackles the issues of globalization from different perspectives (globalization and the third world) and tries to give a thorough understanding of the European integration process. Special attention is given to the role of international and intergovernmental organizations in the international political economy.

Purpose of the course is to introduce some of the fundamental relationships between politics and economics on both the domestic and international levels, and explain how these two are mutually dependent. Furthermore, the course examines the politics of globalization from different perspectives and illustrates historical developments of the global economy. The course also aims at encouraging students to think about different aspects of the international political economy from the Georgia’s perspective.

The course introduction provides views of different scholars on the relationship between politics and economics, such as Edward Carr, Joan Spero, Robert Gilpin, etc., offers couple of historical facts illustrating tight relationship between politics and economy and concludes that these two are in constant interaction and all international level political decisions intervene on all economic decisions and vice versa.

Further, the course describes three major theories in the international political economy: liberalism, nationalism and dependency.

Liberalism, which takes its roots from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, is a theory of free market and minimal state interference in economy. According to this theory the market is managed by the rule of demand: people will buy more goods if the price decreases and buy fewer goods if the price increases. Also, people will buy more goods if their income increases and less if their income decreases. It means that each single change in the price and the income of the market player will influence the amount of the purchased goods. As for the supply, according to liberals, people are rational animals who try to satisfy their interests in the existence of deficit and lack of resources. Changes in demand and supply will automatically change the price of the product.

Goal for the internal policy of liberals is the same as for the foreign policy – peace and total cooperation. Alike in people, if nations’ involvement in economic interactions happens voluntarily, than both sides satisfy their interests and are content with the process. Total economic cooperation and overall involvement in trade, financial transactions, etc., is a strong guarantee for long-term peace and prosperity. While, on the other hand, wars drive nations to close their borders and their economies weaken. Liberals do not recognize strategic importance of borders and liberal, himself, is the world’s citizen, cosmopolitan.

According to the nationalism theory economic activities should be subordinated to the state goals and interests. For the smooth functioning of the international system existence of sovereign nation, national security and military power are of the supreme importance. Wars and conflicts between nations are natural because they fight for resources which are important for economic strength, which, in its turn, is important for military power. Each conflict is simultaneously economic and political, as nations try to gain wealth and national power at the same time.

Nationalists, starting from Alexander Hamilton, consider that one-sided benefit is more important than mutual and give advantage to self-confidence (self-sustainability) versus economic interrelationship.

67

Dependency theory developed in the end of 1950s on the ideas of Raul Prebisch. According to this theory, economic growth in developed countries did not entail economic developments in developing countries, and even more, economic activities of developed countries often created serious economic problems to poor countries. Difference in incomes between developed and developing countries was constantly increasing instead of decreasing.

According to the theory, developing countries are to sell raw products to developed countries, who in their turn sell back to the developing countries manufactured products out of those raw commodities. As price for the processed product is always higher than for the raw material, poor countries will never have enough income from the export to cover their import expenses.

Prebisch argued that the third world countries were not as much underdeveloped as they were badly developed. To solve this problem Prebisch was demanding special benefits for developing countries and suggested that developing countries should had been joined the programs on import substitution, though it was rather difficult for a number of reasons. The reasons are provided in details in the course.

The dependency theory tries to explain the reasons for massive unemployment in the third world, reasons for consequent deterioration of their economies, internal problems hampering improvements, etc., and argues that inequality among states is an inherent part of interactions among them.

Most dependency theorists regard capitalism as a motive for dependency, thus accusing it of causing the most of the problems connected to the unfairness of the current international economic system.

Structuralism and Marxism connected to the dependency theory are also tackled within the course.

In relationship with the dependency theory and the third world problems the history and current activities of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are described and those goals listed that UNCTAD managed to achieve in favor of developing countries during its existence. However, it concludes that besides noticeable accomplishments a lot of work is left to be done by this body.

Further, major modern theories in the international political economy are listed such as: Dual Economy Theory (strongly influenced by the liberalism theory), Modern World Systems Theory (strongly influenced by the Marxism theory) and the Hegemonic Stability Theory (influenced by the realism), and the brief description of the first two provided. While the last one is discussed in more details due to its extensive prevalence and popularity.

The hegemonic stability theory is close to the realism. According to this theory distribution of power among nations is the essential factor for the international economic stability. The theory was initially proposed by Charles Kindleberger in the 1970s. It underlines the importance of presence of a dominant/hegemonic state as a condition for the existence of an open, liberal and stable world economy. In this aspect, a special attention is given to Robert Gilpin’s thoughts regarding the theory. He tries to explain thoroughly why the theory is related only to the liberal economic system and why the hegemonic state should be strongly devoted to liberal values itself.

The hegemonic nation should serve as a coordinator for other nations and should be willing and able to impose conduct code and ensure its implementation. And this code should inevitably be liberal, pro open market and against the beggar-thy-neighbor policies.

The course provides brief overviews of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) and the Marshall Plan (1947) as of two different actions (antithesis) of the US, a leader nation after the World War II. In the first case the country was not willing or prepared to take a leading role in the international system and coordinate its monetary policies with other countries. But the isolationism had negative consequence firstly for the US and secondly for other countries.

The Marshall Plan was a lesson learned from the Smoot-Hawley Tariff experience. Long-term economic and political goals of the Plan are discussed in light of the United States’ relationship with the USSR and its satellite countries. Tight connection between politics and economy in this historical period is particularly emphasized and analyzed. Soviet critic of the Plan and rational behind this criticism is also provided.

