AL-TR-1 992-0136AD-A258 529

NIGHT VISION GOGGLE TRAINING:A DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF SIX VIDEO PROGRAMSRM DeForest 0. JoralmonS Joseph C. Antonio

T University of Dayton Research Institute300 College Park Avenue

oDTI C Dayton, OH 45469

N ELECTE IiGS AL HUMAN RESOURCES DIRECTORATE

AIRCREW TRAINING RESEARCH DIVISIONA Williams Air Force Base, AZ 85240-6457

B

A November 1992

T Final Technical Report for Period January 1992 - November 19920R Approved for public release; distribution Is unlimited.Y

* 1 92-32471

AIR FORCE MATERIEL COMMANDBROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEXAS 78235

NOTICES

This technical report is published as received and has not been edited by thetechnical editing staff of the Armstrong Laboratory.

When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for anypurpose other than in connection with a definitely Government-related procure-ment, the United States Government incurs no responsibility or any obligationwhatsoever. The fact that the Government may have formulated or in any waysupplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, Is not to be regarded byImplication, or otherwise in any manner construed, as licensing the holder, or anyother person or corporation; or as conveying any rights or permission to manu-facture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto.

The Office of Public Affairs has reviewed this paper, and it is releasable tothe National Technical Information Service, where it will be available to the generalpublic, including foreign nationals.

This report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.

PATRICIA A. SPEARS DEE H. ANDREWS, Technical DirectorContract Monitor Aircrew Training Research Division

A. CARROLL, Colonel, USAFChief, Aircrew Training Research Division

Form Approved

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OM1 No. App4-roed

Public re~orting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average d hour per response, including the time for reviewing inttructions. searching existing data souorces,gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and~ reviewing the collection of information tend comments regarding this burden estimate or any other• a spect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducdng this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services. Direcorate for Information Operations and Reports, 121S JeffersonDavis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, cnd to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

November 1992 Final - January 1992 - November 19924. TITLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS

Night Vision Goggle Training: Development and C - F33615-90-C-0005Production of Six Video Programs PE - 62205F

6. AUTHOR(S) PR - 1123TA - 03

DeForest 0. Joralmon WU - 85Joseph C. Antonio

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES) B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

University of Dayton Research Institute300 College Park AvenueDayton, OH 45469

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

Armstrong Laboratory AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Human Resources DirectorateAircrew Training Research DivisionWiliams Air Force Base, AZ 85240-6457 AL-TR-1992-0136

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Armstrong Laboratory Technical Monitor: Patricia A. Spears, (602) 988-6561

12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

This report contains a paper submitted to the 14th Interservice/Industry Training Systems Conference held 2-5 November 1992 in San Antonio, TX. With the increased use of night vision goggles (NVG) within the US AirForce, Navy, and Marine aviation communities, there Is an expanded need for NVG training. The paper describesthe role of NVG training videos within the prototype NVG training course, the content of the presentations, andtechniques used In the production of the programs. It concludes that video presentations showing examples ofNVG Imagery can successfully be used to augment NVG training.

14. SUIUECT TERMS Multimedia Video production iS. NUMBER OF PAGES

Aeral photography Night vision Videodisc 18Image Intensification Night vision goggles Videotapes 16. PRICE CODE

Interactive video NVG17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Ufolln ed Unasulfed Unclassifled ULNSN 710-01-260-SS00 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescrtbed by ANSI Std Z39-IS

PREFACE

This work was conducted at the Armstrong Laboratory, Aircrew TrainingResearch Division (AL/HRA) at Williams Air Force Base, AZ, by the University ofDayton Research Institute (UDRI). AL/HRA conducts visual training effectivenessresearch in support of aircrew training technology. One entity of this effort is a nightvision training research program.

UDRI, working under Contract F33615-90-C-0005, is developing prototypeinstructional media and courseware to be used in aircrew night vision goggle (NVG)training. This report contains a paper submitted to the 14th Interservice/IndustryTraining Systems Conference held on 2-5 November 1992 in San Antonio, TX, whichdescribes the role of the NVG training videos within the prototype NVG training course,the content of the presentations, and techniques used in the production of theprograms. The laboratory contract monitor was Ms. Patricia A. Spears. This effort wasmanaged under Work Unit 1123-03-85, Flying Training Research Support.

