Ngan Chan Nam Moc

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    1981, 41(2):422.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.R A Holley

    sorbate.by natamycin and potassium

    growth on Italian dry sausagePrevention of surface mold

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    Vo l .4 1 ,N o . 2P P L I E DAND E N V I R O N M E N TA LM I C R O B I O L O G Y,F e b . 1 9 8 1 ,p . 4 2 2 - 4 2 90 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 8 1 / 0 2 0 4 2 2 - 0 8 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0

    P r e v e n t i o no f S u r f a c eM o l d G r o w t hon I t a l i a nD r y S a u s a g eb y

    N a t a m y c i na n d P o t a s s i u mS o r b a t e tRICHARD A . HOLLEY

    F o o d R e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e ,R e s e a r c hB r a n c h ,A g r i c u l t u r eC a n a d a ,O t t a w a ,O n t a r i oKI A O C 6 ,C a n a d a

    I n h i b i t i o no f u n c o n t r o l l e dm o l dg r o w t hon t h r e e t y p e s o f raw c u r e dI t a l i a nd r ys a l a m iwas s t u d i e d u n d e rc o m m e r c i a lp r o d u c t i o nc o n d i t i o n s .S a l a m iwere d i p p e do r s p r a y e dw i t h n a t a m y c i n( p i m a r i c i n )o r were g i v e n a c o m b i n e do r g a n i c a c i d -p l u s - p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t . A c e t i ca n d c i t r i ca c i d sp o t e n t i a t e dt h e i n h i b i -t o r y e f f e c t so fp o t a s s i u ms o r b a t es i g n i f i c a n t l y ,b u t l a c t i ca n ds u c c i n i ca c i d ss h o w e dl i t t l eo r no e f f e c t .T r e a t m e n to f s a l a m i b y d i p p i n g i n 2 . 5 % ( w t / v o l )p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e o r 2 , 0 0 0ppm ( m g / l i t e r )o f p i m a r i c i n d idn o t s u c c e s s f u l l yp r e v e n t t h eg r o w t ho f s u r f a c em o l d s .A t 1 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e on a l l t y p e s o f s a l a m ia n d a t2 . 5 %s o r b a t e on C a s a l i n g os a l a m i ,v i s u a l i n h i b i t i o no f m o l dg r o w t hwas o b s e r v e d ,b u t n u m b e r so f v i a b l ef u n g ion a l l s a l a m i t y p e s t r e a t e d w i t h 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e weren o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y( 9 5 %c o n f i d e n c e )d i f f e r e n tf r o mn u m b e r sf o u n di n t h e u n t r e a t e dc o n t r o l s .P i m a r i c i ns p r a y ( 2 x 1 , 0 0 0p p m )was a s g o o da s o r s l i g h t l yb e t t e r t h a n2 . 5 % p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ,b u t g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n so f e a c h were r e q u i r e d t os a t i s f a c t o r i l yi n h i b i ts u r f a c em o l dg r o w t hd u r i n gt h e 2 5 -t o 5 0 - d a yr i pen ing p e r i o d .

    D r i e ds a u s a g e sw i t h v a r i o u sd e g r e e so f s u r f a c em o l dg r o w t ha r e p r e f e r r e db y e t h n i cg r o u p sf r o mm a n y c o u n t r i e s .U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,o v e r g r o w t ho ft h e s u r f a c eb y u n d e s i r a b l em o l d si s n o t u n c o m -m o n a n d h a s a t t r a c t e dt h e i n t e r e s to fs c i e n t i s t si n I t a l y ,H u n g a r y ,G e r m a n y ,a n d t h e U n i t e dS t a t e s .D r a g o n ie t a l . ( 1 0 )a n d C a t t a n e oe t a l .( 7 )c o n c l u d e dt h a t m o l d sw e r e n o t a p a r t o ft h en o r m a lm i c r o f l o r a o fI t a l i a nd r y s a u s a g e .Ay r e se t a l . ( 2 ) n o t e d t h a t m o l d g r o w t ho n g e n u i n eI t a l i a ns a l a m i w a s s o m e w h a ts c a n t y ,w h e r e a ss i m i l a rp r o d u c t sp r o d u c e di n t h e U n i t e dS t a t e sw e r eh e a v i l yc o v e r e d w i t h m o l d .

    I n N o r t hA m e r i c at h e r ei sg e n e r a l l yc o n s u m e rr e l u c t a n c et o p u r c h a s em o l d yf o o d i t e m s ,a n dd r i e d s a u s a g e sd o n o t a p p e a rt o b e a ne x c e p t i o n .A l t h o u g hs a u s a g e se v e n l y c o v e r e dw i t h d e n s e

    w h i t e m y c e l i u ma r e c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l eb ys o m eg r o u p s ,t he u n c on t ro l l edm o l dg r o w t hs e e no n m o s t d r y c u r e d m e a t p r o d u c t s i s u s u a l l yp i g m e n t e dg r e e n ,g r a y ,o r y e l l o wa n d t h u s h a sl i t t l ea p p e a l .

    M o l dg r o w t ho n c u r e dm e a tp r o d u c t sc a n t a k ep l a c en o t o n l y d u r i n g c u r i n g b u t a l s od u r i n gw h o l e s a l ed i s t r i b u t i o na n d i n t h e r e t a i ls h o w -c a s e .A t e a c h s t a g e i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o nc h a i n ,p i g m e n t e dm o l d i s r e m o v e d b yw a s h i n gt o i m -p r o v e p r o du c ta p p e a r a n c e .Va c u u m p a c k a g i n go f t h e f u l l ym a t u r ec u r e d p r o d u c ti s a l s ou s e d ;h o w e v e r ,w a s h i n gi s u s u a l l yn e c e s s a r yb e f o r ep a c k a g i n g ,a n d t h e p r o d u c t b e c o m e sm o r ec o s t l y .T h e d a n g e r i n h e r e n t i n t h e p r a c t i c e o fm o l dr e m o v a lb y w a s h i n gi s t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e

    t C o n t r i b u t i o nn o . 4 3 1 f r o mt h e F o o dR e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e .

    d o e sn o t h i n gt o r e m o v e t o x i ca n da l l e r g e n i cm o l dm e t a b o l i t e sw h i c hm a y h a v e d i f f u s e di n t ot h em e a t a s a r e s u l to f t h e o r i g i n a lm o l d g r o w t h .A l t h ou g h A yr e se t a l . ( 1 )o b s e r v e dm y c o t o x i nf o r m a t i o ni n d r y s a u s a g e su n d e rc o n t r o l l e dc o n -d i t i o n s ,i t i s f e l t t h a t i f s t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e sb e l o w1 5 Ca r e m a i n t a i n e d ,m y c o t o x i np r o d u c -t i o nw i l ln o t o c c u r ( 1 ,5 ,6 ) .

    S u r f a c em o l d i n go f d r y s a u s a g e sa n d c u r e dm e a t sg e n e r a l l yw as a p r o b l e mi n t h r e e o f f o u rm e a t p r o c e s s i n gp l a n t s r e c e n t l yv i e w e d . O ft h e s e ,p r o d u c t s m a n u f a c t u r e di n t h e I t a l i a np l a n t sw e r e m o s t a f f e c t e d .T h i s w a s p r o b a b l yb e c a u s e ,u n l i k eG e r m a n - t y p es a u s a g e s ,I t a l i a ns a l a m ia r e n o t s m o k e d ,a n ds m o k i n gi s k n o w n t oi n h i b i tm o l dd e v e l o p m e n to n t h e s u r f a c eo f t h es a u s a g e s( 9 ,1 7 ,2 0 ) .

    I t a l i a nd r y s a l a m ih a s a w a t e r a c t i v i t yw h i c hr a n g e s b e t w e e n0 . 6 7 1 t o 0 . 9 2 0 ,a m o i s t u r ec o n -t e n t o f 2 4 . 3t o 4 3 . 4 % ,a n d a pH o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y4 . 3t o 7 . 1( 1 2 ,1 6 ,2 1 , 2 4 ,2 5 ) .T h u s , u n d e rc o n d i -t i o n so f r e l a t i v eh u m i d i t y ( R H ) g r e a t e rt h a n7 0 % ,m o l dw i l lr e a d i l yf o r m o n t h e s a l a m is u r -f a c e .

    B o t h p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ( 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 ,2 6 )a n dp i m a r i c i n ,a l s ok n o w n a s n a t a m y c i n( 7 ,1 4 ,1 9 ) ,h a v e b e e nf o u n d e f f e c t i v ea s a n t i f u n g a lt r e a t -m e n t s o nc u r e d meat p r o d u c t su n d e r s p e c i f i cc o n d i t i o n s .I t w a s t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r e di m p o r -t a n t t o e v a l u a t et h e a b i l i t yo f t h e s e c o m p o u n d st o r e d u c eo r e l i mi n a te t h es u r f a c em o l d i n gp r o b -l e m o n s e v e r a lt y p e s o f r a w c u r e d p o r k - t y p eI t a l i a ns a u s a g e si n a s i n g l ep l a n tu n d e rn o r m a lp r o d u c t i o nc o n d i t i o n sw h i c hw e r e c o n d u c i v et om o l dg r o w t h .

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    MOLD I N H I B I T I O N O N S A L A M I C A S I N G 4 2 3

    M AT E R I A L SAND METHODS

    S a l a mi . T hr e et y p e s o fI t a l i a nd r y f e r m e n t e ds a u -s a g e ,w h i c hc o n t a i n e df r o m2 1 t o 2 5 %f a t ,5 3 t o 5 8 %m o i s t u r e , a n d a b o u t 1 6 %p r o t e i ni m m e d i a t e l ya f t e rf o r m u l a t i o n ,w e r es t u d i e d d u r i n ga n d a f t e rt h e i rc o m -m e r c i a lm a n u f a c t u r e .T he s a l a mi c o nt a i n edp o r k ,s a l t ,n o n f a t d r y m i l k p o w d e r ,d e x t r o s e ,g l u c o n o - d e l t al a c -t o n e ,s p i c e ,m o n o s o d i u mg l u t a m a t e ,s o d i u me r y t h o r -b a t e ,g a r l i c ,p o t a s s i u mn i t r a t e ,a n d s o d i u mn i t r i t e .N oc o m m e r c i a ls t a r t e rc u l t u r e sw e r eu s e d .

