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In The Name of Allah
Contents
Lessons Topics Page
Lesson 1 The verb be 3
Lesson 2 How are you? 6
Lesson 3 Demonstratives and Possessive Adjectives
This That These Those
8
Lesson 4 9
Lesson 5 Wh questions with be
What Where Who How
13
Lesson 6 Have and has 14
Lesson 7 Simple present tense 1 17
Lesson 8 Simple present Wh-questions 20
Lesson 9 Adverbs of frequency 25
Lesson 10 Simple present tense 2 27
Lesson 11 Active and Passive 29
Lesson 12 Prepositions: under, in, on… 32
Lesson 13 Imperative 1 35
Lesson 14 Imperative 2 37
Lesson 15 Present continuous tense 1 39
2
Lesson 16 Present continuous tense 2 41
Lesson 17 Past tense 1 42
Lesson 18 Past perfect tense 44
Lesson 19 Past tense 2 45
Lesson 20 Present perfect tense 50
Lesson 21 Will for future and to be going to future 57
Lesson 22 Past continuous tense 60
Lesson 23 The months 61
Lesson 24 A tour of Isfahan 63
Lesson 25 Isfahan at night 64
Lesson 26 Blood and its function 65
Lesson 27 What we eat and drink 68
Lesson 28 Round the – clock worker 70
Lesson 29 Computers 72
Lesson 30 The twelfth Imam 75
Lesson 31 Fasting 79
Lesson 32 The usurpation)Gasb( 83
Lesson 33 The personality of Imam Ali 89
Lesson 34 The totality of Islam 94
Lesson 35 The primary and the secondary principles of Islam 96
Lesson 36 Hadith 99
Lesson 37 Is Iran intending to occupy other countries 101
Lesson 38 What is the Muslims duty? 103
3
The Alphabet
Capital letters
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
X Y Z
Small letters
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
apple book cat center desk eye fat good hat ice jar kite lamp
map noon orange pencil queen right seller tea umbrella
vacation wool box yard zoo
Lesson One: The verb be
Singular form Plural form
It is a desk. They are desks.
Lesson 39 The exile of Imam Khomeiny to Turkey 104
Lesson 40 What are the duties of the Guardian council? 107
Lesson 41 After prophet’s migration to Madina 109
Lesson 42 Is Islam a religion of the sword? 111
4
It is a map. They are maps.
It is a sentence. They are sentences.
It is a pencil. They are pencils.
It is a notebook. They are notebooks.
It is a book bag. They are book bags.
It is a pen. They are pens.
I am a teacher. We are teachers.
I am a student. We are students.
She is a nurse. They are nurses.
She is a girl. They are girls.
You are a boy. You are boys.
You are a Muslim. You are Muslims.
You are a doctor. You are doctors.
He is a boy. They are boys.
He is a porter. They are porters.
You are a painter. You are painters.
He is a carpenter. They are carpenters.
I am a mechanic. We are mechanics.
He is a seller. They are sellers.
5
He is a fireman. They are firemen.
He is a fire fighter. They are fire fighters.
He is a shopkeeper. They are shopkeepers.
He is a soldier. They are soldiers.
He is a newspaperman. They are newspapermen
He is a reporter. They are reporters.
He is a newsman. They are newsmen.
He is a newspaper vendor. They are newspaper vendors.
He is an ice-cream vendor. They are ice-cream vendors.
I am a web site designer. We are web site designers.
He is an electrician. They are electricians.
He is a pilot. They are pilots.
You are a co-pilot. You are co-pilots.
She is a flight attendant. They are flight attendants.
I am a cab driver. We are cab drivers.
Change the following sentences to the plural.
It is a fire department.(American English)
It is a fire service. ( British English)
6
It is a fire engine.(British English)
It is a fire truck.(American English)
Plural nouns
The rooms are dirty.
Javad and Ali are ill.
The roads are closed.
The children are still at home.
New potatoes are in the shops now
Several countries are now at war.
The bus drivers are on strike.
Some more examples
Ali and I are good friends.
He is a taxi driver.
Grass is green.
I am married.
7
It is hot today.
It is warm today.
I am feeling Ok.
She is such a child.
I am tired but I am not hungry.
He is a really nice man.
The weather is nice today.
It is ten o’clock. You are late again.
It’s over 200 miles from London to Manchester.
The telephone is by the door.
Chris is 45 and still single.
It is sunny today but it is not warm.
Inflation is now at over 35%.
It’s a wonderful time of the year.
Milad is afraid of dog.
Jenny is 18 years old.
Subject pronouns
Singular I you she he it
Plural we you they they they
8
The verb be
The verb to be is the most irregular verb in the English language. It is
normally a linking verb showing existence or the condition of the
subject. It can also be used as an auxiliary verb when making question
sentence. The forms of the verb to be in English are as follows:
Infinitive to be
Present am, is, are
Past was, were
Present Participle being
Past Participle been
Use the verb be to give information about the subject of a sentence.
The subject of a sentence can be a noun or a pronoun.
The teacher is Chinese.
We are from China.
Verb be
Present forms
Singular am is
Plural are are
9
Affirmative sentences
There are three forms of the verb be in the present tense: am, is and
are.
I am a pilot.
You are a television reporter.
He is a murderer.
She is a dentist.
It is a cat.
We are married.
They are lawyers.
Contracted forms.
In speaking and informal writing, contract be with subject nouns and
pronouns.
I am a student. = I’m a student.
He is in the room. = He’s in the room.
She is a doctor. = She’s a doctor.
You are late. = You’re late.
Ali is a judge. = Ali’s a judge
11
Negative sentences
He is not Brazilian.
She is not Iranian.
You are not American.
We are not Greek.
They are not teachers.
Negative contractions
There are two ways to contraction negative sentences.
He's not Brazilian. or He isn't Brazilian.
She's not Iranian. or She isn't Iranian.
You're not American. or You aren't American.
We're not Greek. or We aren't Greek.
They're not teachers. or They aren't teachers.
Note: There is only one kind of negative contraction for I am not: I'm
not.
Verb be: yes / no questions; affirmative and negative short answers
It's common to answer yes / no questions with short answers (or just
Yes or No). Don't use contractions with affirmative short answer.
11
Yes / No question affirmative negative
Are you a salesperson? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Is he Italian? Yes, he is. No, he's not / he isn't.
Are they students? Yes, they are. No, they're not / they
aren't.
Are you married, single, or divorced?
Patterns: listen and repeat:
I'm from Iran. You're not late. She's from Isfahan. She Is
from India?
They are early. I am thirsty. You are kind. He is sad.
She is tall. We are ready. They are tired.
12
Lesson Two: Verb be, Past form
Singular form plural form
I was a teacher. We were teachers.
I was a famous boxer. We were famous boxers.
I was a barber. We were barbers.
She was a nurse. They were nurses.
He was a porter. They were porters.
You were a student. You were students.
You were a doctor. You were doctors.
The past form of be:
Use was for singular and were for plural.
I was there last week.
They were ill yesterday.
She was here last year.
Singular was
Plural were
13
He was my teacher.
We were at home last night.
They were at work.
questions and negative form:
Was your flight on time yesterday? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
Were you late? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Were they at work? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
Was she a nurse? Yes, she was. No, She wasn’t .
Was he a doctor? Yes, he was. No, He wasn’t.
Were they barbers? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
Was he a writer? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
Were they at home? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
Fill in the blanks
1- You …….. a barber.
2- They ………… lawyers.
3- Ali …………at home.
4- The president ……….in Qom last year at this time.
5- The watch ……….out of order.
14
6- The school ………. off yesterday.
7- You………..sick yesterday.
8- I ………… in Karbala last year at this time.
Some more examples
I was very happy as a child (when I was a child).
It was very bold of you to ask for more money.
It was brave of her to go into the burning building.
She was out of breath after climbing the stairs.
He was a bright child – always asking questions.
He was bewildered by all the noises of the big city.
He was angry because I was late.
She was asleep in the bedroom.
Ali was a famous boxer.
The film was based on a true story.
The weather was sunny but cold.
15
Lesson Three: Possessive Adjectives
Conversation He is a student.
Listen and practice
Ahmad: Who is that?
Saied: He is my brother.
Ahmad: What is his name?
Saied: His name is Sajjad.
Ahmad: What is his job?
Saied: He is a student.
Ahmad: Where is his school?
Saied: It is on Imam Khomeini street.
Some more examples
He is one of our regular customers.
He is very cruel to his wife.
My brother is very tall.
My brother is single.
16
Amy is my big sister.
My father is a very religious man.
My friend and I are good tennis players.
It’s my birthday today.
His father is at home.
My favorite sports are football and swimming.
Her father is a very religious man.
Possessive nouns and possessive adjectives
Possessive nouns
Add 's to a name or a noun.
Where is Ali's father from?
What is your mother's name?
Heart disease is America’s number one killer.
Ali’s room is always neat and tidy.
Add an apostrophe (') to plural nouns that end in –s.
What are the students' names?
They are Ali and Javad.
17
Possessive adjectives
Where is Ali's father from? Where is his father from?
What is Javad's last name? What is his last name?
What is Ali and Javad's address? What is their address?
Possessive adjectives:
Example
This is my book.
This is your shirt.
This is his ruler.
This is her dress.
These are our markers.
These are your pens.
These are their notebooks.
Singular: my your his her its
Plural : our your their their their
18
Patterns: listen and repeat
My hands are clean but your hands are very dirty.
My father is a self-made man.
His brother is a clergyman but my brother is a doctor.
It is the last day of your holiday.
Mahmood is my friend.
Possessive Pronouns
Patterns: listen and repeat
This computer is mine.
This lap top is yours.
This Holy Quran is his.
This scarf is hers.
Singular: mine yours his hers its
Plural : ours yours theirs theirs theirs
19
These bags are yours.
These newspapers are theirs.
These books are ours.
WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question
words ). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the
letters WH (for example why, how).
question word function example sentence
what asking for information about something What is your name?
asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.
You did what?
Where asking in or what place or position Where do they live?
Who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door?
Answer the questions
Where are you from?
Who is your best friend?
Is English his first language?
Is our teacher from Qom?
Are your classmates Iranian?
21
What is your name?
Who is he?
What is he?
What is he like?
What is Qom like?
Where are your books?
Who is that young man?
What is your job?
Reading
My name is Ali Akbari. I am twenty one years old. I am Iranian. My
father's name is Ahmad and my mother's name is Zeinab . I am a
student at Imam Sadiq School.
21
Lesson Four Types of verbs
Conversation I am from Iran.
Listen and practice
Ali: Are you from Iran, Reza?
Reza: Well, my family is in California now, but we are from Iran
originally.
Ali: Oh, my mother is Iranian – from Qom; Are you from Qom?
Reza: No, we're not from Qom. We're from Tehran.
Ali: So, is your first language Persian?
Reza: Yes, it is.
Using Verbs in Sentences:
To use verbs correctly in sentences you need to learn more about
the construction and use of the various verbs. And how they
change form according to tenses and use in a sentence. For
correct application verbs in written text you will need to know
about.
22
Types of Verbs
Verbs are the most important component of any sentence. These
words talk about the action or the state of any noun or subject. This
means that verbs show what the subject is doing or what is the state or
situation of the subject.
For example:
- He ran to the store. - Here the verb ran describes the action of the
subject ‘he’
- She is a creative person. - Here there is no action being done. Instead
the auxiliary verb ‘is’ shows the state of the subject ‘she’ as being
‘creative’.
There are different types and classifications of Verbs; some of the
most important ones are listed below:
1. . Action Verbs
These verbs talk about what the subject is doing in the sentence.
Action Verbs are one of the most easily identifiable types of verbs. To
recognize them, you simply have to look for the word in the sentence
that answers the question ‘What is the subject doing?’
Ali is painting the kitchen walls.
The subject here is Ali, and what is Ali doing? Ali is painting. Hence
painting is our action verb.
Hadi is sleeping on the sofa.
23
The subject here is Hadi, and what is Hadi doing? Hadi is sleeping.
So sleeping is our action verb.
There are two types of Action Verbs which describe the Verb and the
Subject doing the action and the Object on which the action is done,
they are -
2. Transitive Verbs
These Action Verbs have a definite object on which, or for which the
action is being performed. That means that the action has a definite
recipient or object. To identify them you can ask the question what is
the/did the subject -verb-?
Ali is painting the kitchen walls.
Here the verb is painting and the subject is Ali.
If we form the question - what is Ali painting?
The answer is- The kitchen walls.
Thus, we see that there was a specific object on which the action of
painting was being done.
Ali gave him a big hug.
Here we see that the action ‘gave’ is being performed by the subject
Ali. So the question is what did Ali give? And the answer is :A big
hug.
Here, we also have an indirect object as ‘him’. This indirect object
would be the answer to the question.
Who did [the subject=Ali]+[verb=give]+[the object=a big hug]to?
24
3. Intransitive Verbs
These verbs also show an action but here there is no specific object on
which the action is being done. To recognize these verbs, we ask the
question what is[the subject]? / What did[the subject]+[the verb] ?
If there is no answer present, then the verb in the sentence is an
Intransitive Verb.
Ali is painting right now.
Here, we ask the question "What is Ali painting?"It is telling us
about the action of the subject. In this sentence painting is an
Intransitive Verb.
Javad sneezed repeatedly.
Here, the verb is sneezed. If we ask the question "What did Javad
sneeze?",there is no answer present, for it making sneezed an
Intransitive Verb.
4. Dynamic Verbs
These verbs denote an actual action or expression or process done by
the subject. They mean an action which can be seen or physically felt
or the result of which is seen or physically felt by the object or an
indirect object.
She buys new clothes every week.
Here the verb is buys which is an action done by the subject she,
hence it is a dynamic verb.
He is swimming at the beach.
Here again we have the definite action swimming done by the subject
‘he’, making ‘swimming’ a dynamic verb in this sentence.
25
5. Stative Verbs
These verbs refer to the state of the subject or the situation of the
subject. Stative Verbs tell us about the state of mind of the subject, or
the relation between the subject and the object.
She prefers strawberry jam.
Here the Stative Verb is ‘prefers’ which shows the thinking of the
subject ‘She’ towards the object, which is ‘jam’.
The cupboard requires a new coat of paint.
Here the subject is ‘cupboard’ and the stative verb is ‘requires’ which
is telling about the relation between the subject ‘cupboard’ and the
object ‘paint’.
6. Linking Verbs
These verbs are unlike other verbs as they do not tell anything about a
subject themselves, instead Linking Verbs connect the subject to a
noun or adjective that helps in describing or providing additional
information about the subject. Those nouns or adjectives are called the
subject complements.
Hadi is fussy about food.
26
Here we see the subject is Hadi and the linking verb is ‘is’ which is
connecting Hadi to the subject complement ‘fussy about food’ which
is giving additional information about Hadi’s preferences.
They are stubborn children.
Here the linking verb is are which is combining the subject They to
the subject complement of stubborn which is an adjective.
The best way to recognize linking words in a sentence is to see
whether the verb can be replaced by ‘is, am or are’. If the sentence
still sounds logical you know you have a linking verb.
The students felt relieved. - The students are relieved.
Hence ‘felt’ is a linking verb and not an action verb. As ‘felt’ here is
simply connecting the subject to the adjective.
7. Main verbs:
Main verbs are those verbs that can stand on their own in sentences.
They do not need the help of another verb to make a sentence
meaningful. A main verb directly tells you what the subject of a
sentence does. Main verbs are also called lexical verbs. They can be in
present or past tense forms. Here are some examples: cook, see, love,
eat etc.
Here are some examples of sentences made with the above lexical
verbs. The underlined words are lexical verbs. Each lexical verb tells
us what the subject of each sentence does/do or did.
27
Example
Cook: My mother cooks well.[present tense]
See: I saw the teacher yesterday. [past tense]
Love: We love fish and rice. [present tense]
7.1 Regular Verbs:
Most verbs are regular verbs. Regular verbs are those whose past tense
and past participles are formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of
the verb.