Accesioii For

NTIS CRA&IDTIC TABUina-iioui:ced -.Justificatiol

BYDist-ibutio;., j

AvaIdabii!ty C :-s

Avail aw;L)orDist Special

fAl-

1)'.'C QUJALITY 11N~pECTE

NIGHT VISION GOGGLE TRAINING:DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF SIX VIDEO PROGRA MS

DeForest Q. JoralmonUniversity of Dayton Research Institute

Dayton, Ohio

Joseph C. AntonioUniversity of Dayton Research Institute

Dayton, Ohio

ABSTRACT

With the increased use of night vision goggles (NVGs) within the Air Force, Navy, and Marineaviation communities, there is an expanded need for NVG training. Six video programs have beenproduced covering the following subjects: image characteristics, luminance variations, lighting issues,terrain albedos, weather effects, and navigational issues. These linear presentations demonstrate a varietyof NVG attributes, limitations, and operational capabilities. Intensified imagery acquired from bothairborne aircraft and ground-based locations provide visual examples of the concepts discussed. Theprograms are generic in that they apply to both rotary and fixed-wing flying communities. The programsare used to augment ground school and may be used as refresher training prior to NVG flying. Thispaper describes the role of the NVG training videos within the prototype NVG training course, thecontent of the presentations, and techniques used in the production of the programs. These six videoprograms form the basis of an NVG interactive videodisc currently being developed.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

DeForest Q. Joralmon earned his B.S. degree in Telecommunications from Northern ArizonaUniversity and a Master of Mass Communication degree from Arizona State University. His appliedresearch interests include the study of electronic media and concentrate on the development of interactivevideodiscs and multimedia projects. Mr. Joralmon is currently a producer for the University of DaytonResearch Institute (UDRI) working at the Aircrew Training Research Division of the ArmstrongLaboratory, Williams AFB, Arizona.

Joseph C. Antonio obtained a B.S. degree in Industrial Management from the Georgia Instituteof Technology, a B.S. degree in Chemistry from Armstrong State College, and a Doctor of Medicinedegree from the Medical University of South Carolina. He has over 4000 hours of military and civilianflying experience including combat and instructor time. His research interests include aircrew training,aerospace medicine, and human factors. Dr. Antonio is presently a research physician scientist for theUniversity of Dayton Research Institute working at the Aircrew Training Research Division of theArmstrong Laboratory, Williams AFB, Arizona.

NIGHT VISION GOGGLE TRAINING:DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF SIX VIDEO PROGRAMS

DeForest Q. JoralmonUniversity of Dayton Research Institute

Dayton, Ohio

Joseph C. AntonioUniversity of Dayton Research Institute

Dayton, Ohio

INTRODUCTION 1) Introduction and Visual Physiology2) Circadian Rhythm, Fatigue, and Spatial

The Aircrew Training Research DisorientationDivision of the Armstrong Laboratory 3) The Night Environment and Night(AL/HRA), located at Williams Air Force Vision DevicesBase in Arizona, conducts visual training 4) Cockpit Procedures and Lightingeffectiveness research in support of aircrew 5) Specific Techniques and Lessonstraining technology. One entity of this Learnedeffort is a night vision training research 6) Hazards and Emergency Proceduresprogram. The increased use of night vision 7) NVG Fitting and Life Support Traininggoggles (NVGs) by the Air Force, Navy, 8) Simulator or Static Cockpitand Marine aviation community hasexpanded the need for NVG training. Units The prototype course is taught incurrently using NVGs have expressed a need facilities designed specifically for NVGfor improved NVG training programs. The training. The facilities consist of a lectureUniversity of Dayton Research Institute room equipped with slide projection and(UDRI), working under contract to video playback capabilities, a terrain board,AL/HRA, is developing prototype a test lane used for NVG adjustment andinstructional media and courseware to be assessment, a cockpit lighting demonstrator,used in aircrew NVG training, and an instructor's office. The USAF

currently has two such facilities in place atWilliams AFB, AZ, and at Kirtland AFB,

PROTOTYPE COURSE AND FACILITIES NM. Three other facilities are planned forEllsworth AFB, SD; Pope AFB, NC; and

