[Nigel Barraclough] First Aid Made Easy a Compreh(Bookos.org)

7/28/2019 [Nigel Barraclough] First Aid Made Easy a Compreh(Bookos.org)

1/61

comeeive ft idmu d efeece uide.

AD Usage

Amputation

Aaphylaxis

Aina

Asma

Bleedig

Brs

Cest Iju

Cokig

CPR

Croup

Crus Iry

DabtesDrowig

Epilepsy

ye nury

Faiig

Febrile Cvusios

Fittig

FracturesFrostie

Hea ures

Heart Attack

ea xausio

Heat Stroe Hypervetiato

Hypothermia

ternal Bleeig

Poisong

Recovry osio

Ressitaio

Sok

Spial y

Sains an Stras

Stroke

consciusess

8

32

8

24

3

34

2

8

32

42

48

3

2

4

48

344

2

24

4

4

2

43

32

33

8

2

39

37

3


2/61


3/61

Contents and Introduction

Contents Iroductio

t Aid in, Bn nd Sld Th maua ha bee deged bytoduo 3 Posos 33 a expeeed para med trutr

e Ams o rs Ad 4 smtng eve o Bur 34 t gude yu thugh yur frt ad

oes o Temet 4 Cses of Brs nd Treet 35ure, ad t prde yu th referee fr future year

ettin njie t Bne, Mle nd intmerge Ato P 5 he keet ste 36 Mt pepe ll fd the frmat

th b uefu ad frmate,hn of uvvl 6 Cses of j 37 but t at repae had do Pumor esstton (C) 6-8 pes of te 37 trag the ta s f dealghld d B CPR 8 Dsotos 37 th emergey tuat

hest Compesson ol CP 8 rns nd trs 37 Efctive emergecy treatmetnnine rs d ts - Treme 39 befre pfeal help arreefon nd Cuses 9 Ftues - gs d mptoms 38 g a g way t reduig the

eves o espose 9 Frues Tetme 38 eet f e ad ur addeed ae mee fem d eod uve 10 jres 39-4

eove Posto " ffet f Het nd Cld Tag part a frt ad ure ad

ed ues 12-13 Bod empetue 42ug th maual may be the mtmptat de yu mae

oe 13 Hpohem 43 yur lfe ox (ow oxge) 14 Froste

iy nd Betng blem Het xhston

he Resto stem 15 Het oke 45

okg 6-17 Tg empeture 45

ns 18 Ote Sei Cnditinshm d Cop 19 Detes 46-47pevetto 20 eps 48-49rowng 20 ezres 48-49est njures 21 ere Covulsos 49

itin lem Te Dgestve sem 50

e Clto sem 22-23 Helt nd Sfetyg 24-25 mloers esosltes 51 E 7.

ert At 2425 Frs Ad Ks 51 MORTATeft Venl Fue 25 Frs Ad eeds ssesse 52 Tis mnul s designed s lernnghok: Hovoem 26 Tped of F rs Ader 53 gude to ful frst id course,t cnnot replce 'hnds on tning in

Crdoge 27 Reotng o dents OR) 53 he vtl sks o deng wt nemergency stuton Anl 27 Adet Boo 54 you sspect lness o r injuy, you shoud

tng 27 e epot om 55 ays eek pressonl medil dvce

Wnd nd Bleedng AppendixSCAIMR

Whist eveyf s een mdegee 28 Resuscton Chd 56 ensre e ccury e nfortion

coned wthin this mnl,es o Wond 28 Resuston B 57 te or does not ccept ny lbi

for ny nccrces or or ny

ood Loss 29 esusto wh AD 58-60

suseuent stretment M

ny prson, howee cused

etme of Beedg 30 Gly medded Ojes 3 Notes 664ose Beeds 3 Glossr 65 Qe imit. Al Rights RsNo pa o t publicto y reproc,

e jues 31 Fit Aid Qi sor i ri syst, or trsiti y orm or y ny s, roi,mtton 32 st Ad Qz 66 mechaia, p hotocopyg recordng orus ju 32 oteise wthout th piwte piiof th opyrgh or


4/61

First aid

A animal life needs a constantsupply of oxygen to suvive. Ifthat oxygen is tken away forany reason, brain cells will startto die within to minutes

The priorities of treatment retherefore amed firstly at gettingoxygen into the blood stream,

ensuring that the blood isirulating around the bod andthen preventing the loss of thatblood. f this aim is achieved, thenthe majority of asualties will stil belive when the ambulane arrives

MuW/ u

he BBB rule can be used formultiple asualties, to deide whoneeds teatment first A rough 'uleof thumb' is that the casualty whois the quietest needs treatmentfirst where s the one makingthe most noise (tying to get yourattention) is the least serious!

The ams f st a

Prrv LiNo ol e csuts lie bu our ow s we r too oe o oe persos ieis i dge we the emegec services re ced bu b the ime te rrve ere

e more I o put ou ie i dger ou c ed up ighig o our OWN ieised o e csuls

Prv t ition fo Woringhe siled rs ider must tke cio to preve he whoe siuo rom becomgwose rmin dans such as traic r fums s we s cig o prevet thecsu s codiio rom deeroig

Poot ovye cios o st ider soud fe preveig higs rom getg worse helphe csut o recove rom eir less or iu

Ptes teatment

e is piot wth piet is to mke sure he w is ope d e o chec tere g orm A and B e iet is breig om hs mes t eirhert ms so be beig so bood is beig cirted roud the bod As e d chec s cied ou s we cl i e imary suy

Oce o e hpp h e csu is eg om d oxge is beig circuledroud e bod the ex prior is o de w mor leeg becuse ou eed omti eough blood o circute te oxge oud Aer tese seps he ext pioris o del wi broe e BB8 The cec or beedig d e broe boes iscled he 'scnda suy

Prmry urvy

0 -0

0 Q= < 8

I Bes


5/61

Emegency action plan

t s iotat to ave a acto an fo eegeces Tis low cat guides you og e actos o ak wen dea ng w aien A te tocs, sc as te recovery ositio ad esscitatio are covered ater te book

Mak th s sa.

D tak rsks.

Glk f any uhr dagrC ?

Sut and gny shak

ap h casua

Hl!Sht r hp u d'

av casua y

On th aiay by tting

had back and itng h chi

N?

lk s ad fr

mr tha 1 0 sds

yu nt sur bathing s rma, at

as hgh i s ot.

l 9N( )

toyFind ut at has hapd

Si d Symtom

patn o?T as

Tetmet

Rmb yu sur awayk prfssia mdia avi

Secody SuveyChc f eng jr

ad cs (s ecovey otio v sin s a no alrea r Arway an Brahg

Kp h asua war

Gv 30 hst psss th su aths Ctn gg s 0 cmpss s as. Oy stp hk h pa thy sa bathig nomay

ths t iup susitti

1

I t is m tan sc ag v y ts t pvnt atigu


6/61

Resuscitation

Aiayblckdby thtnu

Aiaycladby tltinth had)

Gnty hak th

huld and hut

Gntly ti th had back and th chin t n th aiwa

WRNN n th it fw minuta cadiac at, a caualtymay b baly bathin, takininfqunt, ni a D ntnu thi with nmal bathin d bt t R

The ha of urvival odr o mi h ox sppl o h od prso s rh d hi hrmus pupi hr of s wo fcios sop h r d o vtl ors wuick dior d r cs wi srt o di wih to us Ulss rt cio s o cicl ox oud h od his wil vtl sul i dh

Th os coo cs of cdc rst dults s vtlr filtio. I thscicumscs t st chc of sti h ht s s dfilltor wh ich s rrdo l c mucs t UK For this so phss s p cd o smmohlp d dli 999 s soo s poss. Of cous h h d i mst kptoxtd il th dlor rivs; so Cdio ulo ssctto R is vil f cst s to rcovr Ths ctios or th ks i th chi o svvl diaam

Cado uloay Reuiaio (CR) - Priary uvey:

C ang make sure it's safe and nd out whats happened C tt it s sf fo ou to hp csult Do o pu oslf isk i w I possi rmov d rom th csl o i ot c o sf mov

csul ro th dr?

Fid ot ws ppd - d mk s ou si s.

C ow m csulis C ou op?

Rspns are they conscious? G sk souds d sk odl Ar ou rt? r is o spos sou o lp imdil u do ot lv s

Arwa open the aiway Cll op th us d it d c i:

P or d o h fohd d i t d k

With ou fitps dr th pot of t slts h lft t to op tirw diam

Brahng check nomal beathngKp t irw op hc to s i h h s orm . Tk o mo h 0scods o do hs:

oo t s d do fo movmt

ist o h souds of rt m than th ccainal a

Fl fo o ou ck or movmt of t cst or dom.

f sl h oall c ot sod sv d pl m i t


7/61

f h aa bahin nmay

k m a 999 a amb la O, u ar w d hi ; a d t av th auat. Sar h mr a fw:

a h hl had i th t f h aal h, th a h h f hr had t ad ilk r fir s diagram

it r vrtall abv th aualt h wh r ar raiht

r dw h batb m 1 ' incs th la h urwithu at btw u had ad h ht cs cmrssin r thaur t aid vr th aat b t al eu vr th abdm th bttm d f h brab

mr ad la hd ak a qal amut im

D 0 h mri a a ra f 00 mt

Nw mbi ht mr wh r brath bw

E daly casuay nds b n a firm a surfac rfrm cs cmrssins n

bd On way rm smn frm a w bd is un bd ss and us msid casuay carfuy G if yu can and b vy carfu n inur

ursf r casua D n mv casuay if yu d n in is saf d s - rmv iws and am R n bd insad

Cmbn h mn wh resc..::;::,-__________ h aiwa aai, had l ad hi lft

N th ft a f h aa t d Allw th muh t , bu mataih lft

Tak a rmal brath ad a u ard th aat mh

w adi i th aalt mh, whl wah r he h ri rscubra Tak ab d ma th h

h awa , rmv r mth. Tak a brah f frh a ad wah th aalt ht t a a air m

Ral u muth ad v ahr u brath w in a

Rur had wh dla h rt ii th brab ad vahr 30 ht mr n 2 mr rscu bras

at yl of 3 m a 2 ahl rhk h aa i h ar bah rmal - thwi ditrut a

r ru brah dt mak h ht ri fivl, iv ahr 30 hm, h bfr xt atmt:

Chk th aal mth ad mv a viibl bti

hk ha h adqat had it ad h i

D atm m tha w brah ah im bfr rur h mr

f r is mr an n rscu cang vr ry w mins rn faigunsur minimum f d/ay as yu cang

Cnnu ia uni

Qaid h arv ad tak vr

Th aalt tar brath rmall, r

b h t d

Resuscitation _L, isn and f

fr nrma braing

Pac f n and in cnr f cs, n

r and n

Arms sraig and sudrsab yur ands,

drss cs cm

Ni ns and sa yur muarund asuay's mu

wy bra us nugair ma cs ris


8/61

Resscitation

For a child over 1 yea use one or twohands to compress the chest by about

one third of its depth

For a baby under 1 yea use woinge to compress the chest by

about one third of its depth

Tu them onto their side andalow the omit to run out

Resscitation o chle a babies

een sudies ve d t dren d ive resusi bu tilresues e usg he hr I is irtn t udersnd t is fr beer dut stle' resusti id (who is unresponsie and not breathing) h dthg ll

f enig d reteti s des us t dut sequee rusii(see previous pages) n d r bb w s unessive d n behng e llwnginr diitis te du seqee wi, wever, e i ve re suitbe r use idrn:

iv e iitil ru brt bfr sig (then continue at the ratio of compressions to breaths)

I u re ur wn r rutn r bu 1 nut bfr gng fr res he es b but trd s dh:

bb ud 1 , use tw ge d vr 1 r u e tw (as needed) v dqut

d f m (about one third of the depth)e l eee l et ge et ge 56 57

Chestcom pression only essctaton

W t sul suers rd rres s ikel tt here is residul xgen en t bd srm

If u ub (o unwing) giv su br giv 's sis nresustt, th wil ul n sidl xg n bld strm is betrh PR t ll

I i n e giv, t uld b iuu t nue.

t rk sult l if te str bretig rll teise d tirrut itin

I te ru hg vr v w iu rvn iguEnsue e iu f d u hg vr

Vomiting It s m r tt w s std big vmit wis t r llsedTis is ssve t in th usius r u n r s hig

u g nt fid u untl u giv ru br (s the air comes back out of the patientit maes gurgling noises).