"to wash" is a good example of a regular verb:
wash washed washed
Sometimes the last consonant must be doubled before adding the -ed
ending. For example:
plan planned planned
7.2 Irregular Verbs:
There is no formula to predict how an irregular verb will form its past-
tense and past-participle forms. There are over 250 irregular verbs in
English. Some of them are:
28
cut cut cut
put put put
cost cost cost
run ran run
come came come
meet met met
send sent sent
get got got
give gave given
write wrote written
ride rode ridden
break broke broken
8. Helping verb
A verb which supports the main verb to form the structure of sentence
(according to a specific tense) and give us information about the time
of action expressed by main verb, is called helping verb or auxiliary
verb, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc.The helping verbs all fall
into one of two groups: primary helping verbs and modal helping
verbs.
29
8.1 Primary Helping Verbs
Primary helping verbs, in a sentence, can be used to modify the tense
or change the voice of the main verb. They can complete a sentence
even when not accompanied by another main verb. In certain cases,
the primary helping verbs themselves serve as the main verb and make
the sentences grammatically correct and complete. The primary
helping verbs are usually three viz., be, do and have. These three can
be used as helping verbs and even main verbs.
Otherwise known as primary auxiliaries, they also help in performing
the following functions that aid in building sentences.
List of Primary Helping Verbs
Be: is, are, am, were, was, being, been.
Do: does, did.
Have: had, has
Examples Based On Functions:
He is watching T.V. (be - used for continuous tense)
Games are played by children. (Passive voice)
I have finished my lunch. (have - used to express perfect tense)
I do not want to go. (do - used to make negatives)
31
Do you want something?
I do want to go there, but feel awkward.
Are you sick?
Do wildflowers grow in your backyard?
8.2 Modal Helping Verbs
Modal helping verbs also tend to modify the tense as well as the
meaning of the sentence. Unlike the primary helping verbs, they
cannot replace the main verb or, rather they change the mood of the
main verb. They are also called as modal auxiliaries. Modal auxiliaries
emphasize the main verb and express the need for an action in a
sentence. They express possibilities in a statement, necessities in a
sentence and change the main verb accordingly. These verbs cannot
occur by themselves in a sentence, they have to be accompanied by
the main verb. They are basically ten in number. They are listed as
follows:
Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Ought to
Some examples using modal helping verbs:
I can't speak Japanese.
You should go home now.
31
It might rain today.
Would you mind a cup of coffee?
I will go talk to her today.
Could you lend me a book?
Shall I call a doctor?
You should have seen it yesterday, it was awesome.
She might be my class teacher next semester.
I shouldn't have taken Biology.
May I leave early today?
You may go now.
Will you help me with the preparations on tomorrow?
May I come in?
You ought to see the doctor.
Open the door that might be Henry.
Could you spare me some time?
He might be injured.
We could spend some time together.
I don't have enough money to buy lunch. Could you lend me some
money?
32
It's way past my bedtime and I'm really tired. I should go to bed.
John is over two hours late already, he might be late to school again.
In order to get through, she should work harder.
May, I borrow this pen to fill the application form?
Would you mind speaking more softly?
What is the difference between primary and modal verbs?
The main difference between the two types is the ability to serve as
the only verb in a sentence. Primary helping verbs can independently
function as the only verb when they are used correctly. On the other
hand, modal helping verbs are never used without a main verb to
which they provide meaning. Think of them as a means of
transportation. They are the vessel through which meaning travels to
the main verb. Sometimes, modal and primary helping verbs are both
used to create the verb phrase. Consider the following sentences.
Example 1: She is not there (“is” is only verb, and is used correct
grammatically).
Example 2: She will like the gift (“will” is a modal helping verb,
removing the verb “like” makes the sentence grammatically incorrect
and nonsensical – “She will the gift”).
Example 3: She may be there tomorrow (“may” is a modal helping
verb and “be” is the main verb).
33
Lesson Five: Simple present tense 1
Conversation He works in a hotel.
Listen and practice.
Ali: Where does your brother work?
Mahdi: In a hotel.
Ali: Oh, really? My brother works in a hotel, too. He's a front desk
agent.
Mahdi: How does he like it?
Ali: Not very much. He doesn't like the manager.
Mahdi: That's too bad. What hotel does he work for?
Ali: The Istiqlal.
Mahdi: That's funny. My brother works there, too.
Ali: Oh, that's interesting. What does he do?
Mahdi: Actually, he's the manager!
Fill in the blanks
He …….A dictionary.
I ……..English class today and the day after tomorrow.
My brother ……….a good teacher.
His friend ………..a computer.
They …………four brothers and two sisters.
She ………….a very nice car.
34
Reading
Mr. Amini is our English teacher. He is about 40 years old. He has a
son and a daughter. He is very kind and likes his job. He teaches four
days a week. He usually speaks English in the classroom. He brings a
lot of beautiful pictures to the classroom and shows them to us. We
learn a lot of English. All the students like him very much.
Regular Verbs
Most verbs are regular verbs. Regular verbs are those whose past tense
and past participles are formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of
the verb.
"To roll" is a good example of a regular verb:
Roll rolled rolled
Work worked worked
Wash washed washed
Watch watched watched
Walk walked walked
Talk talked talked
Start started started
Like liked liked
Live lived lived
35
Sometimes the last consonant must be doubled before adding the -
ed ending.
For example:
Plan planned planned
Irregular Verbs:
There is no formula to predict how an irregular verb will form its past-
tense and past-participle forms. There are over 250 irregular verbs in
English. Although they do not follow a formula, there are some fairly
common irregular forms. Some of these forms are:
Break broke broken
Cut cut cut
Run ran run
Meet met met
Come came come
Repay repaid repaid
Swim swam swum
Be was/were been
Go went gone
Send sent sent
Eat ate eaten
36
Get got got
Have had had
have
Have is used with some pronouns and plural nouns:
I have a great English teacher.
You have toothpaste on your chin.
We have a meeting at 12.
Nurses have a difficult job.
has
Has is used with the third person singular. For example:
She has a great personality.
He has a new haircut.
The washing machine has a leak in it.
It has a hole near the door.
The simple present tense
Use the simple present tense to talk about facts and habitual actions in
the present.
1. Facts
Ali speaks English very well.
The sun rises in the east.
37
I like Japanese food.
You study Korean.
We work at a restaurant.
They say prayer morning at 5:00 every day.
2. Habitual actions
I go to bed at 10:00 p.m. every night.
He runs every morning.
The simple present tense:
Add –s to the base form of the verb for third – person singular (he,
she, it).
Subject + first form of the base verb + ……..
He + recites + Holy Quran + in the morning.
He helps the poor every month.
It opens at 8:00.
Negative Sentences
Use don't (do not) and doesn't (does not) and the base form of the verb
to make negative statements.
I don't go to bed before 10:00 p.m.
He doesn't speak Spanish very well.
38
The simple present tense: yes / no questions
Use do or does and the base form of the verb to ask information
questions.
A: Do you speak Portuguese?
B: Yes, I do. I speak Portuguese.
A: Does she live near here?
B: Yes, she does. She lives near here.
A: Does Mahdi have a bicycle?
B: No, he doesn't. He has a car.
A: Does Ali have a Laptop?
B: Yes, he does. He has a Laptop.
A: Do you have coffee for breakfast?
B: No, I don't. I have milk for breakfast.
A: Does he have a car?
B: No, he doesn't. He has a bicycle.
A: Do they work in a hotel?
B: Yes, they do. They work in a hotel.
A: Does your class start at 7:30?
B: Yes, it doesn’t. it starts at 8:30.
39
Information questions: Use question words (wh) to ask information
question.
Where do your in – laws live? They live in Karbala.
When do you visit your parents? I visit them tonight.
What does your father do? He is a lawyer.
What time does he go to work? He goes to work a 7:30.
Who lives here? My parents do (live here).
Who do you work for? I work for a construction company.
Whose keys are those? They are my friend’s.
Whose daughter is she? She is Ali’s daughter.
Whose house is that? That is their house.
Whose keys are in my bag? His keys are in your bag.
Whose gun is it? It is my gun.
Whose is this? It is mine.
Whose book is it? It's Amir's book.
Whose car is it? It's his car.
Whose jacket is it? It is Amir's.
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Use How many with plural nouns and count nouns, How much with
singular nouns and non-count nouns.
How many children do you have?
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
How many books does she have?
How many languages does your teacher speak?
How much water is in the glass?
How much milk is in the bottle?
Some more examples
The current inflation rate stands at 15% =The current rate of inflation
stands at 15%.
He speaks five languages in addition to English.
He gets extra money from his parents.
I need some advice.
It gets very cold here in the winter.
The company makes 50000 (fifty thousand) cars annually (yearly).
I like all vegetables apart from carrots.
My family are anxious to meet you.
My parents don’t approve of my friends.
She doesn’t approve of smoking.
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Magnets attract metal.
She travels back and forth between London and Glasgow.
The film begins at 7.30.
The name John begins with a ‘J’.
I love the spring
Apparently it’s cheaper to fly than to go by train.
Does everyone have a knife and fork?
A square has four sides (= all squares have four sides ) .
A child needs love and affection.
The eggs cost $2 a dozen.
I get paid once a month.
It needs a good clean.
We have a problem.
The sign says ‘No smoking’.
Most birds build nests and lay eggs.
The president’s bodyguards all carry guns.
Water boils at 100 C.
The brain controls the rest of the body.
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I brush my teeth twice a day.
Where do you get off the bus?
She eats nothing but chocolate.
They live by the sea.
I go to work by train.
Do the police carry guns in your country?
I don’t know for certain (without any doubt) where she is.
Water changes into ice when it gets very cold.
You don’t look very cheerful today. What’s the matter?
They have a beautiful house in California.
Good luck in your new home.
Little boys love dinosaurs.
I don’t have many friends.
Some of the houses have bathrooms but many do not.
Many of our staff work part-time.
How many brothers do you have?
I really miss my mother's cooking.
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She makes great soup.
We get a lot of junk mail.
My parents always get the ‘Daily Telegraph’.
I like him because he makes me laugh.
My parents always make (force) me do my homework before I go out.
I think Alex likes me.
I like traveling by train.
The meeting begins at 10: 30 am.
Your shoes need cleaning.
Where were you? And don’t give me some story about working late!
I wonder where he gets these strange ideas.
No one wants to relinquish power.
We now have110 full-time employees (workers).
The first duty of a soldier is to obey orders.
All British citizens have the right to live in the UK.
Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic
policy.
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Lesson Six: Numbers
Conversation What color is it?
Listen and practice
Ali: Oh, look at those earrings, Maryam. They're perfect for you.
Maryam: These red ones? I'm not sure.
Ali: No, the yellow ones.
Maryam: Oh, these? Yellow isn't really a good color for me.
Ali: Well, that necklace isn't bad.
Maryam: Which one?
Ali: That blue one right there. How much is it?
Maryam: It's $42! That's expensive!
Ali: Let me get it for you. It's your birthday present. Happy birthday!
Patterns: listen and repeat:
I have a yellow shirt.
She has a black suit.
They have a gray car.
His eyes are brown?
You have a red taxi.
He has a brown shirt.
Hamid has a black cat.
I love wearing bright colors.
People tend to wear dark colors to work.
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prices
$42 = forty-two dollars
$59.95 = fifty-nine ninety-five OR fifty-nine dollars and ninety-five
cents
How much is this necklace? Which one? This one? The blue one. It’s $42.
How much is that necklace? Which one? That one? The blue one. It’s $42.
How much are these earrings? Which ones? These?
How much are those earrings? Which ones? Those?
The yellow ones. They are $18.
Note: Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or
thing in the sentence.
Listen and repeat
Cardinal Numbers
One two three four five six seven eight nine ten
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen
eighteen
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
nineteen twenty
19 20
Twenty one twenty two twenty three twenty four twenty five
twenty six twenty seven twenty eight twenty nine thirty
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Thirty one thirty two thirty three thirty four thirty five thirty six
thirty seven thirty eight thirty nine forty
Forty one forty two forty three forty four forty five forty six
forty seven forty eight forty nine fifty
Fifty one fifty two fifty three fifty four fifty five fifty six fifty
seven fifty eight fifty nine sixty
Sixty one sixty two sixty three sixty four sixty five sixty six sixty
seven sixty eight sixty nine seventy
Seventy one seventy two seventy three seventy four seventy five
seventy six seventy six seventy seven seventy eight seventy nine
eighty
Eighty one eighty two eighty three eighty four eighty five eighty
six eighty seven eighty eight eighty nine ninety
Ninety one ninety two ninety three ninety four ninety five ninety
six ninety seven ninety eight ninety nine hundred
Ordinal Numbers
First second third fourth fifth sixth seventh
eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth
fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth
nineteenth twentieth twenty first twenty second twenty
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third twenty fourth twenty fifth twenty sixth twenty
seventh twenty eighth twenty ninth thirtieth.
Fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one
hundredth.
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Lesson Seven: Days of the week
Conversation I get up at 5 every day.
Listen and practice.
Mahdi: Hi, Hamid, how are you?
Hamid: Fine thanks and you?
Mahdi: Great, what time do you get up?
Hamid: I get up at 5 every day.
Mahdi: Do you say your prayer first?
Hamid: Sure. First I say my prayer, then I go for a run, after that I
take a shower, after I eat breakfast, I brush my teeth and get dressed,
then I leave for school.
Mahdi: What time do you get home from school?
Hamid: I get home at 2 O'clock in the afternoon.
Vocabulary:
Fine: satisfactory or acceptable = Ok.
Run: to move very quickly, by moving your legs more quickly than
you walk.
Home: the house, apartment, or place where you live.
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Good luck in your new home.
Brush: an object that you use for cleaning, painting, making hair tidy
etc, made with a lot of hairs, bristles, or thin pieces of plastic, fastened
to a handle.
Prayer: words that you say when praying to God.
The children say their prayers and get into bed every night.
Our thoughts and prayers are with you at this difficult time.
Patterns: listen and repeat:
Ali gets up at 5:00 o'clock every morning.
He says his prayer at 5:30.
He often says his prayer in masjid.
He recites Holy Quran at 5:45.
He takes a shower at 6:00 O'clock.
He eats his breakfast at 7:00.
After he has breakfast, he brushes his teeth.
And then he gets dressed.
Then he leaves for school at 7:30 every morning.
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He has her first class at 8:00 O'clock every day.
He has English class at 10:00 every morning.
He gets home from school at 1:30 (one thirty) in the afternoon.
He has a meal at 2:00 o'clock every day.
He does his homework at 6:00 every day.
He goes to bed at 10:00 o'clock every night.
Before he goes to bed, she watches TV.
He listens to his parents.
Days of the week
Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Friday
Simple present Wh - questions
What time does Ali get up every morning?
He gets up at five o'clock every morning.
What time does he say his morning prayer?
He says his morning prayer at five thirty.
What time does he have English class on Tuesday?
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He has English class at ten O'clock on Tuesday.
What time does he go to bed?
He goes to bed at ten P.M.
Where does he usually say his prayer?
He usually says his prayer in masjid.
How does he like his prayer?
He really likes it.
Example:
A: What is she? B: She is a nurse.
A: What is he? B: He is a porter.
A: What are you? B: I am a lawyer.
A: What are they? B: They are lawyers.
LESSON EIGHT: ADVERBS
Conversation He usually speaks English.
Listen and practice.
Amir: Oh, look there, who is he?
Saied: He is our English teacher.
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Amir: What is his name?
Saied: Mr. Kabiri.
Amir: Is he a good teacher?
Saied: Yes, all the students like him very much.
Amir: Does he speak Persian in the classroom?
Saied: No, He usually speaks English.
Vocabulary:
Look: to turn your eyes towards something, so that you can see it.
The students all turned to look at the teacher as he entered the
classroom.
Like (1): to enjoy something or think that is nice or good = love
I like to recite holy Quran after saying my prayers every day.
Like (2): similar to something else, or happening in the same way.
His hair is dark brown like mine.
He eats like a pig!
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Patterns: listen and repeat
Adverbs of frequency
He always says his prayer at school mosque.
I usually go to Mash’had on summer vacations.
She often helps her mother at home.
We sometimes go for a run in the morning.