    M i n o rd i f f e r e n c e si n s p i c ef o r m u l a t i o nw e r e n o t e db e t w e e nt h e G e n o a( e a c hw e i g h e da b o u t5 l b ,o r a b o u t2 . 3k g )a n d C a s a l i n g o( a b o u t 3 l b , o r 1 . 4k g )s a l a m i .T h e s ec o a r s e - g r o u n ds a u s a g e sd i f f e r e df r o mA b r u z z e s es a l a m i ( a b o u t 1 l b ,o r 0 . 4 5k g )i n t h a tt h e l a t t e rw e r ef i n e l yg r o u n da n d c o n t a i n e d1 - c m 2p i e c e so f p o r k f a ts i m i l a rt o t h a t i n m o r t a d e l l af o r m u l a t i o n s .C a s i n g su s e d f o rG e n o aa n d C a s a l i n g os a l a m iw e r eo f a m u l t i -l a y e r e ds e a m l e s sr e g e n e r a t e dc o l l a g e nt y p e .A n a t u r a lh o g c a s i n g( p o r c i n eb u n g )w a su s e df o rt h e A b r u z z e s es a l a m i .

    The c o m p l e t em e a t , s p i c e ,a n d c u r i n gi n g r e d i e n t sf o r m u l a t i o nw a ss t u f f e di n t oc a s i n g sa t 2 Ca n d t r a n s -f e r r e dt o t h e c u r i n g( g r e e n )r o o m ,w h e r et h e s a u s a g e sw e r e h e l d a t 2 0 t o 2 4 Ca n d 9 5 %RH f o r2 t o 3 d a y s .D u r i n gt h i sp e r i o d ,m a j o r b a c t e r i a lg r o w t ha n d f e r -m e n t a t i o nt o o k p l a c e .A l t e r a t i o n si n t e m p e r a t u r et o2 0 C a n dRH t o 6 0 %w e r e made a c c o r d i n gt o t hea m o u n to fs a l a m ii n t h e c h a m b e ra n d t h e i ri n d i v i d u a ls i z e s .O n t h e 4 th a n d 5 t h d a y s ,t h e t e m p e r a t u r ea n dRH w e r eg r a d u a l l yc h a n g e dt o 1 1 Ca n d 7 7 % ,r e s p e c -t i v e l y .S a l a m iw e r e t he n

    t r a n s f e r r e dt oa

    d r y i n gr o o mf o ra n a d d i t i o n a l2 0 -t o4 5 - d a yr i p e n i n gp e r i o da t 1 1 Ca n d 7 7 %RH. S i n c e t h e s e s a l a m iw e r e m a n u f a c t u r e di n t he t r a d i t i o n a l I t a l i a nm a n n e r ,t h e y w e r e n e i t h e rc o o k e dn o r s m o k e dd u r i n g p r o c e s s i n g .E x p e r i m e n t sc a r r i e do u t t o d e t e r m i n et h e e f f e c to f s u r f a c em o l di n h i b i t o r sd u r i n g s a l a m i m a t u r a t i o nw e r e c o n d u c t e du n d e r c o mm e r c i a lr i p e n i n gc o n d i t i o n sa t S a n t a M a r i aF o o d sL t d . ,B e l l e v i l l e ,O n t a r i o ,C a n a d a .

    P i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t s .I m m e d i a t e l ya f t e rs t u f f i n g ,s i xs a m p l e se a c h o fC a s a l i n g oa n d G e n o as a l a m iw e r es p r a y e dw i t h 1 , 0 0 0ppm ( m g / l i t e r )o fp i m a r i c i n( D e l -v o c i d ;G i s t - B r o c a d e sI n c . ,M o n t r e a l )o r d i p p e df o r3 0s i n 2 , 0 0 0ppm o fp i m a r i c i n .T h e s e s a m p l e sh a d n o tb e e np r e t r e a t e dw i t h o r g a n i ca c i d s .The p i m a r i c i nh a db e e n f o r m u l a t e dt o c o n t a i n 5 % ( w t / v o l )N a C l ,a n ds i n c et he D e l v o c i dp o w d e ri s 5 0 %a c t i v ep i m a r i c i n ,2g / l i t e rw a s u s e d t o g i v ea 1 , 0 0 0 - p p ms o l u t i o na n d 4 g /l i t e rw a s u s e d t o y i e l da 2 , 0 0 0 - p p ms o l u t i o n .S p r a y i n gw a s c a r r i e do u t w i t h a p l a s t i c ,p i s t o l - t y p e ,h a n d - o p e r -a t e d a t o m i z e r .S p r a yw a s a p p l i e du n t i lt h e s a l a m iw a sg e n e r o u s l yc o v e r e da n d l i q u i dd r i p p e df r o mt h e s a m -p l e s .T h e s ep i m a r i c i n - t r e a t e ds a m p l e swere p l a c e di nt h e g r e e n r o o m f o r5 d a y s a s p r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e d .A tt h e e n do f t h i sp e r i o d ,s a m p l e ss p r a y e dw i t h 1 , 0 0 0ppmo f p i m a r i c i nw e r es p r a y e da g a i na s b e f o r ea n dr e t u r n e dt o t h e d r y i n gr o o m u n t i lm a t u r e .

    O n l ya s i n g l ep i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t( 1 , 0 0 0 - p p ms p r a y )w a s g i v e n t o t h e A b r u z z e s es a l a m i ,b u t c a s i n g swereg i v e n t h e n o r m a l3 - m i ns o a k i n 2 % a c e t i ca c i d b e f o r es t u f f i n g .S i x A b r u z z e s es a l a m iwere r e m o v e df r o mt h eg r e e n r o o m o n d a y 2 o f f e r m e n t a t i o n . T h e s e w e r es p r a y e du n t i ld r i p p i n gw i t h 1 , 0 0 0ppm o f p i m a r i c i na s

    p r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e da n d t h e n r e t u r n e d t o t h e g r e e nr o o m a n d t r e a t e di n t h e n o r m a lm a n n e r .

    A c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t s . C a s a l i n g o ,G e n o a , a n dA b r u z z e s es a l a m iw e r e t r e a t e dw i t h o r g a n i ca c i d sb e -f o r eb e i n gt r e a t e dw i t h p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .A l lA b r u z z -e s e c a s i n g sw e r e s o a k e d f o r 3 m i n i n 2 % ( v o l / v o l )a c e t i ca c i db e f o r es t u f f i n gs i n c et h i sw a s n o r m a lp l a n tp r a c t i c ef o rn a t u r a lc a s i n g s .O t h e rc a s i n g sw e r em o i s t -e n e di n t a p w a t e ra n ds t u f f e d ,a n d t h e n t h e s a l a m iw a sg i v e n a n o r g a n i c a c i dp r e t r e a t m e n t .C a s a l i n g oa n dG e n o as a l a mi w e r ea s s e m b l e di n4 g r o u p so f 1 8s a l a m ie a c h .E a c hg r o u pw a s d i p p e df o r3 0 s i n o n e o f t h ef o l l o w i n ga c i d s :2 % ( w t / v o l )c i t r i c ,2 % ( w t / v o l )s u c -c i n i c ,a n d 2 % ( v o l / v o l )l a c t i ca c i d .T h e f o u r t h g r o u po fC a s a l i n g os a l a m i w a s d i p p e d i n c o m m e r c i a lv i n e g a r( 5 %[ v o l / v o l ]a c e t i ca c i d ) ,w h e r e a st h e f o u r t hg r o u po fG e n o as a l a m iw a sd i p p e di nv i n e g a rd i l u t e dt oc o n t a i n2 % ( v o l / v o l ) a c e t i ca c i d .A n u n t r e a t e dc o n t r o lg r o u po f e a c ht y p e o f s a l a m iw a sa l s ou s e d .A f t e r t r e a t m e n t s ,A b r u z z e s ea n d G e n o as a l a m iw e r ep l a c e di n t h e g r e e nr o o m a t 2 0 t o 2 4 Ca n d 9 5 %RH a s d e s c r i b e de a r l i e r .C a s a l i n g os a m p l e sw e r e t r e a t e di n t h e s a m em a n n e rb u t w e r es t o r e d a t 4 C o v e r n i g h tb e f o r eb e i n gp l a c e di n t h e g r e e nr o o m .

    P o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t s . A t t he e n d o f5d a y s o f n o r m a l i n c u b a t i o n i n t h e g r e en r o o m , s i xG e n o aa n d C a s a l i n g os a l a m if r o me a c h a c i dp r e t r e a t -m e n t ( a c e t i c ,c i t r i c ,l a c t i c ,a n d s u c c i n i c )w e r e d i p p e df o r6 0 s i na q u e o u s2 .5 , 1 0 ,o r 2 0 %( w t / v o l )s o l u t i o n so fp o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ( S o r b i s t a t - K ;P f i z e rC a n a d a ,L t d . ,M o n t r e a l )a n dw e r ep l a c e di n t h e c u r i n gr o o ma t 1 1 Ca n d 7 7 %R H. A t t h e e n do f2 d a y s o f i n c u b a t i o ni n t h eg r e e n r o o m ,s i xA b r u z z e s es a l a m i w e r e d i p p e d

    f o r6 0

    s i n 2 . 5 ,1 0 ,o r 2 0 %( w t / v o l )s o l u t i o n so f p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e a n d w e r e r e t u r n e dt o t h e g r e e n r o o mt o c o n -t i n u et h e n o r m a lm a t u r a t i o ns c h e d u l e .

