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The Civil War is won by the Union and strongly affects the nation.

The Tide of War Turns,1863–1865

Union soldiers sitting in front of a tent.

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

The Emancipation Proclamation

War Affects Society

The North Wins

The Legacy of the War

The Tide of War Turns,1863–1865


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In 1863, President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, which helps to change the war’s course.

Section 1



Calls for Emancipation

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• President Lincoln does not feel he has power to abolish slavery

• Does not want to divide the nation further by freeing slaves

• Abolitionists, Frederick Douglass, urge Lincoln to emancipate slaves

• If freeing the slaves weakens the South, then Lincoln would do it



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• President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863):- frees all slaves in Confederate territory

• Lincoln asks Congress to gradually abolish slavery throughout Union

• Frees southern slaves, weaken South, makes proclamation military action

• Proclamation makes Civil War a war of liberation

• Few slaves actually liberated because most live far from Union troops

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Response to the Proclamation

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• Abolitionists are happy about Emancipation Proclamation

• Most Union soldiers welcome proclamation, it makes South weaker

• Some Northern Democrats afraid proclamation will anger South more

• Southerners outraged, many slaves begin to run away to Union lines:- deprives Confederacy of labor- provides Union with soldiers


African American Soldiers

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• Emancipation Proclamation lets African American men join Union army

• African American soldiers are often given worse jobs, less pay

• After emancipation, African Americans rush to join army

• Show great courage on the battlefield• By war’s end, 180,000 black soldiers in Union army

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The 54th Massachusetts

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• African American 54th Massachusetts Regiment 1st organized in North

• Heroics of 54th lead to increased African American enlistment

• Leads heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina (July 1863)

• African American prisoners often shot or returned to slavery by South

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Section 2

War Affects SocietyThe Civil War causes social, economic, and political changes in the North andthe South.

Disagreement About the War

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• Southerners grow weary of war, Confederate deserters increase

• Lincoln has protesters arrested, suspends writ of habeas corpus

• Copperheads—Northern Democrats that favor peace with South

War Affects Society

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The Draft Laws

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• North, South pass laws of conscription, also known as the draft:- require men to serve in military

• North offers bounties, cash payments, to men who volunteer to serve

• In South, North men can hire substitutes to serve in their place

• Anger over draft leads to New York City draft riots (July 1863)


Economic Effects of the War

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• Inflation—an increase in price and decrease in the value of money

• In North, inflation is less, war boosts industry• In South, food shortage, inflation are common

• U.S. establishes the first income tax—a tax on earnings (1861)

• U.S. issues new paper money, greenbacks, which:- ensures people have money to spend- helps Union pay for the war

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Resistance by Slaves

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• To hurt Southern economy, slaves:- slow their work pace or stop altogether

- sabotage crops and farm equipment- refuse to join fleeing planters• Many enslaved people run away from plantations, join Union army


Women Aid the War Effort

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• Many women run farms, take over “men’s” work in factories, offices

• In North, Dorothea Dix is leader of about 3,000 nurses

• Work for soldier relief agencies and as nurses

• Women serve as spies, including:- Harriet Tubman for North- Belle Boyd for South

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• In North, South prisoners of war face terrible conditions

• Camp at Andersonville, Georgia, is one of the worst in South

• Prison camp at Elmira, New York, is one of the worst in North

Civil War Prison Camps

• Thousands of prisoners die of sickness, exposure

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Section 3

The North WinsThanks to victories, beginning with Gettysburg and ending with Richmond, theUnion survives.

The Road to Gettysburg

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• President Lincoln names Ambrose Burnside as commander of U.S. army

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• Burnside loses to Confederates at Battle of Fredericksburg (1862)

• Lincoln replaces Burnside with General Joseph Hooker

The North Wins

• Hooker loses to Confederates at Chancellorsville, Virginia

• Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson is killed at Chancellorsville

• General Lee decides to invade North again to:- fuel Northern discontent with war- gain European support


The Battle of Gettysburg

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• Union, Confederate forces fight 3 days, Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

• General Lee, Confederates retreat, Union army fails to pursue

• Confederate attack, known as Pickett’s Charge, fails

• Lee’s hopes for a Confederate victory in the North are crushed

Interactive


The Siege of Vicksburg

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• General Grant, troops fight Confederates at Siege of Vicksburg

• Union has control of entire Mississippi River, South is split in two

• After a month and a half siege, Confederates surrender (July 1863)

• Britain gives up all thought of supporting the South

Map


Sherman’s Total War

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• President Lincoln names General Grant commander of Union armies

• Captures Atlanta (September 1864), marches to sea, wages total war

• General William Tecumseh Sherman, Union troops push to Atlanta

• Union troops tear up rail lines, destroy crops, burn and loot towns

• Sherman’s success helps Lincoln win re-election• Sherman captures Savannah (December 1864)

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Grant’s Virginia Campaign

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• Grant’s army, Lee’s army fight series of battles in Virginia

• Grant’s army lays siege on Richmond, Virginia, for 10 months

• Despite high casualties, Grant’s army continues to advance

• General Lee, troops evacuate Richmond, Grant captures the city


Surrender at Appomattox

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• General Lee sends message, he is ready to surrender to General Grant

• Grant offers generous terms, Confederates can return home in peace

• Surrender arrangements made at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)

• After four long years, the Civil War comes to a close

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Section 4

The Legacy of the WarThe Civil War brings great changes and new challenges to the United States.

Costs of the War

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• Many Northerners, Southerners have bitter feelings toward each other

4SECTION

• President Lincoln hopes to heal the nation, bring North, South together

The Legacy of the War

• Civil War, deadliest war in American history; has great economic costs

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The Thirteenth Amendment

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• Emancipation Proclamation only frees slaves in the Confederacy

• Thirteenth Amendment (1865) bans slavery in the entire U.S.


Lincoln’s Assassination

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• John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre

• Lincoln dies morning after, (April 15, 1865), Seward recovers

• Booth’s accomplice stabs Secretary of State William Seward

• First American president to be assassinated

• Lincoln’s murder stuns the nation, causes intense grief

• U.S. troops kill Booth, capture his accomplices

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Consequences of the War

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• U.S. is viewed as single country not collection of states

• The Civil War also causes:- national government to expand- national government to grow more powerful- new industries to grow rapidly- economic disaster in the South

Chart


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