You always obey your father.
I usually go to holy shrine of Imam Ali(peace be upon him) on Friday
night.
We sometimes write our homework at school.
I often go to bed early.
My father is always at home on Friday.
He always goes to school by bus.
ADVERBS
Definition: Adverbs are words that modify:
1. a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
2. an adjective(He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
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3. another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How
slowly did she move?)
As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, how or under
what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently
end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve
an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word
is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly,
for instance, are adjectives:
That lovely family lives in a friendly neighborhood.
Why is he suddenly so friendly towards you, Ali?
The local people are very friendly.
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place
She still lives there now.
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Order of Adverbs
Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose Dad
walks impatiently into
town every
afternoon before
supper to get a
newspaper.
Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
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Lesson Nine: Simple present tense 2
Conversation It sounds like fun.
Listen and practice.
Mahdi: Hey, Nice computer, What's this for?
Amir: That's a modem. It's used to connect the computer to the phone
line, so I can send faxes and access the Internet.
Mahdi: So you can go on-line and all that?
Amir: Yes. And I use the World Wide Web for finding information
on astronomy, movies, UFOs-(unidentified flying objects)just about
anything.
Mahdi: Sports? Cars?
Amir: And I can exchange information with people, too. I belong to a
"chat group" on astronomy.
Mahdi: Hmm. I just use my computer to write letters and reports.
Amir: Why don't you get on the Internet? It's not really expensive.
Mahdi: Maybe I will. It sounds like fun.
Vocabulary:
Astronomy: the scientific study of the stars and planets.
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Astronomer: a scientist who studies the stars and planets.
Astrology: the study of the position and movements of the stars and
how they might influence people and events.
Astrologer: someone who uses astrology to tell people about their
character, life, or future.
Connect: to join two or more things together.
We would like two rooms with connecting doors ( doors that join the
rooms).
Information: facts or details that tell you something about a situation,
person, event. I need more information.
Expensive: costing a lot of money.
Petrol is becoming more and more expensive.
Belong: if something belongs somewhere, that is the right place or
situation for it.
Exchange: the act of giving someone something and receiving
something else from them.
Find: to discover, see, or get something that you have been searching
for.
I can't find the car keys.
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Lesson Ten: Simple Past Tense
Conversation I missed my first class.
Listen and practice
Mahdi: Do you go to school by your bike every day?
Javad: Yes, but I went to school by bus yesterday.
Mahdi: Did you arrive on time?
Javad: No, I missed my first class.
Mahdi: Why didn't you arrive on time?
Javad: Because the bus had a flat tire.(had a puncture)
Patterns: listen and repeat:
The Iranian people voted in the election.
Many people entered the Jamkaran masjid last Tuesday.
Mr. Ahmadi got married last summer.
Many people went to the holy shrine of Imam Ali (p.h) last Friday
night.
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They decorated the school for twenty second of Bahman.
He prayed at ten last night.
I saw Mr. Sadeqi at Feizieh last Monday.
I cheered for the team yesterday.
They studied for their English test last week.
The use of simple past tense
Use the simple past tense to talk about a completed action in the
past and use it to talk about a definite time in the past.
My grandfather went to Paris last year.
We met Bell in 1999 and in 2004.
We played tennis and went swimming yesterday.
They had a good trip.
He went to his grandmother last week.
She said her prayer morning at 6:00 yesterday morning.
The servant entered the room, bowing respectfully.
The plane circled the airport before landing.
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Question form
Begin yes / no questions with Did. Use the base form of the verb.
1.Did your grandmother go to Paris last year?
2. Did you play tennis and go swimming yesterday?
3. Did they have a good trip?
4. Did he go to his grandmother last week?
5. Did she say her prayer morning at 6:00 yesterday morning?
6. Did you break the glass yesterday?
Yes, I did. I broke the glass yesterday.
7. Did the accident happen in front of your school?
Yes, it did. The accident happened in front of my school.
8.Did you take the bus yesterday?
Yes, I did. I took the bus yesterday.
Negative form
Use didn’t + the base form of a verb.
He didn’t go to his grandmother’s last weekend.
They didn’t have a good trip.
Did you play football yesterday afternoon?
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No, I didn't. I studied my English book.
Did you have an accident last week?
No, I didn't. I had an accident two weeks ago.
Did the police fine you yesterday morning?
No, he didn't. He fined me last night.
Begin information questions with a question word followed by did.
Where did you go shopping?
When did you leave?
What did you eat every day?
Some more examples
I voted for the Labor candidate in the last election.
The doctor advised him to stop smoking.
In 1918 British women got the right to vote.
We walked along the road.
She got loads of presents.
What did you get for Christmas?
We got a letter from Ali this morning.
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Sarah and I divided the cake between us.
I apologized to John for losing his book.
The children said their prayers and got into bed.
I got a few games free when I bought my computer.
They appealed for food and clothing.
He assaulted a policeman.
I turned the handle and opened the door.
Suddenly they heard a loud bang.
I took two aspirins for my headache.
There were ten people in the room, apart from me.
We avoided Park Street because of the traffic.
She paid me the money back.
I wrote her a letter, but she didn’t write back.
I was out when she phoned, so I phoned her back.
She backed the car out of the garage.
My brother baked a cake for my birthday.
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He banged his head on the ceiling.
A line of police barred the road.
I went to the barber’s shop to have my hair cut.
This dress was a bargain. It only cost $10.
The doctors battled to save her life.
We stayed at home because of the rain.
She became a doctor in 1982 (nineteen eighty two).
I said goodbye before I left.
The baby began crying.
They behaved very kindly towards me.
The children behaved badly all day.
I hid behind the wall.
We arrived in England on a cold wet Sunday in 1963.
The jet made a smooth landing.
He went outside for a quiet smoke.
It’s three years since I last saw her.
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I gave up smoking nearly ten years ago.
She begged me to stay with her.
He begged for help.
I didn’t see the beginning of the film.
They bound the prisoner’s arms and legs together.
His sister gave birth to her second child last week.
They blasted through the mountain to make a tunnel.
I asked her a question, but she just gave me a blank look.
The priest blessed the young couple.
The blind man had a dog to help him.
A fallen tree blocked the road.
The police found a body in the river.
I boiled some water for the pasta.
He gave a bow and left the room.
A child ran into the road and the driver braked suddenly.
He put his foot on the brake.
He fought bravely in the war.
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I had breakfast at seven o’clock.
We went to town by buss.
I went back into the office to get (bring) a pen..
I had a busy morning.
He paid by cheque.
I had a call from Ali.
He threw the ball to me and I caught it.
The man ran so fast that the police couldn’t catch him.
We met by chance at the station.
They didn’t enjoy their holiday.
Last night we stayed at home and watched TV.
A family of birds made their home (= started living) under the roof.
Jack left home when he was 16.
I lived there when I was a little boy.
We left the kids in the car.
His wife died in childbirth.
I had a very happy childhood.
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I didn’t know how many tickets to buy.
Where did you grow up?
I grew up in Iran.
He cleared his throat to get our attention.
Where did you get that jacket?
We didn’t get home until midnight.
They shouted at us to get back.
I got (achieved) 98% (percent) in my last math test.
I got flu last winter and was in bed for three weeks.
It took them 15 minutes to get the boat ready.
He took me to meet his parents.
Ali took a deep breath.
I waved, but he didn’t take any notice.
The communists took power (take control) in 1948.
She made (produce) her own wedding dress.
He made no attempt to apologize.
When was the last time you made a cake?
It was this movie which made him a star.
She didn’t even say thank you.
I began teaching in 1984.
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What did Ali give you for your birthday?
I didn’t steal it, Maria gave it to me.
He finally gave us permission to leave.
He gave her a big hug.
The judge gave her two years in prison.
Javad caught the fish and cleaned them himself.
She shook him to wake him up.
Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.
He married a young lady by the name of Sarah Hunt.
He didn’t want to do anything to damage the good name of the
company.
The restaurant got a bad name for slow service.
He died without a penny to his name. (=very poor)
They gave their children unusual names.
The country experienced its worst drought this century.
His parents got divorced when he was 17.
Hundreds of people gathered to mourn the slain president.
We received a very warm welcome.
She felt she had to obey her father.
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Adjectives
What is an Adjective?
Adjectives are one of the primary parts of speech. They are words
that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. In
other words the job of an adjective is to give more information about a
noun which is a person, object, animal, or idea. So it will describe the
noun by giving its size, composition, color, age, shape, weight, etc.
Adjectives can be a single word or a group of words and can also be
used with a verb, like “am, is, are” or “was, were”. Most adjectives
come before the noun they modify.They can be used before a noun (I
like Chinese food) or after certain verbs (It is hard).We can often use
two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady).
List of Descriptive Adjectives
Descriptive adjectives can be divided into different categories such as
colors, sizes, sound, taste, touch, shapes, qualities, time, personality
and ages. The following lists provide a few examples of descriptive
adjectives in each of their categories:
Colors: black, blue, white, green, red
Sizes: big, small, large, thin, thick
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Shapes: round, square, circular
Qualities: good, bad
Personality: happy, sad, angry, depressed
Time: Yearly , monthly, annually
Ages: new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand
Sound: loud, noisy, quiet, silent
Touch: slippery, sticky
Taste: juicy, sweet
Types of Adjectives:
Adjectives have three forms called degrees of comparison:
Predicate, the positive, the comparative and the superlative
Positive Adjectives
The positive adjective is the simple form of the adjective without
expressing increase or diminution of the original quality: nice, large,
fat, big, small.
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Comparative Adjectives
A comparative adjective is used when comparing two nouns. One
noun will be better, bigger, or will have more of something than the
other.
Examples are:
Your car is faster than mine.
The red dress is more expensive than the blue one.
older than, more expensive than, bigger than, faster than, taller than,
nicer than etc.
How to make comparative adjectives?
The rules for making adjectives into comparative adjectives depend on
the number of syllables and the spelling of the word. They are as
follows:
1.One syllable - Add “er”, like warm: warmer, high: higher.
Sometimes the final consonant must be doubled like fat: fatter.
2. One syllable that ends with an “e”- Add “r” only, like fine to finer
or cute to cuter.
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3. Two or more syllables - Use the words “more” or “less” before the
words like, boring: less boring, difficult: more difficult, beautiful:
more beautiful.
4. Two syllables that end with “y” - add “er” and change “y” to “i”,
like happy to happier or early to earlier.
Example:
fresh becomes fresher hard becomes harder hot becomes
hotter
long becomes longer quick becomes quicker rich becomes
richer thin becomes thinner sweet becomes sweeter
smart becomes smarter old becomes older
nervous becomes more nervous perfect becomes more perfect
patient becomes more patient beautiful becomes more beautiful
heavy becomes heavier easy becomes easier
Superlative Adjective
A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a
quality, which used to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a
group of things.
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The superlative adjective is that form which expresses the greatest
increase or diminution of the quality between one and a number of
individuals taken separately: nicest.
How to make Superlative Adjectives?
The rules for making adjectives into Superlative adjectives depend on
the number of syllables and the spelling of the word. They are as
follows:
1. One syllable - Add “est”, like warm: warmest, high: highest.
Sometimes the final consonant must be doubled like, big: biggest.
2. One syllable that ends with an “e” - Add “st” only, like fine: finest,
cute: cutest.
3. Two or more syllables - Use the words “most” or “least” before the
words like, boring: least boring, difficult: most difficult, beautiful:
most beautiful.
4. Two syllables that end with “y” - Add “est” and change “y” to “i”,
like happy to happiest, early to earliest, crazy to craziest.
Ali is the richest man in Qom.
Paris is the most romantic city in the world.
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Predicate Adjective
Predicate is the part of a sentence that makes a statement about the
subject. It can be a noun, a verb or an adjective.
Predicate Adjective describes the subject and follows a linking verb
(be, seem, become, etc….)
Hadi is handsome. handsome is the Predicate Adjective.
Ali is watering the plants.
He is very strong.
He is a great singer.
New York and London are cities.
She will become a genius.
John used to be the manager.
I am a teacher.
He is my dad.
She remains my best friend.
Many adjectives are irregular in comparison.
The following adjectives are exceptions to this rule ( irregular
adjectives ):
bad becomes worse or worst
good becomes better or best.
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far becomes farther than or the farthest
little becomes less than or the least
many/much becomes more than or the most
Noun as Adjective
As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a
word that describes a noun. Sometimes we use a noun to describe
another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective.
Noun as adjective noun
history teacher
ticket office
race horse
coffee cup
bus station
research centre
Lesson Eleven: Prepositions: under, in, on…
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Lesson Eleven: Prepositions: under, in, on…
Conversation Some books.
Listen and practice
Reza: Are there any books in the shelves?
Amir: Yes, there are some books in the shelves.
Reza: Are there any notebooks in the shelves, too?
Amir: No, there aren't. There is only one notebook in the shelves.
There is and There are
We use there when we talk about something for the first time, to say
that it exists. There is/There are is a common phrase in English, used
to indicate that something exists or is in a certain location. The main
subject follows the verb when there is/are is used.
There is a new restaurant in King Street. (not: A new restaurant is in
King Street. )
I am sorry I’m late. There was a lot of traffic. (not: It was a lot of
traffic. )
There is an apple on the table.
There are some apples on the table.
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Other forms of "be" can also be used with there:
There will be a party at Ali's house on Saturday.
There were four witnesses at the crime scene.
There have been two robberies in the last five months.
Is there a flight to Paris this evening? There might be. I will phone
the airport.
Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in
speech.
There's a fly in my soup.
There're plenty of oranges left.
Patterns: listen and repeat.
There is a book under the desk.
There is a map on the wall.
There are some boys in the school.
There are some books in the library.
There are four soldiers in the police station.
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There is a book on the table.
There are some prayer mats (rugs) in masjid.
There is not any prayer book in masjid.
There is no prayer book in masjid.
There are hundred cents in a dollar.
There are hundred centimeters in a meter.
There are thirty children in English class.
The house is in my wife’s name.
Question form
A - Are there four chairs in the classroom?
B - Yes, there are. There are four chairs in the classroom.
A- Are there five nurses in the hospital?
B- Yes, there are. There are five nurses in the hospital.
A- Is there a book under the desk?
B- Yes, there is. There is a book under the desk.
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Prepositions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to…) that usually stand in front
of nouns sometimes also in front of gerund verbs (verb + ing like: for
learning).
Note: Advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, so
translation is usually not easy. One preposition in your native
language might have several translations depending on the situation.
The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary,
reading a lot in English (literature), and learning useful phrases.
The following table contains rules for some of the most
frequently used prepositions in English:
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
in months / seasons
time of day
year
after a certain period of
time (when?)
in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
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at for night
a certain point of time
(when?)
at night
at half past nine
since from a certain point of
time (past till now)
since 1980
for over a certain period of
time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago
before earlier than a certain
point of time
before 2004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50)
past telling the time ten past six (6:10)
to / till /
until
marking the beginning
and end of a period of
time
from Monday to/till
Friday
till / until in the sense of how long
something is going to
last
He is on holiday until
Friday.
by in the sense of at the
latest
up to a certain time
I will be back by 6
o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read
five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
In room, building, street,
town, country
book, paper etc.
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
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car, taxi
picture, world
in the picture, in the world
At meaning next to, by an
object
for table
for events
place where you are to do
something typical (watch
a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at
work
On attached
for a place with a river
being on a surface
for a certain side (left,
right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio
the picture on the wall
London lies on the
Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by,
next
to,
beside
left or right of somebody
or something
Jane is standing by / next
to / beside the car.
under on the ground, lower than
(or covered by) something
else
the bag is under the table
below lower than something else
but above ground
the fish are below the
surface
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Reading
Water
We drink it, we cook with it, we wash with it and we can't live without
it. It gives life to everything – to people, animals and plants. It is
everywhere: in the seas, in the rivers, in the air in our food in our
kitchen in our bathrooms and in our pools. Most of us don't think
about it very much. Water is there for us, we have to think very
carefully about it, and about our use of it.
Vocabulary:
Plant: a living thing that has leaves and roots and grows in earth,
especially one that is smaller than a tree.