I te tet s ved ur h t tir sde, ti he hed b d lw hv t ru u

f t h tue resusii usig tve e brrrif bl

Hygene ng essctaton

W ls len

I sib u tv bri u s 'e shed' . (This is paticulary impotant ifthe patient suers fom any serous infectious disease such as TB, Hepatitis or R..

st rs se lt wh i i r dhif m l vdiret t

If u r sil i dub bu the s rrg resu brets give 'esi l' susi (see above)

Wer teiv glv f vib d w u hds twrds


9/61

Unconsciousness

Th ma ass of nososnssThe causes of ncosciosess ca be remeeed by sig ' . 'Eac of tese causes ae eal wit dviually elsewhee i his aal.

FaintngImbalance of heat

Head njury

Lvls of spons

StrokeHeart Attac

sphyxia

Poisonng

Epiepsy

Diabetes

oe to accaey measure a casaly's coscos level, we ca se a scae ofconscosness called e scae:

Al caal l alt ar rpnv and ull tad a slty n thsctgoy wll slly kow wht moth t s)

ce dT caat i u itad ut ak a awrur qui.

appa Wd

T patnt al a wd u cat pt mtgtr nt gca tc

Ut d

T cauat i t a t pa wrd mak ,ftn in rn ainfl mui

N Val

h caat mak i

Pincal a

T paint al lca wr ainu imu iald

pd t o o o a

ai rpd t anul imli, u a tlcai it

UnrespnsveUp

T caalt i u nrv t pai and c ti mi

Ususss b dfdas a rrup h rmaacvy f h bra U sp,ususss c dsabh bdys aura rfxs suhas cughg. Thrfr f h

usus pa s ayg hr ba h gu may fabac bcg h aa r hymay v dr hmsvs fhy vm

Yu shud a mmda a ra a ucscus casuay.Ths vv prg hara ag a ambua adpssby rag h udrygaus f h d


10/61

Unconsciousness

Te Pimay ad Seda Sueymetd f eig a patietge u ytemat de i t deal t te mt ugetpblem fit, te me tfid te lue - elpg t

dag ad teatmet

P v

Rememer e iriieso reme?

(e

rimry urveyWen you e fo Danger eone ay and reahng t i a ed e Pmayuvey Ti an e fond i the etato eion of t maal (ee e 6)

The rmary uvey ee at e paten reaig o it ould e ared ot f.

Oe you are e ta e patie i eatig efeivey it afe to move o and ayo a eondary uvey

Secndry rvey a aalty i nono yo are oeed aout he away or ay reaon (emii plae em e eovery poiion edaely (e 1 1)

The eoday vey old e doe qly ad yteatiay t ekig for majoeedig and te oen one

leedng o a qk ead to oe hek o leedig

Chek te idden area h a nde te a o he a

Cotol any major leeding tat yo fid (e 30

ead and nek Ce o ijury od e ring wellng deormity o leedng

oded e

Cek te whoe head ad ae

Fee the a o e ek

a te paie ad a aident ha mig have ued e e?(e 39).

Plae you ad on opote oder and ompare hem.

yo fge dow e olla oe eig fo gn o afaue (e 38

Getly ueee ad ro te i.

doe P te adomen wit te palm of yo ad to ek fond pev anomaiy or eone o pan

Gently e e evi for g o a fatre. oo o ioniene o eedig

eg nd am eel ea eg fo the ign of a aure

Poket

eovey

ee ea am fo he ig of a fare.

ook fo oe ue (medi e ree, eede mr e

Look fo e and mae ue notig wll ne te ae a youro em to te reovery poiton

ave a wne f yo emove tem fom poket Be vey aref i f yo pet hee od e ap oe

eedle

ooe ay igt lotg

Plae he aen i te eovery poto (e 1 1) I yo pe ek jy get omeone o ep yo keep te

ead lne wt e ody yo t e pen (ee e

fr w d h i Be aeul ot o ae er damage o any eed nuie


11/61

Unconsciousness

Mehanis of injreore ou ove pen t porn o onde te ehn o nju

nvolve tng o work ou wt pped nd wt nje th od hve uedhe pten

e e ge mee el ee e e le w t theo t l e (s fr w t i o ve to e he reove poton tr not to ove n upeed nue

The eove position

Wen peron noou nd lng o te bk the r n beoeopoed b the ge toug the o e hro or m the pek Plg the l n e eover pon poet he w o both o

hee dnger - the ongue w not l bd nd vo l rn o o he ou

Reove he ut ge nd tge both eg

ove e neet o otd elbo be whpl pperot

Wh ou othe hd gp the r leg bove eknee nd pu t p eepng the oo on e gond

eepng te lt nd preed gn heee pul on te leg o ro te towrd oono ter de

EER yi i i t' mut

EER mv t wit i t m frs

Bng te r r ro he hetnd hold he bk o t hnd gnt e heek

o

Ad he upper eg o h e hp d nee e be rght nge nd tt the hed b o keep he w open

C 999 or n bne Chek bretng eg bretng top un he

ut onto ter bk gn nd peor

EVER iw dr d wit t sty is ir

EVER m t suty ussy


12/61

_ Unconsciousness

Possible sigs ad symptoms0 Pae cammy kin (f dark

kinned caatie k at thecr f kin inide the ip.

Be tine t the kin and ip(cyani)

nceae in pe rate Weakenin f the pe

Naea vmitin

nceaed beathin rate(caed by yen defiiency)

Lwered beathin rate(k fr ntr centre cae

Ditreed breathin r apin

Cnfin diine

Lwein eve f cnine

Ce frm the ae f thehypia (ie beedin inchet pain etc)

Pa ammy ad ya

Tatmet hypoxia 0 Maintain w and Bth

(pae 6 t

emve r treat the f

the hypxia D nt aw the patient t eat

drink r mke

H yp oxiaTe med tem x me w xge te d

w eel xge te ld i tet t it e mtt t e Ftider rege e g d m t diti d te mmedte

e e lTe e x e ered t 5 e

Exna au:

eg xge i e rdg r

i g r me ft d et lw et.

Dwig Hg litde

way au:

lge wellg r wig Ced e ge. gli m Hgg. Cg xi

r.

an au

Il te ug t rel Ced

Cig e e iig

Ced lg tm

Cet . Dee ile

Cuan au:

Ilt e ld t te xge i ld ere r re ire eld rd te d Ced

He t eere eedg

Cdi ret Piig. gi. emi

Cn n au

lre te e t ee i te r te ere etig i e g.Cued

te Pg Hed

Dg erde. Eet

The boy's esponse to hypox iaI te d deet lw lee xge i e ld DREIE releed. e effe dreie te d

Iree te e te

Iree e tet e e et ad d rr Diert ld w m e ee d m

Diert ld wd e e g d ri.

Dite te ge i e g

e efe deie eig eleed e d de dr g d mtmtt te t der m e e t egie

C tel w te ig d mtm e ed drele?


13/61

Airways and breathing pobems

The espatoy system

r_-.:' -L NasalCavity.:"l-_------ MouthCavity--+---fngueIEpiglottisLarynx1- Oesophagusachea\Pleual Membne.BonchusBronchiolesHeart1----1---_- Alveol-.\ Left ung:Diaphagm

24_ Bronchiole' CapilaydAlveolus Oygen passes fom thealveoli into the blood, whilstcarbon dioide passes in theopposite direction to bebreathed out Caplay aryg oyga loo

Capay arryg oygna boo

Whts n te tht we ete?

h e behe n i e bee u

Oyg % Oygn 16%

ao Do ae Cabon o 4%

og 79% ogn 79%

O Ga % Or a 1%

Air ;s drawn in though the mouth andnose where it is wrmed filtered andmoistened.

Air then tavels though the throat andpast the epiglottis (the protective apof skin that folds down to potect the

aiay when we swallow)Air now enters the layn (morecommonly known as the voice bo or'Ads apple? It passes between thevocal cords in the lanx and downinto the trachea

The tachea is protected by rings ofctiage that suround it to preventkinking

The tchea divides into wo bonchithat supply air t each lung

he bonchi then divide into smaller airpassages called brnchioles

At the end of the bonchioles aremicroscopic air sacks called 'alveoli

The walls of the alveoli are only onecell in thickness, so oxygen can passthugh into the blood which is cariedin capillaries that suroundthe alveoli

Carbon dioxide (a waste gas fom thebody) passes fm the blood into thealveol, and is then breathed ut

The tchea, bronchi, and lungs arecontained in the thoracic cavityin thechest

To draw air down into the thoaciccavit the diaphagm attens and thechest walls move out This inreases thesize of the thoacic cavit eating anegative pressure which daws air in

ach lung is surounded by a twolayered membne called the 'pleu

Between the two layers of the pleura is

a thin layer of seousfluid, whichenables the chest walls to move freel

The thoaic caviy is proteted bythe ribs, which curl aound fm thespine and connect to the steum(breast bone) at the front of the body

Nm spiy Re

A

C

y

12 20 a I u

- a I u

30 60 a I n


14/61

Airway and breathing probems

Bck bw efed e hd

Abd thu eed e chd

Abd thrut ue eu te

jue, edh tet t ee dtAfe uccefu tetetet wh eet

gh dcuy wwg wh he eeg f bet t heht hd/ee

d

ChokingO of os suessful s i s at a b e leared b e s aide is te treaen o aasuat o is oki Obes su as food, sees or sma objets a asl beoeodd i e aa if te a aidena 'breated in rae ta saoed

Possble sgns and syptos @ e patet is uable o spea or ou onsto of a inia Gaspn or poi to te toat a sin ad aosis latr stas Dsressed ook o e ae. osiousess i ar stas

Chokng adlt o child (over er) Firly ura h pai uh f oi s o mid, ts ill la teobstruio ad e pae soud be able to spak to ou

If h rui i a:

o Back blws Shu fr hlp but dot eae e paet e.

nd t asual foards so ad is oera t s Fo a sall ild ou an pam or our to do is

Ge up o 5 irm bos b soudbades i t pal o our ad k btbos ad stop ou lea obsruton

If h rui i il lar:6 bmia uss and bid t asua kee behd

hd Pa bot our arms aoud ti aist

ae a st it oe ad ad pla ust aboe bell buon (bew the b i our ubnards

Grasp is s or oe and, e pulsarp iads ad upards Do is p o is be trusts ad stop if o

lar obstuion

If te rui i ill lar( Rpa sps a eep epeain steps and

f ratet sees ieee, sou fo ep Ask someoe to il 999 r aala bu don nrupt e reament is te patiet s st osious


15/61


Chokg ay (unde yea) e baby may attempt to co f te coki s ony mid, ts wil cea te obstctionte baby may cy ad sod now be able to breate efectiey

f te b

ak lw

S fr lp bt dot eae te baby yet

ay te baby oe yo am, face down, es eite side ofyo ebow wt te ead below te cest ee diaam.