The NVG training course under Hurlburt Field, FL. In support of the NVGdevelopment is designed primarily as initial prototype training course, six videotraining and secondarily as refresher training programs were produced for use atfor NVG aircrew, life support, and appropriate times during the instruction.aeromedical personnel. The major sectionsof the course are as follows:

2

NIGHT VISION GOGGLE TRAINING can enhance navigational capability andVIDEO PROGRAMS increase situational awareness during

nighttime missions.The subjects for the six video

programs were chosen based on current andhistorical information supplied by test and Production Treatmentoperational personnel actually involved inNVG employment. Operators from all three The term production treatment refersservices were used as subject matter experts to the style in which a program will bein helping to define program content. presented to the audience. In the case ofAdditionally, representatives from the these six NVG training presentations,training communities were used in several strategies were adhered to during thedetermining how to integrate the video production process. The programs arepresentations into the various current night designed to be generic in that they apply tovision curricula in order to maximize their both rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft.effectiveness. The titles of the six video When a subject being discussed is aircraft-programs are listed below: type specific, it is clearly stated as such.

The presentations are designed to augment1) NVG Image Characteristics NVG training and are not used as stand-2) Luminance Variations alone instruction devices. An instructor will3) Lighting Issues discuss or lecture on a certain subject and4) Terrain Albedos then show the appropriate videotape to5) Weather Effects aurally and visually demonstrate key points.6) Navigational Issues Secondarily, the programs can be used for

refresher training prior to NVG flying or asThe program on image characteristics a reference tool on the squadron or wing

demonstrates NVG field of view, field of level. The programs run approximately tenregard, scan techniques, image resolution, minutes each. This run time was decidedand intensified image peculiarities. The upon to minimize any loss of attentionprogram on luminance variations during program presentation. Finally, NVGdemonstrates how various night luminance users and subject matter experts were usedconditions, such as moon angle and phase, as talent. Each program has a differentimpact NVG image quality and operational narrator who appears on-screen at theemployment. The program on lighting beginning and end of each program. Theissues demonstrates the effects cockpit idea is that the viewers will identify withlighting, external lighting, cultural lighting, presenters who have NVG experience andand ordnance use have on NVGs. The thus more credibility is lent to the programs.program on terrain albedos shows howvarious terrains appear through NVGs andhow that appearance affects NVG Production Techniquesemployment in an aviation environment.The program on weather effects presents One of the first and most importantinformation on how environmental steps in producing the NVG training videoconditions, such as rain or blowing dust, programs was writing the scripts. Once theimpact NVO pesormance. The program on scripts were written, all the various shots

vi issues d how NVGs required were described and listed in detail.

3

The unique aspect of producing these intensifier with an objective lens, a videoprograms was the need to record intensified camera, a viewfinder or a monitor, a deviceimages onto videotape. The systems used to for coupling the intensifier to the camera,acquire such video as well as some post and a videotape recorder. Threeprduction techniques are described below, configurations of videotape acquisition

systems were used in the production of theIntensified Image Videotape NVG training video programs. The

Acquisition Systems - A system for components of these configurations arevideotape acquisition of intensified imagery shown in Figure 1.requires five basic elements: An image

Figure 1. Intensified image videotape acquisition systems used by AL/HRA.

The first system uses a Sony EVC- for direct coupling to the image intensifierXLO 8mm camcorder. A Litton 944 Gen III using a Litton 2/3" relay adapter.pocketscope with a 27mm objective lens isused for image intensification. The Sony A second system is configured usingcamcorder has a C-mount lens which allows a Sony CCD-V701 Hi8 camcorder. The

main physical difference between this and

4

Sii 1 • irarain iiinlm lnl nllnlnmlllllllll mia Im uM

the first system is that an aluminum adapter back of the image intensifier and to the frontsleeve is used to couple the image intensifier of the camera's charged coupling deviceto the camcorder. This system has a wider (CCD). This eliminates the glass relayfield of view than the first system. optics currently being used in AL/HRAHowever, vignetting is present on the video acquisition systems. Unwantedtelevision monitor and the image appears in camera movements, such as those produceda circle wipe effect, by aircraft vibration, can be minimized by

using a stabilized lens. To date, AL/HRAThe third system configuration uses has not tested either of these ideas for

