NEXT

George Washington at the Constitutional Convention, 1787.

Building a New Nation and State1777–1830

The newly independent states struggle as a nation, but adopt a new Constitution to guide them. Western expansion leads to more conflict between settlers and Native Americans.

NEXT

Building a New Nation and State1777–1830

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Creating a New Government

Georgia as a State

Land Expansion

NEXT

Section 1

Creating a NewGovernment The Founding Fathers create the document thatestablishes the framework for the new country. The document still guides our government today.

NEXT

Founding Fathers

Creating a New Government

Establishing a New Nation• Key people in America’s creation are called the

“Founding Fathers”- includes George Washington, Thomas

Jefferson, Benjamin FranklinJohn Adams, James Madison

• Those who write Constitution called “framers” of Constitution

• In 1700s, public political participation limited to white men

• Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, is trusted advisor

SECTION

1

NEXT

SECTION

1

A New System of Government • Articles of Confederation are first form of U.S.

constitution- written during Revolution; Georgia’s Button

Gwinnett helped write• Articles split power between national body—

Congress—and states• Congress can declare war, make treaties, print

money, deliver mail- each state has one vote in Congress regardless of

size• States can collect state taxes, print state money,

support state militias

The Articles of Confederation

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

A New System of Government• Congress passes Articles in 1777; Articles go to

states for approval• By 1778 eight states ratify, or pass, Articles• Small states with no land west of Appalachians

refuse to sign- want states with western lands to give land to

Congress• All states agree to turn over western lands by

1781; Articles ratified • Georgia gives up some western lands in 1778,

holds some until 1802

continued The Articles of Confederation

Map

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

The Northwest Ordinance• Congress divides western land—Northwest

Territory—for settlement• Becomes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,

Wisconsin, bit of Minnesota• Congress passes Northwest Ordinance in 1787

- sets up process for territories to become states- establishes religious freedom, trial by jury;

outlaws slavery• Ordinance becomes blueprint for future territories

and states

continued The Articles of Confederation

NEXT

SECTION

1

National Government Lacks Power• Articles prohibit Congress from setting taxes; U.S.

can’t pay war debt• Congress cannot enforce laws or settle interstate

trade problems

Weaknesses of the Articles

Money Problems in the New Country• U.S. has $42 million war debt; most owed to

veterans• Many soldiers receive Northwest Territory land as

payment• State taxes are high, citizens cannot pay; revolts in

Massachusetts

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Shays’s Rebellion• Daniel Shays—Massachusetts farmer, war

veteran unable to pay taxes• In January 1787 leads other angry farmers to

seize guns in Springfield• State troops stop rebellion; Congress lacks

resources, power to help• Congress calls meeting to revise Articles

continued Weaknesses of the Articles

NEXT

SECTION

1

Delegates to the Convention• Constitutional Convention meets in Pennsylvania,

1787- Georgia sends Abraham Baldwin, William Few- Rhode Island does not send representative

• Some want only to revise Articles; some hope to redesign government

• Many delegates famous; some Congressmen, state constitution authors

• Goal is to balance individual rights with power of central government

The Constitutional Convention of 1787

NEXT

SECTION

1

Secret Deliberations• George Washington elected president of

Convention• Discussions kept secret so all can speak freely• Doors guarded, windows closed through hot

summer

Framing the Constitution

A Democratic Republic• First decision—new government should remain a

democratic republic:- republic—representatives chosen by people to govern- democratic—government reflects people’s will

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Compromises Resolve Disputes• Balance of power between large, small states is

greatest argument• Under Articles, Congress has one house• Decide Congress should be bicameral, or have

two houses- House of Representatives—votes based on

state population- Senate—same number of votes for each state

• Bicameral solution called Great Compromise

continued Framing the Constitution

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

The Three-Fifths Compromise• Great Compromise creates new issue of how to

count people• Southern states want slaves counted, but not

taxed• Northern states want slaves taxed but not

counted• Three-Fifths Compromise—counts five slaves as

three people - applies to taxation and Congressional

representation

continued Framing the Constitution

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Other Compromises• Slavery creates new debate—Northern states

want it banned• South disagrees, especially South Carolina,

Georgia• Decide to reject Constitution if ban passes;

compromise reached- Congress will not ban importation of slaves

until 1808• Fourth compromise the Commerce Clause

- allows Congress to collect taxes, control interstate trade

continued Framing the Constitution

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

Division of Powers• Delegates divide power of national government

into three branches:- legislative branch makes laws- judicial branch interprets laws - executive branch enforces laws

• Each branch has power to check, or control, actions of other two- called system of checks and balances

continued Framing the Constitution

Continued . . .