    S a m p l i n gp i m a r i c i n -and s o r b a t e - t r e a t e ds a l -a m i . W h o l eG e n o as a l a m iw e r es a m p l e do n d a y s 0 , 5 ,9 , 1 6 ,3 4 , a n d 5 0 . T h e s e s a m p l e s w e r e f r o z e na n dr e t u r n e dt o t h e l a b o r a t o r yf o rs t u d y .W h o l eC a s a l i n g os a l a mi w e r es a m p l e do n d a y s0 , 5 ,9 , 1 2 ,1 5 ,a n d 2 6 a n df r o z e n .S i m i l a r l y ,A b r u z z e s ew e r e s a m p l e do n d a y s 3 ,7 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 7 ,a n d 2 5 a n d f r o z e nf o rl a t e rs t u d y a t t h el a b o r a t o r y .I d e n t i c a ls a m p l i n gp a t t e r n sw e r ef o l l o w e df o ru n t r e a t e dc o n t r o lg r o u p s ,w h i c hw e r e c a r r i e df o ra l le x p e r i m e n t s .G e n o a ,C a s a l i n g o ,a n d A b r u z z e s es a l -a m i w e r e a l l o w e dt o m a t u r ef o r5 0 ,2 6 ,a n d 2 5 d a y s ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .

    Measurement o f s a l a m i s u r f a c e m o l d g r o w t h .A c r o s s - s e c t i o n a lc e n t e r p i e c eo f s a l a m i m e a s u r i n g5t o 7 . 5c m l o n gw a sc u t f r o me a c ht y p e o f s a l a m it e s t e d .T he c a s i n gw a s s l i tl o n g i t u d i n a l l ya n d p e e l e da s e p t i -c a l l yf r o mt h e m e a t . T he c a s i n gw a sp l a c e di n a s t e r i l e2 4 - o z( c a .7 2 0m l ) W h i r l - P a kb a g ( N a s c oE d u c a t i o n a lM a t e r i a l sL t d . ,G u e l p h ,O n t a r i o ) ,a n d t h e a r e a o f t h es a m p l ew a sd e t e r m i n e d .Th e c a s i n gw a s t r a n s f e r r e dt oa s t e r i l eS t o m a c h e rb a g ,1 0 0m l o f 0 . 1 %( w t / v o l )p e p -t o n e w a s a d d e d ,a n d t h e m i x t u r ew a s s t o m a c h e df o r1m i n . T he c a s i n gw a s r e m o v e da n d t h e p e p t o n ew a sf u r t h e rd i l u t e da s n e c e s s a r yt o o b t a i n v i a b l ec o u n t so f

    f u n g i ,u s i n gp o t a t o d e x t r o s ea g a r ( P D A )a n d t h e p o u rp l a t et e c h n i q u e .P l a t e s w e r e i n c u b a t e da t 2 2 Cf o r3d a y s .R e s u l t s w e r e e x p r e s s e da s c o l o n i e sp e r s q u a r ec e n t i m e t e ro f c a s i n gs u r f a c ea r e a .

    V i su a l e s t i m at e so f s u r f a c eg r o w t hb y f u n g iw e r e

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    A P P L .E N V I R O N .M I C R O B I O L .

    m a d e on a s c a l eo f 0 t o 5 a f t e re x a m i n a t i o no f s a l a m is a m p l e sd u r i n gm a t u r a t i o n .A p h o t o g r a p h i cr e c o r d o ft h e m a t u r a t i o nprocess was k e p t .

    S t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n .V i a b l es u r f a c emold c o u n t spe r s q u a r e c e n t i m e t e rwere t r a n s f o r m e dt o l o g a r i t h m s( b a s e 1 0 ) .T h e s ed a t a w e r e s u b j e c t e dt o o n e - w a y a n a l -y s i so f v a r i a n c e a n d were f u r t h e r s u b j e c t e d t o t h eN e u m a n - K e u l st e s tf o re q u a l i t y o f means ( 2 7 ) .

    RESULTS

    P i m a r i c i n t r e a t m e n t . T h e 2 , 0 0 0 - p p mp i -m a r i c i nd i p was f o u n dt o b e i n e f f e c t i v ei n pre-v e n t i n gs u r f a c em o l dg r o w t hon e i t h e r Genoa o rC a s a l i n g os a l a m ia g e d5 0 o r 2 6 d a y s , r e s p e c t i v e l y( Ta b l e 1 ) .P i m a r i c i ns p r a y ( 2 x 1 , 0 0 0p p m )wase f f e c t i v eon b o t h s a l a m it y p e s ,b u t m o l d g r o w t hwas r e p l a c e db y a d u s t i n g o f y e a s t c o l o n i e st h a tc o v e r e dt h e s u r f a c e t o a d e g r e e t h a t v a r i e d d i -r e c t l yw i t h t h e l e n g t h o f r i p e n i n g .P h o t o g r a p h so f p i m a r i c i n - t r e a t e df u l l yr i p e n e dC a s a l i n g o( 2 6d a y s ) a n d Genoa ( 5 0d a y s ) s a l a m i a r e shown i nF i g .1 Aa n d 2 A .

    A b r u z z e s es a l a m i s p r a y e d w i t h p i m a r i c i ns h o w e dno m o l dg r o w t hf o ra w e e ka f t e rs t u f f i n g ,a n d t h e n a l i g h td u s t i n go f m o l db e c a m ev i s i b l e .T h i s g r o w t hc o n t i n u e du n t i lt h e e n do f t h e r i p e n -i n gp e r i o d ,w h e n t h e r e was o n l ya s l i g h ti m p r o v e -m e n t o f p i m a r i c i n - t r e a t e ds a l a m i o v e r t h e u n -t r e a t e d c o n t r o l s a m p l e s . A b r u z z e s es a l a m i a r es h o w n ,a f t e r2 6 d a y s o f r i p e n i n g ,i n F i g .1 C .

    A c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t s .Genoa s a l a m i t r e a t e dw i t h t h e f o u r o r g a n i ca c i d s a t d a y 0 a p p e a r e dt ob e e q u a l l ys u s c e p t i b l et o s u r f a c e m o l d g r o w t hwhen e x a m i n e db e f o r e b e i n g d i p p e d i n p o t a s -

    s i u ms o r b a t e a t d a y 5 ( Ta b l e 1 ) .C a s a l i n g os a l a m i ,p r e t r e a t e dw i t h c i t r i ca c i d ,s h o w e dno v i s i b l es u r f a c e m o l dg r o w t h5 d a y sa f t e rt r e a t m e n t . V e r y s l i g h tm o l d g r o w t h wasa p p a r e n t on s a m p l e st r e a t e d w i t h a c e t i ca c i d ,b u t g r e a t e r g r o w t hwas p r e s e n t on l a c t i ca c i d -a n d s u c c i n i ca c i d - t r e a t e d s a l a m i .S u c c i n i ca c i dd i d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l yp r e v e n t s u r f a c e m o l dg r o w t hon e i t h e rt h e C a s a l i n g oo r Genoa s a l a m i( Ta b l e 1 ) .C a s i n g so f A b r u z z e s es a l a m i ,w h i c hh a d b e e n d i p p e d i n 2 % ( v o l / v o l )a c e t i ca c i d ,s h o w e dno m o l d g r o w t h a t d a y 2 , w h e n t h e ywere g i ve n p i ma r i c ino r s o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t . T hen a t u r a l c a s i n g swere more r e s i s t a n tt o m o l dg r o w t h .

    P o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t . F r o m v i s u a le x a m i n a t i o no fG e n o as a l a m i ,i t b e c a m ea p p a r -e n t t h a t t h e 2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e t r e a t m e n twas o n l y m a r g i n a l l yb e t t e rt h a n no t r e a t m e n t( Ta b l e 1 ) .A m a r k e di m p r o v e m e n twas n o t e dw i t h 1 0 %s o r b a t e ,a n d v e r y l i t t l em o l dg r o w t hwas v i s i b l ew i t h 2 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ( F i g .2 B - D ) .

    T r e a t m e n tw i t h 2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e s i g -n i f i c a n t l yr e d u c e dt h e d e g r e e o f v i s i b l em o l d

    TA B L E 1 . E x t e n to f s a l a m is u r f a c em o l dg r o w t ha s s e s s e db yv i s u a li n s p e c t i o nG r o w t h b

    T r e a t m e n t A c i d ap r e t r e a t - G e n o a C a s a l i n g om e n t ________________ ___________5 C 1 6 2 6 5 0 5 1 6 2 6

    P o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e2 . 5 %( w t / v o l ) A c e t i c 2 . 0 1 . 5 3 . 5 4 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0

    C i t r i c 2 . 0 1 . 5 3 . 5 4 . 0 0 0 . 5 1 . 0L a c t i c 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 5 4 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0S u c c i n i c 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 5 4 . 0 2 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 5

    1 0 %( w t / v o l ) A c e t i c 2 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 0 . 5 0 . 5C i t r i c 2 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 5 0 . 5L a c t i c 2 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 5S u c c i n i c 2 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 0

    2 0 %( w t / v o l ) A c e t i c 2 . 0 0 0 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 0 0 . 5 0C i t r i c 2 . 0 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 0 0 . 5 0 . 5L a c t i c 2 . 0 0 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 0 2 . 0 0 . 5 0 . 5S u c c i n i c 2 . 0 0 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5

    P i m a r i c i nS p r a y d 2 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 0D i p 2 . 0 1 . 5 2 . 5 5 . 0 2 . 5 4 . 0 3 . 5

    U n t r e a t e dc o n t r o l 2 . 5 3 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 2 . 5 4 . 0 4 . 0a S a l a m iw e r e g i v e n a 3 0 - sa c i d p r e t r e a t m e n to n d a y 0 f o l l o w e do n d a y 5 b y a 6 0 - sd i p i n 2 . 5 ,1 0 ,o r 2 0 %

    p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .b S u r f a c eg r o w t h b yf u n g ia s s i g n e d n u m e r i c a lv a l u e s :n o g r o w t h , 0 ; v e r y s l i g h t ,1 ; s l i g h t ,2 ; m o d e r a t e ,3 ;

    m a r k e d ,4 ; c o n f l u e n t ,5 .CD a y so f r i p e n i n g .d S a l a m iw e r e e i t h e rd i p p e df o r3 0 s i n 2 , 0 0 0ppm o r s p r a y e d w i t h1 , 0 0 0ppm o f p i m a r i c i no n d a y 0 . O n d a y

    5 t h e s p r a y e ds a m p l e sw e r es p r a y e da g a i nw i t h 1 , 0 0 0ppm o fp i m a r i c i n .

