O.A.S. Tour: Belize And Beyond David Hunt 5Beyond Expectations Sylvia Dixon 7Belize &. Beyond, Part 2 Linda Wilding 8

Desperately Seeking Siouans: The Distributionof Sandy Lake Ware Grace Rajnovich 9

O.A.S. Toronto Chapter - Members' NightTalks Annie Gould 17

MICHIPICOTEN AREA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYK.C.A.Dawson 20

newsletter publ ished byThe Ontario Archaeological Society

I~C.126 Willowdale Avenue. Willowdale. Ontario. M2N 4Y2

ARCH NOTESPublished six times per annum by

THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICALSOCIETY126 Willowdale Avenue, Willowdale

Ontario M2N 4Y2

Second Class Mail RegistrationNumber 7009

Return Postage Guaranteed

I would like to continue to be alifetime member of the O.A.S., albeita distant one, and. would hope thatyou will be able to forward the backissues of the O.A.S. newsletter and.journal that I have missed.

I am currently residing and. teachingin Cando, Saskatchewan, and.thoroughly enjoying the experience.

Enclosed is a cheque for $32.00. Ihope that you, either singly or bycoomittee, use this money to buy ayear's membership in the O.A.S., and.use it as an alolard by the O.A.S. tothe best student paper that is eitherpublished in the O.A.S. journal ordeli vered at the annual meeting.

I hope this will not be an extraburden on you. All the best to themembership.

Morris Brizinski, PrincipalCando Central School, P.O. Box250, Cando , Sask. SOKOVO

(Editor's Note: It is good to hearfrom Life MemberMorris Brizinskiafter being out of touch for a while.His generous offer will be presentedto the Executive Coomittee at itsnext meeting.)

*****ARCH NOTESis published with the assistance of

the Ontario Governmentthrough

the MINISTRY ofCULTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS

* * * * *

A special exhibitionon London's First Settlers •••

'mEEASTERN'-I«X)])LAND

PIDPLE

featuringNative-Inspired Children's Artwork

at theMuseum of Indian Archaeology (London)

1600 Attawandaron Road(off Wonderland. Rd.)1988 May 12 - June 19

Produced by:The Museum of Indian Archaeology

(London)and

The Board of Education for theCity of London

We're back! As I write this all of the51 particIpants of Belize & Beyond areback safely. Overall, I would judgethe trip to have been a great success.True, there were some unforeseensnaQ;s such as the items of luggagewhich made additional stops in EISalvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica andPanama before being reunited withtheir owners. We fully expected themto be riddled with bullet holes orsomething but they generally arrivedin one piece. We also had the addedwrinkle of having Aeromexico go bellyup while we were down there.Eastern Airlines, one of our othercarriers, became embroiled in FAAinvestigations for safety violations andhad so many planes out of commissionthat we were delayed in departing.These developments did nothing toallay the fears of those among thegroup who were nervous flyers.Enough about air travel. Groundtransportation amounted to trustybuses and relatively good roads exceptfor Guatemala where avoiding foragingpigs and wicked speed bumps andnegotiating very narrow bridges keptlife interesting.

Accommodations varied considerablyfrom the lofty heights of Club MedVillas Arqueologicas complete withpool overhung by bowers ofbougainvillaea to· the very pedestrianHotel Baron where guests watchedcaravans of trucks loaded to thegunwales with sugar cane trundle theirnoisy way down to the sugar mill andrattle their way back again empty.

The botany and birding were fabulous.Trees full of toucans and the brilliantturquoise browed mot-mot (l jest notl.We even worked in an unscheduledstop at the Belize Zoo where we saw,among others, spider monkeys, jaguars,and a tapir blowing bubbles in awashtub full of water. Ah, but thearchaeology!

Imagine a motor boat trip up thewinding New River in Belize. Thebanks were covered in lush Junglefoliage sometimes completelyoverhanging the river channel. At theend of this hour-long journey weemerged at a lagoon where thefabulous site of Lamanai is situated.We crossed another river by a hand-operated ferry and headed up a steeproad to reach the ridge-top site ofXunantunich. In several places wewere the only people on the wholesite such as at Altun Ha where thegroup photo was taken. Chichen Itza,Tulum and Coba were all fascinatingbut got very crowded as milling hordesof largely uninterested touristsdescended upon them. We saw asound and light show at Chichen Itzaand trekked a total of six milesaround the huge site of Coba in theintense heat. But for my moneynothing equalled the stunning beautyof Tikal. To see Pyramid 1 in thelate evening as the last rays ofsunlight warm the limestone with arich golden glow is unforgettable. Weeven made it to the top of the tallestbuilding, Pyramid 4, at 212 feet high.The view from the top is spectacularwith the lumps of yet-uncoveredbuildings and the roof combs oftemples sticking up above the jungletree tops as far as the eye can see."Belize and Beyond" will go down inthe history of the O.A.S. as one ofour most fascinating and rewardingtrips to date. Where to next? Sendus your suggestions and meanwhile,good digging in Ontario this summer!