Don't forget to water the plants.
Kitchen: the room where you prepare and cook food.
She is in the kitchen making a meal.
Bathroom: A small room for washing your body by a shower.
I really need to go to the bathroom.
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Lesson Twelve: Imperative 1
Conversation Let's take a taxi.
Listen and practice.
Hadi: Hi, Madjid, what time is it?
Madjid: It's seven thirty. Hurry up please.
Hadi: Why? We have plenty of time.
Madjid: It's late.
Hadi: Let's take a taxi.
Madjid: Ok.
Imperatives
An imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or
instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with
sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express an
exclamation.)
An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb,
as in "Go now!" The implied subject "You" is said to be "understood"
(or elliptical): (You) Go now!
An imperative sentence ends with a period or an exclamation point.
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Commands ask or tell people to do something.
Please pass the salt.
Get out of my way.
Both of those sentences are commands. The first one doesn’t sound as
commanding as the second one, but both of them are commands
because they both ask or tell someone to do something.
Some more examples
Please come here!
Please look at me!
Please close the window!
Please point to the picture!
Please go over there!
Please sit down!
Please look at your book!
Point to the blackboard please!
Please listen to your teacher!
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Please say your prayer!
Please be on time!
Please obey the law!
Shut the door!
Be there at 5:30!
Stay where you are!
Please accept my apologies!
Please pay attention to what I am saying!
Tell me beforehand if you are going to be late!
Be good; do and say the right things!
Take a look at this!
Open the window! I am boiling.
Take a deep breath!
Hold your breath!
Stop breathing for a short time!
Brush your hair!
Say a prayer for me!
Press this button to ring the bell!
Please listen carefully!
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Please make certain that window is closed before you leave!
Do the sums and then use a calculator to check your answers!
Be a good child and sit down!
Run upstairs and get a pillow!
Get out of my house!
Eat your dinner before it gets (become) cold!
Take a seat please (sit down)!
Let’s take a cab!
Take two tablets before bedtime!
Make a list of all the things you need1
Stop making such a fuss!
Give me the letter, please!
Let me give you some advice!
Keep the noise down, you are giving me a headache!
Wipe the worktop when you have finished cooking!
Shake the bottle before you open it!
Negative Imperatives: To say someone not to do something.
To form a negative imperative we use: Do not + the base form of the
verb
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Examples:
Do not come here.
Do not put your hat on the chair.
Do not drink it.
Do not park your car here.
NOTE: The contraction for do not is don’t.
Do not come here. = Don’t come here.
Do not speak Spanish in the class. = Don’t speak Spanish in the class.
Do not sit there. = Don’t sit there.
Do not lean out of the window. = Don’t lean out of the window.
Some more examples
Don’t blame me. It’s not my fault.
Don’t get (become) upset.
Don’t bang the door.
Don’t be so childish.
Don’t move until I give the signal.
Don’t let the milk boil over.
Don’t come too close, I don’t want you to give me your cold.
Don't open the door please.
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Don't write on the wall, please!
Don't sit on the desk, please.
Don’t worry – your e-mail address is totally secure.
Note: Negative Imperatives Using Never / Don't Ever
Never go there again! = Don’t ever go there again!
Never leave your keys in your car! = Don't ever leave your keys in
your car! Never steal from anyone = Don't ever steal from anyone!
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Lesson Thirteen: Imperative 2
Conversation Making requests.
Listen and practice
Mr. Karimi: Mahdi. Turn down the TV a little, please.
Mahdi: Oh, but this is my favorite program.
Mr. Karimi: I know. But it's very loud and I am saying my prayer.
Mahdi: Ok. I'll turn it down.
Mr. Karimi: That's better. Thanks.
Mrs. Karimi: Maryam, please pick up your things. They are all over
the living room floor.
Maryam: in a minute, Mom. I'm on the phone.
Mrs. Karimi: But do it as soon as you hang up.
Maryam: Sure. No problem.
Mrs. Karimi: Goodness, Were we like this when we were kids?
Mr. Karimi: Definitely.
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Patterns: Listen and repeat.
Turn down the TV.
Turn the TV down.
Turn it down.
Pick up your things.
Pick your things up.
Pick them up.
Please turn down the music.
Ok. I'll turn it down.
Pick up your clothes, please.
Sure. I'll pick them up.
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Lesson Fourteen: Present continuous tense 1
Conversation What are you doing there?
Listen and practice.
Ahmad: Hello.
Hadi: Hi, Ahmad. This is Hadi. I'm calling from Mash’had.
Ahmad: What are you doing there?
Hadi: I have come on pilgrimage to Imam Reza's shrine.
Ahmad: Pray for me please.
Hadi: Sure.
Patterns: listen and repeat.
She is making tea.
The tea is steeping.
He is making vodhu.
I am putting on my shirt.
They are going to masjid.
I am saying my prayer.
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It's 7 o'clock in the morning. My father is leaving home. He is going
to work.
It's 7.30 in the morning. I am going to school.
We are studying English now.
They are reciting Holy Quran.
Question forms
A- Is the teacher talking to the students?
B- Yes, he is. He is talking to the students.
A- Is she helping the old woman?
B- Yes, she is. She is helping the old woman.
A- Is the boy giving the poor man some money?
B- Yes, he is. He is giving him some money.
Negative forms
A- Are you listening to the tape?
B- No, I am not. I am reciting Holy Quran.
A- Is she eating breakfast?
B- No, she isn't. She is fasting.
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A- Is he singing a song?
B- No, he isn't. He is calling prayer.
A- Is he laughing?
B- No, he isn’t. He is crying.
The present continuous tense: an activity that is in progress at the
moment.
Form the present continuous with a form of be and the present
participle.
Subject + be + base form of the main verb + ing + ……
Ali + is + wash + ing + his socks.
Affirmative statements Negative statements
I am studying English. I am not studying English.
You are studying French. You are not studying French.
He is playing football. He is not playing football.
She is reading a newspaper. She is not reading a newspaper.
We are going home. We are not going home.
They are reciting Holy Quran. They are not reciting Holy
Quran.
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The present continuous: questions
Yes / no questions: place be before the subject.
Is he reciting Holy Quran?
Is she going to school?
Are you listening to the teacher?
Are they playing football?
Is it still raining?
Information questions: Use wh questions to ask information question.
When are you going?
What is he doing right now?
Who is talking on the phone?
Why are they making a noise?
Some more examples
The weather is becoming colder.
A million people are facing famine.
My cat is going (=becoming) blind.
She is wearing a red dress and carrying a black bag.
I am in no position to judge whether what she is doing is right or
wrong.
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Lesson Fifteen: Present continuous tense 2
Conversation What about you?
Listen and practice.
Mostafa: Reza, are you learning English these days?
Reza: Yes, I am. What about you?
Mostafa: No, I am not. I am learning Arabic. Which one is more
difficult, you think?
Reza: Well, I don’t want to compare these two. Sorry, my phone is
ringing, let me answer it.
Reza: ok. Let’s talk about it then.
Patterns: listen and repeat:
The bus is stopping for us now.
The baby is crying.
Listen, I think the telephone is ringing.
Look, it is beginning to rain.
These days leaves are beginning to fall.
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Listen, someone is knocking at the door.
The sky is getting very dark.
Madjid is cleaning the room now.
They are taking a walk in the park.
Remember: the following verbs are not normally used in the
present continuous:
like, love, hate, need, prefer, know, realize, suppose, mean,
understand, believe, remember, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem
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Lesson Sixteen: Active and Passive
Conversation What currency is used in Japan?
Listen and practice
Maryam: Hello.
Mona: Oh, hello. I need some information.
What currency is used in Japan?
Maryam: Where?
Mona: In Japan.
Maryam: I’m not sure. Isn’t it the yen?
Mona: Oh, yes. And do they drive on the left or the right?
Maryam: I think the left, but I’m not sure.
Mona: Oh. Well, is English spoken much there?
Maryam: I really have no idea.
Mona: Well, what about credit cards? Are American Express cards
accepted there?
Maryam: How would I know?
Mona: Well, you’re a travel agent, aren’t you?
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Maryam: What? A travel agent? This is Linda’s Hair Salon.
Mona: Oh, sorry. Wrong number.
Vocabulary:
Travel agent: someone who owns or works in a travel agency.
Travel agency: a company that arranges hotel rooms, plane tickets etc
for people who want to travel.
How to make passive sentences?
The passive is formed by be + past participle (whether the verb ending
in ed or an irregular verb). In a passive sentence, the object of an
active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. The passive is
used when the person or the thing done is more important, or when the
agent (subject) who did the action is not known.
Active and Passive form of Simple present tense
A/ They use the yen in Japan.
P/ The yen is used in Japan
A/ They speak both Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America.
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P/ Both Spanish and Portuguese are spoken in Latin America.
A/ They grow a lot of coffee in Brazil.
P/ A lot of coffee is grown in Brazil.
A/ Maryam cleans the room every day.
P/ The room is cleaned every day
A/ Careless driving causes many accidents.
P/ Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
A/ They often invite me to parties.
P/ I’m not often invited to parties.
Active and Passive form of simple past tense
A/ A load noise woke us up during the night.
P/ We were woken up by a load noise during the night.
A/ The police caught her.
P/ She was caught by the police.
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ask offer pay show teach tell
Some verbs can have two objects such as give:
Somebody gave the police the information. (= somebody gave the
information to the police)
The police were given the information.
or
The information was given to the police.
Other verbs which can have two objects are:
I was offered the job, but I refused it. (= they offered me the job)
The men were paid $400 to do the work. (Somebody paid the men
$400)
They ask me a lot of questions.
I am asked a lot of questions. A lot of questions are asked me.
Ali teaches English to Italian students.
English is taught to Italian students. Italian students are taught
English.
She tells us some funny stories about her sister.
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We are told some funny stories about her sister.
some funny stories about her sister are told us.
Active and Passive form of Present Continuous Tense.
A/ Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
P/ The room is being cleaned at the moment by somebody.
A/ There is somebody walking behind us.
P/ I think we are being followed.
Active and Passive form of Past Continuous Tense.
A/ Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
P/ The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
A/ There was somebody walking behind us.
P/ I think we were being followed.
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Lesson Seventeen Past Continuous Tense and simple past
tense.
Conversation I was saying my prayer.
Listen and practice.
Answering machine: Hi. This is Ali, and this is Ahmad.
We can't come to the phone right now.
Please, leave us a message after the tone!
Hadi: Hi. This is Hadi……
Ali: Oh, hi, Hadi. It's Ali. Sorry I didn't answer the phone right away.
I was saying my prayer.
Hadi: That's OK. Is Ahmad there?
Ali: No, he is in masjid now. Can he call you later?
Hadi: Yeah, thanks. Please, ask him to call me.
Ali: Sure.
Hadi: Thanks a lot, Ali.
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Past Continuous Tense and simple past tense.
1.. The past continuous shows an action that continued during a period
of time in the past.
What were you doing last night at eight? I was watching TV.
2.. The simple past tense shows an action that occurred and ended in
the past.
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last month, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.
When I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to
swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
and met the others at 10:00.
3.. We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to
say that something happened in the middle of something else.
Ali phoned while we were having dinner.
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I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
I was going too fast when I had the accident.
He was talking on the phone when the storm began.
While I was living in Chile, I got married.
4.. The past continuous also describes two continuing actions
occurring in the same period of time.
While she was driving, her husband was reading the newspaper.
They were eating, and the music was playing.
Question form
Were you talking on the phone when the storm began?
Were they eating, and the music was playing?
Negative form
No, I weren’t. I was studying when the storm began.
No, they weren’t. They were watching T.V, and the music was
playing?
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Lesson Eighteen Comprehension
Conversation It's on thirteenth of Rajab.
Listen and repeat.
Saied: Do you know next week is Imam Ali's birthday? It's on Rajab
(thirteen) 13.
Anar: What do you do on Imam Ali's birthday? We don't have that
holiday in our country Russia.
Saied: It's Father's Day. So lots of people buy a gift for their fathers.
Anar: Sounds interesting.
Saied: Would you like to buy a gift for your father?
Anar: Sure. I'd love to.
Reading:
PENCILS and PENS
No one knows who invented pencils or when it happened. A Swiss
described a pencil in a book in 1565. He said it was a piece of
wood with lead inside it. Pencils weren't popular, and people
continued to write with pens. They used bird feathers as pens.
Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from graphite,
and they became very popular. Graphite is like coal. Today, people
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make pencils in the same way. They grind the graphite, make it into
the shape of a stick, and bake it. Then they put it inside a piece of
wood. One pencil can write 50,000 English words or make a line
55 kilometers long.
People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with metal
points. They had to dip the point into ink after every few
letters. Next, someone invented a fountain pen that could hold
ink inside it. A fountain pen can write several pages before you
have to fill it again.
Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the
ballpoint pen. They left Hungary and started making ballpoint
pens in England in 1943, during World War II. English pilots
liked the pens. They couldn't write with fountain pens in
airplanes because the ink leaked out. Later, a French company called
Bic bought the Biros' company.
Some people call ballpoint pens Bics. Australians call them biros.
Whatever we call them, we use them every day.
Vocabulary
Invent: to make, design, or think of a new type of thing.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
Lead: the central part of a pencil that makes the marks when you
write.
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Feathers: one of the light soft thing that cover a bird’s body.
Graphite: a soft black substance that is a kind of Carbon, used in
pencils, paints and electrical equipment.
Coal: a hard black mineral which is dug out of the ground and burnt to
produce heat.
Grind: to break something such as corn or coffee beans into small
pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces.
Shape: the form that something has, for example round, square etc.
Bake: to cook something using dry heat, in an oven.
I am baking some bread.
Baked potatoes.
Dip: to put something into a liquid and lift it out again.
Fountain pen: a pen that you fill with ink. = ballpoint.
Pilots: someone who operates the controls of an aircraft or
spacecraft.
Leak: if a container, pipe, roof etc leaks, or if it leaks gas, liquid etc,
there is a small hole or crack in it that lets gas or liquid flow through.
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God's order
After the Holy prophet reached Medina, he stayed in the house of one
of his followers for seven months and Imam Ali was staying with him.
When the Holy prophet finished the construction of a mosque, he built
houses for his wives around it and in the center of them he built a
house for Imam Ali. Then, many of the prophet's companions built
their houses around the mosque.
The doors of all the houses opened in the mosque. Once the Holy
prophet ordered to close all the doors except the door of his houses
and that of Ali. Some of the companions requested him to allow them
to keep a small window open. He replied "No, not a pin-hole, God so
willed it."
Vocabulary
Follower: someone who believes in a particular system of ideas, or
who supports a leader who teaches these ideas.
Prophet: a man who people in the Christian, Jewish, or Muslim
religion believe has been sent by God to lead them and teach them
their religion.
Followers of the Prophet.
Except: used to introduce only person, thing, action, fact, or situation
about which a statement is not true.
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The office is open every day except Sundays.
Requested: a polite or formal demand for something.
They have made an urgent request for international aid.
Allow: to let someone do or have something, or let something happen.
= permit.
Reply: to answer someone by saying or writing something.
I asked Ali where he was going, but didn't reply.
Sorry it took me so long to reply.
Pin – hole: a very small hole in something, especially one made by
something like a pin.
The first man who embraced Islam
The first man who embraced Islam was Imam Ali. Once while some
of his followers were sitting by him, the Holy prophet said to him, you
are the first man who accepted Islam.
"To me you are like Aaron was to Moses."
During the course of twenty three years Ali was the only one who
constantly supported the Holy prophet.
Vocabulary:
Embrace: to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc.
We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.
Constantly: all the time, or very often. = continually.
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Lesson twenty Present perfect and past tense
Conversation That’s right.
Listen and practice.
Ali: So, how was your weekend?
Ahmad: Oh, really good. I went to see Mr. Ahmadi, the eulogist.
Ali: The eulogist?
Ahmad: That’s right. Have you ever seen him?
Ali: Yes, I have. I saw him in Mash’had last year. He is terrific.
Ahmad: Yeah. He does some incredible things.
Ali: Have you ever been to Mash’had?
Ahmad: No, I have never been there.
Ali: You should go sometime. It’s an interesting city.
Patterns: listen and practice
A: Have you ever said Friday prayer?
B1: Yes, I have. I said Friday prayers last week.
B2: No, I haven’t. I haven’t said Friday prayer yet.
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A:Have you ever been to Mash’had?
B1: Yes, I have. I went there in Rajab.
B2: No, I haven’t. I have never been there.
The present perfect tense
Use the present perfect to talk about an indefinite time in the past. It is
an action that began in the past and continues in the present (usually
with “for” or “since”)
Form the present perfect with have or has and the past participle form
of verb.
Subject + have/has + past participle (pp) +……
We + have + brushed + our teeth.
Your father + has + sent + your money.
He has a good chance of passing the exam because he has worked
hard.
Our youngest child, Sam, has just started university.
She has lived in Spain for many years.
You have caused a great deal of trouble.
They have seen this film before.
Questions form
Have you brushed your teeth?
Has she lived in Spain for many years?
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Have they caused a great deal of trouble?
Has she seen this film before?
Negative form
I haven’t brushed my teeth.
He doesn’t have a good chance of passing the exam because he hasn’t
worked hard.
Our youngest child, Sam, hasn’t started university yet.
She hasn’t lived in Spain.
You haven’t caused a great deal of trouble.
They haven’t seen this film before.
Use What or Which and present perfect to ask for information
about an indefinite time in the past.
What languages have you studied?
Which languages have you studied?
What countries have you visited?
Which countries have you visited?
The use and placement of yet and already in The Present Perfect.
Use yet in present perfect questions and negative statements. Put
yet at the end of the sentence. Don’t use yet in present perfect
affirmative statements.
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Have you read the book yet?
I haven’t read the book yet.
Use already in present perfect questions and affirmative
statements. Put already before the main verb or at the end of the
sentence. Don’t use already in present perfect negative statements.
Have you already read the book? I have already read the book.
Have you read the book already? I have read the book already.
Ever, never and before in present perfect tense.
We generally use ever in questions. Do not use ever in affirmative
statements. Use never for negative sentences and statements.
Have you ever made sushi?
Yes, I have. Yes, I have made it.
No, I never have. No, I have never made sushi.
He has never gone to Shiraz.
This is the third time I have seen this film. It’s the best movie I have
ever seen. My brother has only seen it once.
You can use before with or without ever and never in present
perfect sentences and questions.
I have been to South Africa before.
I have never tried fish without rice before.
Have you ever made chocolate before?
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Use since with a time or date in the past.
How long have you lived here? I have lived here since 2001.
Use for to describe a period of time.
How long have you lived here? I have lived here for five years.
You still haven’t seen Chicago?
I have seen it three times so far.
Have you seen a good movie lately?
Yes. I have just seen Star Wars.
I have always wanted to see Ali with you.
Some more examples
The flight has been cancelled due to mechanical failure.
The government has promised to reduce inflation to 3%.
In East Africa, three years of drought have left 10 million people in
urgent need of food and water.
Salaries have not always kept pace with inflation.
Who is that man? I have never seen him before.
We aren’t hungry. We have just had (eaten) lunch.
The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks.
She is anxious because her daughter hasn’t arrived yet.
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Farmers have appealed to the government for help.
I haven’t seen him for years.
I have seen this film before.
I have never met them before.
You have caused a great deal of trouble.
The new government has promised a smooth transition of power.
I have cut my hand and it’s bleeding.
God must have heard my prayer.
I am certain that I have seen her before.
He has a good chance of passing the exam because he has worked
hard.
The police have charged him with murder.
Our youngest child, Ali, has just started university.
She has known him since childhood.
She has known him since she was a child.
She has lived in Spain for many years.
She has just gone to get the kids from school.
He has just got a new van.
My job has taken me all over the world.
Someone has taken (remove) a pen from my desk.
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The cup has made a mark on the table,
He has never liked talking about people behind their back.
Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.
There has been no policy statement on this from the French
government.
There have been numerous policy changes in recent months.
Towns and cities all over the country have been flooded.
How long have you been married?
I have asked him to come back next week and report on his progress.
Present perfect continuous tense
The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate the duration of
an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When
the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words, such as for,
since, all morning, all day, all week.
I have been sitting here since 7 o’clock.
I have been sitting here for two hours.
It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.
When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it
expresses a general activity in progress recently, lately.
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All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next
week.
Question form
Have you been crying? Your eyes are red.
Negative form
No, I have not been studying for two weeks.
Reading
Ali has seen his God
A Jewish scholar came to Ali and asked him, "O Abu al-Hassan, have
you ever observed your Lord?" Imam Ali answered "I don't worship
the God that I have not observed, woe to you, the eye can't see the
Almighty God, but He sees eyes, and the hearts see Him by the
sincerity of belief"
Vocabulary:
Scholar: an intelligent and well-educated person.
Observed: to see and notice something.
Scientists have observed a drop in ozone level over the Antarctic.
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Worship: to show respect and love for a god, especially by praying in
a religious building.
Almighty: an expression used to talk about God that emphasize His
power.
Sincerity: when someone is sincere and really means what they are
saying.
Belief: the feeling that something is definitely true or definitely exists.
A strong belief in a god.
Reading
Cell phones
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is
actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell
phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones
are more than a means of communication; having a mobile phone
shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosion around the world in mobile phone use has made some
health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the
future many people may suffer health problems from the use of
mobile phones.
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In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile
phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such
ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for
your health.
On the other hand, some medical studies show changes in the brain
cells of some people who use mobile phones. Signs of change in the
tissues of the brain and the head can be detected with modern
scanning equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at
a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember
even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son.
This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day,
doctor didn't agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful?
The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small
amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies
agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small
to worry about.
As the discussion about the safety of cell phones continues, it appears
that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone
if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when
you need it.
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Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient especially in
emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label
that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use
your mobile phone too often.
Vocabulary
Actually: used to emphasize the real or exact truth of a situation,
rather than what people may think.
Considered: a considered opinion, reply, judgment etc is one that you
have thought about carefully.
Unusual: different from what is usual or normal.
Unusual circumstances.
Popular: liked by a lot of people.
Ali was popular at school.
Shows: to let someone see something.
The children proudly showed me their presents.
Show your ticket to the woman at the entrance.
Explosion: a loud sound and the energy produced by something such
as a bomb bursting into small pieces.
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Several people were injured in a bomb explosion.
Health: when you have no illness or disease.
Worry: to be anxious or unhappy about someone or something, so that
you think about them a lot.
Suffer: to experience physical or mental pain.
She is suffering a lot of pain.
At least he died suddenly and didn't suffer.
Serious: a serious situation, problem, accident etc is extremely bad or
dangerous.
Luckily, the damage was not serious.
Issue: a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about,
especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot
of people.
Publicity: the attention that someone or something gets from
newspapers, television etc.
Signs: a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picturethat
gives people information, warning, or instruction.
Tissues: the material forming animal or plant cells.
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Traveling salesman: someone who goes from place to place selling
their company’s products.
Retire: to stop working, usually because you have reached a certain
age.
Most people retire at age 65.
Own: used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected
with a particular person or thing and not any other.
Used to: if something used to happen, it happened regularly or all the
time in the past, but does not happen now.
Potentially: something that is potentially dangerous, useful etc is not
dangerous etc now, but may become so in the future.
Radiation: a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear
reactions, which in large amounts is very harmful to living things.
Safety: when someone or something is safe from danger or harm.
Regular: happening or doing something very often.
Regular exercise helps keep your weight down.
Convenient: useful to you because it saves your time, or does not
spoil your plans or cause you problems.
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Label: a piece of paper or another material that is attached to
something and gives information about it.
Wise: someone who is wise makes good decisions, gives good advice
etc, especially because they have a lot of experience of life.
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Lesson Twenty one: The Future (will / be going to)
Conversation I feel awful.
Listen and practice.
Rasool: I feel awful. I really have to stop smoking.
Javad: So why don't you quit?
Rasool: Well, if I quit, I might gain weight.
Javad: A lot of people do.
Rasool: And if I gain weight, I will not be able to fit into any of my
clothes.
Patterns: listen and repeat.
I will leave at noon.
He will practice English.
She will go home.
It will finish five minutes later.
You will be in Hajj next year.
We will arrive at two.
A meeting will be held next Tuesday at 3 p.m.
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Some more examples
I will fetch you a cup and saucer.
You will be able to see it if you stand on this chair.
Will you open the door for me, please?
I will get a towel for you. = I am going to get a towel for you.
I will get (bring) you a chair.
Ali is going to get (buy) tickets for all of us.
What time will we get (arrive) there?
I will make you some sandwiches.
How much will you give me for these two games?
These policies will help to keep inflation down.
Grammar will
1. We use will when there is no prior plan or decision to do
something before we speak. We make the decision at the time of
speaking. Look at these examples:
Hold on. I'll get a pen.
We will see what we can do to help you.
Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The
decision was made at the time of speaking.
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We can use will with the verb think:
I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
I don't think I'll buy that car.
2. Use will or be going to for predictions about the future. The
meaning is the same.
It will rain tomorrow.
It is going to rain tomorrow.
3. Use will for predictions about the future. Use it (will) to talk about
the immediate future when you do not already have a plan.
Maybe I will go to the beach this weekend.
He will call you in a few minutes.
You will win the race. I know it.
Negative forms
You will not win the race. I know it.
I won’t call before noon.
Question forms
Will you come at 6:00? Yes, I will. Yes, I will come at 6:00.
When will Ali arrive? He will arrive at 7:00.
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4. Use be going to when you already have a plan for the future.
Are you going to come to class tomorrow?
No, I am going to go to the beach instead.
I am going to leave a message.
What is she going to do tomorrow?
She is going to work until five.
Note: You can also talk about the future with present continuous
tense or the simple present tense.
They arrive tomorrow.
We are meeting at 9:00.
What are you doing tonight?
I am going to masjid.
Are you doing anything tomorrow?
No, I’m not.
I am going to do.
I am going to do something = I have decided to do it (but perhaps not
arranged to do it):
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'Your shoes are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I am going to clean them.'
(= I have decided to clean them, but I have not arranged to clean them )
According to the weather report, it is going to be sunny tomorrow.
Watch out! You are going to hurt yourself.
I am going to go Mash’had in July.
Future continuous tense
An action that will be continuing at a particular time in the
future.
This time next week I will be training for the race.
This time next week I will be on holiday. I will be lying on the beach
or swimming in the sea.
Reading 1
A Tour of Isfahan
Mr. and Mrs. Javadi and many other guests are sitting in the bus.
They're going to visit some new places. Now the tour guide, Mr.
Kazemi, gets on the bus and reaches for the microphone. He’s going
to tell them more about the tour.
“May I have your attention please? The bus is going to stop here in the
center of Isfahan for about three hours. We’re going to walk together
through the narrow streets of this old city. We’ll see many old houses
and shops, and then we’ll visit a famous mosque. The mosque has an
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interesting history. It is an old mosque. It dates from the Safavids
Dynasty. Then we’ll have lunch in one of the popular restaurants
here.”
“At 1:30 there will be a tour of other historical places in Isfahan. After
the tour, you may walk around the city and buy souvenirs from the gift
shops.
The bus will leave for the hotel at 4 O’clock. Please meet here, at the
center of
Isfahan, at 3:45. Enjoy your visit.”
Reading 2
Weather Conditions
Today it's going to be warm and sunny in the morning and cool and
rainy in the afternoon. The high temperature is going to be 82. This
evening, it will be cool and cloudy, with the low temperature around
60. Tomorrow it's going to be windy and stormy in the morning, with
the high temperature around 68.
Tomorrow afternoon and evening, it will be clear and cool. On
Wednesday, it's going to be sunny all day. The high temperature is
going to reach 85. The temperature on Wednesday evening will fall to
around 70. On Thursday, it's going to be hot all day _90. On Friday,
it's going to be hot, too, but it will start to cool off in the evening.
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Lesson Twenty Two: Past Perfect Tense
Conversation someone had stolen my wallet.
Listen and practice
Ali: Someone stole my wallet last night.
Reza: Oh, what happened?
Ali: I was working out, and I had put my stuff in my locker, just like I
always do. When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet. I guess
I had forgotten to lock the locker.
Reza: That’s terrible! Did you lose much money?
Ali: Only about $15. But I lost my credit card and my driver’s license.
What a pain!
Past perfect tense
The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before
another activity or time in the past.
Subject + had + past participle +…….+ [ before/when + ….] +
[simple past/past continuous sentence]
Ali + had + gone + before + I got there.
She had just left when I arrived there.
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Someone had forgotten to lock the door.
The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
She had just left the room when the police arrived.
Patterns: listen and repeat
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past (I
arrived in masjid). This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we
want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the
past perfect tense.
Event A Event B
John had gone out when I arrived in the office.
Event A Event B
I had saved my
document before the computer crashed.
Event B Event A
When they arrived we had already started
cooking.
Event B Event A
He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.
Some more examples
I didn’t know who he was. I had never seen him before.
We weren’t hungry. We had just had (eaten) lunch.
The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
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At first I thought I had done the right thing, but I soon realized that I
had made a big mistake.
The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn’t
flown before.
I was working out, and I had put my stuff in my locker.
When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet.
They were able to steal it because I had forgotten to lock the locker.
Past perfect continuous tense:
This tense says that something had been happening for a period of
time before something else happened.
We had been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to
rain heavily.
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for 20 minutes. (before the
bus came)
James was out of breath. He had been running.
He looked tired because he had been running for six hours.
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Lesson Twenty Three: Modal verbs can, could, may for requests,
suggestion
Conversation I suggest a box.
Listen and practice.
Pharmacist: Good morning. Can I help you?
Maryam: Yes, please. Could I have something for a cough?
I think I’m getting a cold.
Pharmacist: Well, I suggest a box of these cough drops. And you
should get a bottle of vitamin C, too.
Maryam: Thank you. And what do you have for dry skin?
Pharmacist: Try some of this new lotion. It’s very good.
Maryam: Ok. Thanks a lot.
Patterns: listen and repeat.
Can/ May I help you?
Can I have a box of cough drops?
Could I have something for a sore throat?
May I have a bottle of vitamin C?
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Could
a. We use could in number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of
can:
Listen! I can hear something. (now)
I listened. I could hear something. (past)
b. Could is not only used in this way, we also use it to talk about
possible actions now or in the future (especially to make suggestions):
What shall we do this evening? We could go to the cinema.
They could stay at the Festival Hotel if there are no rooms at the
Milton.
c. We also use could (not can) for actions which are not realistic:
I am so tired, I could sleep for a week. (not I can sleep for a week).
d. Asking people to do things (requests)
We use can or could to ask people to do things:
Can you wait a moment, please?
Could you wait a moment, please?
Can you do me a favor?
Could you tell me how to get to the airport?
Note that we say Do you think you could ……..? (not can)
Do you think you could lend me some money until next week?
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e. Offering to do things
To offer to do something, you can use Can I:
Can I get you a cup of coffee? ‘That would be nice.’
Can I help you? ‘No, it’s all right. I can manage.’
Compare can and could:
I can stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (realistic)
Maybe I could stay with Julia when I go to Paris. (possible, but less
sure)
This is a wonderful place. I could stay here forever. (unrealistic)
f. We use can to say that something is possible or allowed, or that
somebody has the ability to do something:
We can see (we are able to see) the lake from our bedroom window.
A: I haven’t got a pen. B: You can use mine. (possibility)
Can you speak any foreign languages? (ability)
I can come and see you tomorrow if you like. (allowed)
Months of the year
January February March April May June July August
September October November December
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Follow the example
A-What is the first month of the year?
B-January is the first month of the year.
A-What is the second month of the year?
B-February is the second month of the year.
A-What is the third month of the year?
B-March is the third month of the year.
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Lesson Twenty Four: Reading Comprehension
Reading 1: Isfahan at Night
It is nearly 9 p.m. in Isfahan. But the city is not asleep. The sidewalks
are crowded with people. Some are leaving the movies and the
restaurants. Some are stopping to look at the bright store windows.
