NFPA Standard 855 and The International Fire Codeenergystorage.org/system/files/resources/nfpa_webinar_combined... · • Developed to address exceptions in ICC IFC Code and NFPA

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NFPA Standard 855 and The International Fire Code

June 28, 2018



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Today’s Speakers:

Steve CummingsDirector of theSensor DivisionNexceris, LLC

Laurie FlorencePrincipal Engineer

UL LLC

Chuck FosterTechnical Consultant

Energy Storage Association



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Chuck FosterTechnical Consultant

Energy Storage Association

NFPA 855 and IFC Updates


What’s the Difference?

Code vs. Standard

Market impacts

NFPA Standard 855 vs. IFC Scopes Adoptions Processes


Who Is Engaged?

• Public• Manufacturers • Installers• NGO’s• Trade Associations• Academia• Government• ?


NFPA Std 855 - Process • Existing Standard under revision

• Process started in 2016• First Draft Report issued May 9• Currently accepting public comments on the First Draft Report

through July 12• Must be submitted electronically thru NFPA portal

• Expected to publish mid-to late 2019


NFPA Std 855 – Scope

• Scope• Stationary ESS

• Lead acid and Ni-Cd > 70 kWh’s• Lithium-Ion and sodium > 20 kWh’s• Others > 10 kWh’s

• Purpose• Minimize hazards

• Retroactivity• Generally not


NFPA Std 855 - Definitions• Definitions

• ESS – “one or more devices, assembled together, capable of storing energy in order to supply electrical energy at a future time”

• ESS Cabinet• ESS Walk in Unit• ESS Dedicated Use Building• “Container” is used in standard but not defined


NFPA Std 855 - Issues• Permits are required• Plans and Specifications• O&M Manual• Commissioning Plan• Training

• Refresher training at least yearly

• Hazard Mitigation Analysis – if required• Thermal runaway• Control failure


NFPA 855 - Issues• Large Scale Fire Test – if required

• UL 9540A

• Equipment• Listed in accordance with UL 9540

• Signage• 2-hr fire walls generally• Indoor installations

• Dedicated use bldg. vs non-dedicated use bldg


NFPA 855 - Issues• Outdoor Installations

• Remote• Locations near exposures

• Max size – 53’ x 8’ x 9.5’• Size and Separation

• 250 kWh’s max size of “groups”• 3’ minimum spacing between groups• Exceptions available

• Maximum Rated Energy = 600 kWh’s generally• Exceptions available


NFPA 855 - Issues

• Various detection and fire suppression provisions• Smoke• Sprinkler

• Other Chapters• Interconnection• Commissioning / decommissioning • Appendices


IFC - Process• Existing Standard under revision

• Last published in 2016• Next publication 2019• Currently accepting public comments through July 16• Must be submitted electronically thru ICC’s CDPACCESS

portal


IFC - Scope• Scope

• ESS• Lead acid and Ni-Cd > 70 kWh’s• Lithium-Ion and sodium > 20 kWh’s• Others > 10 kWh’s

• Purpose• ?

• Retroactivity• Generally not

• Utility exclusion


IFC - Definitions• Definitions

• ESS – “one or more devices, assembled together, capable of storing energy in order to supply electrical energy at a future time”

• ESS Cabinet• ESS Walk in Unit• ESS Dedicated Use Building• “Container”

• ISO sizing limitation


IFC - Issues

• Permits are required – Operational for Mobile• Plans and Specifications• O&M Manual• Commissioning Plan• Training

• Refresher training at least yearly

• Hazard Mitigation Analysis – if required• Thermal runaway - Control failure


IFC - Issues• Large Scale Fire Test – if required

• UL 9540A

• Equipment• Listed in accordance with UL 9540

• Signage• 2-hr fire walls generally• Indoor installations

• Dedicated use bldg. vs non-dedicated use bldg


IFC - Issues• Outdoor Installations

• Remote• Locations near exposures

• Max size – 53’ x 8’ x 9.5’• Size and Separation

• 250 kWh’s max size of “groups”• 3’ minimum spacing between groups• Exceptions available

• Maximum Rated Energy = 600 kWh’s generally• Exceptions available


IFC - Issues

• Various detection and fire suppression provisions• Smoke• Sprinkler

• Other Chapters• Interconnection• Commissioning / decommissioning • Appendices

UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2018. Proprietary & Confidential.