Gie p to 5 blows betwee te solde b ades wit tepams of yo fiers Ceck between blows and stop fyo clear te obstrction

f h b ll :

6 Ch huTrn te baby oer, cest ppemost (y ayi em y u e am and lowe te ead beow te eelof te cest

Usn two fies on te cest, ie p to 5 cesttrss Tese ae simia to cest compessios, btsaper ate and deleed at a slower ate eckbetwee tss and stop f yo clea te obstcto

NEVER perorm abomnal thr on a baby

f e b l r

a 1 an Keep repeatin steps and If te treatment seems iefectie, sot fo ep Ask someoe to l 999 f bln bt dont tept te teatment yet

If the asaty eomes osos: Sppot te casaty caefy to te ond ( a fim a ufae f a ay

A as folows:

Al follow te seence o pae ate te ead if te casalty s notbeati ormally il follow te seece on pae 56 afte te eadi if te c d s ot beatn

omally

by - foow te seece on pae 5 afe te eadi if h baby is ot beatnomally

Conte CP nt te cid stas beatn normay o ts own, ep aes takeoe, o yo become easted


16/61

Airway and breathing robems

Th hid ha wen of heone and ip and Q ed ohy ah on hi he

i e: many han o heAnaphya Campan.

wwwanphyao. MediaMedaKi om

Anaphylaxs

Aaas s an eree daros al raion T na 'anahas as'o roeion ad dd, odo is ased b a assi oraio of bods oeio mmne ss

Sere aaa reaos are e rare he os oon reaions a o drs h a

peniin Oher oon aees ae o s s as ise sis, ans, seafoods e

ai hal a e ie es elease f e dee a oei roei ish sai as seeral efes o e od e s eleased assais

aks bood ssls diae onsris oios i ls akes bood ailla alls ' ak asi s slln ad sok pae 26 eakes he sen of h as onraos akes e ski aks ski oe o a as

ossble sgns an symptoms

T alr eaio an aen in seods, so as reoio is esseial

Sdd sln o fae one is, ek ad ees oas o, 'l in hoa, do o lod id nois rain whih

may op aoehe

Dfil, eez bran, s he paien may have he eqivaen of n ahmaaa a we a a woen aiway

ad eak lse.

asa, oin soa ras, darhoea.

ski ed, blo ski on Anie - a feei o 'id doo'

eatment o al 999 fo a amlae La he asa a oorabl osion he asa has Aa or rai robs a rr o si as is ll

ake brea easie

f asal fees a oee - do o s e . a e dodial Raise he les e si feel fa pae 21)

T asa a ar an aojeor of adraie s a sae e asals ifeif s i ro Th aie sold b abl o je is on h on b,if ssa asss o se

h asa os osos kAway an d Beag pae6 o 8 adssa as nssa

Te dose of adea ine epinephine ane reeaed a e inras i hs o iroeen o sos r

pen and Anaen ae ype ofadenane aonjeo


17/61

Aiay and breating obems

Asthma

Ata a coon cae b an aec reacon n te , fte to bance ca t, rac fe, o olle ce rron e bocole (see page 15) o toam an corct, ak t ve fclt for e aent o beae.

ot ama aen carr mecao aron t em, a n te or o an naleA e aent, bt a e ble ale for reevn a aac, a eboncoe o releve e coto

A atma atac a tamatc exerence o e atent, eeca a cl, o reaacea a calm aroac om e Ft Ae eena I e aten ot eae acalme on b e Frt Ae, a atac can lea o to 'ervenlao (see page 0aer e naler a releve te corcte aa

Possible signs and symptoms

Dfcl breatn. Weez beat o, orna fro e n

Dfcl ean wlneed to take a breath in the mddle of a sentence Pae, clamm k Ge o ble l a k (cyanoss e o mce e nec a er cet o e te caalt breae aat become exate a evere atac. a become nconco an o breatn a oloe atac

Treatment of asthma attack

e te caal to t r, ea o a able o car f ecear. e e caal to e ter eeve naler T can be reeate eve fe me f

te atac oe o eae

r to tae te caal' n off e atac be cam, rearn an mae t coveato If e attack oloe, evere, aea to be etn oe, or e caal

becomn exate l 999 fo a n mbl ol te a can mae an atack oe, o on ake te caalt oe o fre a! Kee e caal t - even te become too eak to t o e on Ol

a an atma atack ate o f e becoe coco Be reae o car ot ecaon page 6 to 8)

Crou

o a conton all fere b ver on clren, e te lanx an tracea

become fecte an ole Te atack, c oe occ e n, ca aearve aamn, bt nearl ala clea o ca te c an a am


Dfcl ree bea A lo ce, or noe a e c beate A ort ba' te co. Pae, clamm kn Be e o te k yanosis e of mcle n te nec a e cet o e te c breae

reatment of coup

Kee cam - anc re e c an ake e atac oe S te c a reare tem a te oco If e atack evee, oe not eae, or te c a a teeratre,

l 999 fo mble

An upright ttng poton uualy helpthe patent to breathe more easi

Some athma patient need to ue 'paer deve beaue they an't take

ther nhaler a in one breath

NEVER pt y finer dwn thethat a hild that appear tbe uen rm p. There ia mal hane that the nditinculd be 'epilttitis ' If thi is thecase the epiltti may well evenmre ttally blkin the aiwa


18/61


The contrtng derence betweenathma and hypeentlaton thelrge olumes of r tht cn beherd enterng the lung of thehyperventlatng patent, comparedwth the tght wheeze of the

athmtc"

NVR enter the water to recue drwnng cuty une you haebeen traned to do o Ty to reachthem wth ope or tck r thowthem an object tht wl foat."each or thow don't G"

Hypevenilaionpeentlato meas ecessie reat. Wen we eae i, tee s ol a tace ofcaron oe i te a Wen we eate ot, we reate o 4% cao ioepeentlan ests n low lees o cao ioe e loo, wc cases te sisa smptoms of ts conto

A peentlaton atack ca oe rest om te patet e e anos, fom a pancattack o se fr Te cono o peelaio is often msake fo asmaAsmatcs ma peenlate afte teir naes ae take effect (oig h iwy),e contrasi ierece n e wo coons is e are olmes o a ta ca e eareteri e lns o te pereiatin patent, compare wt e tt weeze ofe astmaic

oible gn and ympom

nara eep, fas reatn Aention seek eaor Dzziess, fantness

Feeln o a 't ces.

ramps i e a an fee

se skn, o os

Pns an eeles e ams an ans e paien ma tik e cao reate If te attack is poloe, te casalt ma pass o an stop rean or p to 0 secons

eamen o hypevenilaion

Be fm an cam, eassin w e casatMove them to a qet place wih few eoe around.

Epai o e casa ta e ae peeian

'oac te casals reatn

o Ak e paient to take sps ofwate wll rece e me of reats te can ake

Beain tro te ose w ece e loss o caron oe, te casal wilnee los o reassace

a o meical ace e aack is poloe or o are o

Downing

Coay to popar opon, a casal wo rows oes ot usuay iae lare amoso wae no e ugs. 90% of eas rom rowni are case a relae small

amo of water enten e s nteferi wih oen ecane i e aleoli (wtrowig) Te ote 0% are case mscle spasm ea te epilois a aynxlockn e airwa ry drowg) e casa wi sa wlow lae amots owaer wic mit e e ome as e are resce or resscitaion takes place

It so e rememere tat ote acos ma core o te case o rownn -or eampe potema, acool, or a nel mecal cono sc as epeps oreart atack

Sendy dning

If a small amon of water entes te lns, irrato is case an fli s awn om eloo o te aleo is reacion col e elae for seeal os, so a casa woas een esscitate an 'appare recoere mt elapse o seere ificltean a a late sae I is for tis reaso at a casat wo recoes fom 'ear

rownn so e take o ospal immeael

Teamen o owning Do ot p osel a rsk eac o tow - o 't GO

I possile keep e casa orzotal ri resce, as sock ca occ

eck Awa a ret Perfom PR i ecessa pg 6 t 8) l 999 f l i l t


19/61

Aiway and eathing poems f

Collaped ung / ucng cet wound

ach lng is srodd by lays o mmba calld h 'lra t s2 mmbrans is ra cavty contaiing a vry ti layr of sos fld' hchnabls t to ayrs o mov agaist ach othr as bah

n a pntaig cst jy h t otr lay o t pra s damagd a ca bscd fom t otsid o t cst no th plral cavty casng t lg to colaspneumothorax)

n any sios chs njry h r lay o th pla cold bcom pfoatd Air mayth b dra fom h ng ino h plra cavity agai casng lg o collaps

air cons o b sckd ito h ra cavy bt cao sca ss i hcollapsd lng ca bld tenion pneumothoax) Tis rss bild ca sz har ad h ninrd g maig it difc for bot to ncio

oible ign and ymptom

v dicy bathig

anf brating ast sallo brahng

here a g e o:

ond of ai big dra o tod it bbblng bood

Treatment

yanosis o lps ad si

al cammy sk v cst movms - t jdsid o t cs may not s.

aclng ig o t ski arod tny beaue of air entry)

Immdaly covr a sckng cst od t yor and or the casualty's hand if theyare concious) o pvt a ny.

l 999 o me d omo to do hs i possbl. Plac a st ad ov t od t cov it it astic cig ilm tcn o or

oh a tigh covig

a t ai r tig covrig o sids Th drssg shod pvn air om ning hod bt sil allo a o gt o

I t casaly bcoms coscios: o th ay cc a ad ssctatf ncssay Plac thm i rcovy osito t ird sd lost is lllp o potc th nrd lng

Flal cet

his is a condiio h rbs sodng h chst hav bcom factd n svraacs crating a 'foatng' scion o chs a

As h casay bats t st of h cst a movs ot b t flal sgm movsads s t chs al movs back t flal sgmnt movs otads. s ar caldparadoxica cs movmts

oble ign and ymptom

v dcy brahig hao panfl braig igs ad symptoms of a fac page 3.