* * * * *ARCH NOTES

The views expressed in thispublication do not necessarily

represent the views of theEditor or of the

ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICALSOCIETY* * * * *

"0NT ARlO ARCHAEOLOGISTS ABROAD"UPDATE ON THE 15th ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM

THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC.126 Willowdale Ave., Willowdale, OntarioM2lf 4T2

(416) 730-0797

OCtober22 , 23, 1966 at 20 Grosvenor St., Toronto(Yonge north of College)

The Symposium is shaping up to be a full program of top-notchscholars offering new perspectives on archaeological technique andinterpretation from sites around the globe. Several speakers willdraw analogies from Ontario examples in their presentations.Confirmed speakers so far are: Dr. Gary Crawford, U of T, onOntario &. Japan; Mr. Bill Fox, M.C.C., on Cyprus; Dr. ElizabethHenrickson, R.O.M., on West Asia; Dr. Timothy Kaiser, U of T, onEastern Europe &. Yugoslavia; Dr. David Pendergast, R.O.M., on theMaya/Belize; Dr. Michael Spence, U.W.O., on Teotihuacan/Mexico;Mr. Andrew Stewart, U of California, Santa Barbara, on the Arctic;Dr. Theresa Topic, Trent U., on Peru; and the banquet keynotespeaker will be Dr. T. Cuyler Young, Director of the Royal OntarioMuseum. This should be a first-rate event. Plan to attend nowand mark your calendar!! Keep watching ARCH NOTES for furtherdevelopments.

OAB ADVEN'ruRE TOUR"BELIZE AND BEYOND"

April/May 1988

This OAB field tour focused on majorarchaeological sites in Belize,Guatemala and Mexico. Its popularitywas attested to by the fact that twoseparate consecutive groups ofapproximately 30 individuals eachwere required. In this verydifferent part of the world and withthe expertise of our guides, it wellproved to be an adventure into manyrealities of the present as well asthe past.

Our descent by plane into the cultureand environment of Latin America'sBelize City was suitably accompaniedby a violent thunder and lighteningstorm, which left many of us assuredthat the rainy season had startedearly. The predominant heat (114degrees in the shade at Merida,Mexico) and sunny skies for almostall the remaining trip left no doubtsthat the rains were yet to come.

The tour was wisely scheduled tovisit the more remote areas first andour first encounter of this kind wasat the end of a long bus ride fromBelize into Guatemala to the site ofTikal. This travel experience left avery strong impression of LatinAmerica which set the tone for thefirst week. Its variety of peoplewhich included descendants of blackslaves in Belize, intermixed inGuatemala with Indian, Mayan andSpanish cultures, the ever expansivejungle, Third World poverty andmilitary presence were constantcontrasts to home conditions.

Tikal, more than any other site,provided an impression of Mayangrandeur and achievement. From thetop of its impressive temples (thehighest exceeding 220 feet, good workElla) one could view distant ruinsprotruding from the treed canopy andmany as yet uncleared pinnacles which

formed part of this largest of Mayancities. The narrow jungle pathsbetween temple complexes were a richencounter with exotic plants andanimals, vividly described by ourguide, Rene. The staccato sounds ofcricket !'cicadas", along with thesquawking parrots and eerie growls ofhowler monkeys, all added to thespecial presence of this area. ChrisCaroppo and consort Brian, "birders"extrordinaire, provided addedinsights into the avian population.

After two days in Tikal, we drove tonearby Flores and spent overnight ina stilted lakeside hotel. Thisbeautiful locale provided a warm-upfor the "shoppers", a contact withlocal handicrafts, which resulted ina much reduced retail inventory.

Crossing back into Belize,Xuntantunich was approached by a handoperated ferry. This small siterepresents the central Mayanceremonial centre in Belize, with itsEI Castillo temple of 130 feet, stillthe highest structure in the country.

Belmopan, the official capital ofBelize, housed many Mayan artifactsin a small cluttered room referred toas the "Archaeological Vault". Manysplendid projectile points andceramics were visible, including thereal life "head in a crocodile mouth"figure, a copy of which we were toldwill adorn the Society's 1988Symposium advertisements.