UL 9540 and Related Standards Updates – June 2018Laurie FlorencePrincipal Engineer – Stationary & Motive Batteries, Fuel Cells and Energy StorageUL [email protected]

UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC © 2018. Proprietary & Confidential. 24

ANSI/CAN UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment

Scope:

• Safety Standard• Energy storage systems that are connected as a standalone system,

or connected in parallel to a utility grid or both• Include Electrochemical, Mechanical, Chemical and Thermal ESSs

UL 9540 Overview

Includes requirements for Construction:

• Safety analysis/FMEA• Functional Safety criteria

• Materials• Electrical connections, components, wiring and spacings• Enclosures

• Walk-in enclosures• Parts containing hazardous fluids and parts under pressure• Fire detection and suppression• Technology specific criteria


UL 9540 Overview


Testing Criteria Electrical Tests Mechanical Tests

Environmental Tests Production Tests

UL 9540 Overview


Marking and Labeling• Nameplate• Cautionary (e.g. arc flash, electric shock hazard,

restricted access)

Instructions• Installation• Maintenance• Operation

UL 9540 Overview


3rd – 4th

Quarter 2018

• Review and balloting of UL 9540 2nd edition

3rd

Quarter of 2017

• Request for proposals to UL 9540 2nd edition

November 21, 2016

• Published ANSI/CAN UL 9540

UL 9540 Overview


ANSI/CAN UL 1973, Batteries for Use in Stationary, Vehicle Auxiliary Power and Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications• 2nd Edition, published in February 7, 2018• Some Changes:

• Inclusion of vehicle auxiliary power applications• Arc flash marking and instruction criteria• Short circuit current rating and check during SC test• Revisions to Internal Fire Test

UL 1973 Overview


Internal Fire Test Revisions in 2nd edition:• Now called Single Cell Failure Design Tolerance Test• Two methods: 1) lithium ion, 2) sodium beta, lithium metal and lead acid technologies• Addition of Informative Appendix F with methods to fail a cell

Some future considerations:• Some cell criteria updates (removal of UL 1642 reference)• Some clarification for VAP application testing (similar to LER with different parameters)• Addition of option UL 9540A cell testing (cell failure with monitoring of gasses and

temperatures to inform UL 9540A test method• Revisions to External Fire Test (revised nozzle and other details)

UL 1973 Overview


NFPA 9540A, Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems• Developed to address exceptions in ICC IFC Code and NFPA 855 draft ESS

installation standard• Will be referenced in the next edition of UL 9540• Evaluates the fire characteristics of a battery energy storage system that

undergoes thermal runaway. • Multi-step Test method: Cell, Module, Unit and Installation level tests

UL 9540A Overview


3rd – 4th

Quarter 2018

• Begin Consensus Process through UL 9540 STP

June 15, 2018

• Published UL 9540A 3rd

Edition

January 31, 2018

• Published UL 9540A 2nd

Edition

November 2, 2017

• Published UL 9540A 1st Edition

UL 9540A Overview


UL 1974, Evaluation for Repurposing Batteries• Scope: Covers the sorting and grading process of

battery packs, modules and cells and electrochemical capacitors that were originally configured and used for other purposes, such as electric vehicle propulsion, and that are intended for a repurposed use application, such as for use in stationary energy storage and other applications

UL 1974 Overview


UL 1974 is a process standard that covers repurposing-not remanufacturing.

REPURPOSED BATTERY - A battery pack/system that was used in one application in the field that is subject to some level of analysis, refurbishment and reconfiguration for use in a different application. An example of a repurposed battery is a stationary energy storage battery that has been built using used electric vehicle batteries, modules or cells. Another term for a repurposed battery is "second life battery".

REMANUFACTURED BATTERY - A battery pack/system that was used in the field and returned for repair and/or replacement of parts for use in the same intended application. Other terms used for a remanufactured battery are "refurbished battery" or "rebuilt battery".

UL 1974 Overview


4th

Quarter 2018

• Publish Consensus Standard for UL 1974

3rd

Quarter for 2018

• UL 1974 Recirculation Bulletin out for review and vote

March 30,

2018

• UL 1974 Ballot Bulletin out for review – Achieved Consensus

June 2, 2017

• UL 1974 Bulletin out for preliminary review

UL 1974 Overview

Steve Cummings

Compliance Requirements and Fault Detection

Nexceris, LLC

June 28, 2018

Fault detection in NFPA 855

Detection of faults external to the electrical interrogation of the cells• Smoke and fire detection (Chapter 4.10)• Gas detection/Deflagration venting (Chapter 4.12)• Off-gas detection (4.1.4 Hazard Mitigation Analysis, 9.3 Thermal Runaway Protection)

Categorized by installation type:

Fault Detection Overview

Indoor

Chapter 4.4.2

Dedicated vs Non-dedicated

use

Outdoor

Chapter 4.4.3

Remote vs Locations Near

Exposures

Open

Chapter 4.4.4

Rooftop & Open Parking

Garage

Mobile

Chapter 4.5

Includes charging and

storage

System Requirement NFPA Reference(s) Notes

Explosion Control (Gas Detection System)

Hazardous exhaust and deflagration ventingThe combustible concentration shall be maintained at or below 25 percent of the LFL

Table 9.2Chapter 4.12NFPA 68NFPA 69, Ch. 8

Applied to systems installed within a room, enclosure, or container

Smoke and fire detection

Required for Indoor ESS installations (Dedicated-used and Non-Dedicated-Use Buildings) per Table 4.4.2