Some are waiting for buses and taxis. The restaurants are full of
people. The hotels are also full of tourists and businessmen from all
over the world.
Many people work at night in Isfahan. Bright lights are shining from
the windows of buildings. In hospitals, night nurses are making their
usual rounds.
The streets are noisy and crowded with traffic. Taxis are taking tired
people from the airport to the hotels. Trucks are bringing fresh fruits
and vegetables into the city. Towards morning the streets are quieter.
But they are never completely quiet.
Reading 2: Blood and its Function
Your blood is a transportation system. The liquid part of the blood,
called plasma, carries food to the body cells and carries waste
products away.
The red corpuscles in your blood carry oxygen from the lungs to the
body cells and carbon dioxide back from the cells to the lungs. As
your blood moves through your body, it keeps the body heat constant,
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so that your temperature normally remains at about 37°C (98.6°F). It
keeps the amount of water in the body constant, too, taking water
from the intestines and giving it to the lungs, sweatglands, and
kidneys.
The blood also has protective powers. When you are ill, bacteria enter
your body, and there is danger of infection. Then the white corpuscles
in your blood come to your aid by absorbing the bacteria and the
broken-down tissue cells.
Another kind of protective power is the ability of your blood to stop
flowing by clotting. You could bleed to death from a little cut on your
finger if your blood did not clot.
The blood is important to every part of the body. When the blood
supply is shut off from the brain, a person becomes unconscious.
Your blood is only about 8 percent of your body weight, but its correct
functioning can mean the difference between life and death.
Vocabulary
Transportation: a system or method for carrying passengers or goods
from one place to another =transport.
Liquid: a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water or
milk.
Waste: if something goes to waste, it is not used.
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Products: something that is grown or made in a factory in large
quantities, usually in order to be used.
Corpuscles: one of the red or white cells in the blood.
Lungs: one of the two organs in your body that you breathe with.
Smoking can cause lung cancer.
Temperature: the temperature of your body, especially used as a
measure of whether you are sick or not.
Glands: an organ of the body which produces a substance that the
body needs, such as Hormone, Sweat, or Saliva.
Kidneys: one of the two organs in your lower back that separate waste
products from your blood and make urine.
Protective: used or intended for protection.
Infection: a disease that affects a particular part of your body and is
caused by bacteria or a virus.
Absorbing: enjoyable and interesting, and keeping your attention for a
long time.
Clot: a thick almost solid mass formed when blood or milk dries.
Unconscious: unable to see, move, feel etc in the normal way because
you are not conscious.
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Reading 3: What We Eat and Drink
People in different parts of the world have very different ideas about
what is good to eat. 1f you were an Eskimo near the North pole, you
would enjoy the raw meat from seals. If you were a nomad in a desert,
you would prefer the
roasted meat of sheep and goats. We cook the meat of some different
animals, but perhaps our favorite food is Kebab. We also eat chicken,
as well as fish and other foods from the sea. Some people in India do
not eat meat or fish at all. They are vegetarians.
Even when people in different parts of the world eat the same food,
they often prepare it very differently. If you were in Germany, you
would find soup that is thick and heavy. If you were in China, you
would find soup that is thin and clear.
On holidays, most of us eat special foods. Year after year, even if
many other things change, the food is always the same. On Nowruz
Eve (the first day of the year), which is considered a very important
national holiday, people in Iran usually sit down to a dinner with fish,
rice, and vegetables.
People in different parts of the world also have different ideas about
what is good to drink. Among the most popular hot drinks are coffee
and tea.
Tea is very popular in Iran, Japan, England, and some other countries.
In Iran we drink tea with sugar. In England many people use both
sugar and milk in their tea.
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Vocabulary
Prefer: to like someone or something more than someone or
something else, so that you would choose it if you could.
Roasted: to cook something, such as meat, in an oven or over a fire, or
to cook in this way.(=grill, bake).
Reading 4: Round-the-Clock Worker
Your heart is a muscle about the size of a large fist. It weighs less than
a kilogram. Yet, your heart is one of the strongest organs in your
body. It has to be because it has a tremendous job to do. If you weigh
70 kilograms, you
have about 5½ kilograms of blood; but your heart is obliged to pump
that same amount of blood through the circulatory system of your
body so many times during an ordinary day that it amounts to
pumping several thousand liters of blood.
Fortunately, your heart does not work continuously. It rests about
twice as much as it works, taking its rest at the end of each heartbeat.
Here, for less than half a second, both the auricle and ventricle
chambers of the heart relax before the next begins.
Most of the time, your heart beats 70-80 times per minute. But
occasionally you work or exercise more strenuously than usual.
Sometimes the fever from an illness puts an added strain on your
body. At those times, your valiant heart beats as much as 120 times a
minute, so that the increased blood supply can help you cope with the
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emergency. An athlete's heart during violent exercise is capable of
pumping three times as much blood as it pumps when resting.
Vocabulary:
Muscle: one of the pieces of flesh inside your body that you use in
order to move, and that connect your bones together.
Relax your stomach muscles, then stretch again.
Weighs: to have a particular weight.
What (=how much) do you weigh?
The box was full of books and weighed a ton (=was very heavy).
Circulatory: relating to the movement of blood around your body.
The heart and circulatory system.
Chambers: an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a
machine.
The heart has four chambers.
Ventricle: one of the two spaces in the bottom of your heart through
which blood pumps out to your body.
Reading 5: Computers
Today we use computers in factories and offices, in schools and
hospitals, and
in our homes. Our computers now are small enough for us to carry,
and some
computers are quite cheap. More and more people can use them at
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work or at
home.
But computers are not new. Where do they come from? What is their
history? The first step towards our modern computer was the abacus.
People
in China have used abacuses for hundreds of years.
An abacus is an ancient calculator. You can do many easy and many
difficult calculations with an abacus but it cannot work by itself: it is
not
automatic and it is not electronic.
A man called Charles Babbage made the first automatic calculator
nearly
170 years ago, in 1822. It had a lot of wheels inside it, with numbers
on them.
It was automatic, but it was not electronic.
120 years later, in the 1940s, some English scientists made the first
electronic computer in Europe. It was much too big to carry or move
and it
used a lot of electricity.
Scientists had to find new and better ways to make the electronic parts
of computers. They had to make computers small enough to carry and
move
easi1y. They had to make all the parts smaller.
Since the 1940s, computers have become smaller and smaller.
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Some small pocket calculators today can do more difficult
calculations than this first big electronic computer. Scientists can now
make a whole computer on one small silicon chip.
Now we use silicon chips in televisions and telephones, in some
cameras
and cookers, and in watches and washing machines, too. Soon perhaps
we will
not have to carry money in our pockets. We will always be able to pay
for
things in shops and supermarkets with plastic cards in small
computers.
Perhaps we will have robots in our homes.
Vocabulary
Carry: to hold something in your hand or arms, or support it as you
take it somewhere.
Gina was carrying a small bunch of flowers.
Abacus: a frame with small balls that can be slid along on thick wires,
used for counting and calculating.
Calculations: when you use numbers in order to find out an amount,
price, or value.
Scientists: someone who works or is trained in science.
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Reading 6: The Twelfth Imam
The promised Mahdi, who is usually mentioned by his title of Imam-i-
Asr (the Imam of the ‘Period”) and Sahib -al-Zaman (the Lordof the
Age), is the son of the eleventh Imam. His name is the same as that of
the Holy Prophet. He was born in Samarrah in 256 and until 260 when
his father was martyred, lived under his father's care and tutelage. He
was hidden from public view and only a few of the elite among the
Shi’ah were able to meet him.
After the martyrdom of his father, he became Imam and by Divine
Command went into occult (ghaybat). Thereafter he appeared only to
his deputies (na’ib) and even then only in exceptional circumstances.
The Imam chose as a special deputy for a time Uthman ibn Said
Umari, one of the companions of his father and grandfather who
washis confidant and trusted friend. Through his deputy the Imam
would answer the demands and questions of the Shi'ah. After Uthman
ibnSa’id, his son Muhammad ibn Uthman Umari was appointed
thedeputy of the Imam. After the death of Muhammad ibn
Uthman,Abu’l Qasim Husayn ibn Rüh Nowbakhti was the special
deputy, and after his death Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari was chosen
for this task.
A few days before the death of Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari in329 an
order was issued by the Imam stating that in six days Aliibn
Muhammad Simmari would die. Henceforth the special deputationof
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the Imam would come to an end and the major occult (ghaybat-i-
kubra) would begin and continue until the day God grants permission
to the Imam to manifest himself.
The occult of the twelfth Imam is, therefore, divided into two parts:
thefirst, the minor occult (ghaybat-I- sughra) which began in 260 and
ended in 329, lasting about seventy years; the second, the major occult
which commenced in 329 and will continue as long as God wills it. In
a hadith upon whose authenticity everyone agrees, the Holy Prophet
has said, “if there were to remain in the life of the world but one day,
God would prolong that day until He sends in it a man from my
community and my household. His name will be the same as my
name. He will fill the earth with equity and justice as it was filled with
oppression and tyranny.”
Vocabulary:
Remain: to continue to be in the same state or condition.
We remained friends.
Household: all the people who live together in one house.
Equity: a situation in which all people are treated equally and no one
has an unfair advantage.
A society run on the principles of equity and justice.
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Oppression: when someone treats a group of people unfairly or
cruelly and prevents them from having the same rights as other people
have.
Tyranny: cruel or unfair control over other people=cruel and unfair
government.
Authenticity: the quality of being real or true.
Prolong: to make an unpleasant or anxious time last longer, especially
when people are waiting for news.
I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation.
Community: a group of people who have the same interests, religion,
race etc.
Mentioned: to talk or write about something or someone, usually
quickly and without saying very much or giving details.
Some of the problems were mentioned in his report.
Martyr: if someone is martyred, they are killed because of their
religious beliefs.
Mr. Beheshty was martyred in 1360 for his faith.
Tutelage: responsibility for someone's education, actions, or property.
Under the tutelage……
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Hide: to keep someone in a place where other people cannot see or
find him or her.
We have to hide him from the soldier.
Elite: a group of people who have a lot of power and influence
because they have money, knowledge, or special skills.
Command: the control of a group of people or a situation.
Troops under the command of General Roberts.
Occult: magical and mysterious.
Thereafter: after a particular event or time. = afterwards.
Appeared: to start to be seen, to arrive, or to exist in a place,
especially suddenly.
Two faces appeared at our window.
Deputy: someone who is directly below another person in rank, and
who is officially in charge when that person is not there.
Exceptional: unusually good. = outstanding.
An exceptional student.
Circumstances: the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc.
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Companions: someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a
friend.
Confidant: someone you tell your secrets to or who you talk to about
personal things.
Trust: a strong belief in the honesty, goodness etc of someone or
something.
At first there was a lack of trust between them.
Demands: the need or desire that people have for particular goods and
services.
The demand for new housing.
Appoint: to choose someone for a position or a job.
Task: a piece of work that must be done, especially one that is
difficult or unpleasant or that must be done regularly. = job.
Henceforth: from this time on. = henceforward.
Commence: to begin or to start something.
Work will commence on the new building immediately.
Reading 7: Fasting
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Why would someone decide to stop eating? We know that the body
needs food in order to function well. However, many people fast at
some time during their lives. Why is this?
Some people fast for political reasons. In the early 20th
century,
women in England and the United States weren't allowed to vote. In
protest, many women went on fast.
They hoped that fasting would bring attention to this injustice.
Mahatma Gandhi, the famous Indian leader, fasted 17 times during his
life. For Gandhi, fasting was a powerful political tool. In 1943, he
fasted to bring attention to hiscountry's need for independence. For 21
days, he went without food. Another famous faster was Cesar Chavez.
In the 1960s, he fasted for three weeks. Why? His goal was to bring
attention to the terrible working conditions of farm workers in the
United States.
Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions. Every year during
the month of Ramadan, which is a religious holiday, Muslims fast
from sunrise to sunset.
Many Hindus fast on special occasions, as do some Christians and
Buddhists. Of course, not everyone fasts for political or religious
reasons. Some people occasionally fast just because it makes them
feel better. The American writer Mark Twain thought fasting was the
best medicine for common illnesses.
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Whenever he had a cold or a fever, he stopped eating completely. He
said that this always made his cold or fever go away. Another
American writer, Upton Sinclair, discovered fasting after years of
overeating, indigestion, and headaches. His first fast lasted for 12
days. Sinclair said that fasting also made him more alert and energetic.
Choosing to go without food can be very dangerous. However, that
doesn't stop people from fasting for political, religious, or health
reasons.
Vocabulary:
Fast: to eat little or no food for a period of time, especially for
religious reasons.
Muslims fast during Ramadan.
Decide: to make a choice or judgment about something, especially
after considering all the possibilities or argument.
Function: to work in the correct or intended way. = operate.
Allow: to let someone do or have something, or let something happen.
= permit
Vote: to show which person or party you want, or whether you support
a plan, by marking a piece of paper, raising your hand etc.
In 1918 British women got the right to vote.
Reason: why something happens, or why someone does something.
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People give different reasons for wanting to change jobs.
Famous: known about by many people in many places.
The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark (= a famous place or building
that is easy to recognize).
Bring: to take something or someone with you to the place where you
are now, or to the place you are talking about.
Protest: something that you do to show publicly that you think that
something is wrong and unfair, for example taking part in big public
meetings, refusing to work, or refusing to buy a company’s products.
Attention: when you carefully listen to, look at, or think about
someone or something.
Mahdi tried to pay attention to what I was saying.
Independence: the freedom and ability to make your own decision in
life, without having to ask other people for permission, help, or
money.
Having a job gives you financial independence.
Political freedom from control by the government of another country .
Injustice: a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not
given their rights.
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Terrible: extremely severe in a way that causes harm or damage(
horrible, awful).
Their son had been injured in a terrible accident.
Condition: the situation in which people live or work, especially the
physical things that affect the quality of their lives.
Spiritual: relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind. =
relating to religion.
Spiritual values.
Indigestion: pain that you get when your stomach cannot break down
food that you have eaten. = heartburn
Alert: able to think quickly and clearly.
Her face hadn't altered much over the years.
Dangerous: able or like to harm or kill you = harmful
Some of these prisoners are extremely dangerous.
Religious: believing strongly in your religion and obeying its rules
carefully.
A religious school.
A deeply religious person.
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Reading 8: The Ghasb (usurpation)
Taking the property of another person and owning it without any
legitimate reason of possession and forciblyoccupying the property of
another person in order to benefit from its profits without the intention
of legally claiming it as one’s own property is called ghasb
(usurpation) according to Islamic Shari ‘ah.
Thus, the ghasb means exercising control over the property of others
without having any legitimate means of control such as buy, rent, or
permission.
It becomes quite clear that the ghasb is an indecent act which violates
the very principle of ownership. Just as the principle of ownership
plays an effective role in the establishment and survival of the society,
the ghasb ruins and brings the society to a standstill.
Possession of a property and ownership will become invalid if the
influential people of a society decide to gain control over the produce
and output of the labor of the weak and the subordinates. Thus the
idea of the transgression of the influential people over the personal
rights of the helpless people would become predominant in the
society. Consequently, in this situation, the subordinates and the weak
will embark on any kind of submission, dishonor, and disrespect in
order to benefit from the output of their efforts and endeavors. Thus
the human society will be converted into a market in which the slaves
are brought and sold and the laws and policies of the society will
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become entirely invalid and will be replaced by coercion and
oppression.
This is why Islam has formulated strict policies for the usurper and
considers usurpation a mortal sin.
According to the explicit, wording of the holy Qur’an and ahadith, any
kind of sins other than shirk may be forgiven by Allah and any kind of
sins including shirk may be forgiven after, tawbah (repentance), but
whoever has a record of usurpation and infringement upon the rights
of the people, will never have any hope for salvation from being
called to account by Allah and from the remuneration of his deed
without being forgiven by the persons who possessed these properties
and rights.
Vocabulary
Usurpation: to take someone else's power, position, job etc when you
do not have the right to.
Property: the thing or things that someone owns.