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    MOLD I N H I B I T I O N ON S A L A M IC A S I N G 4 2 5

    g r o w t ho n C a s a l i n g os a l a m ic o m p a r e dw i t h u n -t r e a t e d c o n t r o l s( F i g .1 A , B ) ,b u t t h e b e s t s u p -p r e s s i o n o f m o l dg r o w t ho n C a s a l i n g ow a s e v i -d e n t u p o n e x a m i n a t i o no f s a l a m i t r e a t e d w i t h2 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .U n d e rt h e s e c o n d i t i o n s ,t h e r e w a ss l i g h t l yl e s sm o l dg r o w t ho n t h e s a m -p l e sw h i c hr e c e i v e dt h e a c e t i ca c i dp r e t r e a t m e n t( Ta b l e 1 ) .I n f a c t ,a c e t i ca c i da l o n e h a d s o m ev i s i b l ee f f e c to n m o l dg r o w t h e v e na f t e r2 6 d a y so f r i p e n i n g( F i g .1 B ) .A s s e e nw i t h G e n o as a l a m i( F i g .2 C ) ,i n d i v i d u a lc e n t e r s o f m o l d g r o w t hb e c a m ee n l a r g e dw h e r et r e a t m e n t sh a d a v i s i b l ei n h i b i t o r ye f f e c t( F i g .1 B ) .

    A b r u z z e s es a l a m i d i d n o t a p p e a rt o b e s i g n i f -i c a n t l ya f f e c t e db y s u r f a c em o l d g r o w t hwhenf u l l yr i p e n e d ( F i g .1 0 ) .T h e r e w a s v e r y s l i g h tm o l dg r o w t hw i t h 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e ,s o m e w h a tl e s s

    w i t h 1 0 % ,a n d e s s e n t i a l l yn o n ew i t h 2 0 %p o t a s -s i u ms o r b a t e .A s i n g l et r e a t me n t w i t h1 , 0 0 0ppmo f p i m a r i c i ns p r a y w a s a s e f f e c t i v ea s 1 0 %s o r -

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    'I G .2 . F u l l yr i p e n e dG e n o as a l a m i ,a g e d5 0 d a y s .

    ( A )C o n t r o l ,u n t r e a t e d ;p i m a r i c i nd i p ,2 , 0 0 0p p m ;p i m a r i c i ns p r a y ,2 x 1 , 0 0 0p p m . ( B )C o n t r o l ,u n -t r e a t e d ;s u c c i n i c ,2 % ( w t / v o l )s u c c i n i ca c i dp r e t r e a t -m e n t ;

    l a c t i c ,2 %

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    p r e t r e a t m e n t ;c i t r i c ,2 % ( w t / v o l )c i t r i ca c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t ;a c e t i c ,2 %( v o l / v o l )a c e t i ca c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t .A l l w e r e d i p p e da td a y 5 f o r6 0 s i n2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .( C )Same a s( B )e x c e p t1 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e a t d a y 5 . ( D )Samea s ( B )e x c e p t2 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e a t d a y5 .

    F I G .1 . F u l l y r i p e n e d d r y -c u r e ds a l a m i . ( A )C a s -a l i n g o s a l a m i , a g e d2 6 d a y s; u n t r e a t e dc o n t r o l ; p i -m a r i c i n d i p ,2 , 0 0 0ppm; p i m a r i c i ns p r a y, 2 x 1 , 0 0 0ppm. ( B )A c e t i c a c i d - p r e t r e a t e d ,p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e -t r e a t e d C a s a l i n g o ,a g e d2 6 d a y s ; no s o r b a t e ,0 ; 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e ,2 . 5 ; 10% s o r b a t e ,1 0 ;2 0% s o r b a t e ,2 0 . ( C )A b r u z z e s e ,a g e d2 5 d a y s . U n t r e a t e dc o n t r o l ;p i m a r i -c i n sp r ay, 1 x 1 , 0 0 0 p p m ; 2 . 5 % p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ,2 . 5 ;1 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ,1 0 ;2 0 % p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ,2 0 .

    b a t e o n A b r u z z e s es a l a m i .V i a b l es u r f a c em o l d g r o w t h .Mold g r o w t h

    o n t h e s u r f a c e o f G e n o as a l a m i d i d n o t a p p e a rt o b e r e t a r d e db y a 1 - m i n2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t ed i p( Ta b l e2 ) .A f t e ro n e - w a ya n a l y s i so f v a r i a n c ea n d a p p l i c a t i o no f t h e N e w m a n - K e u l st e s tf o r

    e q u a l i t yo f m e a n s ( 2 7 ) ,t h e a c e t a t e - s o r b a t ed a t aw e r e s e p a r a b l ei n t ot w o s i g n i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n tg r o u p s a t t h e 95 % c o n f i d e n c el e v e l .T he f i r s tg r o u pc o n t a i n e dG e n o as a l a m it r e a t e d w i t h 2 0 %

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    p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .T he s e c o n dg r o u p was m a d eup o f t h e r e m a i n i n gt r e a t e d G e n o as a l a m i ,w h i c hwere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n tf r o m t h e u n -t r e a t e dc o n t r o l s a l a m i .T h e r e was no s t a t i s t i c a ld i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e nv i a b l es u r f a c eg r o w t ha t d a y5 0 on s a l a mi p re t r e a t edw i t h a c e t a t e o r c i t r a t e .

    C a s a l i n g o s a l a m i c a s i n g sp r e t r e a t e d w i t ha c e t i ca c i d were e x a m i n e ds i m i l a r l y ,a n d i t wase v i d e n tt h a t t r e a t m e n tmeans c o u l db e a r r a n g e di ns e v e r a lg r o u p s ( Ta b l e3 ) .V i a b l en u m b e r sw e r el o w e s t ( 9 5 %c o n f i d e n c el e v e l )a f t e rt r e a t m e n tw i t h 2 0 % s o r b a t e ,a t r e n d w h i c h was s e e nt h r o u g h o u tr i p e n i n g .T h e N e u m a n - K e u l st e s ta l s os h o w e dt ha t t h e 1 0 a n d 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e t r e a t -m e n t means w e r e e q u i v a l e n t .T h i s t e s t a l s og r o u p e dt h e 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e a n d u n t r e a t e d s a l a m it o g e t h e r ,b u t t h e 1 0 %s o r b a t e r e s u l t sw e r e d i f -f e r e n tf r o m r e s u l t sf o r t h e c o n t r o l s a l a m i .P i -m a r i c i nd a t a were s i m i l a rt o t h o s e o b t a i n e df o r1 0 a n d 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t s .

    A b r u z z e s es a l a m i c a s i n g ss p r a y e do n c e w i t h1 , 0 0 0ppm o f p i m a r i c i no r d i p p e di n t h e v a r i o u sp o t a s s i u ms o r b a t es o l u t i o n sw e r e a l s oe x a m i n e df o rv i a b l ef u n g i ( Ta b l e 4 ) .T h e r e was no d i f f e r -

    TA B L E 2 . S u r f a c e ay e a s t and mo ld c o u n t 'o f G e n o as a l a m ic a s i n gd u r i n gr i p e n i n g

    Ye a s t a n d m o l dc o u n t / c m 2T r e a t m e n t

    5 C 9 1 6 3 4 5 0 5 0 dC o n t r o l 1 . 6 5 3 3 . 3 1 1 4 . 8 9 0 6 . 2 4 3 6 . 2 9 2 7 . 9 0 0S o r b a t e

    2 . 5 % 3 . 3 2 2 4 . 7 4 2 6 . 7 8 7 7 . 1 4 4 7 . 4 6 25 . 9 9 61 0 % 4 . 8 8 5 3 . 6 4 23 . 6 2 6 3 . 4 9 4 3 . 2 3 8 4 . 7 2 82 0 % 0 . 6 9 9 1 . 9 9 62 . 6 9 12 . 9 7 3 2 . 7 0 3 4 . 6 1 0

    P i m a r i c i n ' 1 . 7 4 02 . 2 1 7 2 . 3 0 34 . 6 7 3 5 . 4 4 4

    a S u r f a c ea r e a o f s a l a m is a m p l e d( m e a n+ s t a n d a r d d e v i a -t i o n )= 1 4 4 . 4 1 0 . 5c m 2 .

    ' R e s u l t se x p r e s s e da s t h e l o g a r i t h m( b a s e1 0 ) .' D a y so f r i p e n i n g .d S a m p l e si n t h i sc o l u m nr e c e i v e da 2 % c i t r i ca c i dp r e t r e a t -

    m e n t . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o no f p i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t s , a l l o t h e rs a m p l e sw e r e g i v e na p r e t r e a t m e n tw i t h 2 % a c e t i ca c i d .

    ' P i m a r i c i ns p r a y e don d a y 0 a n d d a y 5 a t 1 , 0 0 0ppm, n op r e t r e a t m e n t .

