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8/3/2019 NHA1 - Fricatives & Affricates
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ENGLISH CONSONANTSI> Structure of the larynx & 4 different position of the
glottis
II> Definition of & differences among consonants
III> Consonant sounds
III.1> Plosives (stops)
III.2> Fricatives
III.3> Affricates
III.4> Nasals
III.5> Lateral
III.6> Approximants
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III.2> FricativesIII.2.1> Definition
III.2.2> Classification
III.2.3> Characteristics
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III.2.1> Definition Air passage from the lungs is not always
completely stopped. In many cases, the air moves
through a narrow passageway created when thearticulatory organs approach but do not toucheach other. The air being forced through thispassage causes friction. We call the resulting
sound a fricative. [Celce-Murcia et al., 2002: 44] Sounds with the characteristic that, when they
are produced, air escapes through a small passage& makes a hissing sound. [Roach, P., 2000:48]
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III.2.2> Classification 09 fricative consonants
they are created when the air goes through and
is restricted by the narrowing passing formed bythe following articulators: the lower lip and theupper front teeth for /f, v/; the tongue tip and thetooth ridge for /s, z/; the tongue and the teeth for
/8, 5/ the tongue blade and the back part of the
tooth ridge and the front part of the hard palatefor /~, 2/; and the narrow opening of the vocal
cords for /h/. [Celce-Murcia et al., 2002: 44]
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Articulation of labio-dental fricatives
Lower lip is incontact with the
upper teeth. Velum is raised.
Noise is never verystrong.
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Articulation of dental fricatives/apico-dentalfricatives
Tongue is placedbehind the teeth
Velum is raised
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Articulation of alveolar fricatives
Tongue tip is close tothe alveolar ridge withspread lips
Air escapes trough anarrow passage alongthe center of thetongue
Sound produced is quitetense
Velum is raised
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Articulation of post-alveolar fricatives Tongue is in contact with
an area slightly furtherback than that for /s,z/.
Lips are rounded
Velum is raised
Air escapes through a
passage along the centerof the tongue but thepassage is a little widerthan in /s,z/
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Articulation of glottal fricative/pharyngeal
fricative Sound is produced
through narrow opening
of the glottis There is no obstruction
to the air flow as itpasses through the
mouth
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III.2.3> Characteristics Fortis fricatives /f,s,8,~/ are said to be articulated with
greater force than the lenis, & their friction noise is
louder. Shortening effect: Fortis fricatives shorten a preceding
vowel or diphthong as do fortis plosives, e.g.:
grace/gre1s/-graze/ gre1z/, ice/ais/ - eyes/aiz/
Lenis fricatives /v,z,5,2/ have very little or no voicing in
initial & final positions, but may be voiced when they
occur between voiced sounds, e.g.: via/vai6/, cave/keiv/,
convent/k4nv6nt/
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Glottal fricative/h/:
-place of articulation: glottal (the narrowing
that produces the friction noise is betweenthe vocal folds)
-phonetically: voiceless vowel (no obstruction tothe air flow, & vocal folds do not vibrate) with
the quality of the voiced vowel that follows it,e.g.: hat /h`t/
-phonologically (distribution): a consonant.
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Distribution: found in 3 positions: initial,medial, final, e.g.: hut/h^t/,
ahead/6hed/, boathook/b6$th$k/
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III.3> Affricates
III.3.1> Definition Affricatives /t~, d2/: the air pressure is first built
up, and then, rather than being released freely,
released through a narrow passageway like africative.
Affricates are rather complex consonants. Theybegin as plosives and end as fricativesIt is
usually said that the plosive and the followingfricative must be made with the samearticulators,, the plosive and fricative must behomorganic [Roach, P. 2000:49].
l f
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III.3.2> ClassificationArticulation of post-alveolar/alveo-
palatal affricatives Begin as plosives
and end as fricatives
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Voicing Place of articulation
Palato-alveolar/Post-alveolar
Voiced t~
Voiceless d2
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III.3.3> Characteristics
/t~/ is slightly aspirated in the positionwhere /p,t,k/ are aspirated, e.g.: choke,
choose Shortening effect: /t~/ in final position
has the effect of shortening a precedingvowel, e.g.: church.
/t~/ and /d2/ often have rounded lips,e.g.: cherry, manage, joke.