Chapter 4.10Fire Control and Suppression, Chapter 4.11

Within dedicated-use buildings, the alarm signals are not required to be transmitted when local annunciation is provided and trained personnel are always present.Remote dedicated-use buildings (>100 ft from buildings, lot lines, etc) may be exempt from fire control and suppression systems where approved by the AHJ

Smoke and fire detection

Required for Outdoor ESS installations per Table 4.4.3

Chapter 4.10Fire Control and Suppression, Chapter 4.11

Fire suppression/water supply can be omitted for remote locations when agreeable to ESS owner and approved by AHJ

Fire detection Systems Required for Rooftop and Open Parking Garages ESS installations per Table 4.4.4

Chapter 4.10Fire Control and Suppression, Chapter 4.11, 4.4.4.4.2, 4.4.4.5

Open structures can utilize a radiant energy-sensing detection system per NFPA 72

Fire Detection Systems Required for Mobile ESS per Table 4.5.7 Chapter 4.10Fire Control and Suppression, Chapter 4.11

Alarm signals not required to be transmitted for mobile ESS deployed 30 days or less

Thermal Runaway Protection

A listed device or other approved method shall be provided to preclude, detect, and minimize the impact of thermal runaway

Table 9.2Chapter 9.3

Permitted to be part of a BMS that has been evaluated with the battery as part of the evaluation to UL 1973 or UL 9540.

NFPA 855 Fault Detection System Requirements

Thermal runaway evaluated at:Cell Level (Section 6)Module Level (Section 7)

Unit Level (Section 8)Installation Level (Section 9)

UL 9540A Cell Level Performance Test6.2.5 The temperature at which the cell case vents due to

internal pressure rise shall be documented.

6.2.6 The temperature at the onset of thermal runaway shall be documented.

NFPA 855 UL 9540A

UL 9540A test report will indicate if off-gas event occurs prior to thermal runaway

off-gas event

thermal runaway

NFPA 855, Section 4.1.5 requires large-scale fire testing in accordance with UL 9540A

Thermal Runaway Propagation

Stages of a Battery Failure

Battery Management System

Smoke Detection

Temperature Monitoring

Cell QualityNon-propagation Design

PCM/Intumescent Materials

Fire Suppression

LFL Gas Detection

Cooling/Heat Transfer Plates

Separation Distance Specification

Exhaust andDeflagration Venting

Environmental System Controls

Battery Management System

Smoke Detection

Temperature Monitoring

Cell QualityNon-propagation Design

PCM/Intumescent Materials

Fire Suppression

LFL Gas Detection

Cooling/Heat Transfer Plates

Separation Distance Specification

Exhaust andDeflagration Venting

Environmental System Controls

Off-gas detection should be included in NFPA 855 if UL 9540A test report indicates that cells vent prior to TR

Test #1 conditions• 63 Ah pouch cell• Overcharged at 50A (0.8C)• FTIR data gathered during failure

(plus H2 and LEL monitors)• Third-party data (DNV-GL)

Remarks• Low-level off-gassing occurs early,

prior to thermal runaway

Thermal runawayTsurface > 1000oC

Off-gas Detection

Cell Vents




prior to thermal runaway• H2, HCl, and HF generated during

thermal runaway• LEL monitor does not alarm


Off-gas Detection

45




prior to thermal runaway• H2, HCl, and HF generated during

thermal runaway• LEL monitor does not alarm• Li-ion Tamer correlates to initial gas

detection from FTIR


Li-ion Tamer® provided 6.4 minutes of early warning prior to thermal runaway

Off-gas Detection

Test #2 conditions• 63 Ah pouch cell• Overcharged at 50A (0.8C)• Charge is stopped when Li-ion Tamer

detects off-gas• Third-party data (DNV-GL)

Remarks

Cell VentsTsurface ≈ 50oC

Off-gas Used to Prevent Thermal Runaway

47

Test #2 conditions• 63 Ah pouch cell• Overcharged at 50A (0.8C)• Charge is stopped when Li-ion Tamer

detects off-gas• Third-party data (DNV-GL)

Remarks• Li-ion Tamer correlates to initial gas

detection from FTIR• Thermal runaway of cell was avoided

by removing charge at Li-ion Tamer signal

Cell VentsTsurface ≈ 50oC

Tsurface ≈ 45oCThermal runaway is avoided

Off-gas Used to Prevent Thermal Runaway

Li-ion Tamer® enables mitigation of thermal runaway

Fault Detection Summary• NFPA 855 fault detection requirements:

• Electrochemical ESS Technology Specific Requirements (Table 9.2)• Smoke and fire detection (4.9 & 4.10)• Deflagration venting (4.12)

• Cell venting can occur significantly ahead of thermal runway• Gas release can be detected using off-gas detection technologies• Mitigating actions taken when a cell vents can prevent thermal runaway

Summary


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Thank youPlease submit ideas for future webinars to

Sonora Munks at [email protected]

Documents

NFPA Standard 855 and The International Fire Codeenergystorage.org/system/files/resources/nfpa_webinar_combined... · • Developed to address exceptions in ICC IFC Code and NFPA