    TA B L E 3 . S u r f a c e 'y e a s t a n d m o l d c o u n t bo fa c e t a t e - p r e t r e a t e dC a s a l i n g os a l a m ic e a s i n gd u r i n g

    r ipening

    Ye a s t a n d m o l dc o u n t / c m 2T r e a t m e n t

    5 c 9 1 2 1 5 2 6

    C o n t r o l 6 . 4 8 9 6 . 0 6 8 6 . 9 2 3 7 . 6 0 5 6 . 8 2 8S o r b a t e

    2 . 5 % 4 . 8 1 4 4 . 6 4 5 4 . 6 7 8 7 . 8 4 6 6 . 8 1 3

    10% 5 . 3 1 0 4 . 82 0 5 . 1 5 5 4 . 768 4 . 8 8 6

    20% 5 . 8 1 8 3 . 6 5 9 2 . 9 4 0 2 . 7 6 3 2 . 2 3 0

    P i m a r i C i n d 5 . 8 1 4 5 . 9 1 7 6 . 0 1 7

    aMean + s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f c a s i n ga r e a pe r s a l a m is a m p l e d= 1 7 0 . 8+ 1 3 . 8c m 2 .

    bc See Table 2.

    d 2 x 1 , 0 0 0ppm o f spray, no p r e t r e a t m e n t .

    A P P L .E N V I R O N .M I C R O B I O L .

    T A B L E4 . S u r f a c e 'y e a s t and m o l d c o u n t bo fA b r u z z e s es a l a m ic a s i n gd u r i n g r i pe n in g

    Y ea s t a n dm o l dc o u n t / c m 2T r e a t m e n t

    9 c 1 1 1 7 2 5

    C o n t r o l 3 . 3 7 1 4 . 3 7 5 3 . 8 5 7 3 . 1 5 8S o r b a t e

    2 . 5 % 1 . 9 8 7 3 . 5 0 8 2 . 6 7 2 3 . 5 2 2l 1 o 0 2 . 3 0 3 1 . 5 5 6 1 . 9 4 4 1 . 7 4 82 0 % 2 . 0 6 8 1 . 7 9 9 1 . 3 0 1 1 . 5 9 1

    P i m a r i c i n d 3 . 3 3 0 3 . 1 3 0 4 . 2 4 4a M e a n s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o no f c a s i n ga r e a p e r

    s a l a m is a m p l e d= 1 1 1 . 9 1 4 . 2c m 2 .b ce S e eT a b l e2 .d 1 , 0 0 0p p mo f s p r a y ,2 % a c e t i ca c i dc a s i n gd i p

    b e f o r eb e i n gs t u f f e d .

    e n c eamong t h e u n t r e a t e dc o n t r o l ,t h e 2 . 5 %s o r -b a t e ,a n d t h e p i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t s . T he N e u -m a n - K e u l st e s tg r o u p e dt h e 1 0 a n d 2 0 %s o r b a t et r e a t m e n t s t o g e t h e ra s e q u a l l ye f f e c t i v e ,a l -t h o u g ha v e r y s l i g h t l yb e t t e r r e s u l tw as v i s u a l l ye v i d e n ta f t e rt r e a t m e n tw i t h 2 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r -b a t e ( F i g .1 0 ) .

    DISCUSSIONP i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t s . I n v i e w o f t h e s u c -

    c e s s r e p o r t e db y o t h e r s i n u s i n gp i m a r i c i nt op r e v e n tm o l dg r o w t ho n s a l a m i( 7 ,1 4 ,1 9 ) ,i t wasd i s a p p o i n t i n gt o f i n dt h a t d i p p i n gt h e s a l a m ii n2 , 0 0 0ppm o fp i m a r i c i nh a d e s s e n t i a l l yn o e f f e c t( F i g .1 A a n d 2 A ) .T h i s w a s n o t t o o s u r p r i s i n gs i n c ei t h a d b e e n s h o w n ( 1 9 )t h a t i m m e r s i o nt r e a t m e n tw i t h p i m a r i c i nw a s n o t v e r y s a t i s f a c -t o r y u n l e s ss a l a m i w e r e s t u f f e di n n a t u r a lc a s -i n g s .When s p r a y e d ,a 1 , 0 0 0 - p p mp i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t p r o t e c t e ds m o k e d D u t c h s a l a m is t u f f e di n p r o t e i nf i b e rc a s i n g sa n d s t o r e d f o r5w e e k sa t 1 8 Ca n d 6 5 t o 8 5 %RH ( 1 9 ) .WhenG e n o aa n d C a s a l i n g os a l a m iw e r es p r a y e dt w i c e( d a y s0 a n d5 )w i t h 1 , 0 0 0ppm o fp i m a r i c i n ,t h e r ew a s a n i m p r o v e m e n tw h i c h w a ss l i g h t l yb e t t e rt h a n t h a t o b t a i n e da f t e rt r e a t m e n tw i t h a c e t i ca c i dp l u s2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms or ba t e ( Ta b l e1 , F i g .1 A a n d 2 A ) .H o w e v e r ,t h e r e w a s a n o t i c e a b l ei n c r e a s ei ns m a l ly e a s t c o l o n i e so n t h e s u r f a c eo fp i m a r i c i n - s p r a y e ds a m p l e so fG e n o aa n d C a s a l -i n g o w h i c hg a v e t h e m a s l i g h tg r a y i sh h u e .I nt h e c a s e o f a p i m a r i c i n - s p r a y e ds a m p l ev i s i b l ei nF i g .2 A , m o l dg r o w t ha p p e a r e ds i g n i f i c a n t ,b u tt h i sp a t c h o f g r o w t hw a s p r o b a b l yd u e t o t h et w o s a l a m it o u c h i n gwhen h u n g .T h i s c a n c a u s ea l o c a li n c r e a s ei nw a t e ra c t i v i t y ,t h u s p e r n i t t i n ge a s i e rg r o w t h ( 1 9 ) .I n a d d i t i o nt o t h e b e t t e rr e s u l tr e p o r t e d h e r e f o rs p r a y e ds a l a m i ,H e c h -e l m a n a n dL e i s t n e r( 1 4 )a l s oh a d b e t t e ra n t i m o l dr e s u l t swhen p i m a r i c i n( 0 . 2 5 % )w a s s p r a y e do nf r e s h l ys t u f f e ds a l a m i .I t i s d i f f i c u l tt o e x p l a i nw h y y e a s t g r o w t hw a s p r o m i n e n to n p i m a r i c i n -

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    MOLD I N H I B I T I O N O N S A L A M IC A S I N G 4 2 7

    t r e a t e ds a l a m i .P e r h a p s t h e y e a s t s i m p l y r e -p l a c e d t h e i n h i b i t e dm y c e l i a l f o r ms .T h e s ey e a s t s e i t h e rh a d a h i g h t o l e r a n c ef o rp i m a r i c i no r d e v e l o p e dr e s i s t a n c et o i n h i b i t i o nb y p i m a r i -c i n .T he l a t t e rp o s s i b i l i t ys e e m su n l i k e l yi nv i e wo f t h e s t u d y c o n d u c t e db y d e B o e re t a l . ( 8 ) .They s u r v e y e d1 6 m e a t p l a n t si n G e r m a n yt od e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rr e s i s t a n c e t op i m a r i c i nw a sd e v e l o p i n gi n p o p u l a t i o n so f y ea s t s a n d m o l d sp r e s e n t i n t h e p l a n t s .C o m p a r i s o n sw e r e m a d eo f t h e m i n i m a li n h i b i t o r yc o n c e n t r a t i o n so b -t a i n e d i np l a n t sw h e r ep i m a r i c i nh a d b e e ni nu s ef o ra s l o n g a s5 t o9 y e a r sw i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e di np l a n t sw h e r ep i m a r i c i nh a d n e v e rb e e nu s e d .N od i f f e r e n c ei n t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t yo fo r g a n i s m sw a sf o u n da m o n g t h e p l a n t s .

    M o l d g r o w t h o n p i m a r i c i n - s p r a y e d( 1 , 0 0 0p p m )A b r u z z e s es a l a m iw a s n o t v i s u a l l ye x t e n -s i v e ;h o w e v e r ,n e i t h e rw a s g r o w t h o n t h e u n -t r e a t e dc o n t r o ls a m p l e . C o m p a r i s o no f v i a b l ec o l o n y - f o r m i n gu n i t so n t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e s es a l a m i ( T a b l e4 ) w i t h t h o s e o f t h e G e n o aa n dC a s a l i n g ot y p e s ( T a b l e s2 a n d 3 ) s u p p o r t t h i so b s e r v a t i o n .T he l e s se x t e n s i v em o l dg r o w t ho nt h e s u r f a c eo f A b r u z z e s es a l a m i w a s p r o b a b l yd u e t o t h e b a r r i e ra c t i o n o f t he n a t u r a l c a s i n gt om o l d i n v a s i o n .The p o r c i n e b u n g s u s e d w e r es i g n i f i c a n t l yt h i c k e rt h a n t h e a r t i f i c i a lc o l l a g e nc a s i n g sa n dc o n t a i n e dm a n y f a t t yd e p o s i t sw h i c hd i d n o t a p p e a rt o s u p p o r ts u r f a c eg r o w t h .

    A c i dp r e t r e a t m e n t s .T o p r e v e n tt h e f o r m a -t i o no f o f f - f l a v o ro r d i s c o l o r a t i o no f t h e s a l a m i ,p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t ew a sa p p l i e da f t e rg r e e nr o o mp r o c e s s i n g( 1 7 ) .T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e dt h e u s e o fa ni n t e r i m i n h i b i t o ra t t h e t i m e t h e s a l a m i w e r es t u f f e ds o t h a t t he s u r f a c ef u n g iw o u l d n o ta c h i e v es i g n i f i c a n tg r o w t hb e f o r es o r b a t ea p p l i -c a t i o n .M a n y p r o c e s s o r s a p p l y a s h o r t s m o k ec y c l ed u r i n gt h i sp e r i o dw h i c he f f e c t i v e l yr e t a r d sm o l dg r o w t h ;h o w e v e r ,I t a l i a np r o c e s s o r so fr awc u r e d p o r k meat p r o d u c t sd o n o t t r a d i t i o n a l l yu s e s m o k e( 2 4 ) .L e i s t n e re t a l . ( 1 7 )s u g g e s t e dt h a t a l a c t i ca c i dd i po f c a s i n g sb e f o r es a l a m ir i p e n i n gm i g h t p r e v e n t m o l d g r o w t ho n n o n -s m o k e dp r o d u c t s .O n t h e b a s i so fp r e v i o u sw o r k ,i t w a sf e l tt h a t o t h e r o r g a n i ca c i d sm i g h ta l s ob ee f f e c t i v e( 1 1 , 1 8 ,2 2 ) .

    A c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t su s e d d u r i n gt he p r e s e n ts t u d y a p p e a r e dt o c a u s eo n l yv e r y s l i g h ti n h i b i -t i o no fm o l dg r o w t ho n G e n o as a l a m i ,a n d t h e r ew a sn o v i s i b l ed i f f e r e n c ea m o n g a c i dt r e a t m e n t s( Ta b l e 1 ) .O n C a s a l i n g os a l a m id i f f e r e n c e sw e r en o t e d( Ta b l e1 ) ,a n da t d a y5 t he o r d e ro f e f f i c a c yf r o m t h e b e s t t o w o r s t i n h i b i t o rw a s c i t r i c>a c e t i c> l a c t i c> s u c c i n i ca c i d .T h e r e s u l ti s i ng e n e r a la g r e e m e n tw i t h t h e f i n d i n g so f L e v i n ea n d F e l l e r s( 1 8 ) ,w h o r e p o r t e dt h a t t h e o r d e r o fi n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t ya g a i n s tm o l d w a s a c e t i c>h y d r o c h l o r i c> l a c t i ca c i d ;h o w e v e r ,t h e r e s u l t

    d i s a g r e e sw i t h t h e f i n d i n g so f E r i c k s o na n d F a -b i a n ( 1 1 ) ,w h o f o u n da c e t i ca c i d b e s t b u t a l s of o u n dc i t r i ca c i dl e s se f f e c t i v et h a n l a c t i ca c i da g a i n s tm o l d si n l a b o r a t o r ym e d i a . I n c o n t r a s tt o t h e r e s u l t so b t a i n e di n t h e s e m o l d s t u d i e s ,R a c c a c h a n d B a k e r( 2 2 )f o u n ds u c c i n i ca c i d t ob e b e t t e rt h a n l a c t i c ,a c e t i c ,o r c i t r i ca c i da te q u i v a l e n tpH ( 4 . 7 )f o rt h e i n h i b i t i o no f S t a p h -y l o c o c c u sa u r e u si n f e r m e n t a b l ep o u l t r y m e a t .S n i j d e r se t a l .( 2 3 )f o u n dt h a t 0 . 7 5 %l a c t i ca c i dw a se f f e c t i v ea g a i n s t b a c t e r i ao n b e e fc a r c a s s e s ,b u t L e v i n ea n d F e l l e r s( 1 8 )s u s p e c t e dt h a t A s -p e r g i l l u sn i g e r u s e d l a c t i ca c i da s a c a r b o ns o u r c ed u r i n gt h e i r i n h i b i t i o ns t u d y .C i t r i ca c i da p p e a r e du s e f u ld u r i n g t he p r e s e n ti n v e s t i g a t i o n .A l t h o u g hi t s i n h i b i t o r ye f f e c t so n m o l dsw e r en o t d i s c u s s e d ,i t h a s b e e nr e p o r t e dt h a t a tK u l m -b a c h , a s p r a y o f 1 1 . 7 %c i t r i ca c i da n d 2 1 . 6 %s o d i u mc h l o r i d ew a su s e ds u c c e s s f u l l yt o r e d u c em i c r o b i a lg r o w t ho n t h e s u r f a c eo f a n i m a lc a r -c a s s e s ( A n o n ,Meat I n d u s t r y2 6 : 2 8 - 2 9 ,1 9 8 0 ) .

    T he i m p r o v e dp e r f o r m a n c eo f a c e t i ca c i d( 5 % )o n C a s a l i n g os a l a m io v e r t h a t o b t a i n e d w i t h2 %a c e t i ca c i do n G e n o as a l a m ic a n n o tb e e x p l a i n e dt o t a l l yb y t h e d i f f e r e n c ei nc o n c e n t r a t i o n .C i t r i ca c i dw a s a l s om o r ei n h i b i t o r yo n C a s a l i n g os a l -a m i , a n d t h e s a m e c o n c e n t r a t i o nw a s u s e dt h r o u g h o u tt h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s .I t m a y b e t h a ts t o r a g eo ft h e C a s a l i n g os a l a m ia t4 Co v e r n i g h ta f t e ra c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t so r t h e s m a l l e rd i a m e t e ro ft h e C a s a l i n g os a l a m ie n h a n c e dt h e a n t i m i c r o -b i a la c t i o n o fp r e t r e a t m e n t s .T he i n a d e q u a c yo fa c i dt r e a t m e n ta l o n e ,a p p l i e dwhen s a l a m iw e r es t u f f e df o r p r e v e n t i o no f m o l d g r o w t h , w a ss h o w nb y t he f a i l u r eo f t h e 5 % a c e t i ca c i dd i p( F i g .1 B ) .

    T he c o n c e n t r a t i o no fa c e t i ca c i du se d o nt h es a l a m i ( 2 t o 5 % ,v o l / v o l )w a s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a tr e p o r t e dt o b e e f f e c t i v ei n l a b o r a t o r ym e d i a( 4 ,1 1 ,1 8 )a n d t h e 1 . 0t o 1 . 2 %f o u n de f f e c t i v ea g a i n s tm o l di n f o o d ( 1 3 ) ;h o w e v e r ,t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s so f2 %( w t / v o l )c i t r i ca c i dw a sb e t t e rt h a n h a d b e e ne x p e c t e d .C o n c e n t r a t i o n so fl a c t i ca n d s u c c i n i ca c i d sg r e a t e rt h a n t h o s e u s e d h e r e w o u l db en e c e s s a r yt o y i e l da c c e p t a b l ec o n t r o lo f m o l dg r o w t h .

    P o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t . T r e a t m e n to f t h e G e n o a ,C a s a l i n g o ,a n d A b r u z z e s es a l a m iw i t h 2 0 %( w t / v o l )p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t ec a u s e dt h em o s t c o m p l e t e i n h i b i t i o no f s u r f a c em o l dg r o w t h .T h e r ew e r es t a t i s t i c a l l y( 9 5 %c o n f i d e n c el e v e l )f e w e rv i a b l ec o l o n y - f o r m i n gu n i t s on s a l -a m i t r e a t e d w i t h 2 0 %s o r b a t e ( T a b l e s2 - 4 ,F i g .3 ) .F o r G e n o aa n d C a s a l i n g os a l a m i ,t h i sc o n c l u -s i o n h e l d r e g a r d l e s so f t h e t y p e o f a c i dp r e t r e a t -ment u s e d ;h o w e v e r ,t h e b e s t c o m b i n a t i o nw a s2 0 %s o r b a t e w i t h a n a c e t i ca c i d p r e t r e a t m e n t .A t 1 0 %s o r b a t e t h e r e w a s s t i l ls i g n i f i c a n tv i s u a lm o l d i n h i b i t i o na n d f e w e r v i a b l ef u n g i .T h i s

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    s a l a m i d u r i n g r i p e n i n g .C a s i n gs a m p l es i z ewere p e e l e df r o m t h e s a l a m i , a n d v ,and m o l d s w e r e c o u n t e d on p o t a t o d e :a f t e ri n c u b a t i o na t 2 2 Cf o r3 d a y s .C a sG e n o ac a s i n gd a t a f r o md a y s 5 and 9 w e rand a v e r a g e d .A d d i t i o n a lG e n o a s a m p l e son d a y s 1 6 ,3 4 ,and 5 0 .T h e r e m a i n i n gd oa n a l y s i s o f C a s a l i n g oc a s i n g s .Th e f i r ss p r a y ( 1 , 0 0 0p p m )was g i v e n i m m e d i a t e l yi n g ;t h e s e c o n ds p r a y ( 1 , O 0 O Op p m )was g i to f c u r i n g .O t h e r s a m p l e swere d i p p e dons i u m s o r b a t e f o r6 0 s on d a y 5 a n d h a ot r e a t e d i m m e d i a t e l ya f t e rs t u f f i n gw i t hS y m b o l s :0, u n t r e a t e dc o n t r o l ;0, 2 . 5 %t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ;E L , 1 0 % p o t a s s i u ms o r bp o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e ;A, 2 x 1 , 0 0 0ppm osp r ay.

    d i f f e r e n c ewas s t a t i s t i c a l l ys i g n i f i c a n tf a c eo f C a s a l i n g ob u t n o t G e n o as a l aa n d 1 0 %s o r b a t e ,many y e a s t s a n d np r e s e n t on t h e s u r f a c e w h i c hg r e ww a s h e df r o m t h e c a s i n ga n d p l a c e dmedium c o n t a i n i n gno s o r b a t e .A t t hc o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,i n h i b i t o r yb u t n o n l e to f s o r b a t e were a p p a r e n t .

    A l t h o u g h2 . 5 %( w t / v o l )p o t a s s i u mu s e d i n t h e U n i t e dS t a t e s f o rt h e p r es u r f a c e m o l d g r o w t hon d r y c u r e d s ;u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n so f i t s u s e h e r es a l a m i ,2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e was iI n f a c t ,h i g h e r v i a b l e n u m b e r so f ip r e s e n t on 2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e - t r er i p e n e d )s a l a m i t h a n on t h e u n t r e a tc a s i n g s( T a b l e2 ) .G e n o a ,C a s a l i n g o ,a ]e se t y p e s h a v e d i a m e t e r so f a b o u t 8 .5 . 6t o 7 . 5cm, r e s p e c t i v e l y .S i n c ei t i s k ss o r b a t e p e n e t r a t e s f r o mt h e s u r f a c e 4b e s p e c u l a t e dt h a t a s s o r b a t e pene

    l a r g e rd i a m e t e rs a l a m ii t was d i l u t e d td e g r e e ,w h i c hc a u s e da more r a p i d l o ii t o r ya b i l i t ya t t h e s u r f a c e .