Paradoxcal chs movmns ee above)

reatment

l 999 o am bl. ac t casay ostio hy d mos comforab - sa icid toards

ny f ossibl

ac ag amos of paddng ov h flal aa

ac h arm o th injrd sd i a lvad sng z th arm gntly against addg o ovid g m sor to h ijry

Colaped lung

Tape the air tight covering on 3 ideThe dreSing hould prevent air fromentering the wound, but ti alow

air to get out

Place padding over the lai area andpace the arm on the injured side in an

eevated sling


20/61

Circuation problems

he circulatory ytem

Deoxygenated Blood DHead & Arms

Oxygenated Bood

JgarVen from ead-. Caroid Arery o eadSubclava n Ven rom Ams:, -Subc av anArery to ArmsSuperior Vena


21/61

Circuaton probems

e circuatory system

The iuatoy system ossts o a losed ewok of tues artere, ve ad apareonneted to a pmp the heart eft

tee

Ve

Carry blood away om te eart hey have stron, elast, mslar walls

whih are able to epand as bood fom the ear beat sres hohhe lares artery, whh onnets direty to the heart, is aed he 'aorta'

Car bood owad the ea Tey have inner wals than areies beasethe blood n them s der ess pressre They have oeway valves, whkeep blood own owards the heat The arest veis, whh onnet to theeart, ae alled vena ava'

pilrie Ae the tiny ood vesses between e areries and veis wih alow thetransfer of oyen, aron doide and utrients ad ot o te ells of thebody.

he ert s a orhambeed p mp Te left a d riht sdes o he ea are separateThe e sde takes blood rom e us ad pmps t arod the od hegh sde akes bood rom the body and pumps it o he

he two sdes o e hear ae separated to wo amers aled the 'ata'ad te 'vetriles he aa ae the op hames wh ll ood a tretr fom te lns ad the ody ad pmp to the veriles Tevnl then pump the ood o o e ea, to he lus ad aronde ody

e blood

60% of he ood onsits o a ea yeow fd aled plasm a speded w te pasmaae ed bood els, white lood ells, platelets and utens

ed el a ogob wh arrie oyen fo e by e ell o h boyRed es ve e blood its olou

te el iht neo

ltelet rier a ompiated emal reaon i a blood vese is damaed, ormina lot

trent Are derived om the food y he destive sysem Whe ombed wihoye in the ells of the ody, they provde va eery, keepi e ealive.

he blood arres arbon dioide the wate a pdued y the e maiy n the formo 'aron aid Caroi ad is dilted wthi the pasma

he blood aso iruates heat eerated mty y the ver around he ody eat is

arried to te ski y the ood if the ody eeds to be ooled

e pulse

very me the eat oras a pusaon of ood i pmped roh e arterieshe was o the arteies are elasti ad epad as the bood fows hythmiay hrouh hsepasio an e fet at e pots whee aeries ome lose o the sk

Wen heki a pulse se e pads o he ies no the thm whh ha t w puee ist Aider shold make a noe o he folown

e Is i ast or slow? How many beats ae thee per minte?

m

tregt

Are he beats rear Are thee any missed' beas?

oes the plse fee stron or weak

he main puse loaions or first aid se ae in te nek (artd pue, he wist rada puead the pper am (raha pue

Cpillar reilCirlatio to te ed a arm or le a e heked by sqeezi te tp of a f ier or toeThe ski will beoe pae en it is sqeeed i the ilato is eeive, he olo shld

ithi d f i th t f th h d f t d

RhtAtrum

RhtVetr e

Atrum

eftVe tr e

Hw d f w thu h the furhamer f the heart

ee the artd pue

ee the rada pue

ee the raha pue

a a

90 - 10 eats / minte

1 0 1 40 beas / mine


22/61

I Circulation probems

Angin

Blood lo

Her k

Corony" AreyBlood Clo

",/ Ae ofdying hermsle

A ypil he

Angina

Ag ngin peos i d lly ed y te ld p eter plqen te e lg y tery Chleel fty heml wh i prt f tee lng ell e dy A lete pqe hd thk te ed ydep f heer e ery w Over tme the ild p f e plqe e

rwng nd hdeng e rteryDng exeie r extemen he her require mre xyge the nrwed rnytey n iee the ld pply mee th demd reul n e he etw e fm k xyge he pte will eel p he het mong ohersympoms rel

ypily ngn ttk r wh exeri nd ude wh e f he nrwng terery ree rit leve, ng t re led sble ngn my reu A pet whgin, epely 'e' gin h high i f feg er tt n e ner te

Hat attack

He tt myordil infion i fte ed whe the fe eter plqe rry tey k d h 'rg fe. T led t he fm ld lt the plqe, whh mpetely k te rery reltg n the deth f e the het me

Unie ngn he de the her mule frm her t i pemet nd w t ereleved y ret

Pobl ign and ymptom

hld e rememered tt evey het ttk i dee Oly few the g dymptm my e preet, deed p t qter f het tk ffered re 'letwo ny s pn

Agin et Atck

dd, lly dngOet exetn, re dden, n t ret

xem wete.

Vlk ig pn, eke qg pn,

n ded dl fte dered dll

P tgte' pee tgtne pee e e n e et e

mkn f ndge mtke f ndget

etl e e el et e

dte ee m die t te m

Lctin f ommon ef mo common lte ek jw k, e ek jw k,

lde. lde

Dtilly lt 3 t 8 y t lg

mnte ey nge 30 mte

Skn e, my e wety.le grey

y wet pfly

Vle depedg Vl, dpdng

Plew e lk f w e k f

xyge Ofen eme xygen. O eme

egl, mg et iegl, mg et

Ote Sig te f ett f , die

e, vmng ee fnd Spt weke xety mpedng dm

tG..N md

eg, edg e,my gve ptl

Givg elie tkng 'G..' medt elef.


23/61

Cicultion pobems .

eatment f anna and eat attak

S e asat don and mae em omoae o not ao em to ak aondA af sitn oson s often te est

Allo e asalt to take e on e tinitae G N ediaton f e ae it

eassre te asat emoe an ase of stress or ane f ossle

f o sset ear atak e te asat s not allei to asin, oder tan 1 and no aread tain antioaan drs sc s wrrin f s is te ase,alon te o e an asirn aet slol ma e enefia o ae nseoee, ait for e amane e o arre s not blow rigt

NO Aspirin rdcs t clotting bility o t blood wing t tblt llows t drg tobsorb qicly into t blood trog t skin o t mot so it wors fst T idl dos is 30mg spirin bt ny strngt w do

ontor te asat a eat atak im eoes nonsos is e iel tate eat as stoed altoeter, so e eared to erform CP! pgs 6 nd

Yo sset a eat atak

Te asat as not een dianosed as an anna

Te smtoms ae dfeent, or ose tan te atens noma anna atas

Anina an is not eeed te aients ediaton and rest ae 5 mnes

o ae in an do.

Left ventrcular failure

e enrlar falre s a ondon ere te lef enre o e e s pg 2s not oerf eno to e itse e ri aer o e eart s sil orinoerl and min ood ino te lns s resls in a 'ak resse' of ood in emona ens and arteries o te ns id fro tis ak resre of ood sees intoe aleoi s pg 15 asn seer dlty in brtng

Te ondion an e ased ear atak, roni eat are or i lood ressreatens i roni eat alre oten sfer ataks drin e n

Pssble sins and symptms

Seere dfl in reatin

Ca, oen eez eatn id on in t lngs

Pale seat sn

Canosis bl gry tings to sin nd lips

Con o, lood saned sm

ossil of te sins and stos of ear atak

e aent needs o s o reate

Ane, onfsion, diness

eatment o it e atent , fee danin

l 999 o n mlne

Allo te aient o tae teir on lerl rinitrate N medaton i e ae

Be reared o ressate te onditon an i deteriorate

A lf sitting positionis on t bst

NOTE: A irst idr is not llowdto prscrib drgs to ptintA lly conscios dlt cslty

s ow or tn cpbl odciding wtr or not ty wnt totk mdiction tt y lp tm

Typicl G N mdiction tt nngin ptint my cr


24/61

Circulation probems

Noma Cation

Hyooaemi ok

ay te aaty ownan aie te eg in te ai

NOTE: ay a eaiy egnant atientown eanng towa e e anie to eent te ay ettingoo ow ak to te eat

Shock

ms h wd sh ms us sps h whhps if y mss bu wi h is!

h mdi m shk is dfd s 'dee e peo, ed l oodpee o loo olme r

'Inaeate tie eon ms id sply f yd bld h isssf h dy.

Nw h yu udsd wh shk s yu udsd why uiy su dh i d.

h m mm uss 'li hi' shk :

Hpovoli Sok

rdogn So

Apl Sok

Hypoolaemic shockyp ms w ms m aemic ms bld

is y f shk is sd y lss f dy luids whih suls lw lum bld

ypil uss f hyplmi sh

xl bldi pge nd Il bldi pge Bus pge 34 nd Vmii d dh lss bdy ud wi

Possible sigs ad sympoms (see lso blood loss: pge 29)

The frt ree releae adreae th wll aue

A is i pls lmmy ski dk knned culek the c skn nde the p

As te dt we

Fs shllw bh us mii pid wk pls Diss wkss

ysis (gey be nge kn nd lp wi

A the ba uffe a la f xyge:

D sih bi i hnger Ussss fsi xiy ss

reame o h s h shk eg etea eeing Ly h sy dw d is hi ls h i ui bd h l s

take e yo et ate Dal 999 f a ambulae

K h sly wm l bk ud h pi hy ldsu b k h hm a tat wo iate oo ee, aing teoo ee to fa een moe

D llw h p dk smk.

s ih lhi d th k hs ws

Mi hi s d ls sps B ppd ssi


25/61

Circuation probems

Cardiogenic shoc

a a boo pr ca by at o pmpg fcvly T mo common p of ock

Typcal ca of carognc ock ar:

Ha aack (page 24) Caac faur page 25). Har valv a

o pnmoora (page 21). Caac arr (page

Possible signs, syptos and treatent

ee 'He oniions es 4-5

Anaphylactic shoc

Anapyla a rmy ango agc acon cau by a mav ovacon

of boy mm ym see e 18

An aapyacc racon ca ca ock bca lag uany of am rla boy mak

Bloo v la (causing a fa n blood pressure)

Bloo caplary wall bcom ak (aung a fa in ood voume) T rg o a conaco wakr (auing a fa n lood preure)

Possble sgns syptos and teatent

ee Anhyis' (page

Fainting

Fanng ca by poor nvou coro of boo v a ar

Wn a cauay an boo v lowr boy la an ar bcomlow T ru boo pr allng a pa a a mporary ruco nbloo upply o bran

ypca ca o anng ar:

a o fg

Lack o oo

Emooal r

Possble sgns and syptos

mpoay lo of coco,fallng o floor

low pl Pal, clammy kn.

reatent of fanting

Long po o nacvy(such as taning o iting

Ha auon (page 44)

or a caaly may avu naa, omac ac, brvo o

Quck covy

Lay caualy own an a g n ar rng bloo o val oga. Cck Arway an reahng e 6)

Rmov cau of r, crow o popl a allow p o f a

Ra caualy a y covr o o alow o p ny y fl an aga pa am Look for an rlyng ca If caay o o rcovr cky or you ar nr cck aay a bang aga

e 6) pac m rcovry poo e 1 ) a a 999 for a ama

Cioeni hokC Anhyi ho

FininThe he sows nboo vesses ie

inin y he sy wnn ise he es in he i


26/61

Ciruation probems

Hgene when dengwt wnds

Ptect youel y coven youown cut n ion with wteoo en eeilly

on you m n hn We iole tectve love

n n on when you evn t .

e eclie clenin ento clenin u oy uile Folow the intuionon the contine n ueiole towel

Dioe o ole ein n yelow 'nl wte

Dety y incineton (enthe to hotl wth theculy i you hve no nlwte ctie)

Wh you hn thoouhlyeoe n e eln with tient.