The course notices that besides the fact that there are different opinions on the hegemonic stability theory itself, almost all its followers agree on the existence of the following hegemonic countries, aspirants willing to become leaders and the historical periods for their hegemony: Portugal (aspirant - Spain), Netherlands (aspirant – England), Great Britain (aspirant – France),

68

amis ganxorcielebas arTulebda sami momenti:

Raribi qveynebis Sida bazari ar iyo sakmarisad didi imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyo

mdidar saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli ekonomikebis mTeli speqtrisaTvis, raTa

SeenarCunebina dabali fasebi;

meore sakiTxi exeboda Raribi qveynebis politikur nebas aRar yofiliyvnen

pirveladi nawarmis mwarmoeblebi;

mesame sakiTxi exeboda imas, Tu ramdenad akontrolebdnen Raribi saxelmwifoebi

TavianT pirveladi warmoebis saqonels, gansakuTrebiT imas, romelic qveynis gareT

iyideboda.

amgvarad xsnida damokidebulebis Teoria Raribi saxelmwifoebis mudmivi siRa-

ribis mizezebs. tradiciuli neoklasikuri midgoma arafers ambobs am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, mxolod adasturebs im faqts, rom Rarib qveynebSi solidurma

ekonomikurma saqmianobam gvian moikida fexi da rom rogorc ki maT Tanamedrove

ekonimikis teqnika aiTvises, siRaribe TandaTan ukuiqca. Tumca, marqsistuli Teoriebi

mudmiv, mdgrad siRaribes ganixilavdnen rogorc kapitalisturi eqsploataciis

Sedegs. axali midgomis - “msoflio sistemebis” Tanaxmad, siRaribe aris mdidrebis

sasargeblod da Raribebis sazianod Sromis metad uxeSi gadanawilebis uSualo Sedegi.

liberaluri reformis momxreebis (prebiSi), marqsistebisa (andre gunder franki) da

“msoflio sistemebis” Teoretikosebis (valerstaini) debatebi metad cxare da

inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso iyo. damokidebulebis sxvadasxva

Teoriebis mimdevrebs Soris kvlav SeiniSneba seriozuli xasiaTis uTanxmoeba

garkveul sakiTxebSi da amitom Znelia davinaxoT damokidebulebis Teoriis erTiani,

SeTanxmebuli varianti. Tumca, yvela xsenebuli Teoriis analizi garkveul

universalur postulatebs eyrdnoba. damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rodesac erovnuli, Sida ekonomikuri politika

ganicdis gareSe zegavlenas, iqneba es politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli

xasiaTisa. gilpins moyavs Teotonio des santosiseuli ganmarteba, romelSic igi xazs

usvams damokidebulebis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs:

`[damokidebuleba aris] istoriuli mdgomareoba, romelic gansazRvravs msoflio

ekonomikis garkveul struqturas. es ukanaskneli “wyalobs” rig qveynebs sxvaTa

sazianod da zRudavs damokidebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis asparezs.

[damokidebuleba aris] situacia, romelic garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemis

ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis xarjze ganapirobebs am sistemas daqvemdebarebuli sxva

qveynebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas~ (Teotonio dos santosi, “damokidebulebis

struqtura”, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, red.: k.t. feni da donald hojisi, bostoni: Porter Sargent, 1971, gv. 226).

zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi Seicaven sam saerTo maxasiaTebels, romlebsac

damokidebulebis Teoriebis umetesi nawili iziarebs. upirvelesad, damokidebuleba

damaxasiaTebelia saerTaSoriso sistemisTvis, romelic qveyanaTa or jgufs moicavs.

maT sxvadasxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad ewodebaT dominanturi/damokidebuli, centra-

luri/periferiuli an metropolia/sateliti. dominanturi saxelmwifoebi arian

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wamyvani samrewvelo

qveynebi. damokidebul saxelmwifoTa siaSi ki Sedian laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da

afrikis is qveynebi, sadac saerTo erovnuli produqtis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze

mcirea da sadac ucxouri valutis Semodinebis wyaro erTi romelime saxis saqonlis

eqsportia. garda amisa, orive ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damokidebuli qveynebis eko-

nomikur aqtivobaSi ganmsazRvrelia gareSe Zalebis roli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs

saerTaSoriso korporaciebs, saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo birJebs, ucxour daxmarebas,

komunikaciaTa qsels da bevr sxva rames, risi saSualebiTac wamyvani samrewvelo

saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben sakuTar ekonomikur interesebs ucxo qveynebSi. mesame

saerTo niSani isaa, rom damokidebulebis cnebis yvela ganmarteba miuTiTebs

dominantur da damokidebul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dinamiur

xasiaTze, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom qveynebis am or jgufs Soris arsebulma

urTierTobebma SeiZleba ara mxolod ganamtkicos, aramed ufro intensiuri gaxados

uTanasworobis modeli. metic, damokidebulebas, rogorc istoriul process, metad

Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli da igi saTaves iRebs kapitalizmis internacionali-

zaciidan. damokidebuleba mimdinare dinamiuri procesia. amis magaliTia laTinuri

amerika, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso sistemis

9

nawili Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris imperialisturi eqspansiisa da

sazRvrebis gafarToebis arena. nacionalizmis am agresiul formas SeiZleba vuwodoT

cudi merkantilizmi. germaniis nacisturi mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika

aRmosavleT evropasTan mimarTebaSi 1930-ian wlebSi swored amgvari xasiaTis iyo.

nacionalistebi xazs usvamen ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi da miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris brZola ekonomikuri

resursebisaTvis gavrcelebulia da TviT saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. vinaidan ekonomikuri resursebi saWiroa erovnuli ZlierebisaTvis,

yvela konfliqti erTdroulad ekonomikuric aris da politikuric. saxelmwifoebi

cdiloben erTdroulad moipovon simdidre, Zalaufleba da damoukidebloba.

ekonomikuri nacionalizmi me-16 — me-18 saukuneebSi erTgvari gamoxmaureba iyo

politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro movlenebze da masSi swored am periodis

viTarebam pova asaxva. am dros Cndeba Zlieri nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic

mudmiv qiSpobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. am dros warmoiSveba da Zlierdeba saSualo klasi,

romelic Cabmulia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — vaWrobaSi da, umTavresad, manu-

faqturaSi, warmoebaSi. es erTis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo axali samyarosa da misi

resursebis aRmoCeniT. monetizirebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da samxed-

ro sferoSi cvlilebebs aseve udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. nacionalistebma daad-

gines, maTi azriT, misaRebi balansi vaWrobasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas Soris.

ramdenime mizezis gamo nacionalizmis ZiriTadi mizani industrializaciaa. pirvel

rigSi, nacionalistebs swamT, rom industria axdens gardamtex efeqts ekonomikaze da

mas mivyavarT ekonomikis srul ganviTarebamde. meore mizezi aris is, rom

nacionalistebisaTvis ganviTarebuli industria asocirdeba ekonomikur TviTuz-

runvelyofasTan da politikur avtonomiasTan. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovania is,

rom industria aris samxedro siZlierisa da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli usafrTxoebis

safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, liberalurSic ki, mTavrobebis politika

mimarTulia industriis ganviTarebisaken.

