Nicolaus Copernicus (p 434)

Polish, 1473 - 1543Developed sun-

centered universe theory

Heliocentric: sun-centered

Galileo Galilei (p 435)

Italian physicist & mathematician, 1564 -1642

Observed that Jupiter’s moons move around the planet, as Earth moves around the sun

Contradict: to go against

Why were his theories seen as radical?

Francis Bacon (p 436)

English philosopher, 1561 – 1626

Philosopher: a person who is an expert in the study of knowledge

Stressed experimentation and observation

René Descartes (p 436)

French philosopher, 1596 – 1650

Emphasized human reasoning

Robert Boyle (p 438)

Irish theologian and natural philosopher, 1627 – 1691

Opened the way for chemical analysis

Isaac Newton (p 438)

English physicist & mathematician, 1643 – 1727

Developed laws of motion and mechanics

Gravity: the force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of the Earth

Calculus: a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations

A Step-by-Step ProcessScientific method: careful, step-by-step

process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Hypothesis: an unproven theory accepted for the purpose of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation