““NNIICCOOLLAAEE BBĂĂLLCCEESSCCUU”” LLAANNDD FFOORRCCEESS AACCAADDEEMMYY

THIS EVENT IS ORGANIZED BY “NICOLAE BĂLCESCU” LAND FORCES ACADEMY IN COLLABORATION WITH THE NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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APPLIED TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND ADVANCED MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES

CCOONNFFEERREENNCCEE PPRROOCCEEEEDDIINNGGSS 33

25-27 NOVEMBER 2010

““NNIICCOOLLAAEE BBĂĂLLCCEESSCCUU”” LLAANNDD FFOORRCCEESS AACCAADDEEMMYY PPUUBBLLIISSHHIINNGG HHOOUUSSEE

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Scientific advisors:

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“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy

Address: 3-5 Revoluţiei Street, Sibiu, Romania Tel.: 0040269/432990, Fax: 0040269/215554

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The authors take full responsibility of the content of their articles.

ISSN 1843 – 6722

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Applied Fundamental and Technical Sciences

Accuracy of Vectorization Algorithms, Adrian ALEXEI, Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency, Clinceni................................................................................ 11

The Servo-Amplifier with Hydraulic Reversibility, Beazit ALI, Ligia-Adriana SPORIŞ, “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy, Constanţa .................................................... 16

Finite Elements Real Case Study of a Solid Propelant Rocket Engine Internal Pressure and Performance Variations under Various Nozzle Diameter Change, Adrian ARGHIROPOL, Constrantin ROTARU, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest ........... 22

Some Interpolation Operators on Triangle, Alina BABOŞ, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu ............................................................................................................ 28

Comparative Study of Electromagnetic Field Level around Wlan Access Points by Using Swept and Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers, Paul BECHET, Simona MICLAUŞ, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu................................................................... 35

Four Terminal Floating Nullors Impedance Generalized Converters, Octavian-Ioan BOGDAN, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu ....................................................41

A Physical Model of OHN3MF Steel, Marian BUNEA*, Gonçalves COELHO**, Victor GHIZDAVU*, *Military Technical Academy, Bucharest, **Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal........................................................................................................... 46

Design of a Complex Weapon System with PLM, Daniela CĂRUŢAŞU, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu .................................................................................. 51

Approximate Solving of the Fredholm Integral Equation of Second Kind, Daniela COSMA, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu.................................................. 57

Dynamical Behaviour of Woven Composite Materials Used to Attenuate the Noise Level, Ioan CURTU*, Mariana Domnica STANCIU*, Vasile CIOFOAIA*, Janos TIMAR*, Raimond GRIMBERG**, Călin ITU*, *Transilvania University of Braşov, **National Institute of Research & Development for Technical Physics of Iaşi..................... 66

A New Mathematical Model for Composite Plates, Ion FUIOREA*, Dumitriţa GABOR*, Iuliana SPRINTU**, *Institute for Theoretical & Experimental Analysis of Aeronautical Structures, Bucharest, **Military Technical Academy, Bucharest.................... 71

Numeric Modelling and Experimental Research of the Projectile and Armour’s Impact Phenomenon, Florin ILIE, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu...................... 78

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Research Concerning the Oscillations of the Weapons Systems Barrels, Cristian-Emil MOLDOVEANU, Pamfil ŞOMOIAG, Viorel-Cătălin TUDOR, Ioan VEDINAŞ, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest................................................................................................ 83

Upon the Influence of Characteristics Parameters and Material Model Constants, in SPH Analysis, Vasile NĂSTĂSESCU*, Cristian BARBU*, Ghiţă BÂRSAN**, *Military Technical Academy, Bucharest, **“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu........... 88

Variation Law of the Piston Displacement in the Accurate Kinematics Theory of the Axial Piston Pumps with the Motion Transmitting by Connecting Rods, Simion PAREPA, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieşti ...................................................................................... 94

Elasticity of Some Kinematical Elements Belonging to a Structure with Cylindrical Gear Train, Simion PAREPA, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploieşti ................................ 100

Electrical Equipments. Provisionary Estimation of the Elastic Systems Taking into Account the Reliable Indices. Experimental Results on the Degradation Coefficient of the Elastic Systems Performances in Heating Conditions, Gheorghe RAŢIU, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu ................................................................................................. 106

Energetic Damage Criterion for Elasto-Viscoplastic Materials in Finite Element Problems, Simona ROATEŞI, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest ............................ 112

Numerical Computation of Internal Flow for Turbojet Engine Combustion Chamber, Constantin ROTARU, Adrian ARGHIROPOL, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest ...................................................................................................117

Research on Underwater Vehicles Models Moving at Low Speeds, Simona RUS*, Mircea DEGERATU**, Ionel POPA***, Florin ZAHARIA****, *Diving Centre Constanţa, **Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, ***”Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy of Constanţa ................................................................................................ 123

Study upon the Roughness of Straight Milled Surfaces Made of Black Alder, Emilia-Adela SALCA, Wilhelm LAURENZI, Mihaela POROJAN, Transilvania University of Braşov..................................................................................................................................... 129

The Numerical Simulation for the Determination of the Oscillations which Appear in Launching Site during Firing, Pamfil ŞOMOIAG, Cristian-Emil MOLDOVEANU, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest................................................................................ 136

The Simulation of the Electromagnetic Perturbations upon the Mass Circuites of a Digital Electronic Device, Alexandru SOTIR, Gheorghe SAMOILESCU, Vasile DOBREF, Ovidiu TĂRĂBUŢĂ, Ionuţ DATCU, Alexandru BACIU, “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy, Constanţa .................................................................................................... 143

The Digitized 3D Image Positioning of Objects and Persons in Built-Up Areas and Buildings, Petr STODOLA, Petr HRŮZA, University of Defence, Brno, The Czech Republic ................................................................................................................................. 149

Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer with Cascaded Phase and Amplitude Error Feedback, Emil TEODORU, “Nicolae Bălcescu”, Land Forces Academy Sibiu................ 155

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Mathematical Modelling of Projectile Motion inside Barrel of Artillery System, Vasile TITICA**, Doru SAFTA**, Ioan ION**, Mădălin BARBU*, *01557 M.U. Sibiu, **Military Technical Academy, Bucharest............................................................................ 159

A New Partial Sorting Algorithm, Paul VASILIU, “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy, Constanţa .............................................................................................................. 163

A New Fast Sorting Algorithm, Paul VASILIU, “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy, Constanţa ............................................................................................................................... 168

Linear Filtering Problems, Ramona-Anamaria VASIU, Romanian-German University of Sibiu ................................................................................................................................... 172

Decision Support Systems and CBRN in Military Operations

Decisions in Risk and Uncertainty Conditions, Mihaela ALBICI, Delia TESELIOS, Cristina ŢENOVICI, “Constantin Brâncoveanu” University, Piteşti ................................. 176

How Management Theory Must Work in the Logistics Systems of Industrial Organisations, Dorel BADEA, Silviu Mihai PETRIŞOR, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu ...................................................................................................................... 182

Technological Risk Analysis. Impact Analysis for Industrial and Transport Accidents, Cosmin-Laurenţiu BALCU*, Monica Oriana BEJENARU*, Ionela NISTOR*, Lucian TREFAŞ*, Dănuţ MOŞTEANU**, *Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, Sibiu, **“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu............................................................. 188

Zirconia Ceramics Obtained from Ultrafine Powders, Mariana BARBARESSO, Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency, Clinceni ...................................... 193

Mathematical Model for the Designing of the Graduate’s Building-Up Level of Using Competence Descriptors, Ghiţă BÂRSAN*, Daniel CONSTANTIN*, Vasile NĂSTĂSESCU**, *“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **Military Technical Academy, Bucharest............................................................................................................... 197

Aspects regarding the Engineering Missions Support at Land Force Level, Eugen BOAMBĂ, Radu DUMITRU, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest...................................... 203

The Use of Optimization Techniques in Multidimensional Modeling and Analysis of Data Stored within the Interactive Information System of the Organization, Florian BUŞE, Gheorghe-Florin BUŞE, University of Petroşani ................................................................ 208

Decisional Process Optimization for Increasing the Management Efficiency of the Medium Size Organizations, Dorin CHIRCA, Training Center for Communication and Information Technology, Sibiu ............................................................................................. 216

Consideration regarding the Testing of the New Individual Decontaminating Kit Based on Solid Sorbents Exclusively, Georgiana CIOFRÎNGEANU*, Georgeta Livia MITRU*, Alexandru BOBEŞ – TUREAC*, Viorel ORDEANU**, Bogdan PATRINICHI**, *CBRN Defence and Ecology Scientific Research Centre (CCŞACBRNE), Bucharest, **Army Medical Research Centre (CCŞMM), Bucharest..................................................... 222

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Data Warehouses – Solutions for the Stategic Management Information Systems, Diana Elena CODREANU*, Ionela POPA**, *“Constantin Brâncoveanu” University, Piteşti, **Faculty of Management Marketing in Economic Affairs, Rm. Vâlcea ............................ 228

Some Key Issues for the Improvement in the Formal Schooling of the Decision Proficiency in Engineering Design, Gonçalves COELHO*, Gabriela NEŞTIAN**, Marian BUNEA**, António MOURÃO*, *Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, **Ministry of Communications and Information Society, Bucharest........................................................... 233

Past, Present and Perspective Engineer Protection - Engineer Support Primary Element in Projecting the Engineer Forces, Radu DUMITRU, Eugen BOAMBĂ, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest............................................................................................................... 240

Study regaring Possibility of using Gun Propellants for Manufacturing of Industrial – Grade Explosives, Sorin EŞANU, Doru GOGA, Traian ROTARIU, Constantin ENACHE, Cristian MOLDER, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest........................................................ 245

Streaming Systems for Information Dissemination within an Knowledge-Based Society, Gabriela FLORESCU, Valentin FLORESCU, National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics, Bucharest................................................................................. 251

Possibilities of Fuel Additives Usage for the Military Vehicles, Hana GAVENDOVÁ, Jaromír MAREŠ, Zbyšek KORECKI, University of Defence, Brno, The Czech Republic ..................................................................................................... 256

Protected Ventilation System against Chemical and Biological Threats, Nicoleta GRIGORIU*, Gabriel EPURE*, Răzvan PETRE*, Georgeta MITRU*, Panaghia DELIU*, Constantin TOADER*, Cristian BARBARESSO*, Laurentiu SUFARU*, Adina IONESCU**, Andrei Ionel PĂTRUT***, Mihai Mihăilă ANDRES****, *CBRN Defence and Ecology Scientific Research Centre, Bucharest, **National Institute of Research-Development Turbomotors COMOTI, Bucharest, ***S.C. Ecoproiect S.R.L., Bucharest, ****Military Technical Academy, Bucharest...................................................... 264

The Strategy of Implementing the Occupational Health and Safety Management System at Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Claudiu Vasile KIFOR, Constantin OPREAN, Vasile MOŢOC, Mihai Victor ZERBEŞ, Liliana Georgeta POPESCU, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu ................................................................................................................. 268

Training through Simulation, an Efficient Way of Preparing Forces for the Future Battlefield, Julian MARTIN, “Carol I” National Defence University Bucharest ................ 274

Obtaining Volatile Pine and Fir Oils by Hydrodistillation Activated in a Microwave Field, Dănuţ MOŞTEANU*, Cosmin-Laurenţiu BALCU**, Lucian TREFAŞ**, *“Nicolae Bălcescu”, Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, Sibiu ....................................................................................................................................... 278

The Autonomous Remote System for Detection of Radioactive Materials and Toxic Substances in order to Prevent the Terrorism Attack with “Dirty Bombs”, Petru MURSA*, Maria POPA*, Narcisa CIONGIC*, Petrică PÎNZARIU*, Florin VOCHECI*, Alexandru KLUGER**, Marian CRĂCIUN**, *CBRN Defence and Ecology Scientific Research Centre (CCŞACBRNE), Bucharest, **S.C. EXATEL S.R.L., Bucharest ............. 282

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A Useful Instrument in Approaching Quality in Distance Education, Constantin OPREAN, Marilena BLAJ, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu .................................................. 285

Possibilities of QCM Detection Usage as a Quite New Base for Testing of Individual Protective Equipment Barrier Properties, Pavel OTŘÍSAL, Stanislav FLORUS, NBC Defence Institute of University of Defence, Vyškov, The Czech Republic .......................... 291

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Secondary Works Made by the Propellant Combustion Gases during Firing, Valeriu PÂRVAN, Daniel ANTONIE, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest............................................................................................................... 298

The Parallel Algorithm for Pole Placement Problem in Optimal Control Systems, Ioan POPOVICIU, Naval Academy “Mircea cel Bătrân”, Constanţa..................................................... 304

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Electrochemical Synthesis, Daniela PRICOP, Marius ŞTEFAN, Marius MIHAŞAN, Lucian HRIŢCU, Radu OLARIU, Viorel MELNIG, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi ................................ 309

Vbied Countering Equipment, Alexandru ROGOZ, Victor MĂRGEAN, Aurica DUMITRESCU, CBRN Defense and Ecology Scientific Reseach Center, Bucharest ........ 315

Public Transportation One Way to Achieve a Sustainable Transport, Elena SIMA, Romanian-German University of Sibiu.................................................................................. 321

Alternative Fuels for Car Engines a Way to Reduce Pollution, Elena SIMA, Romanian-German University of Sibiu ................................................................................................... 325

Mutations that Take Place at the Level of the Processing, Assortment Structure and the Quality of the Food Products, Nataliţa Maria SPERDEA, Marieta STANCIU, University of Craiova............................................................................................................................... 330

Experimental Researches on Attenuation Properties of Blast Wave through Perlite, Florin TÎMPLARU*, Adrian ROTARIU**, Eugen TRANĂ **, Liviu MATACHE***, *In Flight Research & Test Center, Craiova, **Military Technical Academy, Bucharest, ***N.B.C. Defence and Ecology Scientific Research Center, Bucharest.............................. 336

Business Intelligence Solutions for Decision – Makers, Ioana Andreea STĂNESCU*, Luminiţa GIURGIU**, Camelia DOGARU***, *Advenced Technology Systems, Târgovişte, **“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, ***Naţional Authortiy for Sciencific Research, Bucharest....................................................................................................... 341

Present, Evolution and Nationwide Perspectives of the Stationary and Portable Dosimeters for Military Use, Tănase-Marian TUDOR, Air Force Headquarters, Bucharest................................................................................................................................ 346

Poly(Amidhydroxyurethane) Coated Silver Nanoparticles Induced Memory Impairment by Increasing Brain Oxidative Stress, Laura URSU*, Lucian HRIŢCU*, M. ŞTEFAN*, M. MIHAŞAN*, Liliana TARTĂU**, Viorel MELNIG*, *“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iaşi, **“Gr.T. Popa”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi ......................................... 352

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Advanced Military Technologies and Network Architectures

Sense and Avoid Strategies for Modern Unmanned Aerial Systems, Traian ANASTASIEI, Adrian MURARU, Nicolae NENCU, “Henri Coandă”, Air Force Academy Braşov..................................................................................................................................... 358

Considerations on the Measurement of 7 Perforated Propellant Grain Dimensions, Daniel ANTONIE, Valeriu PÂRVAN, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest .............. 364

Designing a Layered Node Architecture to be Used in Wireless Sensor Networks, Cătălin BUJDEI, Sorin-Aurel MORARU, Delia UNGUREANU, Transilvania University of Braşov ................................................................................................................................ 370

Considerations on Light Armoured Vehicle Evaluation Methodologies, Daniela CĂRUŢAŞU*, Dan Paul BRÎNDAŞU**, *“Nicolae Bălcescu”, Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu......................................................................... 376

Design and Analysis of Simulation Experiments to Achieve a "Virtual Prototype" Armored Tank, Vasile CĂRUŢAŞU*, Marilena Aura DIN**, *“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **Romanian American University of Bucharest ............................ 384

The Use of Intelligent Agents in the Development of Mobile Applications, Marian Pompiliu CRISTESCU*, Corina Ioana CRISTESCU**, Laurenţiu CIOVICĂ***, *“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, **A.S.E. Bucureşti, ***“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia ........................................................................................................................... 391

Optimum Criteria for Distributed Applications, Corina Ioana CRISTESCU*, Marian Pompiliu CRISTESCU**, Ciprian CUCU***, *ESA Bucharest, **“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu ................................................................................................................ 396

3D Topografic Mapphing Based on Remote Sensing Satellite Data, Iulia Florentina DANA*, Vlad Gabriel OLTEANU*, Iulia Elena JIVANESCU*, Cristian MOISE*, Raluca MANEA**, *Romanian Space Agency, Bucharest, **Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, Bucharest........................................................................... 401

Fractional Factorial Design Approach to Tactical and Technical Characteristics of a Tank-Type Armoured System, Marilena Aura DIN*, Vasile CĂRUŢAŞU**, *American University of Bucharest, **“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy of Sibiu ................. 407

A Simulation Model to Produce a Great Power Electromagnetic Pulse by a Flux Compression Generator, Vasile DOBREF, Alexandru SOTIR, “Mircea cel Bătrân”, Naval Academiy, Constanţa ............................................................................................................. 418

Failure Criteria for Composites in Light Aircraft Armours, Dumitriţa GABOR, Ion FUIOREA, Institute for Theoretical & Experimental Analysis of Aeronautical Structures, Bucharest ............................................................................................................................... 423

Extension of the Utility of Tecnomatix Plant Simulation Software through the Simulation of the Morphologic Creative Method, Rareş Lucian MARIN, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu ................................................................................................................. 429

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Using Geospatial Technologies to Elaborate the Digital Geomorphological Map of Romania 1:200.000 Scale, Cristian MOISE*, Alexandru BADEA*, Marcel TÖRÖK – OANCE**, Gabriel POPESCU***, Ionut SANDRIC****, Iulia Elena JIVANESCU*, *Romanian Space Agency, Bucharest, **West University of Timisoara, ***University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, ****ESRI Bucharest................. 435

A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of the Corrective Maintenance Process, Nicolae MORO*, Carmen SIMION**, *“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy of Sibiu, **“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu ................................................................................... 441

Correlation between Recoil Alterations because of the Pressure Diminuation out of Recoil Mechanism and the Number of the Shoted Projectiles and the Interpretation Depending on Physical Wear by the Shooting Fires of the Recoil System, Nicolae MORO*, Carmen SIMION**, *“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy Sibiu, **“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu ................................................................................................................. 448

Satellite Image Improvement using Phase Information, Alina NISTORESCU, Technical University, Cluj Napoca ........................................................................................ 453

Considerations on Face Candidate Detection using Eye and Mouth Features, Romana OANCEA*, Mircea POPA*, Ştefan DEMETER*, Marilena BLAJ**, Florin MOLIE***, Cristian MOLDER, “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, *** APDRP Sibiu, **** Military Technical Academy, Bucharest....... 458

Considerations regarding the Dynamic Analysis of a Floating Bridge, Gheorghe OLARU, Marin LUPOAE, Daniel CONSTANTIN, Florin EFTIMIE, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest............................................................................................................... 464

Experimental Research regarding the Dynamic Analysis of a Floating Bridge, Gheorghe OLARU, Marin LUPOAE, Daniel CONSTANTIN, Florin EFTIMIE, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest.............................................................................................. 469

Egnos Extension to Eastern Europe, Vlad Gabriel OLTEANU*, Alina RADUŢU*, Alexandru BADEA*, Ion NEDELCU*, Iulia DANA*, Daniela IORDAN**, *Romanian Space Agency (ROSA), Bucharest, **Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, Bucharest .......................................................................................................... 474

Improvement Posibilities of the Industrial Logistic Activities using Robotizated Technologies, Silviu Mihai PETRIŞOR*, Vlad Andrei BÂRSAN**, Dorel BADEA*, *“Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu ....................................................................................................................................... 479

Coherence Bandwidth Estimation for Wideband and UWB Mimo Signals, Ana-Maria PISTEA, Tudor PALADE, Ancuţa MOLDOVAN, Technical University of Cluj Napoca485

Constructive Solutions to Reopen the Damaged Military Bridges for Traffic, Andrei POGANY, “Politehnica” University of Timisoara................................................................ 491

Sources of Radiating Electromagnetic Field through Electrostatic Discharges. Computing the Discharge Current, Gheorghe SAMOILESCU*, Adelina SAMOILESCU**, Serghei RADU***, *Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy, Constanţa, **Polytechnic University of Bucharest, ***Zodiac Company, Constanţa ............................ 495

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Particularities regarding the Launching System of Ahead Projectiles, Alin-Constantin SAVA, Tudor CHERECHEŞ, Ioan VEDINAŞ, Cătălin IONESCU, Liviu PITICARI, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest................................................................................ 501

Considerations on Terminal Ballistics of Ahead Type Projectiles, Alin-Constantin SAVA, Doru SAFTA, Ioan ION, Cătălin IONESCU, Military Technical Academy, Bucharest................................................................................................................................ 505

Sensor Deployment for Hierarchical Organization in Wireless Sensor Networks, Mamidanna SHREEDHAR, Department of Computer Science, MM University, Nepal ........ 509

UAV Flight Path Conceptual Design, Róbert SZABOLCSI, ‘Zrínyi Miklós” National Defense University, Hungary................................................................................................. 519

Advanced Method Used to Measure Noise Levels of Industrial Areas with Potential in Military Applications, Janos TIMAR, Mariana Domnica STANCIU, Corneliu COFARU, Ioan Curtu, Daniela FLOREA, Dinu COVACIU, Transilvania University of Braşov.......... 525

Experimental Research on the Influence of Superficial Treatments with Optical Radiation Impulses on the Microstructure of the Surfaces of Sintered Parts, Ioan VIRCA*, Vasile LAZĂR**, *"Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, **S.C. Sinterom S.A. Cluj-Napoca ........................................................................................................................... 531

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DESIGNING A LAYERED NODE ARCHITECTURE TO BE USED IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Cătălin BUJDEI, Sorin-Aurel MORARU, Delia UNGUREANU

University Transilvania of Braşov, Braşov, Romania, catalinbujdei@yahoo.com

Abstract: One direction of our research work was to design a proper architecture for the wireless sensor network (WSN) notes. Each network node should ensure a set of functionalities conform to the requirements of our system (a building monitoring and control system – smart building). In order not to disturb the people’s activities and to avoid a visual discomfort, it is also required that the physical size of the nodes be as small as possible within our system, without affecting the functionalities. A small size will also ensure an easier installation procedure of the entire network. Some of functionalities could be common for each node, or particular, depending on the node’s main goal. A clear separation of the functionalities is necessary and it should be possible to implement using a layered architecture; each layer ensures a specific functionality or similar functionalities. This type of architecture ensures the best usage of the physical space and allows reconfiguration of the node structure as it’s needed, by combining different dedicated layers. The hardware architecture is supported by the software application installed on the node’s microcontroller. A single auto-configurable version of the software application is necessary for all nodes, regardless of the node structure. New dedicated layers, implementing new functionalities, could be developed and used in the current node architecture. Keywords: wireless sensor networks, node architecture, layers, plug & play, modular 1. Introduction The main goal of our research work is to design, develop and integrate a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which to permit the monitoring and control of the environmental parameters from offices buildings. The buildings, in which the network will be integrated, are part of the Research and Development Institute which is under construction in Brasov, Romania. The WSN has to realize the integration between other systems under development (by example: access control, lighting control, heating and ventilation control, etc.). The main idea is to realize a smart building what will ensure comfort to the people and also will reduce the total energy consumption. Different solutions of using green energy are also planned to be used.

Our wireless sensor network design should be installed corresponding to a distribution plan. The network nodes should be installed in appropriate positions in order to get precise measurement, and where they are not affected by different external factors, like light, heating, air flow, etc. The WSN is just a part of a bigger system, but it is a critical component; for this reason it has to be designed properly. The developed network would be used in future research by the students and other researchers. The basic component of the network is a node, with a complex structure necessary for ensuring all desired functionalities. The node structure has been analyzed and designed for allowing the decreasing of the node’s physical size while offering a modular solution, with low power

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consumption and with possibility of reconfiguration, without compromising the functionalities. All these requirements are very strong inter-connected. It is necessary to make compromises and get the optimum solution. Even if nowadays many types of WSN nodes have been developed by many research organizations, we decided that we had to develop a new one that meets more exactly our requirements. 2. Network structure The WSN is formed by many dedicated nodes which creates wireless connections between them according to a proper topology (figure 1). For our system a tree type topology is recommended to be used [8]. The network will have 3 different functional node types: coordinator, router and end node. The end node is dedicated for measuring environmental parameters values and to transmit the recorded information to the coordinator node, for long term storing purpose. An end node could be also configured for controlling external devices. It is important to have the possibility to configure a node corresponding to different functioning situations (and for each type), without being necessary to create a distinct type of node. The router node has the role to transmit the information received from the end nodes to the coordinator node. It is used when the

radio signal of the end node could not reach directly the coordinator node. It could be used multiple router nodes into a radio communication path if the distance between sender and receiver node is much bigger than the radio signal coverage. Using router nodes the complexity of the network is increased and also the latency (the time necessary for the information to get from the sender node to the receiver node). Since the installation space of the network, in our system, is relatively small, a single level of router nodes is enough. Into a WSN there is only one coordinator node and it has the main goal to initialize the network. The other nodes will connect one by one to the network just initialized. The coordinator node is connected to a personal computer (PC), using an USB (Universal Serial Bus) communication protocol. It receives the information from the end nodes and sends it further to the computer. From the computer the information will be transported to different data storage devices. Also, the coordinator node could receive different commands from the computer. These commands will be sent as ‘wireless’ messages to the corresponding end nodes. Each node of the network has a unique identifier, which is used by the network message to detect the destination node.