moqiSpe saxelmwifoebis samyaroSi nacionalistebi miiCneven calxriv mogebas ufro

mniSvnelovnad, vidre ormxrivs. liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba or-

mxrivad sasargebloa, maSin roca nacionalistebi Tvlian, rom es urTierTobebi

aucileblad konfliqturia da wesrigi SesaZlebelia mxolod hegemonis an ZalTa

balansis arsebobis pirobebSi.

nacionalistebi, dawyebuli aleqsandre hamiltoniT da damTavrebuli Tanamed-

rove mecnierebiT, xazs usvamen TviTuzrunvelyofis upiratesobas ekonomikur

urTierTdamokidebulebasTan SedarebiT.

damokidebulebis Teoria

damokidebulebis Teoria ganviTarda 1950-iani wlebis bolos prebiSis ideebis

safuZvelze. prebiSi da misi Tanamoazreebi Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikur zrdas wamyvan

qveynebSi ar moyveboda Raribi qveynebis ganviTareba. ufro metic, maTi azriT,

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianoba xSirad seriozul ekonomikur

problemebs qmnida Rarib saxelmwifoebSi. es ewinaaRmdegeboda neoklasikosebis

Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda xelsayreli iyo yvelasTvis (Pareto Optimal — ekonomikuri viTareba romelSic Tu erTi adamianis an jgufis ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareoba umjobesdeba meoris — uaresdeba. aravis SeuZlia gamdidreba vinme sxvis gaRaribebis

gareSe), maSinac ki, Tu mogeba ar nawildeboda Tanabrad.

,

,

prebiSi am faqts ase xsnida: Raribi qveynebi iZulebulni arian pirveladi

produqcia (nedleuli) miyidon ganviTarebul qveynebs, romlebic Semdgom am

nedleulis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seqmnil produqcias Rarib qveynebSi yidian. mza

produqcia yovelTvis ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre nedleuli, Sesabamisad, Rarib qveynebs

verasodes eqnebaT imdeni Semosavali eqsportidan, rom gadaixadon importSi.

am problemis mosagvareblad, prebiSis azriT, saWiro iyo Semdegi: Raribi saxelmwi-

foebi unda SeerTebodnen importis gacvlis programas (Program on Import Substitution), ra-

Ta maT ar SeeZinaT mza produqcia mdidari saxelmwifoebisagan. Raribi qveynebi kvlav

gayididnen TavianT pirvelad saqonels msoflio bazarze, magram maTi ucxouri gac-

vliTi rezervebi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli ucxoeTisagan mza produqciis SesaZenad.

8

USA (aspirant – Soviet Union), USA (aspirant – China? EU?). The course tries to explain why many scholars do not agree with the theory, considering that

importance of distribution of power and existence of the dominant nation fades in the presence of the international organizations, such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organization, European Union, etc. However, realists do not consider international organizations having real power and capable of playing significant role in international economic and political life.

The World Leadership Long Cycles Theory of Modelski and Thompson and the Long Cycles Theory of Goldstein are also described and analyzed within the course.

Finally, the course attempts to reflect on who is going to be the following leader, who are the aspirants and what their chances are.

In regards with the major IPE theories, discussed within the course and briefly reviewed above, it is attempted to cover all their aspects and show their developments in time and consequent changes occurred. It is also tried to provide opposite opinions on each of them.

Further in the course, financial relations after the World War the II are discussed. The conference, held in Breton-Woods and attended by forty-four countries, was aimed at

creating a new stable liberal economic order. The new order was initially foreseen as a system, managed by international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Establishment of these organizations was also decided at the conference. As the period between the two wars proved the floating exchange rate to be not favorable for the development of the international economy, the countries agreed on introducing the fixed rate (par value system). In addition, the countries participating in the conference agreed to avoid economic wars and beggar-thy-neighbor policies, and developed the conduct code which was incorporated into the IMF charter.

However, despite all the efforts of the Breton-Woods system constructors, the postwar monetary system did not become stable. Only the US and a couple of other countries were able to fulfill obligations in front of other countries and the Breton-Woods institutions. Europe and Japan were so weakened after the war that their solvency was almost zero. In 1947 IMF suspended issuing loans.

According to many scholars, the crisis of 1947 was directly linked to political problems: Germany was politically and economically declined; Great Britain, partly due to its economic difficulties was withdrawing from India and Palestine, and was unable to fulfill its commitments to Greece and Turkey regarding security and political support; political situation in France and Italy was far from being stable; Soviet Union was intensively working on sovietization/socialization of the Eastern Europe and were gaining certain support in France, Italy and other western European countries.

Starting from 1947 the Breton-Woods system that was envisaged as a system managed by international organizations, became a system managed by the US. US was both able and willing to take this responsibility, and as some scholars notice, the US’s role was a combination of altruism and interests.

Experience the world received between the two wars helped the US political and economic leadership and acknowledgment of this leadership by other states. Gold and pound were no longer able to play the role of the world currency, and as the US dollar was the only convertible currency, it naturally became the world currency. The US dollar became a base for international trade, investments, banking, etc.

Starting from 1959, economic situation in the western European countries and Japan significantly improved and their currencies gradually became convertible.

The Breton-Woods history is divided into two periods: dollar shortage (also called the US unilateral management period) and the dollar surplus period (also called the multilateral management period).

In 1971, the US President Nixon, unilaterally, without consulting with other countries, officially declared the new economic policy, according to which dollar’s convertibility towards gold was stopped. This was the end of the Breton-Woods system. However, the official ending of the system was announced at the Jamaica meeting of the IMF leading states. As Gilpin notes, de facto end of the Breton-Woods system and the fixed exchange rates became de jure at this conference.

As for some scholars, the system is still functional, since its institutions – IMF and WB play an important role nowadays in the international economy and the US dollar is still world leader

69

currency. Further, the course describes the Breton-Woods monetary institutions – the World Bank and

the International Monetary Fund and tries to explain the reasons for criticizing their activities, especially from the less developed countries’ side.

Since Georgia is a member of both of these organizations from 1992, the course also attempts to analyze IMF and WB activities in Georgia. What kind of political and economic benefits the country has received from their work, if it has ever? Why and who is criticizing these institution in Georgia and what the country like Georgia should do to use the assistance provided by these institutions most efficiently.