I you eully el with oyu you octo outvccintion nt Hetit '

Wouds d beedg

A wou cn f s n om rk coini o h isss f h o.A wou w o som x s in lg, ir n o xn f loooss s sv, is co rsu i n shock pa 6 so ugn m wou ncss.s chp r ls w iffn ps of wou, h compicos m occ

r rmn

ypes of woud d bsic remet

oto

rso

ceto

ion

tre

Sot

ptto

e-gloved

A b Ca by p caplla bln n h kn Th mayha bn h ca of a bl n blo o by bl n fom nr/ynama ch a a fac

Coo r wi ic pck o rng wr s soo s possi

A z h op lay of kn a cap o ally a h l of afc on b o n fal On conann parcl of r whch col

ca nfcon h is o m sou mov usng c w

sri sws

Cn from cnr o wou owrs so s o o iocmor r io won

A p o a of h kn Mo lkly o ha pacl of han a clan c alhh ally bl l

T for g (pa 30) n pvn ifco

A clan c Ually ca by a ha p objc ch a a knf Dp wonmay nol complcaon ch a non o bloo l h

yp of won col ap opn an bl profl T for g pa 3) n prv ifcio

A abbn won Col b a l of ann on a nal o bnab b h won col b ry p an y appa ry mal nam Dama may b ca o nlyn oan ch a h ha oln an n al bl n may occ

999 fr n mbue if ou suspc mg o ur ligorgs or nl ing

Nvr mov m oc - m smmg ngn fur mg m sl

Ca by a bll o oh ml whch may b ln a ch pa no an hn x h boy A ma ny won col baccompan by a la cra x won S bln an ama ooan aly l

l 999 fr Ple nd Ambule.

r i Brehng polms irs pa 6 o

Pck woun wih rssgs o prvn lig

Compl o paal n of a l mb

rm of mpuio pa 3

Srn of h kn fm h bo ln n can o a ap of kn

lan a ba aa of Ca by h foc of h njn obcl alon h lnh of h kn

Pu skin ck i plc if possil.

Arrg urgn rnspor o ospl


27/61

Wounds and beeding

Blood loss

Ho m lood do e ve?

mo of lood or od ve n elton o or z oug rue o m tw ve pprom oe n of lood e oe od wegt 05 ir pr 7kg) o

vrge d l wee 8 d 1 (4.5 o 65 ir) o ood, dede o erz bu h ru don work or oon who is ovwight.mm d ve l lood dut, d o ford o looe em mo - ol oud 1 of ood, 'a o ooe 1 /3 o fo e lood re f ( bow)

Tpes o bleeding

rral Blood te er ude dre peue from e ert umg drt tme wt e e wond to mor re old rult nood u eve mer nd e ood vome wll pd duBlood te tee i oge d d o rgt d', owev

e dul to e T mo mot for how t wod d

Vou Ve re not uder det preue rom r, ut v rr mvome of ood te ee woud o mjo vn m e' roful_

alary Bledg rom pre o n wod toug flow m pprf t r, ood lo ll lg nd l orod Bldg from r oud derd e of ood

Efes of blood oss

Te e elow ow e ee, gn nd mtom o ood o Voum o ood lo gv ptg, u w ll v df mu d

8/ui\'ssfls

1


28/61

Wounds and beeding

NEVER y t sp bldg byyig a bad arud h imba uqut - it may aus tissu

damag ma bdig s

nic P Poin

reatmet of exteral bleedig The s o tretet o exterl b leedng e fistly to stop the beedig prevetg tecslty fo gog to sock a 6 d te to pevent ifectio.

SP will ep you to eebe te steps of tetent

Ex

E

P

t or y te csulty dow lce te poston tt is ppopteto te oction of te woud nd te extent of thei bleedig

Exne te wod. ook fo oeig obecs d ote ow te wound sbeeding. Reebe wht it looks ke so you c descrbe t to ediclst wen t's coveed wt bndge

Elevte te wound Ensue tht the woud s bove the leve of te ersing grviy to educe te bood low to the nuy

Apply dect o dect pressue to ste b leedng:

Diret pressue

he best wy to ste bleeding s by pp lyig direct pesse ove te woud Iedtepessue cn be pplied wt the ds oweve you sold tke pecutios to peventyouself o coig to cotct wt the ptient's bood pefeby by weringdisposble gloves he pessue sould be cotinuous fo 0 iutes A fir bndge noo i a o o ciclaon o lim alo! is usully sficet to stop beedig roost ino wods If tee is n ebedded object te wound you y be be to pplypesse t eth e sde o te object.

Idiet pessure

f diect pessue fo wod on ib s not possibe o efective direct pessure c be useds st esot Pessre c be ppled to te rey suppyig te lb sqshng it gst bone nd educig te blood fow. Appy indrect pessue o xi of 0 iutes

The two indirect pressre points e

aal

Fmoral

Dressigs

Pesse is pplied to te bcl rtery wc ns on te nside o teppe r One wy of doig ts s to get te ptiet to ke ist witteir opposite d plce t ude tei r pit d sqeee te ined dow onto te fst

esse is pplied to te eo rtey wc is locted wee the tghboe fm cosses the 'bikini ine ke ce to expln yo ctosOe wy o dog ts s to use the ee of you foot to ppy the pessue

A dressig sould be sterle d just lge enoug to cover the wod t shoud bebsobent d peeby de of tel tt wont stick to te cottg blood a 'nonan' in

A fly ppled dessig s sicient to ste beedg fro the joty o io woudsbut the dressing sol ot estct blood ow to the rest of te lib cc cilaonwi a 'caillay ill , a 3

xt pessue by nd d eevtion y be ecessy fo sevee bleedg. I te dessgbecoes stuted wit blood keep t i plce d put ote ge dessig o top fts doest wok tke te dressngs o d str gin


29/61

Wounds and beeding G

Embedded objects ects emedded od:

A objec embedded a od (oter ta a smal spite) sold o be emoved as ay be semmi beedi o fte daae may resl

se seie dressis ad badaes to bld p' arod te object Ths il appy pessearod e od ad sppo te obect Sed te casal to ospita to have e obecreoved

Stes:

a spiter is embedded deepy difict to remove or o a ot eave i i place ad folohe advice o ebedded objects above Ohe spes ca be removed as oos

Carefy cea te area ith a soapy ate

si a pair o clea teezers rp e sper as close to te sk as possibe etypl the spliter ot at the same ale ta i eteed

Getly seeze arod e od o ecoae a little beedi. Was e odaai e dry ad cove th a dressi

Seek medca advice to esre te casaltys etas imsao is ptdate

ects emedded te ose e o oe ofce:

Do ot attempt o reove ayhi tat someoe as ot stck i er ear ose or oeofice ake the to hospal here he professoas ca reove i sae y

Nose bleeds

Weakeed or ded ot bood vesses i the ose ca rpre as a rest o a ba tote ose, picki or boi it oe serios cases cold be bood presse or aacted skll.

Si te patet do, ead tpped orad

Ni p te sof pat o te ose aiai costat pessre for 0 es

Tell e patet to breate tho e mot

Give te patiet a clo o mop p ay bood hst e ose is ipped

Advse te paie ot to beate troh o blo hei ose or a e os aebleed as sopped

I bleedi pesst o more ta 30 m ies o if te paiet takes acoaat drssuh s warr take or sed the o hospita a priht positio

Advise a patiet sferi ro freet osebeeds to vsit teir docor

Eye iury

Sal partcles of dst or dir ca be ased ot of a eye t cod ap ate sre teater rs aay from te ood eye

Fo a moe seos eye :

eep the casalty sil ad etly old a so sterie dressi ove te jed eye Ths cabe carefly badaed i pace i ecessary

Te he casalty to close thei ood eye becase ay ovemet o tis ill case te ijredeye to ove also f ecessary badae the ood eye to sop te casaty s Lot ofeassrace ll be eeded!

Take te casalty o hospta l 999 o mlace i ecessaryFo cemcl te eye

Wear protecive loves Was t copios amos o cea ater esr he aters aay fom e ood eye. Gety bt irmly ry to ope e casaltys eyeld toate te eye fy l 999 fo mlce

p he p he eMaa a peure

f 1 0 ue


30/61

Wounds and beedng

Amutation Auo is he oee o rl seveig o b nd s ereey ui or esuly You roiies re o so ny beedng, o efuly eseve e ued body d o ressure he sy

e he suy o bleedg pge 3 0

d fo so pge 26). 999 o bule

ress e suys ound ih odere noluy dressing

Crus injury

Wr he ued r s

bg, d e u e ge o bg of e o resere io o llo he ed r ooe o de o h e eor ge e

us juries os oony our s esul o bildig sie o rfi des f heblood lo o ib eg n m o leg s iied by he eg o using obe,ee is dger o ois buiding u n e use ssues beo he sie of he rushng

f he bood o o he ib is red o 5 es o ore e os il bud u so uh i hey re relesed ino he res of e body w wl ppen wen e cng obec emed hey y use idney ilure is is ed ush sydroe d y resu i de

e edil re is eeded e relesig e ie he blood o s beeied for 5 iues or oe

reatment for crusing less tan 1 minutes Relese e suly s quiy s

ossibe i you

l 999 o n bne

onro y bleedng d overoe ounds

re o so i neessry pge 6,ing e no o ove ires

Moio Ay nd Beg uihel rves

Treatment for crusing more tan minutes o O O reese he suy

999 o bulne ve lerinorio bou he de

Internal bleeing

Moior Ay d Beg ulel rives

ern bleedng i s very seios odiio, ye n be very diil o eogse i is erysges. nernl bleeding be s resul o ijuy su s lug or bdo njuies, yen lso e soeousy o rey ell e su s bleedig ro

so er or e rey.Aough bood y o uy be los 'eerny fo e body s os ou o eeries d veins, so so uiy develo

Oer serious ie reeig oios ou ro inern beedig, su s brin eorge o beedig no he lngs

Possible signs an symtoms

o should suse ier beedig sgs o so ee pge 6 nd 29) re esen,bu ere is no obvious se s s eern beedig

here y be:

gs o O pge

6 i, o isoy o ree in ese o beedig

rusg d/or seing.

Oher syos eled o he sie obeedng eg dly beng f ebleedng n e ng

reatment of internal bleeing Dia fr an amuance. Tr th sl r shk s

r ( 26


31/61

Poisons, buns and scads oisons

A in e dered ny une (sd quid r gas) h e dmge when ene e dy n fen quniy

Pi n ener he dy in wy hey n e:

Swwed eie denlly n uregetedhled rehed n eig e d e very quiy i e hrug

e ve

oed

jeed

gh he n (see he bus pge 35).

gh he n diely n ie d veel

A i n ehe e:

orrove Suh : d e n er reine diwer wder e

OR

Nooroive S : e drg n eume e.

Possbl sins and sympoms

The ign d y nig re wide vied nd denden n he uneLk fr le

nier r e Syrge dg ing equien

Tle r dug Smell n he reh

Ohr in ha can accmpany pinin may b

Ving r reing

Adi in.

Brn (r buig sesa) rud eenry re

Brehg rle

ramn

r a crri ubanc

nfuin hlu iin.

Hede

nniune meme ing

yni

ednger yure - me ue i' fe he

iue he ue r wh wy i ie:

Sune n he in ee em ur page 35)

o Ingeed Sue - ge e uy rine u e h en give reuen

i m we

Dal 999 a amblae ve inrn e lee dvie r he ue err

he uy ee unnu - en he Away nd e f Beahgeuie neey uig eve ehed pages 6 8) I he uy reig effeivey le he n he revey i e dal 999 f aambulae

r a nncrri ubanc

Da 999 f a amblae ive nrmn e in if ieTe dvie he ulne err

I e y ee nni en e Away d he Beagee neery ng eve feheld (pages 6 8 If e y iehng eeively e em in he revery i n hen dal 999 aamblane

Ge he asuay rse u heiruh he give feque sips

f ik r wae

NR m h n omh my u h rwy n dng

h h Pmd f you:

P on onnr o ohnformon bou h ubn.

nd ou how muh hbn n

Fnd ou whn w kn

K m of ny om foho ny


32/61

Posons, burns and scalds

e equ o he size of he pmof he pie's opeed hd(iudig figes is equ o

% of her body e

NVR bt bter (the ayer ofkn protectng agant nfeton)

NEVER toh the b

NEVER appy oton ontmentr fat - they mght ntrodce

nfecton and wod need to beemoved n hopta.