Figure 1: Wireless sensor network architecture (tree topology)

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3. Network node components A single network node is a complex structure, hardware and software, which should provide a set of functionalities. The end node type is more complex than the others, since more requirements have to be satisfied. The idea was to create a single node platform, usable for all types of nodes. Since the functionalities could be quite different at each node, a separation of these functionalities was necessary. We had decided to integrate each functionality into a separate module. Using distinct modules that could be constructed into functional end nodes, we ensure an easy configuration mode. A node should integrate the following modules:

- power supply; - energy harvesting (optional); - processing unit; - radio communication; - sensing unit; - acting unit.

3.1. Power supply Each node needs a power supply which to provides the energy necessary for all components to work properly. In case of the coordinator node the solution is simple: the USB power supply (5V) would be used. For the other types node a battery will be used. The battery should respect some constraints: to have a small size and a high capacity. It has to be a rechargeable type if an energy harvesting module is used. The energy consumption is a big problem of WSN, since the energy is limited at the battery capacity. The energy consumption of the entire node should be as low as possible. For decreasing the energy consumption a method of enabling and disabling circuits have been designed. It will permit to provide power supply only to the modules which need to function and cut it from the other ones. Scheduled plans, for starting and stopping modules, will be implemented. The micro-processor (from the processing unit) will coordinate the plans execution. This method of starting

and stoping distinct modules, according to different plans, is new, and have not been implemented in other similar implemented systems. Even the electronic components are selected for having low energy consumption, this procedure will help even more. The power supply module will have to include a linear voltage regulator (LTC3204-3.3 or a similar model), which will ensure that a constant 3.3V voltage will be provided [2, 5]. 3.2. Energy harvesting The energy harvesting module design and development represents a future research work. It had to permit the production of energy from the environment and recharge of the battery. It would also increase more the life time of the network node. 3.3. Processing unit The processing unit is represented by a micro-controller which also represents the ‘heart’ of the network node. It has the role to control all functionalities of the node, including the necessary communication protocols. Since our previous and current research work was based on using the Microchip micro-controllers we had decided to use a similar version. A PIC24FJ64GB004 micro-controller has been decided to be used. It is based on a Microchip technology called eXtreme Low Power (XLP), which means that the energy consumption of this component will be minimal. The micro-controllers also ensures a large area of capabilities: low operating voltage, 35 I/O pins (which could be configured to be used as analogue inputs or digital inputs/outputs), fast analogue-to-digital conversion (500k samples per second), 2 UART (Universal Asynchronous receiver/transmitter) ports, 2 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) ports, 2 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) ports, USB 2.0 full-speed port, parallel port, hardware RTCC (Real-Time Clock Calendar with Alarms) module, etc. The nanoWatt technology permits the micro-controller to enter different running modes: low sleep, fast

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wake and fast control. Each of them was designed to reduce even more the energy consumption and they will be implemented properly in our system [7]. In the micro-controller memory it is installed a software application (firmware) that will control the entire node functionalities. The firmware is developed into a single version and it is able to detect the node hardware configuration (reading the digital input from a set of pins) and start the dedicated software modules. A special option of the software application permits to monitor the battery level (based on the Microchip framework). In this way the node could generate alarms for maintenance or could reduce its activity, when the battery reaches a minimum level. 3.4. Radio communication The radio communication is characterized by many properties and it has a big influence to the energy consumption. It is a very close interdependence between the antenna size, the radio signal coverage and the current consumption. Since we want to have also small physical size of the node and low energy consumption we have to compromise the radio signal coverage. The ZigBee protocol for wireless communication has been choose as it was used before at other projects and because it offers the best features comparing to other protocols. For the ZigBee module it was selected the MRF24J40MA, also from Microchip (using components from the same company ensure a good compatibility between them), which is connected with the micro-processor using the SPI interface. The current consumption of this module – sleep mode: 2 uA, RX mode: 19mA (data receiving), TX mode: 23 mA (data transmitting) – is relatively lower than other similar solutions and the communication range, of about 120 meters (in open space) is considered to be enough for our needs [7]. Even so, the radio module consumes a significant part of the energy provided by the battery. For this reason the sending of the information should be done at specific intervals of times, which are considered