Similar to the financial situation, state of the trade sphere after the WWII was also far from being perfect. The course touches upon the United States leadership in the post-war period international trade system and analyses its reasons. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is also one of the Breton-Woods institutions, created with the aim to achieve free and fair trade through reducing tariffs and removing other trade barriers. The major rule for implementing free trade was the principle for non-discrimination (most-favored-nation principle). The second element of non-discrimination was the provision for national treatment designed to prevent discrimination against foreign products after they enter a country.

GATT was associated with the club of rich countries and was seriously criticized by developing countries. As many of them acknowledged, the system worked very well for the developed countries and most quotas and other barriers were eliminated, facilitating overall liberalization of the international trade. However, little efforts were put on implementation of non-discrimination principle and some others, important for developing countries.

Within the course, GATT and the World Trade Organization are compared with the aim to show why the GATT failed and which new or additional instruments the WTO possesses to facilitate free and fair international trade, achieve non-discrimination against countries, facilitate fair competition among countries, and provide special assistance to developing countries.

The course also focuses on the reflections of Joan Spero on what the new international trade system is going to look like and if it is going to change. According to Spero, the structure of the future order will largely depend on to at what extent the current leading states will consider less developed countries’ (such as Argentina, Mexico, etc.), OPEC member countries’ and newly industrialized countries’ role in the order. Most of these countries have intensive trade relations both with developed and the third world countries and many of them have started extensive investing in developed countries. In the close future these countries will demand and they will receive the right to participate in the management of the system. The future international trade system will be managed multilaterally.

Many scholars believed that Japan, considering its extremely high rate of economic development, would have played the leading role in the trade system along with newly industrialized countries. However, by the beginning of the twenty-first century the number of supporters of this idea has reduced and currently many think that the united Europe is the real aspirant for the leadership.

Next issue the course tackles is the emergence of the third world, economic system subsystems, new industrialized and OPEC countries’ economic development overview and their place in the international political and economic system.

The term “third world” emerged along with the development of nationalist movements initially in Latin America, and later in Asia and Africa. Argentinean Economist Raul Prebisch was one of the firsts who raised the issue of the unfair world economic and political order. In 1944-48ss when the Breton-Woods system was designed along with its financial and trade institutions, Asian, African and Latin American countries’ involvement in this process was insignificant, as many of them had to gain political independence and were intensively fighting for achieving this goal. Besides the fact that by that time developing countries were making the majority of the UN General Assembly, the situation was completely different in the IMF, WB and GATT.

However, starting from 60s of the last century developing countries began demanding the new economic order, in which their interests would have been considered. They were requesting trade benefits for their countries taking into account their ‘baby’ economics. In 1974, the request for the new economic order was officially declared in the United Nations May Resolution. Adoption of the resolution was primarily prompted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ (OPEC) success in ensuring high prices on oil, as a result of which huge amount of money flew from

70

interesebis dakmayofilebas deficitisa da resursebis arasakmarisi raodenobiT

arsebobis pirobebSi. saqonelze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas aucileblad

mohyveba saqonlis fasis cvlileba.

arsebiTad, liberalebs swamT, rom vaWroba da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedeba saxel-

mwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebis safuZvelia, vinaidan vaWrobiT miRebuli

ormxrivi sargebeli da zrdadi urTierTdamokidebuleba erovnul ekonomikebs Soris

aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. swored amitom Tavisufali vaWroba

da kapitalis Tavisufali brunva unda gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur

politikas da ara piriqiT.

liberalizmis saSinao politikis mizani igivea, rac sagareosi — mSvidoba. libera-

lebs swamT kacobriobis srulyofili TanamSromlobis. liberalizmi Tavisi arsiT

kosmopolituri ideologiaa. xolo liberali - msoflio moqalaqe, kosmopoliti.

liberalizmi winaaRmdegia omisa da yvelanairi konfliqtis. omi aiZulebs saxel-

mwifoebs Caiketnon, xolo Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi Caketili

qveynis ekonomika sustdeba da moqalaqeTa keTildReoba klebulobs. liberalis

azriT, kerZo sakuTreba mSvidobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garantia rogorc

qveynis SigniT, aseve mTlianad msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela saxelmwifos

valia kerZo sakuTrebis gafrTxileba da misi dacva.

adre liberalebi Tvlidnen, rom omi surdaT da omobdnen monarqebi da ara erebi.

Sesabamisad, maTi azriT, dinastiebi unda SeecvalaT xalxis mier arCeul mTavrobebs.

bevri mecnierisa da politikosis azriT, liberalur-demokratiuli mTavrobebi

naklebad konfliqturebi arian da iSviaTad an saerTod ar omoben. liberalizmis

gavrcelebasTan erTad xdeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis dadgena samxedro, istoriuli da

sxva pirobebiT. Tumca liberalebi ar aRiareben sazRvris strategiul mniSvnelobas.

liberalebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa referendumebi da plebiscitebi.

leveling roqveli, Tanamedrove amerikeli politikosi da Jurnalisti, eWvs

gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom liberalizmi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT dReisaTvis aRar

arsebobs, da ambobs, rom WeSmarit liberalur koncefcias axla klasikuri libe-

ralizmi unda ewodos. igi wers: `me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi liberalizmis cneba,

sazogadod, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis filosofias niSnavda, romelsac Semdegi

principi gaaCnda — sazogadoebebs da maT komponentebs raime saxis centraluri

mmarTveloba da kontroli ar sWirdebaT, radgan sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar

Tavs marTaven sakuTar wevrTa nebayoflobiTi da urTierTsasargeblo TanamSrom-

lobis gziT. dRes amgvar filosofias liberalizms ver vuwodebT, vinaidan es cneba

demokratiuli totalitarizmis mier iqna miTvisebuli. imisaTvis, rom es filosofia

xelaxla Cveni drois Sesatyvisad warmovaCinoT, Cven mas axali saxeli — klasikuri

liberalizmi unda vuwodoT.

klasikuri liberalizmi iseT sazogadoebas niSnavs, sadac Cemi ocneba realobaa.

sadac Cven prezidentis saxelis xseneba sulac ar gvesaWiroeba, sadac arCevnebis

Sedegebi mniSvnelovani araa, radgan sazogadoeba kanonebiT, da ara adamianebis mier,

imarTeba. rodesac Cven ar gveSinia Cveni mTavrobis, radgan mas Cvengan arc araferi

miaqvs da arc araferi moaqvs, aramed is gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom Cven Cveni cxovreba,

sazogadoebrivi yofa da momavali Tavadve ganvsazRvroT~. (leveling roqveli.

