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Nine Men's Morris. Martin Boyd Christopher Hirunthanakorn. Game Overview. Two player game RULES Players alternate turns placing pieces on the board If a mill is formed, player may remove an opponent's piece mill - three pieces formed along a line - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Nine Men's MorrisMartin Boyd
Christopher Hirunthanakorn
Game Overview• Two player game• RULES
o Players alternate turns placing pieces on the board
o If a mill is formed, player may remove an opponent's piece mill - three pieces formed along a line
o After both players place nine pieces, players move their pieces to any free adjacent spot
o The game is over when a player has less than 3 pieces or no legal moves remain
Example
Example (continued)
Game Classification
• Determinate• Zero-sum• Symmetric• Perfect Information• Sequential• Normal
Background• One of the oldest games played to date
o Game board carving from 1400 BCE found in Egypt
• Also known as Mill, Merelles, or Cowboy Checkers
• Popular variants of the game include Three Men's, Six Men's, and Twelve Men's Morris
Research Goals/Questions• Look for an optimal strategy for piece
placement• Find an optimal strategy for gameplay• Is there a winning strategy for either
player?• Is the game fair?
Analyzing the Game• Searched for previous work on the game• Game States and Combinatorics• Created program with a GUI• Analyzed Five Men's Morris • Created an Adaptive Program• Created an AI• Used python as the programming
language
Previous Publications• Ralph Gasser (Swiss computer
scientist)o Proved that perfect play in Nine Men's Morris
results in a draw and is impossible for humans to achieve
o Analyzed the midgame and endgame by going through all possible game states and labeling them a win or lose position
o Did not provide any advice on the optimal strategy or fairness of the game
Five Men's Morris• Players have 5 pieces instead of 9• 16 spots instead of 24
Game States and Combinatorics• A game state is defined as the game board and
all relevant information defining it such as Last player to move and position of last move
• Board to the right is the game state where player 1 just went but could have placed it on either side
• Used combinatorics to estimate the number of game states possible o About 1.74 * 10^11 states based on possible
combinations of placement (16*15*14*13*12*11*10*9*8*7*6)
o Can be reduced using symmetry of game states to about 7.26 * 10^8 (31+14*13*12*11*10*9*8*7*6)
Basic Program Structure
A1
B C D E
2
3
4
5
B2
E5
Basic Program Structure• Data of the Game Board is stored in 3
arrayso Basic Array
[A1,A3,A5,B2,B3,B4,C1,C2,C4,C5,D2,D3,D4,E1,E3,E5]o Mill Array
[[0,A1,A3,A5],[0,B2,B3,B4],...,[0,E1,E3,E5]] o Connection Array
[[A1,A3,C1,0],[A3,A1,A5,B3],...,[E5,C5,E3,0]]
Adaptive Program• Runs the Game MANY times• Contains Matchboxes that punish a
player if that player loses thus not repeating the same mistake twice.
Matchboxes
A EC DB1
2
3
4
5
A5
C2B4
C5D2
C4
D3D4E5
MOVES
Adaptive Program• 2 different Adaptive Programs written for Five
Men's Morris• Opening Stage Adaptive
o Contains a Matchbox for each player to select spots
• Second Stage Adaptiveo Contains two Matchboxes for each player to
move pieces and the other for removing pieces
Adaptive Results• Opening Stage Adaptive
o After 60 million runs (On the last 10 million) 72544 won by Player 1 44059 won by Player 2 9883397 end in a draw Player 1 has 20% advantage on win/loss However most opening stages end in draw
• Second Stage Adaptiveo After 10 million runs still dead eveno The program requires more runs to draw a
conclusion.
AI Logic (Minimax and Negamax)• AI is based on the game theory decision rule of
Minimax and Negamax• Both determine the worth of a game state using
a set of conditions• Efficiently searches through possible states and
presents the best one.o Negamax differs in how it eliminates certain
states that can not be achieved to increase search speeds Current State
2 0
2
5
91 6
Next State
Next Next State
AI Logic (Scoring)• Plays the game more intelligently by
choosing the best move from all possible moves for that game board
• Moves are scored based on the resultant game board o next to open connection or own piece =
+1o next to opponent's piece = -1o sets up 2/3 parts of a mill = +2o blocks opponent's mill = +2o makes a mill = +3
AI Results• Player 1 using AI, Player 2 playing
randomlyo After 1000 runs multiple times, Player 1 wins
roughly about 70% of the time• Both players using AI
o After 1000 runs multiple times, neither player has an advantage over the other (around 50% each)
• AI will require more improvements and test runs to get solid results
General Strategy• Take spots on both rings• Take spots with the most connections• Block your opponent's move in a way that
you don't trap yourself• Try to force your opponent to allow you to
make a millo Ex) player 1 takes outside corners and
player 2 tries to block• If possible, set up two potential mills next
to each other so that a mill can be made by moving back and forth
Future Work• Improve AI and adaptive learning
programs to be more efficiento Currently the Adaptive takes too long to
run through the required number of games
• Confirm the patterns found apply to Nine Men's Morris by running the programs on it
• Come up with a more detailed strategy that will handle every situation