    I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e r e s u l t sf o u n dh e r (a l . ( 1 5 )f o u n dt h a t a 2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms

    a t t h e t i m e o f d e b o n i n gw as s a t i s f a c t o r yf o rc o n t r o lo fs u r f a c em o l dg r o w t ho n b o n e l e s sd r y -c u r e dh a m . B u t a l t h o u g ht h o s e hams w e r eh e l dl o n g e r( 8 4d a y s )a n d p a r t o f t h e t i m e a t a h i g h e rt e m p e r a t u r e( 2 4 Cf o r4 w e e k s )t h a n u s e dh e r e ,t h e hams w e r es m o k e d .E l a s t i cn e t t i n ga p p e a r e dt o r e t a r dm o l dd e v e l o p m e n to n i n s i d es u r f a c e sb e c a u s et h e meat p i e c e sw e r eh e l d t o g e t h e r b e t -

    _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . t e r .A g a i ni n c o n t r a s t ,t h e s t r i n go n t h e s u r f a c eo fC a s a l i n g os a l a m ia p p e a r e dt oe l e v a t et h e l o c a lw a t e r a c t i v i t ya n d p e r m i t t e df u n g a lg r o w t hu n -d e r n e a t h ,p a r t i c u l a r l yy e a s t g r o w t h o np i m a r i c i nt r e a t m e n t s .

    4 0 5 0 K e m p e t a l .( 1 5 )f o u n dt h a t t h e r e w a s a b e n -e f i c i a le f f e c to f s o r b a t e t r e a t m e n t o n h a m a c -

    i e v e l o p m e n tc e p t a b i l i t y .N o o f f - f l a v o r so r o f f - c o l o r sw e r ed r yI t a l i a n n o t e do n a n y o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a ls a l a m iu s e d i ns a b f ek y n e o a s w t n st h i ss t u d y,a l t h o u g ht h e s t r i n go n s a l a m id i p p e dx t r o s ea g a r in 1 0 %o r g r e a t e rc o n c e n t r a t i o n so f s o r b a t e wass a l i n g oa n d s t a i n e dy e l l o w .L e i s t n e r e t a l . ( 1 7 )d i d n o t f i n dr ec o m b i n e d o f f - c o l o r s ,o f f - f l a v o r s ,o r o d o r when s a l a m iw e r es w e r et a k e n t r e a t e dw i t h 2 0 %s o r b a t e a f t e rc u r i n g i n t h ei t a a r e f r o m g r e e n r o o m .; tp i m a r i c i n B a l d o c ke t a l .( 3 )s t u d i e d t h e m o l d - i n h i b i t i n gya f t e rs t u f f -p r o p e r t i e so f2 . 5 ,5 . 0 ,a n d 1 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t ev ' e na t d a y5 s o l u t i o n so n f u l l yr i p e n e dc o u n t r yc u r e d h a m s .d c ei np o t a s - T he s o r b a t e w a s a p p l i e da s a 1 - m ms p r a y a n da c e t i ca c i d was b e l i e v e d t o b e p a r t l ye f f e c t i v eb e c a u s eo f( w t / v o l )a o . t h e r e m o v a lo f m o l ds p o r e sb yt h e r i n s i n ga c t i o nP a t e ;I , 2 0 % o f t h e s p r a y .T h i s a c t i o n w a ss e e n d u r i n gp i m a r -i fp i m a r i c i ni c i ns p r a y i n go f G e n o aa n d C a s a l i n g os a l a m ia n d

    m a y a l s oe x p l a i n t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e p i m a r i c i ns p r a yo v e r t h e d i p .B a l d o c ke t a l .( 3 )f o u n dt h a t

    o n t h e s u r - a s p r a y o f 5 % s o r b a t e w a s t h e l o w e s t e f f e c t i v e. m i .A t 2 . 5 c o n c e n t r a t i o nw h i c h p r e v e n t e dm o l d d e v e l o p -n o l d sw e r e m e n t o v e r t h e 3 0 - d a ys t o r a g ep e r i o d .A 1 0 %o n l y when s o l u t i o n w a s m o r e e f f e c t i v e ,b u t i n h i b i t i o nw a so n g r o w t h l o s ts o m e w h e r eb e t w e e n3 0 a n d 6 0 d a y s a t 2 1 0 Ce s es o r b a t e a n d 7 0 %R H.; h a le f f e c t s T o i m p r o v es t a t i s t i c a le v a l u a t i o n ,v i a b l em o l d

    c o u n t d a t a f o r a c e t a t e - p r e t r e a t e dG e n o aa n ds o r b a t e i s C a s a l i n g os a l a m i w e r e p o o l e da n d

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    Z v e n t i o no f t h e N e u m a n - K e u l st e s t .T h r e es t a t i s t i c a l l yd i f -a l a m i ( 2 4 ) , f e r e n t ( 9 5 %c o n f i d e n c el e v e l )g r o u p s t h e n b e -o n G e n o a c a m ee v i d e n t( F i g .3 ) .T he m o s te f f i c a c i o u st r e a t -

    i n e f f e c t i v e .m e n t w a s 2 0 % p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .Th e s e c o n df u n g iw e r e b e s t t r e a t m e n tw as e i t h e ra 1 0 %s o r b a t e d i po ra t e d ( f u l l y d o u b l e1 , 0 0 0 - p p mp i m a r i c i ns p r a y ,a l t h o u g hv i s -; e dc o n t r o l u a l l y1 0 %s o r b a t e p e r f o r m e db e t t e ro n b o t hn d A b r u z z - t y p e s o fs a l a m i .The 2 . 5 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t ed i p. 8 ,5 . 6 ,a n d a n d t h e u n t r e a t e dc o n t r o lw e r ep l a c e di nt h e l a s t: n o w nt h a t g r o u p a s n o t b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n t .I t( 1 7 ) ,i t c a n s h o u l db e n o t e dt h a t t h e r e w a sv i s i b l ei n h i b i t i o nt r a t e dt h e o f s u r f a c em o l d b y 2 . 5 %s o r b a t e b u t o n l y o n; oa g r e a t e rC a s a l i n g os a l a m i ,a n d t h i sw a sn o t s u p p o r t e db ys so f i n h i b - v i a b l ec o u n td a t a .

    A b r u z z e s e( n a t u r a lc a s i n g )s a m p l e sw e r e l e s se ,Kemp e t a f f e c t e db y m o l dg r o w t h ,b u t v i a b l ec o u n t d a t a; o r b a t ed i p s h o w e dt h a t 1 0 %s o r b a t et r e a t m e n t sg a v er e s u l t s

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    MOLD I N H I B I T I O N O N S A L AM I C ASI NG 4 2 9

    e q u i v a l e n tt o t h o s e o b t a i n e da f t e r2 0 %s o r b a t et r e a t m e n t . T hi s p r o b a b l yr e f l e c t st h e d i f f i c u l t ys u r f a c e f u n g i f a c ewhen a t t e m p t i n gt o g r o wo nn a t u r a l c a s i n g s .

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    s u r f a c e o ft h e s e s a l a m i s a m p l e sr e v e a l e dt h a tt h e o r g a n i s m sp r e s e n t ,w h i c hw e r e m a i n l yP e n -i c i l l i u m s p e c i e sp l u sa s t r a i ne a c ho f A s p e r g i l l u sa n d S a c c h a r o m y c e s ,w e r e t y p i c a lo f t h e t y p e sf o u n do n t h e s u r f a c eo f d r y - c u r e ds a l a m i ( 2 ) .

    I n c a s e sw h e r eo r i g i n a lm o l dg r o w t hw a sm o d -e r a t e ,L e i s t n e r e t a l . ( 1 7 )f o u n d t h a t t r e a t i n gs a u s a g e b y d i p p i n g i n 1 0 %p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t ew a s s u f f i c i e n tt o p r o t e c t t h e m e a tf r o ms u r f a c em o l dg r o w t hf o ra b o u t 1 4 d a y s .T h i s c o n c e n t r a -t i o no f s o r b a t e w i t h a n a c e t a t e p r e t r e a t m e n ta p p e a r e d a d e q u a t ef o r p r o t e c t i o n d u r i n g t h em a t u r a t i o no f t h e t h r e e t y p e s o f s a l a m iu s e d i nt h i ss t u d y .

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    I t h a n k t h e M u l t i l i n g u a lS e r v i c e sD i v i s i o n ,T r a n s l a t i o nB u r e a uo ft he D e p a r t m e n to ft h e S e c r e t a r yo f S t a t e ,C a n a d a ,f o rt r a n s l a t i o no f a r t i c l e st o E n g l i s ha n d J u d y B o h m f o rh e rt e c h n i c a la s s i s t a n c e .

    The i n t e r e s t ,h e l p ,a n d c o o p e r a t i o no f T o n i P i s t i l l ia n dI t a l oR o s a t i o f S a n t a M a r i a F o o d s L i m i t e da r e g r a te f u l l ya c k n o w l e d g e d .

    P i m a r i c i n( n a t a m y c i n )w a sk i n d l ys u p p l i e db y P . F .H a r r i -s o n ,G B F e r m e n t a t i o nI n d u s t r i e sI n c . ,M o n t r e a l .

    L I T ER AT UR E CI TE D1 . Ay r e s , J . C . ,L .L e i s t n e r ,M. S u t i c ,P . E . K o e h l e r ,M .

    T . W u , N . A . H a l l s ,E . S t r z e l e c k i ,an d F . E s c h e r .1 9 7 4 .M o l dg r o w t ha n d m y c o t o x i np r o d u c t i o no n a g e dhams a n d s a u s a g e s ,p . 2 1 8 - 2 2 7 .I n P r o c e e d i n g so f t h eI V I n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n g r e s so n F o o dS c i e n c ea n d T e c h -n o l o g y ,v o l .I I I .S e l e g r a f ,Va l e n c i a ,S p a i n .