NEVER appy adheve tape ordreng - the b may bearger than t frt appear

NVR remove cothng that hatk to the b

Buns and scalds

Estmatng te seety of a bun

T 5 rs b f h sviy f br:

ize

C

L

T l br, h r sv. Th siz f b isiv s r h bdy's suf r A sy y r is s r h s bu ih 's d A rqu si f l f is d d (iudigfige is qu 1 f ir bdy

s h b, s vusy dsribd i his r, lli h vl svy - r xl, ri burs y lv d rl burs S s (uh hyduoriid ud s is i ddi brs

i ll rvry r d svy bis dyu dr i br l rs dus dy 's

bs d hy y b r susibl ii

f h bu ff svriy - i iul bus hiry i by i h sss b is il urs y y s bdss

T dr bu, sv. See deph f bu bew

ept of buns

T si siss 3 lyrs drs usid, ds b, ls yr f 'ubu

T d brs b dfd s:

peicil Tis vvs y ur idis yr, d s y usr slds bu ks rd, s d s

Iermedie Tis ffs b dris d drs yrs s h bls d bisrs i r

l! hickness T yrs s burd y sbus y rbyd T bur y , rd r xy T rv dis ib bud y s i i is y b bs, sd b yd h

auses of buns and teatment +T dfr uss bur b srd i 5 rs. T r f bur dfr sihy dd h us

Elec burs

sd by s rd by ri urr i hrh h isss bdy u y b b s br r urr rd h bdy, d i fi Thr y b d irl burs i r visib l h h urr r brs b sid by svriy h ry d x uds

A ri shk y us di rrs is s, Ay d Be b

h y sr yur sy - k sur liiy is brk

sr Ay d Br r iid (pges 6 8

Irri h r bus, iudi b ry d x, s1 0 is

l 999 f bl.

iu s yu uld fr dry bu


33/61

Poisons, burns and scads ha bu

Any d on h dy h o o ion

o no pu youlf in dn

n h Ay nd Bthn mnind pge 6)

ool h bun immdy od preerbly rug fo 0 mnu no vilb ny old hm id eg l) b hn no ooin o hi i hn mov ily o ply yo no o ool of bn o muh h you indu hyohmi

mov h n dun ooin bund i l ohin h hno u o h bun my b movd vy ully

h bun h i din h on i in fm i on of h b dinfo bun - did h o n fom h o nd py hy do wp ghy rud lb Su ih bnd

Alniv dn oud b n nud pl b lo dhn din oild bun dn do o rely o bus dressgs o o bu - use ld wer

S no below rgh) on hn o mdil dvi

l 999 o mbln h bn pp v o h uly h bhd nmo o fm

ha (al

d mo ommony om ho bu my b om ho o oh iuid hn h hih mpu hn

dy h bun

Chial bu

ud by hmil hih ih h n o h r bh)

I i imon o n h o f d mn o y hmi d in youo - dfn hml n hv dfn id mn

M h - onn h hmil i oib nd o yolf om ominino on ih

y od hmi n b y bhd o h n bo iin o o you

i h bn h o of unnin o h h m y Th hold bdon o lon hn hml bn - l min no o h hhmi ono unfd of h body En oo o onmnd do nool ndnh h uy

l 999 fo n bl M no of h hmi nd iv h inomon oh mbn oo f oib

Rmov onmind ohin fly hi iiin h bn

f n y i onmnd ii bov nd nu h h un y omh nfd y see pge 3 1)

om hmi in h o nno b fy d ud ih hh nd yulion u n nido o b vlb in n mny You houd b ndn h o h ndo

aan bu (u bu

Mo ommony n unbu n

Rmov h uy om pou o h un indoo f oibl

v h uly fun o o nu h h hon do no f pge 4)

ool h bn h old h d niv oo h bun nd n old ho o n bh of od o 0 mi nu

f h i niv blin o you no md dvi

f h nbun i mid un m o mn loon my ooh h

ool he bu or 70 ues

Reove jewele d LO05E lohg

ess he bu lg l s oe o hebes dressgs or bu

c c :+

h b i a tha h sqa.

Th patit s a hd.

Th b s a th ay

ad a mb Ay pat th b appas

t b thkss

h b is hads, titas th a

Y a t s.


34/61

njures to bone, musces nd onts

h skon onsss o bons,h untons o hh a to

rod suort o th sotssus o th body Ths sh body s sha.

rod rotton o mortantoans suh as th bn,uns and sna od

Alo momnt, by nrorandn ys o ons andatahmn o muss

odu d bood s, somh bood s and attsn th maro o bons suhas th mu

od a stor o mnas and

nry suh as aum and as

he skeeta systemSkul/Mdibe.Hr Spu1t- SeuT7 Ribs++ HueusSpi Verebre=SruevsHdius

Cps

Merps

PhgesFeurEPe ibiIFibuTss,. MessPhges


35/61

njuries to bone, musces and joints

Causes of inury

jy can be caused o e boes, musc es ad o its by dffeen yes o orce:

Diret Fore Damage esuts a te oaio wee te force was aed, e.g. as teesl of a blow o ck

dret Fore amage ous away om e ont were e orce was aed,e.g . a fractued colla bone, as a est of adg o a otstreed am

ig Foe amage resuls rom torsio ores o e boes ad muscles, oeeg 'wsig a ale

VioeMovemet

Patologa

uy rests om a sdde violen movemet, s as ng

te kee oin by icng voey.

uy resuls bease e boes ave become bttle or wea, de odsease o old age

ypes of fracture

A fracture ca be deed as a brea i te cotnuy o te bone Te bas categoies oacre ae

osed Tis s a clea brea o r a n te boe, wi o omicatos

Oe Te sk as beome boke by te boe wi may o ay no stil berordig fom e woud s tye o ijy as a ig s ofecto

omplaed Wit ts ye of njuy, tee are omiatons wic ave aise as aest o te factre, sc as raed blood vessels or erves

Gree Si s tye of facte occs moe commoy i ldre, wo aveyog, more flexibe boe Te boe is slit, but ot toally seveedee Sck factures are ofe misaken or sras ad srais, becaseoy a ew of te sgns and symoms o a acue ae rese

Dslocations

A dislocaio is wee a boe becomes aaly or ully dsodged at a i, usualy as aesut of wecg movemet o sudde msca coract e mos ommodslocatios ae te kee ca, soulder, aw, tumb or a fnger

Tee may also be a face a or ea te ste o e dsloato, ad damage to lgames,tedos ad caiage I t ca be dfil o dstgus beween a ratre ad a di slocao

Never aemt o maiulate a disloaed joit bak ito ace s is a job for te exets te roede ca be etemey aifu for e aie, ad yo may cause frter damage

Sprains and st rainsA ran s deed as a nuy to a game a a j A sran s deied as a iury omuse suay cased by sdden wrecig movements, e jo oveseces, tearig

e soundig musce or lgameior racres are commonly misae for srans ad sras I you ae ot sue, yosoud reat e i ry as f was a acre e ony way o e ou a acre s by ray

Fo amn of a a tan - see age 39

_-H Coed raure

-Oen raure'L

Coaed raure

Green Sk raure


36/61

njuies to bone, muscles and oints

Elevated

oibe ig ad ymptom of a facte

A h i o a o a i, v daa odtia a ak th ai, o a

oss o Poe o i a o lift ahi ih a atd a

Ut oveet h t o fau i lad a ua ad a oud ak to pv fa o ov

elig o sng Aod of at

eomt I a i t i o a, it o!

egit Lup o dpio alo fa o t o, h to d o o ova.

epits h ad od of o a o o, to d o a o

endeess A t it o iu

eatmet of a baic factue

See alo ead nre (pages 2 to

Fla l e (page

Spal Ije (pae 39 t 40 Ra h aat, l t to k i

p i ti h o had o oiid Th aat i al o do o thi o

o ov aat tl t i old, u h a i da

ot to ada a i if o av a d a aa, t k it ll (overopen wound wh a ee dreng).

o l aal a o dk t a d a oato

pe limb ijy:

all pla a i a l aai h o h od A fat aoal lad a upo l oa o a a oall ppotd avatd (keep e ebow down a he paen de when ung an elevaed ng for aoar bone raure

I aual v a, aio o v to h a a afd, aala ati df, o ou a u, dal 999 fo a amblance

Aa tapo o hoita

we imb jy

aat a ad tl Dal 999 fo a amblane. If t aua aval i dlad (eg reoe ounryde iol h i

adai t od l o h id o

hk ilato od h i ad a ada Loo ada a


37/61

nuries to bone, usces and joints

reatment of sprains and strans

e bet teaet a a tai t w te RIC ec:

I

E

Re e uy eg t alw a t laye t cay ayg(ts better to take te out now than ss the net ten athes!).

Ay a ice ak t e uy a a ibe i w e

eue weig, wi wi ee ecvey ae a tea we iagua baage betwee te k a e ce ac D 10iue, evey u axiu eet

Aly a i (not onstrtve) baage e ijue aea i e

t eue welg e baage a be a ie ve a cue iceac e it 0 iute

Elevate te uy al euce wellg

Reebe: i acue a eaiy be take ai a tai e ly way tue u a acue i by xay, tae e te aualy ital

CATON: To prevent frostbte always wrap the e pak n a loth and apply t for a auof 1 0 nutes. low the skn to retu to noral teperature before repeat applatons

Spinal inuries

Sial y cu wit aaey % taua (njury) aet Altug t gueaea elaivey lw uectig a cetly eaig e uy i eeta , becaue teatet a atet wit a al ijy cul eut i te beig ce le

eve eae ia c a exte e ba te, a ave w te back te aveebae Val eve, ctlg beaig a veet lib ave w te ac (see dagra) e weae a te ia u i e ec a iee a ekijuy a be e evee ye a juy beaue te eve c g beaigay bece evee

Suspet spnal nju if te asuaty as:

Sutae a blw t te ea, ek bac (espey resultng n unonsousness)

Falle a eig (eg fall fro a hoe)

Dve it allw wae

Bee i a ae ivvig ee (e.g ar adent or knoked down).

Bee ivlve a cave accet (eg rushng or olapsed ugby scru)

Multe jue

a teee te ec bak ae a ace (pan kers or other severe njuresay ask the pan beware)

OR: yu ae ay ubt.