liberalizmis safuZvlebi, gv. 86, Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni I, 2004w.).

nacionalizmi

ekonomikurma nacionalizmma, liberalizmis msgavsad, mravali metamorfoza

ganicada saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi: merkantilizmi, sTeiTizmi (saxelmwifoebriobiz-

mi), proteqcionizmi, germanuli istoriuli skola, bolo xanebSi ki — neoproteqcio-

nizmi. ekonomikuri nacionalizmis centraluri ideis mixedviT, ekonomikuri

saqmianoba unda daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos miznebsa da interesebs. saerTaSoriso

sistemis mowyobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi aris saxelmwifo, erovnuli

usafrTxoeba da samxedro Zlevamosileba.

zogierTi nacionalisti miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da gadar-

CenisaTvis erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba ara

aqvT. am mimdinareobas keTili, kargi merkantilizmi ewodeba. nacionalistebis meore

7

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis

sami ideologia — sami Teoria

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia araerTi Teoria ekonomikasa

da politikas Soris urTierTobebis asaxsnelad, es sami — liberalizmi, nacionalizmi

da damokidebulebis Teoria yvelasagan gamorCeulia. maT udidesi gavlena moaxdines

rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaze, aseve Tavad politikaze da saerTaSoriso poli-

tikuri ekonomiis Camoyalibebidan dRemde ar kargaven aqtualurobas.

liberalizmi

`liberalizmi” 1912 wlidan gamoiyeneba — mas Semdeg, rac espaneTSi Seiqmna libe-

raluri partia da liberalebma moaxerxes samoqalaqo konfliqtSi konservatiuli da

avtoritaruli Sexedulebebis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaerTianeba. es sityva laTinuridan

momdinareobs da Tavisuflebas niSnavs.

liberaluri Teoria adam smitisa da devid rikardos moZRvrebebidan iRebs

saTaves. liberaluri ekonomikuri Teoria Tavisufali bazris da saxelmwifos mini-

maluri Carevis momxrea. liberalizmi aris Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali baz-

ris da SezRuduli mTavrobis ideologia. liberalizmi aris doqtrina sazogadoebis

wevrTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi cdilobs adamians Seuqmnas normaluri,

bunebrivi da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis pirobebi.

liberalizmi transformacias ganicdida da mas sxvadasxva saxelwodeba hqonda:

klasikuri Teoria, neoklasicizmi, keinsianizmi, monetarizmi da sxv. ekonomikuri

liberalizmis yvela forma aRiarebs bazars da fasis warmoqmnis meqanizms, rogorc

Sida da sagareo ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze efeqtur xerxs. liberalizmi

SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc doqtrina da principebis erToblioba sabazro

ekonomikis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes maqsimaluri efeq-

turoba, ekonomikuri zrda da bazris yvela monawilis piradi keTildReoba.

ekonomikuri liberalizmis mixedviT, bazari warmoiqmneba spontanurad, raTa

daakmayofilos adamianis moTxovnileba. xolo funqcionirebs bazari Tavisi Sida

logikis mixedviT. adamianebi bunebiT arian ekonomikuri cxovelebi da amitom bazari

viTardeba bunebrivad, logikurad, centraluri direqtivebis gareSe.

adam smiTis azriT, sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli da kerZo dovlaTis warmoqmnis

wyaro aris TiToeuli adamianis mudmivi, ganuwveteli da rutinuli Zalisxmeva,

gaiumjobesos sakuTari pirobebi.

sabazro sistemis logika isaa, rom is zrdis ekonomikur efeqturobas, maqsimalurs

xdis ekonomikur zrdas da, Sesabamisad, aumjobesebs adamianebis keTildReobas. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom, liberalebis azriT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba aZlierebs qveynis Zala-

uflebasa da usafrTxoebas. maT swamT isic, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi da

umTavresi mizani aris TiToeuli adamianisaTvis sargeblis motana.

liberalizmis mixedviT, kerZo momxmarebeli, firma Tu ojaxi aris sazogadoebis

safuZveli. kerZo pirebi iqcevian racionalurad, gonivrulad da cdiloben daikma-

yofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal fasSi. individualuri mwarmo-

eblebi da momxmareblebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian fasis mimarT, rac xels uwyobs

moqnili ekonomikis warmoqmnasa da arsebobas, romlis pirobebSic fasis nebismieri

cvlileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas warmoebaSi, moxmarebasa da ekonomikur

institutebSi. WeSmaritad konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi gacvlis pirobebi gani-

sazRvreba mxolod miwodeba-moTxovniT da ara ZalauflebiT, uxeSi CareviTa da

direqtivebiT. Tu gacvla nebayoflobiTia da orive mxaris surviliTaa ganpiro-

bebuli, maSin am procesSi orive mxare mogebulia da kmayofili.

sabazro ekonomika ZiriTadad imarTeba moTxovnis kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac,

xalxi iyidis met saqonels, Tu fasi daiwevs, da naklebs, Tu is gaizrdeba; xalxi aseve

iyidis mets, Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, da naklebs, Tu igi Semcirdeba. nebismieri

cvlileba fasSi da bazris monawilis SemosavalSi imoqmedebs SeZenili saqonlis

raodenobaze.

xolo rac Seexeba miwodebas, liberalebis azriT, adamianebi cdiloben Tavisi

6

developed countries to the OPEC members. The majority of developing countries believed that OPEC was a good example of what could be achieved by them and which role they could play in the international economic life.

Nevertheless, the success of the OPEC was overestimated and it became obvious for everyone during the 1981 oil crisis. On the other hand, the crisis showed the western counties that the success of the OPEC is largely depended on the demand on oil, and the demand, obviously, comes mainly from them.

What is interesting, that the number of attempts of the developing countries to unite and struggle jointly for common interests also failed, for many reasons, such as: differences in ideology, culture, industrialization level, etc.

According to radical countries, the main reason for the unfair international political and economic system is the liberal international economic order created after the WWII.

Gilpin notes that after the World War II the developed countries had made numerous attempts to provide support to postcolonial and other developing countries in hastening their economic growth, but the process was not deliberate, well planned and, in many cases, far from being fair. As an illustration, he brings the example of deterioration of the economic situation in Africa, suspension of the economic growth in Latin America in 80s of the last century and entire concentration of attention on the Far East.