a Cohu 4810 high resolution, high improving image quality.sensitivity monochrome camera with a C-mount lens. The image intensifier and Post Production - Post production iscoupling device are the same as in the first the process in which all graphics, video, andsystem. This system requires a separate audio elements of the program are editedvideo recorder and monitoring device, together into the final presentation. This

work was performed at the ResearchThe advantages of these video Communications Center (RCC) video

acquisition systems are that they are production facility located at AL/HRA.lightweight, portable, compact, and have the Computer animation, digital video effects,ability to record up to two hours on a single and electronic character generation werevideotape. The main disadvantage is the used to help demonstrate principlesdecreased image resolution when compared discussed in the programs.to viewing the intensified image with one'seye through an eyepiece. Two otherdisadvantages are the lack of unaided Program Distributionperipheral vision that an NVG user has andimage instability as a result of shooting The six programs were duplicatedscenes by hand during flight. and packaged in box sets that included each

program on a separate videotape as well asThe two systems based on another videotape with all six programs

camcorders are best suited for handheld recorded thereon. The box sets wereaerial videography. The systems are self- distributed to NVG training officers on bothcontained and relatively easy to use in the the wing and squadron level throughout thedark and while moving around within an USAF, USN, and USMC. The distributionaircraft. The Cohu 4810 camera works well lists were based on sponsor-generated input.in both ground-based applications and low Approximately eighty sets had been sent outluminance conditions. Any of the systems as of 31 May 1992.could also be hard-mounted on an aircraftand record a fixed point of view. Twophotographs obtained from videotape CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT OF NVGrecorded using these cameras are shown in TRAINING VIDEO PROGRAMSFigures 2 and 3.

Further development and productionThe resolution of videotaped night of instructional media for night vision device

vision can possibly be improved by using a training continue. Several projects mandatefiber optic minifier that is adhered to the the creation of both linear and non-linear or

5

Figure 2. Night vision video of rising terrain in southern California.

Figure 3. Night vision video of an HH-3 helicopter operating in southern Arizona.

6

interactive video programs. Strategies and specifically the quick random accessmethods for generating viewer feedback on capability of videodisc players, that makesthe effectiveness of such programs are also interactivity appropriate for some aspects ofbeing developed. aircrew training.

An interactive videodisc has beenAircraft and Mission-Specific Presentations produced as a proof-of-concept

demonstration system. This videodisc isAs a follow-on to the generic nature entitled "NVG Illusions and Visual

of the first NVG training programs, Training." It is a self-paced, stand-alonepresentations that specifically address certain instruction device based on a Macintoshaircraft and missions are being produced. computer interfaced with and controlling aThese products will concentrate on how videodisc player. A student is presentedNVGs are employed by various crew with screens of text that provide subjectpositions (if applicable) and how they information and also contain prompts thatintegrate into mission scenarios. Plans call guide the student through the program.for three initial mission-specific videos, each When appropriate, the computer commandsone concentrating on a basic aircraft type. the videodisc player to display theThe three aircraft types under consideration accompanying audio-video sequence.include a helicopter (e.g., AH-lW), atanker-transport platform (e.g., MC-130), As a follow-on to the six NVGand a fighter/attack aircraft (e.g., F/A-18D). training video programs, an interactive

videodisc is being produced that will serveas an audio-visual training aid. Numerous

Interactive Videodiscs examples of NVG imagery pertinent to whatis presented in the prototype NVG training

Floyd (1982, p. 2) in the Handbook course will be on the videodisc. Theof Interactive Video defines interactive video examples will be arranged under both mainas "any video program in which the and sub-headings. A menu-driven computersequence and selection of messages is program will allow the instructor todetermined by the user's response to the randomly access any segment. Thematerial." Traditionally, video productions computer program will be encoded on theare presented in a linear manner. That is, videodisc along with the video and audiothe programs start at the beginning and run information. A computer microprocessor,straight through continuously until the end. located within the videodisc player, willThe viewer has no control over the enable the interface between the videodiscpresentation. On the other hand, interactive and the user. The interactive videodisc willvideo is predominantly non-linear. In non- be used during lecture portions of the NVGlinear video, the video program is typically training course. Instructors will be able todivided into segments. These segments may discuss a certain aspect of NVG employmentbe presented in several different orders and and then immediately augment that pointrandomly accessed. The user determines the with an audio-visual segment from theorder of the video presentation by videodisc. A system similar to this oneresponding to prompts from the program (dealing with low altitude visual perception(Matthewson, 1983). It is the random subjects) has been used by the Tucson Airaccess attribute of interactive video, and National Guard since 1987. Its usefulness is