Some of the stolen property was found in Mason’s house.
Possession: if something is in your possession, you own it, or you
have obtained it from somewhere.
That information is not in our possession.
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Legitimate: acceptable or allowed by law.
Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.
Legitimate: a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally
married to each other.
Occupying: to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it,
especially by military force. = invade.
Benefit: an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from
something. = beneficial.
Forcibly: using physical force.
Profits: to be useful or helpful to someone.
Intention: a plan or desire to do something.
Good intention: intentions to do something good or kind.
Legally: if something is legal, you are allowed to do it or have to do it
by law.
Exercise:to do sports or physical activities in order to stay healthy and
become stronger.
It is important toexerciseregularly.
Indecent: completely unacceptable.
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Violates: to disobey or do something against an official agreement,
law,principle etc.
34 protesters were arrested for violating criminal law.
Effective: successful, and working in the way that was intended.
Establishment:an organization or institution, especially a business,
shop etc.
Survival:the state of continuing to live or exist.
A lot of small companies are having to fight for survival. = ( work
hard in order to continue to exist).
Ruin: to spoil or destroy something completely.
This illness has ruined my life.
Standstill: a situation in which there is no movement or activity at all.
Traffic was at a standstill.
Invalid: a contract, ticket. Claim etc that is invalid is not legally or
officially acceptable.
Influential:having a lot of influence and therefore changing the way
people think and behave.
He had influential friends.
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Gain: to obtain or achieve something you want or need.
After gaining independence in 1957, it was renamed 'Ghana'.
Output: the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine,
factory.
Korea's agricultural output.
Subordinates: someone who has a lower position and less authority
than someone else in an organization.
Transgression: to do something that is against the rules of social
behavior or against a moral principle.
Predominant: more powerful, more common, or more easily noticed
than others.
The predominant group in society.
Consequently: as a result. = therefore.
Embark: to go onto a ship or a plane, or to put or take something onto
a ship or plane.
Dishonor: loss of respect from other people, because you have
behaved in a morally unacceptable way.
Disrespect:lack of respect for someone or something.
Endeavors:to try very hard.
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We always endeavor to please our customers.
Convert: To change something into a differentform, or to change
something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a
different way.
Slaves: someone who is owned by another person and works for them
for no money.
The slave trade = the buying and selling of slaves, especially Africans
who were taken to America.
Replaced: to remove someone from their job or something from its
place, and put a new person or thing there.
Coercion:the use of threats or orders to make someone do something
they do not want to do.
The defendant explained that he had been acting under coercion.
Oppression: when someone treats a group of people unfairly or
cruelly and prevents them from having the same rights as other people
have. = discrimination.
Formulated:to develop something such as a plan or a set of rules, and
decide all the details of how it will be done.
He formulated Labor Party education policy in 1922.
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Strict: a strict order or rule is one that must be obeyed.
Usurper: to take someone else's power, position, job etc when you do
not have the right to.
Mortal sin: something that you do that is so bad, according to the
Roman catholic Church, that your soul will be punished for ever after
death unless you ask to be forgiven.
Explicit: expressed in a way that is very clear and direct.
Be explicit when you talk about money with your family.
Repentance: when you are sorry for something you have done.
Infringement: to do something that is against a law or someone's legal
rights.
The infringement of human rights.
Salvation:something that prevents or saves someone or something
from danger, loss or failure
Remuneration: the pay you give someone for something they have
done for you.
Deed:Something someone does, especially something that is very
good or very bad.
After the morning's good deeds he deserved a rest.
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Reading 9: The personality of ‘Imam Ali
According to the testimony of friend and foe alike, ‘Ali had no
shortcomings from the point of view of human perfection. And in the
Islamic virtues he was a perfect example of the upbringing and
training given by the Prophet. The discussion that has taken place
concerning his personality and the books written on this subject by
Shi’ites, Sunnis and members of other religious bodies, are hardly
equaled in the case of any other personality in history. In science and
knowledge, ‘Ali was the most learned of the companions of the
Prophet, and of Muslims in general. In his learned discourses he was
the first in Islam to open the door for logical demonstration and proof
and to discuss the divine sciences” or metaphysics (ma ‘arif-i
ilahiyah). He spoke concerning the esoteric aspect of the Qur'an and
devised Arabic grammar in order to preserve the Qur’n’s form of
expression. He was the most eloquent Arab in speech. The Prophet
Muhammad (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:“I am
the city of knowledge and ‘Ali is its gate”.
‘Ali was also without equal in religious asceticism and the worship of
God.In answer to some who had complained of ‘Ali’s anger toward
them, the Prophet said, “Do not reproach ‘Ali for he is in a state of
Divine ecstasy and bewilderment.” Abu Darda’, a companion of the
Prophet, one day saw the body of ‘Ali in one of the palm plantations
of Medina lying on the ground as stiff as wood. He went to ‘Ali’s
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house to inform his noble wife, the daughter of the Prophet, and to
express his condolences. The daughter of the prophet said, “My
cousin (A1i) has not died. Rather, in fear of God he has fainted. ‘This
condition overcomes him often.”
There are many stories told of ‘Ali’s kindness to the lowly,
compassion for the needy and the poor, and generosity and
munificence towards those in misery and poverty. ‘Ali spent all that
he earned to help the poor and the needy, and himselflived in the strict
and simple manner. ‘Ali loved agriculture and spent much of his time
digging wells, planting trees and cultivating fields. But all the fields
that he cultivated and wells that he built he gave in endowment
(waqf) to the poor. His endowments, known as the alms of ‘Ali,” had
the noteworthy income of twenty-four thousand gold dinars towards
the end of his life.
Vocabulary:
Testimony: a formal statement saying that something is true,
especially one a witness makes in a court of law.
Foe: an enemy. Iran’s friends and foes.
Alike: very similar. My mother and I are alike in many ways.
Shortcomings: a fault or weakness that makes someone or something
less successful or effective than they should be.
Perfection: the state of being perfect.
My father expected perfection from allof us.
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Virtues: moral goodness of character and behavior.
Upbringing: the way that your parents care for you and teach you to
behave when you are growing up.
Discussion: when you discuss something.
The topics suggested for discussion.
Concerning: about or relating to.
Discourses: to make a long formal speech about something or to
discuss something seriously.
Demonstration: an act of explaining and showing how to do
something or how something works.
Proof: facts, information, documents etc that prove something is true.
Esoteric: known and understood by only a few people who have
special knowledge about something.
Aspect: the appearance of someone or something.
Devised: to plan or invent a new way of doing something.
He devised a method for quicker communication between offices.
Preserve: to save something or someone from being harmed or
destroyed.
Eloquent: able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a
way that influences people.
Asceticism: living without any physical pleasures or comforts,
especially for religious reasons.
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An ascetic life.
Descendants: someone who is related to a person who lived a long
time ago, or to a family, group of people etc that existed in the past. =
ancestor.
Complain: to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy
about something or someone.
Reproach: to blame or criticize someone in a way that shows you are
disappointed at what they have done.
Ecstasy: a feeling of extreme happiness.
She was in an ecstasy of love.
Bewilderment: a feeling of being very confused. = confusion.
Palm: a tropical tree which grows near beaches or in desert, with a
long straight trunk and large pointed leaves at the top.
Plantations: a large area of land in a hot country, where crops such as
tea, cotton, and sugar are grown.
Lie: to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor, on a
bed etc.
Noble: morally good or generous in a way that is admired.
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Condolences: sympathy for someone who has had something bad
happen to them, especially when someone has died.
A letter of condolences.
Fainted: to suddenly become unconscious for a short time. = pass out.
Compassion: a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is
suffering, and a desire to help them.
Overcome: to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents
you from achieving something.
Generosity: a generous attitude, or generous behavior.
Munificence: very generous.
Misery: great suffering that is caused for example by being very poor
or very sick.
Poverty: the situation or experience of being poor.
Millions of elderly people live in poverty.
Strict: obeying all the rules of a religion or set of principles.
Cultivate: to prepare and use land for growing crops and plants.
The land was too rocky to cultivate.
Dig: to move earth, snow etc, or to make a hole in the ground.
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Endowment: a sum of money given to a college, hospital etc to
provide it with an income, or the act of giving this money.
Alms: money, food etc given to poor people in the past.
Noteworthy: important or interesting enough to deserve your
attention.
A noteworthy achievement.
Reading 10: The totality of Islam
Islam is not a religion in the common distort meaning of the world,
confining itself to the private life of man. It is a complete way of life,
dealing with all fields of human existence. Islam provides guidance
for all walks of life – individual and social, economic and political,
legal and cultural, material and moral, national and international. This
is the most important characteristic of this faith. Because of this
characteristic, Islam cannot be compared with any of the other
religions in the world.
Islam is not merely a way of worship. It is a total and unified way of
life, both spiritual and secular. Islam is the most complete and unique
faith presented by Prophet Mohammad (May peace be upon him and
his descendants)
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Vocabulary
Totality: the whole of something.
Distort: to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so
that it is strange or unclear.
Confine: to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a
prison.
Characteristic: a quality or feature of something or someone that is
typical of them and easy to recognize.
Faith: belief and trust in God.
My faith in God.
Merely: only = just
Worship: to show respect and love for a god, especially by praying in
a religious building.
They all worship the same God.
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Reading 11: The Primary and the Secondary Principles of
Islam
a. The Primary
According to the Shia faith the religious doctrines of Islam are
categorized into two main classes:
A-The "Usool-i-ddeen" [Basic Article of Faith] meaning the roots or
the Fundamental Principles of the Religion.
B-The "Foroo-i-ddeen" [Branches of the Religion] meaning the
offshoots or the secondary principles of the faith.
The following are the fundamental principles or the roots of the Shia
dotrine:
1-"Tawheed" meaning the Divine Unity of Allah.
2-"Nobuwwah" [Prophecy] meaning the "Apostleship" which refers
to the designation of 124000 Apostles by Allah, the last of whom is
prophet Mohammad.
3-"Maad" meaning resurrection which refers to the belief in the Day
of Judgment when all the dead will be restored to life to face Divine
Judgment.
4-"Adl" meaning the Divine Justice wielded by Allah.
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5-"Imamah" [Spiritual Leadership] meaning Divine Guidance
bestowed by Allah through the Prophet's true successor – the Imams.
b. The secondary principles or the offshoots are ten:
1-"Salat" or the daily ritual prayers.
2-"Sawm" or fasting which is performed during the lunar month of
Ramadhan.
3-"Haj" or the pilgrimage to the holy shrine of Mecca called Kaaba.
4-"Zakat" meaning the annual tax levied upon domestic animals
(camels, sheep and goats), gold and silver savings. It is not based on
the total assets of a person.
5-"Khoms" the quintet tax or the 20 percents annual tax on one's
additional income.
6-"Jihad" meaning fighting or struggling for the enhancement of the
cause.
7-"Amr Bi Maaroof" [enjoining what is good] which means
preaching others to act in accordance with Allah's ordinances, and to
walk in the path of Allah.
8-"Nahy az Munkar"[forbidding what is evil] meaning giving
warning to those who tend to do evil things.
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9- "Tavalla" meaning befriending the true followers of Allah.
10"Tabarra" which means being at enmity with the enemies of Allah.
These, in brief, are the primary and the secondary principles of the
Shia doctrine. He who does not believe in the first three primary
principles is not considered a Moslem. He who believes in those three
but not in the fourth and the fifth primary principles is not a Shia.
Vocabulary:
Primary: most important. = main
Principle: a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that
influences how you behave.
Doctrine: a set of beliefs that form an important part of a religion or
system of ideas.
Marxism doctrine.
Fundamental: very necessary and important.
Offshoots: a new stem or branch on a plant.
Resurrection: a situation in which something old or forgotten returns
or becomes important again.
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Wielded: to have a lot of power or influence, and to use it.
Bestowed: to give someone something of great value or important.
Ritual: a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order
to mark an important religious or social occasion.
Lunar: relating to the Moon or to travel to the Moon.
Pilgrimage: a journey to a holy place for religious reasons.
Levy: to officially say that people must pay a tax or change.
Enhancement: to improve something.
Preaching: to talk about how good or important something is and try
to persuade other people about this.
Reading 12: Traditions
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Imam Sadiq(May peace be upon him) said: "The one who loves
for Allah, hates for Allah, and donates (things) for Allah, thus the
one is of those whose Faith is complete."
Imam Hassan –al-Askari, (May peace be upon him)said: "There
are no qualities above these two: Faith in Allah and being
beneficial to Muslims."
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The holy prophet (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:
"The most (important) things that cause people to reach Heaven are
divine piety and a good temper."
The holy prophet (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:
Honor your children and train them well, you will be forgiven by him.
Imam Amir-ol- Mo'mineen Ali (peace be upon him) said:" The right
of a child upon his father is that he should give him a nice appellation,
train him well and teach him the Qur'an (with its rules)."
The holy prophet (May peace be upon him and his descendants) said:
Have your children to learn swimming and shooting.
Imam Sadiq( peace be upon him) said: The best deeds are: Punctual
Prayers, kindness to parents, and contributing to the Holy War
(against the pagans) in the path of Allah.
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Reading 13: Is Iran intending to occupy other countries?
This is one of the poisonous propaganda which is made by America.
We do not want to invade other countries because the nature of
Islamic Revolution isanti-oppressive and anti-exploitative.
If it’s so, then what do you mean by "Exporting the Revolution"?
Exporting the Revolution means awakening the Muslim countries and
making them aware of their destiny, know their friends and their
enemies, it doesn’t mean fighting with anyone and we are not
expansionist.
If we introduce Islam to the world as it is, we have export edit.
When different nations get to know and understand Islam, they will
naturally turn to it. Because there is a relationship between Islam and
human nature.
Vocabulary
Invade: to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order
to take control of it.
The Romans invaded Britain 2000 years ago.
Poisonous: containing poison or producing poison.
Propaganda: information which is false or which emphasizes one just
part of a situation, used by a government or political group to make
people agree with them.
Occupy: control by force, to enter a place in a large group and keep
control of it, especially by military force. = invade.
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An occupying army.
Submit: to agree to obey someone or something or to go through a
process, especially when you have no choice.
Submission: the state of being completely controlled by a person or
group, and accepting that you have to obey them.
Humiliate: to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially when
other people are present. = embarrass.
Co-exist: if two different things co-exist, they exist at the same time or
in the same place.
Reading 14: What is the Muslims duty against the criminal
actions of the U.S?
All independent and justice-seeking countries of the world, specially
the Islamic and Arab states must take practical measures against the
United States barbaric action.
The Islamic world is responsible for taking a serious and fundamental
step.
They should impose an all-out economic political sanctions upon the
U.S.
Muslim countries’ silence vis-a-vis the criminal actions of the U.S.
would undoubtedly merely serve to encourage it to continue its raids.
It is clear that the policies of America and other Western countries are
based on terrorism, massacre and plundering of other nations.
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Therefore, only the adoption of a firm stance and taking the practical
measures against them, like an oil embargo would affect future policy
of such aggressors.
Vocabulary:
Justice: the system by which people are judged in courts of law and
criminals are punished.
Acts of terrorism must not escape justice.
Seek: to try to achieve or get something.
Fundamental: very necessary and important.
All-out: done in a very determined way, and involving a lot of energy
or anger.
Silence: complete absence of sound or noise. = quiet
Vis- a -Vis: in relation to or in comparison with something or
someone.
The bargaining position of the UK vis-à-vis the rest of Europe.
Firm: a business or company, especially a small one.
Reading 15: The exile of Imam Khomeini to Turkey
What was the cause of the exile of Imam Khomeini to Turkey?
It was because of his protest against a bill in the Majles(assembly)
thatproposed political immunity for American advisors in Iran.
According to that bill every U.S. citizen in Iran was exempt from any
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prosecution in any Iranian court regardless of what crime they might
have committed.
They supposedly were to be prosecuted in U.S. courts!
What did the Imam say against America in his speech?
Imam Khomeini declared that the president of America was the person
most hated by the people of Iran.
He warned the heads of the Islamic countries that Islam was
endangered and that the superpowers intended to achieve their goals in
the region by destroying Islam and the influence of the clergy.