In this chapter of the course the phenomenon of Newly Industrialized Countries is also discussed with the aim to understand what were the main reasons, both economic and political, for their incredibly high rate of economic growth. The success of these counties questions the issue of global poorness. If these countries, dependent in the past, managed to achieve such a high economic growth rate, why other similar countries did not manage to do the same? Can Georgia learn anything from these countries and what internal and external political preconditions should be in place to ensure similar developments?

According to many scholars the future of the Newly Industrialized Countries largely depends on the growth rate of the global economy, openness of the markets of the developed countries and the progress in the sphere of industrial technologies.

Subsystems of international economic system, proposed by Joan Spero, are discussed further in the course.

The Western System, which is also called the system of interdependence, unites highly developed countries with the advanced economies. Relationship among the countries is so tight that their economies are extremely sensitive to both political and economic changes in each of these countries. The western subsystem unites countries sharing the ideas of liberalism. Here it is attempted to explain what are the benefits of such tight interrelationship and interdependence and, on the other hand, what are minuses. Is there real threat to the political independence of the countries? Do they have to sacrifice their national interests, culture, etc? Why this interdependence has so many opponents? All these issues are analyzed in the course and questions answered.

The second subsystem is the North-South subsystem, also called the subsystem of dependence. Unlike the western subsystem, countries of this subsystem are radically different from each other. It unites western well developed countries and Latin American, Asian and African developing countries. Tension between them is obvious and it has long history.

The main problem of this subsystem is dependency. The dependency exists when south courtiers have intensive interaction with the northern countries and when this interaction is vitally important for national economies of the south countries and, consequently, these countries become dependent on all political and economic events taking place in the northern countries. However, for the northern countries these interactions are not qualitatively important. Hence, interdependence is symmetric, while dependence is - asymmetric. There are different forms of dependence: in trade, in investments, in financial spheres, etc.

The course tries to examine why the dependence exists, its roots, tendencies and perspectives. Also, attempts to look at the problem from both sides and analyze pro and contra arguments, and again, think over the Georgia’s perspectives based on other countries’ experience. What niche can Georgia hold in today’s international economic system and which role it is ready to play? Which political preconditions are necessary for this?

The third system proposed by Joan Spero was the East-West subsystem, also called the independence subsystem. The subsystem included the Soviet Union and its satellite socialist countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the subsystem does not exist currently, but its

71

analyses give an understanding of differences between the planned and market economies, political motivations for existence of this subsystem and reasons why it collapsed.

Countries from this subsystem were isolated from the West and they were no members of none of the Breton-Woods institutions. Nowadays, these countries started joining and many of them already became members of the WB, IMF and other international organizations. In this aspect, the western countries are facing number of challenges such as control of interdependence in the western subsystem, facilitation of economic relations between the two competed subsystems and enhancement of the Eastern European countries’ economies.

Further, within this chapter, petroleum exporting countries are overviewed with the aim to understand their place in the international political and economic system, their development perspectives and problems faced. Brief history of OPEC is provided, as well as structure and main goals of the organization. The organization, which established in 1960, was supposed to unite all major oil exporting countries, coordinate common policy in controlling oil prices and quality and protect its members’ interests on international market.

As Joan Spero notes, OPEC’s common action to grab the control over the world’s oil markets was the most successful effort of southern countries to alter their dependent relationship with the North. Acting in this way they managed to increase somehow their political power. As noted above, although many developing countries have been trying, the example of OPEC was difficult for them to reproduce.

In the beginning, after couple of attempts, OPEC managed to agree on the common production reduction schemes and its members succeeded in increasing their revenues. As a result, starting from 1970s, Western countries found themselves dependent on the threat of supply disruption and reduction. However, number of oil crisis weakened the organization. In addition, non-OPEC production increased, causing surplus and, accordingly, decrease of prices.

Further, main historical and contemporary political events in relationship with oil are discussed aimed at analyzing which political reasons are behind the struggles over the world oil control.

Special attention in the course is given to the globalization process. What is globalization and when did it start? Is it internationalization (increase and intensification of international transactions)? Is it liberalization (open political and economic relations)? Is it universalization (universal dissemination/spread of different peoples’ experience)? Is it westernization or even Americanization? Or is it weakening of the role of national borders and, generally, of the territorial/geographic factor? For many reasons, a generally-accepted definition of the globalization does not exist and debates over this are underway among scholars. Nevertheless, globalization itself has numerous insistent opponents as well as loyal proponents. But even those who come out against it are constantly benefiting from the fruits of globalization in their everyday life.

Global economy is indispensable part of the contemporary world. Hardly one can find a place in the world where globalization or at least some of its components is not the part of the everyday life. Benefits of global production do not raise doubts. Currently collection of raw materials can take place in one geographic destination, manufacturing – in another, branding, advertising, promoting, and marketing – all in different places and countries. Global economy, or as many call – economy beyond borders have significantly raised the efficiency, mobility and cost-effectiveness of national economies and provided wide range of choice/alternative both for producers and consumers. Distances and borders become the question of minor importance in this process.

Development of global production facilitated creation of special economic zones, export zones and free production, where maximum conditions are created for free trade.

Global financial interactions are also discussed and analyzed. As attitude towards globalization is contradictory world-wide and the terms “anti-globalists” and

“”anti-globalizm manifestations” became so common for the international political and economic life, it is attempted in the course to offer anti-globalists’ main arguments against globalization.

The issue of capital flow is the next topic of the course. Flow of capital is one of the most important global events in today’s world. Borders do not exist for the capital and it searches quick, guaranteed and high profit. After the WWII flow of capital has significantly increased. Simultaneously, the role of the United States in the capital export enhanced. Later on, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan caught up. France was keeping one of the leading positions, however, Great Britain’s role weakened compared to the nineteenth century.