7

acknowiedged by both the instructors who Training Effectiveness Evaluationuse it and the students who view it (ThomaeC., personal communication, March 6, Several efforts are being considered1989). to evaluate the effectiveness of all night

vision training device modalities. TheseThe production of a videodisc that modalities include didactic and video

will serve as an NVG audio-visual database presentations, computer-based training,is also planned. This videodisc will contain terrain board and eye lane instruction,examples of NVU imagery culled from the interactive videodisc applications, andvideo library being compiled at AL/HRA. simulator instruction. Methods to evaluateUnlike the lecture aid videodisc described the effectiveness of these modalitiesabove, this videodisc will not contain any individually and in various combinations willcomputer programming nor will the be addressed in the future.segments be arranged by various menus.Such a layout will allow for the videodisc to For more timely feedback on thebe configured in several ways by several utility of the initial six programs, anusers. All such configurations will require evaluation form has been included as part ofinterfacing the videodisc with an external the distribution package. Backgroundcomputer. The purpose of the NVG audio- information is requested including type ofvisual database videodisc is for it to be aircraft flown, mission, crew position, andintegrated into existing and future total NVG flight time. Questions answereddevelopments of NVG computer-based on a Likert scale format ask viewers theirtraining (CBT). opinions on the relevancy of the topics, the

clarity of the presentation, whether or notAn example of NVG CBT that could videotape is an appropriate medium for

be augmented with interactive videodisc NVG training, and the usefulness of suchcapability is the courseware being developed programs for NVG training. Questionsby McDonnell Douglas Training Systems at requiring anecdotal responses ask whatKirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico. should be added or changed to facilitateIn its present state, this CBT consists of text coverage of the present topics and whatand graphics displayed on a computer mission-specific material is best suited formonitor. The users move through the inclusion in future NVG training programs.program at their own pace. An NVGimagery database videodisc could be Completed evaluation forms areinterfaced to the computer and displayed on reviewed individually by programthe computer's own screen or a separate producers. The information gathered is usedmonitor. Updating this current training to improve upcoming NVG trainingprogram and integrating it with a videodisc presentations. Initial feedback has beenwould expand the CBT's capability by extremely positive.presenting the student with full motion videoand audio information which illustrates the Future programs may require orinstructional content. receive more formal effectiveness

evaluations. Such evaluations may beconducted by in-house personnel or theymay be contracted out to firms that conductsuch research. These evaluations may be

8

conducted to determine an NVG training As production continues on NVGprogram's cost effectiveness, to calculate a instructional media, AJJHRA hopes toprogram's immediate instructional improve the resolution of image-intensifiedeffectiveness and efficiency, to ascertain a video. An ongoing expansion of a videotapeprogram's impact over the long term, to library demonstrating NVG and other nightdetermine how the program could be vision device (e.g., forward lookingimproved, and to document the production infrared) image characteristics and effects isprocess (Reeves, 1989). another long-term goal. Finally, AL/HRA

will continue to conduct applied researchand development work with regard tomultimedia and interactive technologies in

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS an ongoing effort to improve aircrewtraining.

Video presentations showingexamples of NVG imagery can successfullybe used to augment NVG training. Video REFERENCEStechnology allows instructors to illustrateand reinforce concepts, characteristics and Floyd, S. (1982). Handbook of Interactivetechniques in the safety of the classroom. Video. White Plains: KnowledgeAL/HRA will continue to produce NVG Industry Publications, Inc.,training media in both linear and non-linearformats. Producing linear versions of Matthewson, D.K. (1983). Revolutionaryprograms allows users who do not have Technology. Cambridge:access to interactive videodisc to obtain the" Butterworth and Company Limited.benefits such presentations can provide.Non-linearprogramming puts state-of-the-art Reeves, T.C. (1989). The role, methods,technology into aircrew training, increasing and worth of evaluation inits overall effectiveness. instructional design. In K. Johnson

and L. Foa, (Eds.), Instructionaldesign: New strategies for educationand training. New York:MacMillan.

9"U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1992-0-701-052/60050