    2 . Ay r e s , J . C . ,D . A . L i l l a r d ,and L .L e i s t n e r . 1 9 6 7 .M o l dr i p e n e dm e a t p r o d u c t s ,p . 1 5 6 - 1 7 5 .I n P r o c e e d i n g so ft h e 2 0 t h A n n u a lR e c i p r o c a lM e a tC o n f e r e n c e ,A m e r i -c a n M e a tS c i e n c eA s s o c i a t i o n .N a t i o n a lL i v e s t o c ka n dM e a tB o a r d ,C h i c a g o ,I l l .

    3 . B a l d o c k ,J . D . ,P . R . F r a n k ,P . P . G r a h a m ,a n d F . F .I v e y . 1 9 7 9 .P o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e a s a f u n g i s t a t i ca g e n t i nc o u n t r yh a m p r o c e s s i n g .J . F o o dP r o t .4 2 : 7 8 0 - 7 8 3 .

    4 . B u c h a n a n ,R . L, and J . C . Ay r e s . 1 9 7 6 .E f f e c to fs o d i u ma c e t a t e o n g r o w t ha n d a f l a t o x i np r o d u c t i o nb yA s p e r g i l l u sp a r a s i t i c u sN R R L2 9 9 9 .J . F o o dS c i .4 1 :1 2 8 - 1 3 2 .

    5 . B u l l e r m a n ,L . B . , a nd J . C . Ay r e s . 1 9 6 8 .A f l a t o x i n -p r o d u c i n gp o t e n t i a lo f f u n g ii s o l a t e df r o m c u r e d a n da g e dm e a t s .A p p l .M i c r o b i o l .1 6 : 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 4 6 .

    6 . B u l l e r m a n ,L . B . ,P . A . H a r t m a n ,and J . C . Ay r e s .1 9 6 9 .A f l a t o x i np r o d u c t i o ni n m e a t s . I I . A g e dd r ys a l -a m i s a n d a g e d c o u n t r y c u r e d h a m s . A p p l .M i c r o b i o l .1 8 : 7 1 8 - 7 2 2 .

    7 . C a t t a n e o ,P . ,S . D ' A u b e r t ,a n d A . R i g h e t t i .1 9 7 8 .A t -t i v i t aa n t i f u n g i n ad e l l ap i m n a r i c i n ai n S a l u m ic r u d i s t a -g i o n a t i .I n d .A l i m e n t .( P i n e r o l o ,I t a l y )1 7 : 6 5 8 - 6 6 4 .

    8 . d e B o e r ,E . ,H . L a b o t s ,M. S t o l k - H o r s t h u i s ,and J . N .

    V i s s e r . 1 9 7 9 .S e n s i t i v i t yt o n a t a m y c i no f f u n g ii n f a c -t o r i e sp r o d u c t i n gd r y s a u s a g e . F l e i s c h w i r t s c h a f t5 9 :1 8 6 8 - 1 8 6 9 .

    9 . D ei b el , R .H . 1 9 7 4 .T e c h n o l o g yo ff e r m e n t e d ,s e m i - d r i e da n d d r i e d s a u s a g e s ,p . 5 7 - 0 . I n P r o c e e d i n g so f t h eM e a t I n d u s t r y R e s e a r c hC o n f e r e n c e .A m e r i c a nM e a tI n s t i t u t eF o u n d a t i o n ,C h i c a g o ,I l l .

    1 0 .D r a g o n i ,I . , M . A p o s t o l o ,and C . C a n t o n i . 1 9 7 8 .E v o -l u z i o n ed e l l af l o r am i c r o b i c as u p e r f i c i a l ed i i n s a c c a t is t a g i o n a t i .I n d .A l i m e n t .( P i n e r o l o ,I t a l y )1 7 : 7 5 9 - 7 6 0 .

    1 1 .E r i c k s o n ,F . J . , and F .W . F a b i a n .1 9 4 2 .P r e s e r v i n ga n dg e r m i c i d a la c t i o n o fv a r i o u ss u g a r sa n d o r g a n i ca c i d so ny e a s t sa n d b a c t e r i a .F o o dR e s . 7 : 6 8 - 7 9 .

    1 2 .G e n i g e o r g i s ,C . A . 1 9 7 6 .Q u a l i t yc o n t r o lf o rf e r m e n t e dm e a t s . J . A m . Ve t .M e d .A s s o c . 1 6 9 : 1 2 2 0 - 1 2 2 8 .

    1 3 .H a y a s h i ,K . ,M. Te r a d a , T . M i z u n u J m a ,an d T . Y o k -o t a u k a . 1 9 7 9 .R e t a r d i n ge f f e c to fa c e t i ca c i do n g r o w t ho f c o n t a m i n a t e db a c t e r i ad u r i n g s h o y u - k o j i m a k i n gp r o c e s s .J . F o o dS c i .4 4 : 3 5 9 - 3 6 2 .

    1 4 .H e c h e l m a n ,H . ,and L L e i s t n e r . 1 9 6 9 .Hemmungv o nu n e r w u n s c h t e mS c h i m m e l p i l z w a c h s t u ma u f R o h w u r -

    s t e n d u r c hD e l v o c i d( P i m a r i c i n ) .F l e i s c h w i r t s c h a f t4 9 :1 6 3 9 .1 5 .Kemp, J . D . ,B . E . L a n g l o i s ,M . B . S o l o m o n ,an d J . D .

    F o x . 1 9 7 9 .Q u a l i t yo fb o n e l e s sd r y - c u r e dh a m p r o d u c e dw i t h o rw i t h o u tn i t r a t e ,n e t t i n go r p o t a s s i u ms o r b a t e .J .F o o dS c i .4 4 : 9 1 4 - 9 1 5 .

    1 6 .L e e , I . C . ,L .G . Harmon, and J . F .P r i c e . 1 9 7 7 .G r o w t ha n d e n t e r o t o x i np r o d u c t i o nb y s t a p h y l o c o c c ii n G e n o as a l a m i .J . F o o dP r o t .4 0 : 3 2 5 - 3 2 9 .

    1 7 .L e i s t n e r ,L . , L . Y . M a i n g , a nd E . Bergmann . 1 9 7 5 .Ve r h i n d e r u n gv o n u n e r w u e n s c h t e mS c h i m m e l p i l z -w a c h s t u ma u f R o h w u r s td u r c h K a l i u m s o r b a t .F l e i s -c h w i r t s c h a f t5 5 : 5 5 9 - 5 6 1 .

    1 8 .L e v i n e ,A . S . ,and C . R . F e l l e r s .1 9 4 0 .A c t i o no f a c e t i ca c i do n f o o ds p o i l a g em i c r o o r g a n i s m s .J . B a c t e r i o l .3 9 :4 9 9 - 5 1 4 .

    1 9 .M o e r m a n , P . C . 1 9 7 2 .S c h i m m e l w e r i n go p v l e e s w a r e nd o o r P i m a r i c i n e .Vo e d i n g s m i d d e l e nTe c h n o l . 3 : 2 6 1 -2 6 4 .

    2 0 . P a l u m b o ,S . A . ,J . L . S m i t h , and S . A . Ackerman .1 9 7 3 .L e b a n o nb o l o g n a .1 .M a n u f a c t u r ea n d p r o c e s s i n g .J . M i l kF o o dTe c h n o l .3 6 : 4 9 7 - 5 0 3 .

    2 1 .P u l l e n ,M. M . , a nd C . A . G e n i g e o r g i s .1 9 7 7 .A s t u d yo fc o a g u l a s e - p o s i t i v es t a p h y l o c o c c ii n s a l a m i b e f o r e f e r -m e n t a t i o n .J . F o o dP r o t .4 0 : 7 0 4 - 7 0 8 .

    2 2 .R a c c a c h ,M . ,and R . C . B a k e r . 1 9 7 9 .F e r m e n t e dm e -c h a n i c a l l yd e b o n e dp o u l t r ym e a t a n ds u r v i v a lo fS t a p h -y l o c o c c u sa u r e u s . J . F o o dP r o t .4 2 : 2 1 4 - 2 1 7 .

    2 3 .S n i j d e r s ,J . M . A . ,M. J . G . S c h o e n m a k e r s ,G . E .G e r a t s , and F . W . P i j p e r .1 9 7 9 .D e k o n t a m i n a t i o nS c h l a c h t w a r m e rR i n d e rK o r p e rm i t o r g a n i s c h e nS a u -r e n .F l e i s c h w i r t s c h a f t5 9 : 6 5 6 - 6 6 3 .2 4 .Te r r e l l ,R . N . ,G . C . S m i t h ,and Z .L .C a r p e n t e r .1 9 7 8 .P r a c t i c a lm a n u f a c t u r i n gt e c h n o l o g yf o rd r y a n d s e m i -d r y s a u s a g e ,p .3 9 - 4 4 .I n P r o c e e d i n g so ft he 3 0 thA n n u a lR e c i p r o c a lM e a tC o n f e r e n c e ,A m e r i c a nM e a tS c i e n c eA s s o c i a t i o n .N a t io n a l L iv e s t o cka n d M e a tB o a r d , C h i -c a g o ,I l l .

    2 5 .V i c i n i ,E . ,and R . G . R a c z n s k i .1 9 7 7 .I n d a g i n is u l l af l o r am i c r o b i c ad e ls a l a m et i p o" F e l i n o . 'I n d .C o n s e r v e5 2 :2 3 5 - 2 4 2 .

    2 6 .Wa l l h a u s s e r ,K . H . ,a nd E . L u c k . 1 9 7 8 .Z u r W i r k u n gv o n S o r b i n s a u r eg e g e nM y k o t o x i n b i l d n e r .Z . L e b e n s m .U n t e r s . F o r s c h . 1 6 7 : 1 5 6 - 1 5 7 .

    2 7 .Z i v i n ,J . A . ,an d J . J . B a r t k o . 1 9 7 6 .S t a t i s t i c sf o rd i s -i n t e r e s t e ds c i e n t i s t s .L i f eS c i .1 8 : 1 5 - 2 6 .

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