According to many scholars, export of capital establishes tighter relations than international trade. Export of capital strengthens relations among states and these relations are the guarantee

72

erTi mizezi, gilpinis azriT, isaa, rom sagZnoblad amaRlda mosaxleobis gaTviT-

cnobierebis done rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebSi da xalxi mixvda,

rom mas SeuZlia (an hgonia, rom SeuZlia) gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos ekonomikuri

procesebi. am codnisa da politikuri demokratiis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad na-

Teli gaxda, rom qveynebs an garkveul jgufebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad imoqmedon eko-

nomikaze da, Sesabamisad, simdidris gadanawilebaze. amgvarad, dRevandel msoflioSi

umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv. aRiqmeba da ganixileba ara rogorc ekonomikis garda-

uvali kanonzomiereba, aramed rogorc adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis

Sedegi, anu xdeba ekonomikis politizacia.

edvard qaris mixedviT, ekonomikis mecniereba gulisxmobs garkveul wyobas,

wesrigs da igi ar SeiZleba iyos Seswavlili politikis gareSe.

rig mecnierTa azriT ki, piriqiT, yoveli politikuri struqturis ukan dgas

ekonomikuri safuZvlebi.

dRes dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arc politika da arc ekonomika ar

aris sruliad avtonomiuri da, Sesabamisad, orive mosazreba marTebulia.

joan spiros azriT, politikuri faqtorebi sami saxiT axdenen gavlenas

ekonomikaze:

• politikuri sistema ayalibebs ekonomikur sistemas, vinaidan ekonomikuri siste-

mis struqtura da saqmianoba didwilad ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso

politikuri sistemis struqturiTa da saqmianobiT;

• politikuri mosazrebebi xSirad ganapirobeben ekonomikur politikas, vinaidan

ekonomikuri politika ganisazRvreba politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare;

• saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tavad aris politikuri urTierTo-

bebi, vinaidan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri interaqciebi, politikuri interaqcie-

bis msgavsad, aris procesi, romlis drosac qveynebi an sistemis sxva monawileebi,

cdiloben moagvaron TavianTi problemebi, miaRwion saerTo miznebs, iTanam-

Sromlon da aS.

erTi mxriv, politika farTod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri saqmianobis CarCoebs da

mimarTulebas aZlevs mas, xolo meore mxriv, ekonomikur procesebs wvlili SeaqvT

Zalauflebisa da simdidris gadanawilebaSi. isini cvlian Zalauflebriv urTierTo-

bebs jgufebs Soris, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT politikuri sistemis trans-

formaciisaken, xolo amas — ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali struqturisaken.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ekonomikuri politika aris mecniereba ekonomikur

motivebze, saqmianobasa da politikaze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikaze.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomika aris saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSi ormxrivi da dinamiuri urTierTqmedeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis xelSi

Cagdebis mizniT. (Robert Gilpin: Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Direct Foreign Investment).

saxelmwifosa da bazris paraleluri arseboba da urTierTqmedeba Tanamedrove

msoflioSi qmnis politikur ekonomikas. saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi fasis

meqanizmi da bazris Zalebi gansazRvravdnen ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebs. es

iqneboda wminda ekonomistis samyaro. bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo

gamoyofda ekonomikur resursebs. es iqneboda wminda politikosis samyaro.

politika da bazari mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia. yvela politikuri movlenis ukan

aris ekonomikuri aspeqti, da, piriqiT.

politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis ekonomikuri movlenebis politikur safuZvlebs

an meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, bazris

funqcionirebaze. SeiZleba asec iTqvas — politikuri ekonomia Seiswavlis poli-

tikuri movlenebis ekonomikur safuZvlebs.

1970-iani wlebi politikuri ekonomiiis aRorZinebis periodia, rac ganpirobebuli

iyo imiT, rom realur da mecnierul faqtebs Soris ekonomikasa da politikaSi

ufskruli gaCnda. moxda ekonomikuri problemebis Zlieri politizireba, xolo

politikuri procesebi, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida ekonomizacias. garda amisa, Rarib da

mdidar qveynebs Soris gaizarda ufskruli. prioritetulad iqca globaluri

problemebi axali ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmnis moTxovniT.

5

Sesavali

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa,

romelmac Camoyalibeba daiwyo gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. misi warmoSoba

ganpirobebuli iyo saerTaSoriso politikasa da ekonomikas Soris swrafad mzardi

mWidro urTierTkavSiriT da im mosazrebiT, rom ekonomika da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi cal-calke metad viwro disciplinebia imisaTvis, rom axsnan saerTa-

Soriso politikuri da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sakvanZo aspeqtebi.

aRniSnuli kursi ver moicavs disciplinis yvela aspeqts. igi gagacnobT

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis ZiriTad Teoriebs, aRwers

safinanso-savaluto da savaWro sistemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg (breton--

vudsis konferencia da momdevno movlenebi) da adarebs maT Tanamedrove sistemebs.

kursis farglebSi axsnilia saerTaSoriso investiciebis logika da Tanamedrove

tendenciebi am sferoSi, ganxilulia globalizaciis procesi da misdami ara-

erTgvarovani damokidebuleba, aseve evropis integracia. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

eTmoba saerTaSoriso da samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebis rols saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis politikur ekonomiaSi.

kursis mizani

kursis mizania axsnas politikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebuleba saSinao

da saerTaSoriso doneebze. warmoaCinos is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs politika

ekonomikas da piriqiT. kursi agreTve miznad isaxavs globalizaciis procesis axsnas

da globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebis etapebis aRweras. kursis erT-erTi mTavari

mizania daexmaros studentebs saqarTvelos poziciidan ganixilon saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomiis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi da Tavisuflad imsjelon

saqarTvelos rolze dRevandel saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.

ekonomikuri faqtorebi mTeli istoriis manZilze did rols asrulebdnen

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. ekonomikuri miznebi, resursebi da instrumentebi

xSirad gansazRvravdnen qveynebis sagareo politikas. Cven SegviZlia gavixsenoT

uamravi istoriuli movlena — es iqneba omebi, zavebi, SeTqmulebebi, koaliciebis

warmoSoba Tu sxva, da maTi kargad Seswavlis Semdeg davinaxavT, rom nebismieri

maTganis ukan iyo ekonomikuri daintereseba an, piriqiT, garkveuli ekonomikuri

movlenebi politikuri qmedebebis gamoxmaureba iyo an konkretuli politikuri miznis

miRwevas emsaxureboda. magaliTad, didi britaneTis adrindeli industrializacia

mecxramete saukuneSi misi politikuri siZlierisa da msoflioSi dominant saxel-

mwifod gadaqcevis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. aseve aSS-s ekonomikurma siZlierem

ganapiroba misi samxedro Zliereba da meoce saukuneSi politikuri dominantis rolis

Sesruleba. sTiven gilisa da devid los wignSi (The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies) politikisa da ekonomikis mWidro urTierTkavSiris saCveneblad

moyvanilia meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili movlenis — aparteidis

magaliTi: samxreT afrikis politikuri viTareba cdeboda am qveynis kompetencias. mis

mogvarebaSi aqtiurad Caebnen dasavleTi (am SemTxvevaSi — aSS da zogierTi evropuli

saxelmwifo) da aRmosavleTi (pirvel rigSi ssrk da Semdeg misi sateliti

socialisturi saxelmwifoebi). orive mxaris politikosebisaTvis debatebi samxreT

afrikisa da aparteidis Sesaxeb ar iyo mxolod samarTlianobisa da samoqalaqo

uflebebis gamo, aramed, avtorebis azriT, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis ZalTa balansis,

grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa da samxreT afrikaSi maTi investiciebis masStabebis gamo.