Vocabulary
Exile: to force someone to leave their country, especially for political
reasons.
The exiled former president.
Declare: to state officially and publicly that a particular situation
exists or that something is true.
The court declared that Brown's case should be reviewed.
Because: used when you are giving the reason for something.
Bill: a written proposal for a new law, that is brought to a parliament
so that it can be discussed.
Propose: to suggest something as a plan or course of action.
In his speech he proposed that the UN should set up an emergency
center for the environment.
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Immunity: the state or right of being protected from particular laws or
from unpleasant things.
Parliamentary immunity.
Advisor: someone whose job is to give advice because they know a lot
about a subject, especially in business, law or politics.
A financial adviser.
Exempt: to give someone permission not to do or pay something.
Children are exempt from the charge.
Suppose: used to say you think something is true, although you are
uncertain about it. = I guess
I suppose you are right.
Warn: to tell someone that something bad or dangerous may happen,
so that they can avoid it or prevent it.
Be careful, the rocks are slippery, 'Alex warned'.
Travelers to Africa are being warned about the danger of HIV
infection.
Hate: to dislike something very much.
He hates his job.
He hates his wife. = He can't stand his wife.
Head: a leader or person in charge of a group or organization.
You should discuss the matter with your head of department.
Endanger: to put someone or something in danger of being hurt,
damaged, or destroyed.
Smoking during pregnancy endangers your baby's life.
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Intend: to have something in your mind as a plan or purpose.
I intend to spend the night there.
Achieve: to successfully complete something or get a good result,
especially by working hard.
Ali achieved very good exam results.
Region: a large area of a country or of the world, usually without
exact limits. = area.
Reading 16: What are the duties of the Guardian Council of the
Constitution?
Some of their duties are:
1. Supervision of the acts of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
2. Interpretation of the Constitution.
3. Supervision of Presidential elections and the elections of the
deputies to the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
4. approval of the competence of the Presidential candidates.
How many persons are they and what qualifications do they
have?
The Guardian Council of the Constitution is compose of ?
1. Six jurisprudents who are well versed in Islamic
jurisprudence and who are aware of the virtues and needs
of the time. The appointment of such persons is the
responsibility of the Leader.
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2. Six lawyers who are qualified in various branches of law
from among Muslim jurists, they are introduced to the
Assembly by the Chief of the Supreme Court and their
nomination must be approved by the Assembly.
Vocabulary
Supervise: to be in charge of an activity or person.
Supervision: when you supervise someone or something.
Act: one thing that you do. The new president's first act
should be to end the car.
Consultative: providing advice and suggesting solutions
to problems. A consultative document.
Interpret: to translate spoken words from one language
into another.
Presidential: relating to a president.
Approve: to officially accept a plan, proposal etc.
Approval: when a plan, decision, or person is officially
accepted.
Qualification: if you have a qualification, you have passed
an examination or course to show you have a particular
level of skill or knowledge in a subject.
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Compose: to be formed from a number of substance, parts,
or people.
Verse: a set of lines that forms one part of a song, poem, or
a book such as the Bible or the Quran.
Versed: to know a lot about a subject, method etc.
Aware: understanding a lot about what is happening
around you and paying attention to it.
Appointment: an arrangement for a meeting at an agreed
time and place, for particular purpose.
Qualify: to have the right to have or do something, or to
give someone this right.
Branch: one part of a large subject of study or knowledge.
Jurist: someone who has a very detailed knowledge of
law.
Nomination: the act of officially suggesting someone or
something for a position, duty, or prize, or the fact of being
suggested for it.
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Reading 17: After Prophet’s migration to Madinah, the Prophet
(SA.)laid the foundation of the Islamic state and enacted the pact
of brotherhood between the Muhajireen (migratory) and the
Ansar (those living in Madinah).
He signed treaties of peace with the leaders of different
Jewishtribes and made peace between them and various Muslim
tribes.
He sent his representatives as governors and judges top laces that
had come under the banner of Islam.
He made war against the non-believers and those who broke the
peace treaties.
Historian have reported over seventy wars took place in his
lifetime.
In some wars He took part and led the Muslims Himself and in
some, His representative did so.
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Migration: when large numbers of people go to live in another
area or country, especially in order to find work.
Lay: to put someone or something down carefully into a flat
position.
Foundation: a basic idea, principle, situation etc that something
develops from.
Enact: to make a proposal into a law.
Pact: a formal agreement between two groups, countries, or
people, specially to help each other or to stop fighting = treaty.
Brotherhood: the relationship between brothers.
Treaty: a formal written agreement between two or more
countries or government.
Banner: a flag
Report: a written or spoken description of a situation or event,
giving people the information they need.
Ordinary: average, common, or usual, not different or special.
It's just about ordinary people.
Epicenter: the place on surface of the Earth that right above the
point where an Earthquake begins inside the Earth.
Confer: to discuss something with other people, so that everyone
can
Express their opinions and decide on something.
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Emergence: when someone or something comes out of a difficult
experience.
Reading 18: Is Islam a religion of the sword?
Some people believe that Islam is a religion of the sword, do
you agree with it?
Well, the Islamic jihad or the holy war of Islam is one of the
points that the world of Christianity, in its own view, considers to
be a weak point of Islam.
It says that war is totally bad and peace is good, and any religion
that is divinely founded must advocate peace which is a good
thing, and not advocate war which is a bad thing.
We also agree that peace is good and war is bad. But what about
submission, humiliation and misery? Are these also good?
If one power is faced with another power and both advocate
peace, both of them desire, in today’s term, to live in peaceful co-
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existence and both of them willing to live in peace with
reciprocal rights and mutual respect, then it is called peace and is
good and essential.
There is a time, however, when one group is the aggressor. For
example, while you are passing a desert, an armed bandit attacks
you suddenly and ordered you to "get off your car quickly, raise
your hand and give him anything you have." Do you submit
yourself and say to him: "I am an advocate of peace and opposed
to war completely, I'll accept anything you order"?
This is not advocate of peace. This is the acceptance of
humiliation. Islam never gives permission to be humiliated, while
at the same time it strongly advocates peace.
That which is bad is aggression. But all war on all sides, is not
always aggression.
War can be aggressive and it can also be a reply to aggression,
for sometimes the reply to aggression must be given by force.
Any religion, if it is a complete religion, must have thought about
what it will do on that day when it is faced with aggression, or,
let us suppose, it is not itself faced with aggression but another
people are.
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It is for such a day that religion must have a law of war, a law of
Jihad.
Vocabulary:
Misery: great suffering that is caused for example by being very
poor or very sick.
The miseries of war.
Enact: to make a proposal into a law.
Believe: to be sure that something is true or that someone is
telling the truth.
I believe him, even though his story sounded unlikely.
I don't believe a word of it. ( = I think it is completely untrue)
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Agree: to have or express the same opinion about something as
someone else.
Disagree: to have or express a different opinion from someone
else.
Christianity: the religion based on the life and beliefs of Jesus
Christ.
Christian: a person who believes in the ideas taught by Jesus
Christ.
Advocate: to publicly support a particular way of doing
something.
Submit: to agree to obey someone or something or to go through
a process, especially when you have no choice.
Submission: the state of being completely controlled by a person
or group, and accepting that you have to obey them.
Humiliate: to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially
when other people are present. = embarrass.
Co-exist: if two different things coexist, they exist at the same
time or in the same place.
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Active and Passive Verb Forms
Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have
"active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize
the difference to successfully speak English.
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the
sentence andthe thing receiving the action is the object. Most
sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Passive Form
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In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject
of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally
included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive
form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more
important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive
form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not
want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing
doing action]
Active and Passive forms
Active Passive
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Simple
Present
Once a week, Tom
cleans the house.
Once a week, the house is
cleaned by Tom.
Present
Continuous
Right now, Sarah is
writing the letter.
Right now, the letter is
being written by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by
Sam.
Past
Continuous
The salesman was
helping the customer
when the thief came into
the store.
The customer was being
helped by the salesman
when the thief came into
the store.
Present
Perfect
Many tourists have
visited that castle.
That castle has been
visited by many tourists.
Present
Perfect
Continuous
Recently, John has been
doing the work.
Recently, the work has
been being done by John.
Past Perfect George had repaired
many cars before he
received his mechanic's
license.
Many cars had been
repaired by George before
he received his mechanic's
license.
Past Perfect
Continuous
Chef Jones had been
preparing the
restaurant's fantastic
dinners for two years
before he moved to Paris.
The restaurant's fantastic
dinners had been being
prepared by Chef Jones
for two years before he
moved to Paris.
Simple
Future
WILL
Someone will finish the
work by 5:00 PM.
The work will be finished
by 5:00 PM.
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Simple
Future
BE GOING TO
Zienab is going to make
a beautiful dinner
tonight.
A beautiful dinner is going
to be made by Zienab
tonight.
Future
Continuous
WILL
At 8:00 PM tonight, John
will be washing the
dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the
dishes will be being
washed by John.
Future
Continuous
BE GOING TO
At 8:00 PM tonight, John
is going to be washing the dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the
dishes are going to be
being washed by John.
Future
Perfect
WILL
They will have
completed the project
before the deadline.
The project will have been
completed before the
deadline.
Future
Perfect
BE GOING TO
They are going to have
completed the project
before the deadline.
The project is going to
have been completed before the deadline.
Future
Perfect
Continuous
WILL
The famous artist will
have been painting the
mural for over six
months by the time it is
finished.
The mural will have been
being painted by the
famous artist for over six
months by the time it is
finished.
Future
Perfect
Continuous
BE GOING TO
The famous artist is
going to have been
painting the mural for
over six months by the
time it is finished.
The mural is going to
have been being painted by the famous artist for
over six months by the
time it is finished.
Used to Jerry used to pay the
bills.
The bills used to be paid
by Jerry.
Would My mother would The pies would always be
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Always always make the pies. made by my mother.
Future in the
Past
WOULD
I knew John would
finish the work by 5:00
PM.
I knew the work would be
finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the
Past
WAS GOING
TO
I thought Sally was
going to make a
beautiful dinner tonight.
I thought a beautiful dinner
was going to be made by
Sally tonight.
Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or
If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main
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clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in
the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of
Conditional Sentences:
Conditional Sentence Type 1(First Conditional: real possibility)
It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present +will + infinitive
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a
particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of
this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will
happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan
to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the
sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?
If condition result
present simple will + base verb
If it rains I will stay at home.
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Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the
present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition.
We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result.
The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a
real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some
more examples:
If condition Result
present simple will + base verb
If I see Mary I will tell her.
If Tara is free tomorrow he will invite her.
If they do not pass their exam their teacher will be sad.
If it rains tomorrow will you stay at home?
If it rains tomorrow what will you do?
result If Condition
will + base verb present simple
I will tell Mary if I see her.
He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam.
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Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow?
What will you do if it rains tomorrow?
Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead of will, for
example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.
Conditional Sentence Type 2 (Second Conditional: unreal
possibility or dream)
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Form: if +Simple Past, + would + Infinitive
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still
thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular
condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there
is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For
example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win?
No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery
ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future,
like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.
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If condition result
past simple would + base verb
If I won the lottery I would buy a car.
Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the
past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use
WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The
important thing about the second conditional is that there is an
unreal possibility that the condition will happen.
Here are some more examples:
If condition Result
past simple would + base verb
If I married Mary I would be happy.
If Ram became rich she would marry him.
If it snowed next July would you be surprised?
If it snowed next July what would you do?
result If Condition
would + base verb past simple
I would be happy if I married Mary.
She would marry Ram if he became rich.
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Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?
What would you do if it snowed next July?
Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead ofwould, for
example:
If I won a million dollars, I could stop working
Conditional Sentence Type 3 (Third Conditional: no possibility)
It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it
refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an
invitation.
The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the
future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk
about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why
there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is
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also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming
true.
condition Result
Past Perfect Would have + Past Participle
If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.
Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition.
You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and
that particular condition can never be true because it is finished.
We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past
condition. We use Would have + past participle to talk about the
impossible past result. The important thing about the third
conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible
now.
Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have
instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery
ticket, you might have won.
Look at some more examples in the tables below:
If condition Result
past perfect Would have + past participle
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If I had seen Mary I would have told her.
If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam their teacher would have been sad.
If it had rained yesterday would you have stayed at home?
If it had rained yesterday what would you have done?
result If condition
Would have + past participle past perfect
I would have told Mary if I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?
Zero Conditional: certainty
We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the
condition is always true, like a scientific fact.
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Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What
happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be
surprised if it did not.
If condition result
present simple present simple
If you heat ice it melts.
Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for
this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty.
We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the
present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the present
simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present
simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about
the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same
result.
We can also use when instead of if, for example: When I get up
late I miss my bus.
Look at some more examples in the tables below:
If condition Result
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present simple present simple
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.
If I am late for work my boss gets angry.
If people don't eat they get hungry.
If you heat ice does it melt?
result If Condition
present simple present simple
I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry if I am late for work.
People get hungry if they don't eat.
Does ice melt if you heat it?
Would
State preferences with would rather / would rather not and the
base form of a verb.
I would rather rent a movie than go to the theater.
He would rather not see a comedy tonight.
I would rather have my breakfast outside than inside.
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We would rather eat fish tonight than meat.
I would rather smoke indoors than outdoors.
I would rather you smoke outdoors than indoors.
I would rather you not smoke here.
We would rather have our coffee before than after our dessert.
Question forms
Would you rather see Star War or Friday?
Which would they rather see – a comedy or a drama?
Would you like to rent a movie? Actually, we would rather not.
We are too busy.
Would you
Would you is more common and is often considered more polite
Would you pass the salt please? = do you want to do this please?
Polite requests with would you mind
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Would you mind if I is followed by the simple past
Asking permission
Would you mind if I closed the window? = May I close the
window? Is it all right if I close the window? Will it cause you
any trouble or discomfort if I close the window?
Asking someone to do something
Would you mind closing the window? = I don’t want to cause
you any problem, but would you please close the window?
Using would to express a repeated action in the past. Would
can be used to express an action that was repeated this idea, it
has the same meaning as used to.
When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night
before bedtime. = when I was a child, my father used to read me
a story at night before bedtime.
When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.
When he was young, he would always do his homework.
When I was a kid, I wouldn't go into the water by myself.
When he got older, he would never do his homework.
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I would hide my smoking habit whenever somebody asked.
Sometimes the condition is "understood" and there does not
have to be an "if" clause:
Someone who liked John would probably love John's father. (If
someone liked John they would probably love John's father.)
You'd never know it. (for example: If you met him you would
never know that he was rich.)
Why don't you invite Mary? I'm sure she'd come.
Offering and inviting
To offer or to invite, we use would you like………….? (not Do
you like)
Would you like a cup of coffee? ‘Yes, please.’
Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening? ‘I’d love
to.’
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I’d like ……………is a polite way of saying what you want:
(at a tourist information office) I’d like some information about
hotels, please.
(in a shop) I’d like to try on this jacket, please.
would
PAST OF "WILL
I said I would help you.
He told me he would be here before 8:00.
I said I wouldn't help you.
He told me he would not be here before 8:00.
We often use would to express the so-called second and third
conditionals:
CONDITIONAL
1. If I were president, I would cut the cost of education.
2. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education.
3. If I were elected president next year, I would cut the cost of
education.
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4. If I were president, I would not raise taxes.
5. If I had been president, I would not have raised taxes.
6. If I were president, I would not sign the tax increase next wee
7. If he lost his job he would have no money.
8. If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.
9. I wouldn't eat that if I were you.
10. If I were in your place I'd refuse.
11. If you asked me I would say you should go.
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The sources
1- Essential Grammar in Use
2- English Grammar in Use
3- Interchange (Intro)
4- Interchange (number one)
5- Interchange (number two)
6- Interchange (number three)
7- Longman Dictionary
8- Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary
9- In contact (number one)
10- Introductory English Texts Reza Daneshvari, M.A
11- A text book for students of theology and Islamic sciences
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12- A text book for students of theology and Islamic sciences
2600