1 CevalVertebrae

2 ThoraVetebae

5 LubarVertebrae

5 used aralVeebae

The spnal ord tavels thoughthe entre of the spnal olun

eves eanate fo eahverebrae n pars


38/61

njuries to bone, muscles nd joints

Holdg pe hed ll c

Keep he hed ek dupper body le

Possible signs and sympoms of spina injy

ememe f ome of h i ad ypo ae peet, eve ay aady bdaad You hold ta a pat who you ha a pia iju to thi ad yptom o dvopi

a o tedee i he ec o ak Si o a factue the eck o ac pge 38)

o of cotol o lb at o below the te of y.

o of fl i i

Seao i he l, ch a pi ad d o bu

Beah dfclte

cotiece

eamen o sinal injy oIthe patiet s cosious: a the pae ll th ot to ove

Kep h paie i te poitio yo fd h Do ot aow the to ov, u thyae v dae

Hod thei head tll with yo had Kp h head ad ec e wth he ppe odysee dg)

999 f mce Keep he patet tl ad wa ui ave.

fthe patiet i uoio ad beahig oay

Do ot ove the paiet le hey ae eve dae

f the paiet i beahi oally h mea the aiway ut e cea, o hee i od to tip he head back The 'jaw th echique ca be ued to keep the awayop withot ov the head hs s expled o pge 4 1 otaty otobah

a 999 f mae

Hold he head i wh you had K p h had ad i le with the ppe odysee dg)

yo have o leave he cauay, f hey bi o vomt, o i you ae coceed abouthe away ay wy, place he cauaty i he ecovey p o Keep he head, ec

ad ppe body le a you the paiet. o hi efectively tae oetha oe ecue, o et ocal help i you ca (see pge 4 1 o ehods o ug spljuy pe)

Kp the caay wa ad tll otaty moo wy ad eth ihp ave pge 6)

fthe patet s ot eathig oay:

he paiet ot beath oay, he aiway w eed o be opeed Head tl ayb ed, ut he tl od e he i iu that i eqed to alow obcted ecebath

ly if yo a taie ad codt, yo ca ty the jaw thut techiqe o op h

aiway, bt f yo id th pat i i ot beah oaly, yo hod th oph away he ad tl thod efo cayi ot eucaio (pge 6

Rech bathi oc he aiway ha b opd

he caaly o beahi oally, l 999 mle, the cay oteuciaio (pges 6 o 8

Otai he help o ot to ppo the head a you ecitae.

eembe ccefl ecitao ha ut i paaly o a ec iy a taedy,


39/61

nures to bone, musces and onts G-

Maagg the airway with pal iure If a aen concou an ai on her bac, he arway can be ane fro voior he onue falin back

A aen who ha no bee ne ca ily be ure ino he ecovey oion ooec he aiway, b i nal nuie ae uece, ea care u be ake o o ove

he ne a ae a eay on he ie no on hei bak you ay no have o ove he a all he aiway i aner o vo o he oue fain back? I o, he ae can be ell n he oio you fn he

you ca coiualy onio ha he aie i breahin noray, yo ay be able oee he uni he abulance arive, even f hey are o her bac

I he oue bein o fal back or he aen vo however, eiae acion will beneee o oec he aay

Jaw thrut

If he aien breahn b he oe i ari o obruc he arway usually makessnoing ype noises he jaw hu echque can be ue o ee he away oen

Kneel above he hea of he ae, ee aar o ve you baance Wih you elbow en o yo e o he foo fo or, hol he aien hea

wh yo han o kee he hea an eck n le wh he boy see fig

ace yor ile an ine ne uer he aw ie o he ae (unde hei eas.

eei he hea i, if he aw war wih you fne see fig. Th enly lhe one o he bac of he hroa

O NOT aemp he jaw hrus ehnique duing P l he head o open he airway inseadpage 6

Log rollIf yo have o leave h e caaly, i hey bei o vo, or you are concere abou heiraway i any way, he aie w have o be urne ono heir e. The hea, ec ane boy u be e in e a you r he aien

The be eho of nin a i nal nury aen he lo roll echue, bu yo wi eea ea hee hee o roll he aien

or he hea o he aen, keen he hea, neck a ue boy in lne(see fig 7

o hele hou knee alon oe ie o he aie e e o enly aihenhe ae le a ar

Man ure ha eveyoe wor oeher, he hele hou roll he aien owarhe on your con ou eny ove he hea o olow he boy a he aen olesee fig 3)

Kee he hea, ec, boy an e n le a all e you ca, kee he ae hoiio unil he abance ave

Recoey poito

f he aen ha o be rne ono heir ie a you on' have hree hee, yo wilnee o ue he recovey oion eho when urn he aen ee he hea, necan boy in ie a be a yo can a yo rol he aen ove ave oe ain eg afolded oa o o he ae hea whe hey are on her e.

you have oe o wo hele, yo can or he hea a yo hele() un he aen

a by uorn he hea o he aen, eei he hea, nec a e boy ni e see fig 7

Ge your heer o eny ove he aie a a e io oon, reay o rnhe aien io he recovery oion (see fig

Mai e ha eveyone work oehe, he hee) houl ol he aen no herecovey oon he hele houl ll eqally on he ae' a le a houea hey urn he aien, een he ie in ne o eny ove he hea o kee n ie wih he boy a he aien i ove (see fig5

Fig 7 : Keeping he paiens head andnek in line wih he body.

Fig The jaw hus ehnique Useyou middle and index finge o lif he

aw whils you keep he head sill

Fig 3 Log oll

Fig. 4 Ge you helpe(s o posiionhe paiens am and legs eady fo

he eovery posiion

Fig 5 Ge you helpes o u hepaien whils you keep he head in line

wih he body


40/61

ects of heat and cold

s ar ors s oor xosr o a or old on bod

Sr Horma or H Srokar onall aal ondons andnd skl ramn rom

Frs Adr

ol wo ar mos a rskrom s o a and oldar ldrl or nrm, babs andldrn, or ol wo ak arn odoor as s as kn

or san

Bdy tempeatue

bdy wr be whe i pu i l t 7" (986F) h eperur iid by re e t h br d te hypohmu '

If bdy bee t w pd wt wi evp d te Bld v er t he ki d l uhed kn) d t d bd i uted ud

h bdyIf bdy b t d we ver wih rt by mule veet Bdvl r he k it pe kn), kp t bld e t the wre re fth bdy i e beme ere rppi w i (gooe pmpe).

u l ep eree tpr be led (uh unbu o obie) r eerid (uh hypohem o he oke)

gns and symptms bdy tempeatue cange

yp verp h r d e deted by the dir bw Ate teperure f t bdy b r d e e bri eute epetr he hypo hmu) tp wri d e diti rpidybee wre he bdy r iht e diti

t Exhutin

Norl

i ypthmi 93.2

ypthmi

See oTkng empeue pge 45

Cams in stomach / ams / legsPale swea skNausea / Ios o aee

37 Noral Body Teeare

35

34Fatgue, sled seechCoso ogeness

Sveg sos, mscle gdtyVey sow vey weak lse

Noceabe dowsess

c n UnnDla lsl abe

Apaa a

a


41/61

Eects of heat and cod a

Hypothermia

he onset o hypothem occus whe the ody's coe empeue s eow A ptiet sufen hypothem n t mldes fom who s teed eectvely wil suyme u ecovey I he odys coe empetue fls eow 26 the codto wi l mosliey e ftl, howeve esusctto hs ee successfu on people with tempetues s ow

s , so is wys woth tempinThe udely cuse o ypohem is ove exposue to cold tempetes howevedfeet conditos nd types o pent wl icese the is

he hypohmus (pau rl r of y o you chld is udedeveloped nd hypothem c esut om s lttle s en i cod oom.

Eldely o im ptents do no enee s much ody he, so poloed peods i cold envome c owe the coe tempetue

Wet cloth o mmeso n cold we esults the ody cooli much fste th twould d i We coducts het wy om he ody

A peson who is no cohed popey n wdy codios w hve cod i coinuyin cotct wh he si esutin i fse coon of he ody

Possible sigs ad sympoms

Ple s, cold to ouch

hivei s, the muscle stfness s he ody coos uthe

lown o he odys uctos - icludn thouh, speech pulse d ehih pul a fa lw ha 0 bas pr u

Lehy, conusio, dsoetio ( b ak druk

oweed evels o espose evetully ucoscousess the deth

Treamet oI h casual is uncnscius:

Ope he d check ehg. Resusctte i ecessy (pag 8

Dl 999 o n mlce.

ently pce the ptet the ecovey posito (pag 1 no move the ptetuecessly, ecuse the slihtest jot c stop the het.

Pce lnes o othe nsultn mteis unde d ound he ptien ove

he ed osttly moo ehi The pulse my e hd o d - s sfe to ssume the

het s etn f the csulty is ethi omlly.

a cnscius casua:

f you c shete the csuy emove y we clothi Qicy eplce wh dy wmmets ove the hed

f he csulty is i, yon d le to clim nto th wthout hep he them iwm we 0 / 1 04). Do 't lo eldel en o the

f th s not possle, wp them i wm lkets e he oom to wm

tempetue 5 / 7J) if ndoos A csty outdoos shod e sulted om he evioment d oud se sviv

d shete i vlle She you ody het wh hem

ve he csuty wm dis d food

ee medc dvce f the ptet is eldely, chid o f you e n dot ohe codto

he codon seems sevee Dl 999 fo mulce

NEVER give pien lcohol

( dile blood veel, whichwll mke he pien colde)

NVR plce diec ouce of heon o ne he pien (hey dwblood o he kin, cuing fll inblood peue nd plce e onhe he)

NEVER wm bbie o he eldelyoo quickly eg by plcing hemin wm bh).

BERE A hypohemic hei in gve ik of veniculfibillion which cue cdce Hndle hypohemic pienwih ce he lighe ol cninduce he condion


42/61

Eets of eat and od

oo

hs s case by rooneexose to we co contons.The ces o not feee so fecovery s sa The symtomsan teatment ae sma

o fostbe.

b

The mos common co njcase by eose to ry coAan he ces o no feee Theemay be chn eshbe sknan swen th me, bsesmay fom Tea as frosbe

NEER b the aecte aea

NEER se ect o ry hea towam the njr

NEER ewam he njry f hees a ane of efeezn

Gve the aaty d o wateto e hydote the

F rostbiter i a ndiin ad w an rmy uch a a ige o a ea uj d ndi. T ll lm m rzn yal fm in h ll, wau m ru and d may a ama d y yhrma, whd al ad Sri ri an r i h ml f a im, aiularly

figr r

Possble signs and smpoms

n ad dl, llwd y num

ardng and ig f in.

Si hang i wi, h l ig, hn vnually la

O vy, ny wil m , rd, id and vy anul

reatment

ly rmv rig, wa

S rig mng wr i aaly i ll udr a lm nd arm r hld i w yu ad.

Dn r inry h wi a damag

Dn wam injy f r rng Mv ai nd yu ra m

Pla inry n wam wa (tet the tempeatue wth you ebow o you woud o baby' bath - ot wth a oze ha!.

n ad aaly a a w araam as r nn a

a aaly hial a a il

Heat exhaustion

a hau i dy n l war ad a rugh v waingT m mmn a f diin wrig ig in ndin (ucha hg o a vey ht day

a xain r whn r dy mrar rai av 8 I mi ad, i an qily ad a (ppote

Possible signs and smpoms

nfin, dzzn al, way n.

Naa, f ai, vmiing

a, wa l and ahng

ram n arm, lg, adm

T aaly may ay ha y fl ld ', hy wll u

eatment a aay a a

Rmv iv hng ad ay m dwn

iv aaly lny f war ydra hm Oa rhydrai li (uch ao/yte r dri a a hy a ra l al

Oai mda advi, v if aay vr qily

f aay' vl rn (page 9) dira a hm h rvyiin and d l 999 f mlce Mni Awy an d ehn (page 6)

Ta f a (oppote a ary


43/61

Eects of eat and cod

eat stroe

ea ske is a vey sers ndin. t resus fm aue e yptalas(eperaure oo ere in e bain Te sweain meansm fais e bdy s unabe dwn and te re empeaure an rea dan erusy i leves (over C) win1 0 t 1 5 mintes

e nditin an be ased by a ever plned expsue t ea and tenws eat exasin (previou page


evee nfusin and resessness

used t dry skn o weag

trn fast puse

bbn eadae

Dizziness

Nausea vmin

edtn n leves f espnse (page leadn t unnsusness

ssbly seizues if nnss.