critical for the system. These time intervals depend on the importance of information. Also, a compressing algorithm of the information is proposed to be implemented. The antenna of the module is sensible to other metal components and it is important to keep the antenna at distance from them. A free space should be ensured in the area of the radio antenna. This requirement is critical when it is necessary the minimization of the node physical size but should not be ignored, since it could cause different other problems. 3.5. Sensing unit The sensing module integrates a set of sensors, for measuring temperature, humidity and CO2 level values. A high precision is necessary since the network would have to control other systems. Where it is possible the digital sensors will be used, since they are most of them are already calibrated and there are not influenced by external signals like the analogue versions. 3.6. Acting unit The acting module will allow the node to send commands to different external systems. The firmware application from the micro-controller will be automatically configured to work properly with the systems where the node is connected. 4. Node physical architecture After defining all functionalities of the node, the architecture could be designed, in concordance with the idea of creating a small size node, to have a modular composition and which permits an easy configuration or reconfiguration (during the research activity the node will be tested for different situations which will require distinct configurations). From the physical size point of view, for a building automation system, an approxi-mate volume of 3x3x3 cm could be consi-dered optimal. The electronic components in SMD (Surface Mounted Device) format used for our node circuit implementation do not exceed these dimensions. A good placement solution on the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is also necessary.

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In order to take the advantage of small size node, modular and easy configurable a layered architecture proves to be optimal. A layered architecture permits to place every functional module on a separate layer or even on multiple layers if it is considered absolutely necessary. The communication between layers is realized using solid plastic connectors placed on each side of the PCB board (corresponding to a layer). The connectors are placed in a way which doesn’t permit the wrong connection between boards. All connectors have a proper configuration which should be respected by each layer (board). They will ensure the electrical but also mechanical connection between layers. Also, they will ensure the ability of plug & play to the functional modules (layers). Similar layered architectures have been designed, as in [1, 3-6]. In some of them a FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) layer was also integrated; this is used at complex digital processing operations. In this moment such layer, which is also power consuming, was considered not necessary for our network. The layers could be considered as being

organized into a stack formation, where the construction of the node will start from the bottom layer and get until the top. The connectors will permit to connect to the previous and next layers. For not getting errors or accidental destroying of the PCB components, the configuration should be done when no voltage is applied (a dedicated switch will be integrated on the power supply layer). The power supply layer is vital for each network node, also the radio communication layer. The antenna from the radio communication layer requires an empty space, so the radio signal will receive minimum negative influences. For this reason it was decided that the radio layer to be put in top of the others, having in this way free space above. The power supply layer will be placed at the bottom of the stack, since it is a base layer it cannot miss from any node configuration. These 2 layers will have connector only on one side, accordingly to their position. The power supply layer will distribute a constant voltage (3.3V) to the all layers. In figure 2 is presented how to create (construct) a network node using proper layers.

Figure 2: Layered node architecture with plug & play ability

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This architecture makes the network node versatile and adaptable to different application situations. Any kind of configuration could be made with the layers, respecting of course some little constraints: one layer type could appear only one time into the configuration and the base layers are mandatory for having a well functioning device. The base layers are represented by power supply, processing and radio communication functionalities. Using extensible PCBs is one idea, which to be considered in the future research, for reducing the node size and for offering more flexibility at interconnections [1, 2]. Today, the physical development of the node is partially realized. More importance has been accorded to designing and simulation of different functionalities. 5. Conclusions The research work permited us to design a proper architecture, functional and structural, for developing an optimal WSN node. The node should be small size,

modular with easy configuration possibilities, low power consumption and which to be used also in future research and development. The proposed layered architecture ensures our requirements and similar developed solutions demonstrate the viability of this type of architecture. It will offer also the possibility of future optimization since it will be used into real monitoring and control systems. The main structure is created and in the future more dedicated layers could be designed, developed and attached to the main layers. Even it was designed for being used into a home automation application, it will exist the possibility to implement it into any kind of applications. Acknowledgements This paper is supported by the Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD), financed from the European Social Fund and by the Romanian Government under the project number POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59323.

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