NEXT

SECTION

1

The Electoral College• Voters in each state choose representatives

called electors• Number of state’s electors equal to number of

Congress members• Electors—in group called Electoral College—vote

for president

continued Framing the Constitution

Delegates Approve the Constitution• Delegates sign Constitution after four months of debate• Constitution now goes to state conventions for ratification• Nine of 13 states must ratify to become law

NEXT

SECTION

1

Federalists and Antifederalists• People debate the Constitution prior to

conventions• Federalists support Constitution; antifederalists

do not- federalism—system in which state, national governments share power

• Antifederalists fear Constitution takes away state powers - also want bill of rights to define rights of the

people

The States Debate the Constitution

Continued . . .

Chart

NEXT

SECTION

1

Federalist Papers• Antifederalists publish views against Constitution• Federalists publish essays supporting

Constitution- John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison

write essays- called The Federalist papers, later published as

book

continued The States Debate the Constitution

NEXT

SECTION

1

Support from Large States Needed• Constitution ratified by July 1788, but still need

Virginia, New York- both states ratify on promise of bill of rights

• Rhode Island, North Carolina hold off; eventually ratify by 1790

The States Decide

NEXT

SECTION

1

Guarantees of Freedoms• James Madison writes the Bill of Rights; first act of

new government- protects citizens against government power- guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press;

trial by jury- does not limit rights not specifically mentioned in

Constitution- becomes first 10 amendments to the Constitution

• Constitution sets up national government; states govern themselves

The Bill of Rights

NEXT

Georgia has to establish its own state government and make plans for a large portion of the state that is still frontier.

Section 2

Georgia as a State

NEXT

The State Constitution

Georgia as a State

Modeled on National Constitution• Temporary Georgia government writes first state

constitution in 1777 - one-house legislature; John Treutlen is state’s

first governor• New state constitution in 1789 resembles U.S.

Constitution- bicameral legislature, three-branch government- plans local government, county seats, counties

SECTION

2

NEXT

Early Amendments

1795 Amendment Convention• Convention held in Augusta, temporary state

capital• Amendment to constitution changed way of

electing governors- both houses of legislature to elect governors - legislature will always meet in January

• Louisville, in Jefferson County, named new state capital

SECTION

2

NEXT

The Need to Settle the Land

Areas of Settlement Expanded• Georgia land claim: from Atlantic Ocean to

Mississippi River• In 1777, Georgia opens new areas for settlement

- eastern middle Georgia, Piedmont land in northeast

- Georgia, Virginia, Carolina settlers rush in• Property of Loyalist settlers taken as punishment

to help pay war debt• Spanish colonies of East, West Florida border

Georgia

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

NEXT

The Headright Land Grant System• Georgia attracted settlers with free land since

colonial times• Prefer to give land to those who will build homes,

farms• Land distribution method called headright

system- head of household—usually white male—has

“right” to land- family entitled to 200 acres plus 50 for each

family member, slave - 1,000-acre limit often raised; war veterans get

larger claim

SECTION

2

continued The Need to Settle the Land

NEXT

Conflict Over Native American Territory

The Oconee War• U.S. government makes treaties with Native

Americans after war• Lower Creek gives up land east of Oconee River

in 1783 treaty• Upper Creek, led by Chief Alexander

McGillivray, does not agree- kill Backcountry settlers, burn homes, take

livestock (1787–1789)- Georgians respond: burn villages, crops; kill

residents• Natives, whites differ on meaning of “owning”

land

SECTION

2

NEXT

The Treaty of New York

U.S. Government Agrees With Creek Claims• 1790 Treaty of New York entitles Creeks to lands west

of Oconee River• Many Georgians outraged, ignore treaty; fighting

continues for years• Georgians begin to distrust national government• Frontier settlers build small, protective forts; will not

move from land

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

NEXT

An Agent for Peace• U.S. sends Col. Benjamin Hawkins to Creek

Nation (1796)- negotiates treaty with Creek at St. Marys River

trading post • Government trading posts set up in native

territory- hope fair trade may lessen conflict; works for

several years• Whites still settle; Creek distrust them but trade

eases conflicts

SECTION

2

continued The Treaty of New York

NEXT

The Yazoo Land Fraud

Georgia Counties Grant Land • As Georgia grows, headright land grant system

not sufficient• Counties start granting land; problems arise

- some corrupt leaders sell bad farmland or land that does not exist

• Yazoo Land Fraud—most widely known land fraud in U.S.

SECTION

2

Map

Continued . . .