dasavleTis antiaparteidulma lobim miaRwia ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas

samxreT afrikisaTvis. am qveyanaze saubrisas saWiroa movixsenioT strategiuli

nedleuli, romlis eqsportsac eweoda samxreT afrika aSS-sa da iaponiaSi da romlis

alternatiuli mimwodebelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iyo ssrk. wminda ekonomikuri

sanqciebis dawesebis miRma naTlad ikveTeboda politikuri interesebi da gaTvlebi.

amgvarad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis politikuri ekonomia yovelTvis arsebobda.

meoce saukuneSi ki misi, rogorc disciplinis, Camoyalibeba daiwyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da ekonomika mudam axdendnen erTmaneTze gavlenas,

maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala meoce saukuneSi. amis erT-

4

of stability and long-term peace. In today’s world the scale of capital flow is huge and there are different reasons for this: development of transnational corporations and increase of their number, rapid increase of export of machinery construction and improvement of transportation, etc.

Starting from the end of the twentieth century capital mainly goes to developed countries, while earlier the tendency was different and the capital was mainly moving from developed to developing countries. This change is primarily connected to the changes in the recipient fields.

Export of state capital and export of private capital are separately described and compared. Different forms of state capital, such as long-term loans, credits, non-cost assistance, etc., are characterized and their aim analyzed both country-level and international-level.

As for the export of private capital, its various forms are examined and its influence on the recipient country overviewed. For example, foreign direct and foreign indirect investments are analyzed both from the position of the investing country and the recipient country, and both sides’ arguments provided. Over again, critic of developed countries’ investment policy by the third world countries is offered and examined.

As a continuation of the theme of capital flow, the issue of transnational corporations is discussed within the course, as one of the forms of the export of capital. As Rhys Jenkins notes in his book “Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The Internalization of Capital and the Third World,” only a few economic institutions raise such emotional and contradictory debates as transnational corporations do.

Special attention is given to the notion transnational corporations and different terms such as multinational corporations, multinational enterprises, international firms, etc., and the reasons provided why UN selected the term transnational corporation against all others listed above. Brief history of transnational corporations’ development is provided and their forms and internal structures discussed. The role of these corporations in international political and economic system overviewed and their advantages analyzed.

And finally, transnational corporations’ and third world countries’ relationship discussed and noted that starting from the end of the twentieth century developing countries’ hostile attitude towards transnational corporations has alleviated compared to earlier periods.

Further, the political economy of the European integration is examined. The topic begins with brief overview of the history of unification of the European countries and its political and economic aspects: Pan-European movement; establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; creation of Benelux; establishment of the Council of Europe; Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg; and certainly, the Maastricht Treaty of course.

Many scholars believe that the Paris agreement on coal and steel among six European countries was one of the turning points towards the European integration. Besides its economic aspects, the agreement clearly followed political aims: agreement between Germany and France could become one of the guarantees for stability and long-term peace on the continent.

Benefits and advantages of free and liberal economy are analyzed from the perspectives of the European Union and success achieved by the European countries examined. What is the advantage of being united? Does it bring economic and social welfare only, if ever? Do these countries sacrifice their national interests? Is it world leadership aspiration? Is the European Union real candidate for future world hegemony?

According to many scholars one of the major reasons for establishment of tight political and economic relations among the European states was to balance the United States and even to become the world leader after the US. The European currency Euro and creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development were additional instruments towards this goal.

The next issue of the course is the economy and national security: military-industrial rivalry in the global economy. Within this topic it is attempted to analyze the logic of military-industrial rivalry and the way it influences the policies and arms production. It is also tried to understand why countries spend enormous amounts of money on militarization and how it is connected to the national security. Since military expenditures are constantly growing and arms rapidly spreading, one should raise a question: why arms production and military spending became a regular feature of the global economy?

Every country tries to secure its national security at most. But even the most powerful country cannot be sure that its national security is guaranteed, since it is not the only country that tries to solve this problem, and its neighboring or rivalry countries are also trying to secure their national

73

securities at most. Therefore, each country is somehow necessitated to strengthen its military-economic potential.

Military equipment is rather expensive and its price constantly increases along with its improvement and development. Accordingly, advanced military armament is a prerogative of highly developed countries. In this light, one should delineate two cases: production of military equipments and its import. Import is widely-accepted, especially by less developed countries; however, starting from 1980s more and more developing countries are developing their military industries and some of them are even exporting military equipment.

The period of Cold War, rivalry between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, arms race and the balance of nuclear weapons certainly could not be avoided within this topic, and these issues are also touched upon and analyzed.

Finally, the concept of military conversion is explained and its economic aspects examined. Military conversion envisages turn of military industry/production into civilian and also re-training of people employed in military industry and providing them new jobs.

74

Concluding remark: As mentioned in the beginning, not all the aspects of the international political economy could

be touched upon within this course; however, I tried to outline basic issues of the international political economy most frequently taught and providing the principal understanding of the discipline. In addition, I would like to note that since IPE is a rather new discipline, which is closely related to contemporary political and economic events, it is incredibly dynamic and constantly developing.

sarCevi

1. Sesavali 4

2. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomiis sami Teoria 6

3. hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria 13

4. safinanso-savaluto urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 18

5. saerTaSoriso vaWroba. savaWro urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg 23

6. mesame samyaros gaCena da ekonomikuri sistemis sami qvesistema 30

7. globalizacia 39

8. kapitalis moZraoba 45

9. evropis integracia 55

10. erovnuli usafrTxoeba da ekonomika 59

11. Political Economy of International Relations Course Resume 67

3