Treatment

ve e asuaty a l saded aea

al 999 o an ambne

C e asualy rapidy sin waeve metds yu an

emve uer in and wap e asuay in a d we seet eep it weand ld uni e asaly's emperae falls t nrma leves ten epae wia dy see

Oter meds lin an be:

o

Cninually spnn wi d wate and annn e asualy t elp evapae

an in a swe ey ae nss en t d 5

prayn wi wae m a aden se

f e asalty as a sezue tea as yu wud fr a eble nusn (page 4

Taing a tempeatue

dern easy use temmees are nw avalabe su as d ispsabe srps a anbe plaed n te tne r feead r tese emmeters fllw e manufatuersinstrns yu ny ave an ld fasned mery emeter weve tefllwn adve may elp

Take are wen andln e temmete e ery ente s psns.

Ensre tat as been prpery leaned

d e teete a e ppse end t te siver merury blb

ae e eete unil e meuy fals we belw e mar

Pae under te tnue f an adul who fuy oou, te armpi a id

Keep n pa e f 3 mntes

ead e emperatue at e evel t wi te merry as ise

Coo he auay rapdy

Rereto' Drugs

r yar abuari ha a irai h u o rraioa' druguh a ay (or ' )

A auay udr h ifuo uh a drug ay daoiuay or og pod

whih u h o wai ad hu boho ad dhydrad

Th o dhydraioobid wih h drugaig 'ora' hough ad o ha hauioad ha k


44/61

Other serious conditions

Diabetes

Diats is a a it sf by a s w s fa a sui

s aks w t su a tat w s, s a i a s by s t by s f lat us. suay, i su s au sa i l

iabs s at, t v sa i t b wi i b asly i v t ays (depedg he eve f he d)

T a f ys iabts, wi a atis y t i tatt:

Diet ooled Tis ai stl s s is atuay, s a tl ii y ui t au sa at ty a

et otrolled is ai st s a sal a sul aally, uts t ta tals t u t vl f sa i t bl,as wll as i l

Ii Depedet s at us itt sui, a as jttslvs wit isl is a ay i sa vls u tl

High blood suga (hyper)

ylyaia s t iti tat s i ats as ta fftivy wi ts i av.

T sua vls i t b a ais bui sis a sysi t ab (ppe) a as a it sut t by ty t tis a il u

ow blood suga (hypo)

w b sa u aiy wit iabi aits w a isul i t, aust lv si i t by s w a 'i aut bas i is jt

aus t ai as i s i at isui, ty av t ala i wit a f tat ty a

sua lvs will fall w i

ait s t a

ait v ss (bug ugar)

ait ts t u sui

Why is low blood suga dageous?

i t s i by, a a y s us (uga as its su yI t sa i t b s w t, bai ls a lialy stav

ss a sys lw b sa i ab (ppe a as a sul ty ba s b is, a as f aa ta t is it bai auss (ee a 'he bds respse hpxa page 1 )


45/61

Other serious conditions


Hg Bood Sug(ypgyc

Low d (yycm

Onset low o 4 ous s 2 us o ou

Levels f o slowy dug o pdly:

Respnse os Wss dzzss owsy lgc bvou Cofo, memoy lo Ucoscousss f c of coodo

codo s lf ud lud spc Bz uccsc

ucoopv possblyvol vou

Ucoscousss w ou

Ski y d w le, col d swy

Brethg p sgg bs oml, o low n p

Puse pd p

Oter xcssv uo Bw - sgs d sypos

mpts xcssv s c b coe fo dssugFuy odou o

Teatment o high blood suga Age fo te ptent o s oco s soo pol. te pt ecome nconco mt n Awy Bg n

l 999 fo mbuc ee age 6 8)

Teatment o lo blood suga cnscus csu

cl own

ve te cly gy d otoni ot dnk ae bet, g mp, glcoete, chocoe, o o sw foods

If te clty epon o etment qucky, gve tem moe fo o d Sy w he cty n le em et ntl te leve o epone lly e

ee age 9

Tel pen o ee he doco even thogh hey ve y ecovee

If e pent oe o spod o wtn 0 s o hey enmngele, l 999 fo mbulc

Cone s o cs fo te pe ymptom

n uncnscius csul

Ope he Awy n cc fo Bg ectte ecey (age 6 to 8

Pce te cy n he ecovey poon f ey e ehg eectvely

Give the caualty a ugay dnk iotonc ot dnk ae bet

DO NOT aemp o give hecaay anyhing ea or iki ey ecme nconcio


46/61

Oer serius cndiinsEpilepsy

A peo dagoed t epilepy a a tedey to ave eet ee (i tat aeom a ditae e a ape doe ot oly deal paie o aedagoed it eplepy oeve, eaue oe peo 20 il ave a eie a omepo i e ve

Tee ae may aue of ezue (inuding pipy u a ypoa, toe, ead uy oeve e ody empeaue eomg oo ig

Baie ad yog lde ommoy ufe eizue fom eomig oo o due to iead feve Ti i oveed e op feile ovuio, oppoe

Mnr seizresMio epilepy alo o a aee ezue o pet ma eiue Te patet mayappea to uddely a day deamg (vn id nn Ti may lat jut a fe eod

efoe eove, ad e pae mg o eve eaie a a appeed ometme amo eie may e aompaed y uuua movemet, u a tiig e fae, egf a dividal lim, o lip mag e paet may mae a oe, u a etg out a

Teatment of mino seizues o emove ay oe o dage, u a a ie o ot di i e ad

Hep te patiet to do i a iet plae ad eaue tem

Stay it te paie utl ey ae uly alet (pag

f e paet i uaae of tei oditio, advie em o ee a doo

Mjr seizresT type o eiue eult fom a majo dtuae te a, aue aggevefttg, uuay of te oe ody

eig a mao ezue a e gteg o te it ade, u am, pomp ato eeial fo te patet.

ossble signs and sympoms

A majo eizue ay goe toug a pate:Au

n' h

i' P

e paet a ad ezue efoe, ey may eoge tat tey aeaou o ave oe Te aig g may e ayig om a agetae i te mout, a mell, o a peula eelg Te aua may givete paet ae o ee ep, o mpy le do efoe ey a

vey mule i te ody uddey eome gid Te paie may letot a y ad ll fa o e floo e a may a ad te lp maygo ue (yanoi i pae typally la e a 20 eod

Te im of te ody mae dde, vioe jeg moveme, eeye may ol, te ee may le, aiva may dool fom e mout(i oodaind a a ru o iing h ongu ad eatig

ud e oud e oig' e patet may oe ool of te laddeo oel

i pae a lat om 0 eod o ou atoug mo eizeop it a ople o miute Ay eizue (or ri izuraig moe ta 5 mue i a de media emegey

Rcv P e ody eae, toug te paie til uepoive. evel oepoe (pag i mpove it a fe mie, u e patiemay o e 'fully ae o 20 mite o o ey may e uaae o


47/61

Other eiou condition

Treatment of maor seizures (ing) urng th szur:

Hep e pen he v injy i pe

eny hin he pen e hep vi injy hi n e ne mpy wih yn e

en ny in n e nek ep e pien ee

Mve ny je m n he pen h my m em n k yne mve wy.

y e nene e wy, e y n he e

e ne he e me he eize e n i n

k ienn y n knw e pen

l fr n mu lnc f

Te eize me n mine

Te pien eve epne (pge 9 n impve e e eie win mine he pen en ee

e pien n ine epepi i e i ee

Y e ne

As sn s h szur stps:

he wa n at eie neey (pges 6 t ).

Pe e tet t v pn (pg 12). eep e pien wm (uess tepeatue aused the seiue n ee em.

Mni wa n at

Mve yne wy ee he y wke n pe mey

hek e eve epne ey (pge 9 999 hy n impve whin mine ( y the ess etied bve

Febrile convulsions

n yn en n ie e e e in h ee empee (thehypthus i n ye y evepe Ti n e he e empee he y

ehin ney i eve (pge 4 n mmny n i iin my i

eie nvin n e vey enin e pen e h Dn e 'n'phe he i (pge 4 e h my p ein, ee e ipm e n e p n e my e (ysis I e wi yn eee, mene wi e neey

e my ve een nwe ve he p y n wi e h

Treatmen of febrle convulsions

emve in n ee Pvie eh he hi wnTe e n e mh

e e n hei ie pe pe he wy

emve ney e n e pin pe e i minjy wi iin y pi enin pein he e

999 n amla.

I e i in pne hem wih epi we he p e inpe ke e n hem mh

Gety ptet the hed.

NEVR a anhng in h

aua mouh aou ng!)

NVR t o hod th aintdown o ran thm

NEVER mov th auat(un h a n dang)

If the hid is sti ittig - ptet the hd


48/61

Other serous condtons

ood enters the bdy through

the mouth where it is

mechanicay brken down

by chewing, and the saivary

gands secrete saiva, which

heps break dwn starches(amongst other substances

As we swao the epigottis

fds dwn to prevent food

entering the airwa and the

'bus of fd enters the

oesphagus

The bus of fd is pushedthrugh the oesphagus

(and the rest f the digestive

system by waves f musce

contractions

Fod enters the stomach

where aidi gastric juices are

secreted t hep break down

the bus f fd t a soup

k cc

he food then enters the

dudenum, which is Q duct

into which enzymes from the

pancreas ga badder and

iver re secreted These

enymes enabe food to be

brken dwn futhe as it

cntinues int the sma

intestine

Athough it is caed the sma

intestine, this duct is arund metres in ength, and cis

arund in the centre f the

abdomina cavit

he sma intestine mpetes

the digestion process by

absrbing nutrients from the

fd int the bood stream fr

use by the bod

Undigested food nw passes

into the arge intestine (on

where water is absrbed into

the bod befre being

exreted from the anus

:

0Q

c0vM

:0.0N

:

00N

;o >

hedigestie systemSavay Gandngue1-Salivary GlandEpigttisLarynx/Oesphagus-.- LiverStmachGa Badder---t DuodenumPancreas1ma Intestine,.Large Intestine'Appendix0Rectum

'--- \ Anus


49/61

Healh an saey (fis ai) regulaions 8

Empy pibiliti

de Heat ad aey aw an eplyer ha a epniiity ee tha ir adpvi in he wpace i ficien hi incude

Heath and safety

aryn u an aeen decde whee, hw ay and wha type f i Aiderae needed fwi idance r he Healh and afey ecuive

vd tain ad rerehe raii f the Fi Ade

vidn icie t aid t and e ipen e wrpace

nin ha a af ae awae f w and whee et ir aid teaten

Ti chapter ive e uidance ee eplte, ath i aid ainnraiatn are alway wln t ve advce

rs ai is

ir Aid it hud e eaiy acceie peeay paced ear hand wain aciiiend ceary idenied y a wie c a reen acund e cnaner hd peche ctet f d and dap

A i ad i h d e avaale a every wr ie are ie ay eed e tha et aid i T e lw it ctet ven a idace

eae vin eeal udace ir ad d ivduay wapped plater f ared ze a nd apppiate he ype

w (eg e detecae ase hd e ded d de)ypaleenc pae can e prvded neceay

terile eye pad

ana andae, indviday wapped and peealy teile afey p ediu wd dei (ax 1 cm x cm) dvdually wrapped

and eie

lae wund drein (ax 8cm x 8cm) a ave pai f dpale ve.

he i i n adary euvalet e ay e ued Addita ie ay eeired c a ci, adeive ape dpae apn and indviday wrapped i

wipe Tey ay e tred i he fi aid i if hey wil f ep cle y r e

Ohe te ta ay need e cnideed ae ch hn a lae prtect cauaie

te eeen, prective euipet c a reahin appaau i a F Ade had ente a dane atphere

Ey wash

f an ap waer i n readiy avaae fr eye irain at eat ite f eile waer raine'

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[Nigel Barraclough] First Aid Made Easy a Compreh(Bookos.org)