NEXT

Yazoo Act• Land companies bribe Georgia legislature to pass

Yazoo Act (1795)• Georgia sells western lands at low cost to private

companies• Companies buy most of the land, resell to settlers

at high price• Dishonest legislators and companies receive

large profits• Next election, Georgians vote Yazoo Act

supporters out of office• Georgia reverses act in 1796; all sales contracts

canceled, burned

SECTION

2

continued The Yazoo Land Fraud

NEXT

The Compact of 1802

New Boundaries for Georgia• Georgia gives land involved in Yazoo fraud to

U.S. in Compact of 1802- U.S. pays $1,250,000 for western lands- gives clear title to Georgia land (close to state’s

current boundaries)- promises to remove all Native Americans- northern Georgia belongs to state, not

Cherokee

SECTION

2

NEXT

The Land Lottery System

Distribution of Creek and Cherokee Lands• Legislature passes Land Act in 1803, sets up

land lottery- lottery open to white adult males, orphans,

widows- citizens buy tickets to win 202.5-acre, farm-

sized plots of land- also can win coastal land plots; larger, but

lower quality • Lottery used 7 times to distribute Creek,

Cherokee land (1805–1832)• By 1802, Georgia had established its borders

SECTION

2

Section 3

Land Expansion The new states are anxious for more land. The United States makes treaties and adopts policies that make new land available.

NEXT

NEXT

Pioneers Settle the West

Land Expansion

Lands Between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River• More settlers cross Appalachians after Revolution• Rich soil allows profitable farms; getting goods to

market a problem- overland routes rough; farmers ship on rivers

• Goods loaded on flatboats at New Orleans• Spain owns New Orleans, makes shipping tough for

Americans

SECTION

3

NEXT

The Louisiana Purchase

SECTION

3

U.S. Doubles In Size• Spain gives New Orleans, middle of country to

France in secret treaty• In 1803, Thomas Jefferson learns of treaty, tries

to buy New Orleans• France’s Napoleon Bonaparte needs cash for war

with England- offers to sell all land west of Mississippi River,

New Orleans• Jefferson offers $15 million for Louisiana

Purchase; U.S. doubles size

NEXT

The Lewis and Clark Expedition• Jefferson sends explorers to study new land

(1804–1806)• Lewis and Clark expedition explores northern

Louisiana Territory • 33 volunteers led by Meriwether Lewis, William

Clark- travel from St. Louis to Oregon coast, keep

journals, make maps- report on Native Americans

SECTION

3

Exploring the Louisiana Purchase

Continued . . .

NEXT

Pike’s Expedition• Before Lewis and Clark expedition:

- Zebulon Pike explored southern area of territory

- led group into Colorado, south to the Rio Grande River

• Expeditions raise interest in west; St. Louis becomes fur trading hub

continued Exploring the Louisiana Purchase

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

NEXT

Another War with England• France, England at war again in Europe; U.S.

tries to stay neutral• Britain seizes American ships to stop trade with

French (1805)- kidnaps American sailors to work on British

ships• Georgia also concerned about British giving

weapons to Creek• Congress declares war with England in 1812• Called War of 1812; Southern states call it the

Creek War

SECTION

3

The War of 1812

Continued . . .

Image

NEXT

The Creek Join the War• Lower Creek are American allies• Some Upper Creek ally with British

- called Red Sticks, hope to reclaim Georgia land if British win

• Andrew Jackson beats Red Sticks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

• Creek lose southern Georgia, eastern Alabama—Treaty of Fort Jackson

continued The War of 1812

SECTION

3

The War of 1812 Ends• U.S., Britain sign treaty December 25, 1814; neither

side won

NEXT

Native Americans Pressured to Leave• White settlers continue to move to northern

Georgia• State leaders want U.S. to remove Native

Americans (Compact of 1802)• U.S. offers free land in West to Native Americans

who leave Georgia• Treaties from 1817–1819 add land to Georgia,

push border west• Almost all Creek leave Georgia by 1827

SECTION

3

Riches in Georgia Attract More Settlers

Continued . . .

NEXT

Gold• Gold discovered in Georgia in 1828, gold rush in

1829• Georgia claims remaining Cherokee land in 1830• Town of Auraria, Latin for “City of Gold”, is gold

production center• Auraria becomes boomtown; has major road,

newspaper, post office• Nearby Dahlonega gets federal mint in 1838

continued Riches in Georgia Attract More Settlers

SECTION

3

NEXT

Andrew Jackson and Manifest Destiny

SECTION

3

“From Sea to Shining Sea”• Manifest Destiny becomes popular belief among

Americans- believe that America’s destiny is to settle from

coast to coast• Andrew Jackson elected president in 1828

- from Tennessee, first president from west of Appalachians

- selects “ordinary” men for government, represents “common man”

• Jackson willing to move Native Americans off land settlers want

This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.

BACK

Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint

If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4

3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline

4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation

Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open

in Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or

select the pages you want to print

Print TextPrint Text