Orange Walk, Belize, accOJIDnodatedusfor the next two nights and served asa base to see Altun Ha and Lamanai.Both these sites were excavated bythe Ra1's Dr. David Pendergast. AtAltun Ha, the guest book showed thatwe were preceded by fellow OABmember, Susan Wurtzberg in March,1988. Remote Lamanai was reached bya magnificent hour long boat ridethrough mangrove swamps, featuringmany close-up turtle and birdsightings. This site has much workyet to be done and is important dueto its continuous occupation for over

Local customs and familiarities wereexchanged back at Orange Walk forthose who sampled the fine Belikinbeer at the Flamingo·Bar. The jovialfriendliness of Arturo, aconstruction truck driver, will notsoon be forgotten, nor hiscomradeship as we were all counted as"borochi tos" , roughly interpreted ashaving a keen liking for the devil'sbrew.

Our first week ended, we saidfarewell to remote Belize and ourguide Rene and started into Mexico'sYucatan peninsula where a new guide,Carlos, directed us through moreaccessible and unfortunately moretourist embellished sites andsurroundings.

The blue lagoon area of Xel Ha andHotel Akumalon white sand beaches ofthe caribbean Coast oriented the tourto the walled coastal city of TulUUIII.This site has a beautiful cliffsidepanorama and is dated towards the endof the Mayanperiod (700 - 1000 A.D.)with strong influences from the nextpredominant group, the Toltecs .Small Tuluum contrasted sharply withCoba which covers a much larger area(500 sq. km.) with long walks betweensi tes • Aching quadriceps and parchedthroats met a kind reception at thesite's pool and bar facilities of theVilla Archaeologicas operated by ClubMed.

Chichen Itza was very polishedcompared to most previous si tes andoffered a wide variety of structuresrepresenting the Mayan and TolteccuI tures . The largest ball court inMesoamerica, the Sacred Cenote welland a complex observatory are amongthe reconstructed ruins which can beviewed from Kukulkan, the massivepyramid which dominates the site.The evening sound and light showoffered a different perspective butwas not impressive.

leisure in Cancun, famed for beaches,bikinis and Club Med atmosphere.With all its refinements, grand scaleand plushness, it was as much ascultural shock as Belize City.Shopping, relaxing and island boatrides were used to soothe tiredbodies. However, many missed thejungle's more natural rhythm, whichseemed closer to our archaeologicalinterests.

At this time, ominous tidings wereconfirmed that Aeromexico haddeclared bankruptcy, in reaction toan employees' strike. This fo=edthe third week extension group tomake the difficult choice ofsalvaging only one of the sixscheduled archaeological si tes, withthe addition of three smaller sites,over a reduced time period.

After a fond farewell banquet, theinitial group divided, with themajority returning home, our faithfulguide Pepe journeying south to Belizeto meet the second contingent fromToronto, and a brave eleven memberthird week extenders, who laughed atbankrupt Mexican airlines, ready fora trip to Merida and Uxmal.

The next afternoon, our laughterturned to thoughts of "Revolution" asthe Air Caribe officials told us thatour agreed-upon plans must be furtherreduced or return connections couldnot be made. This misinfonnationresulted in another night in Cancun,with the next day being back onschedule with a flight to Merida.

The additional sites, Labna, Sayiland Kabah, were visited first.Although much appreciated, they werecontained and small with little timeto explore. Uxmal was much largerand impressive and our guide Josegave a good review of the mainbuildings. We were dazzled by aspectacular Sound and Light Showthatevening.

Meridabetween

offeredsplendid

extreme contrastsboulevards with

stately white mansions and crowdedmarkets, thick with peddlers. TheMuseum of Anthropology, in theprocess of moving, had acquired aunique, barred setting in the form ofan old penitentiary. Shopping wasgood and the food very Mexican(ouch) .

Some individuals suffered fromintestinal maladies; Marjorie'swheelchair debut at Cancun Airportand Estelle's recurrent butuncomplaining bouts deservehonourable mention. Others seemed tooffer a particular magnetism forbiting insects, much thanks to Chrisfor her decoy work. My phobia ofsnakes was jolted by a six footserpent at Lamanai.

However, the good endures, or as afamous Mexican revolutionary was oncereported to say, "A whipped dog is awise dog". The normal and abnormaldetractions of this trip cannotoverride its beauty and majesty.With some adjustments, it is a "mustrepeat" at some future date.

My sincere thanks to all those whohelped arrange this outing and I canonly hope that I will once again havethe opportunity to smell and hear thejungle and watch a twilight behindsilhouetted Mayan temples.

As I return to the whirlwind pace ofthe first week after a holiday,Charlie has requested that I pen somewords before the ARCH NarES deadline.Perhaps I should call upon Hzamna tohelp me.

What can I say that would accuratelyrepresent the feelings and opinionsof twenty-three highlyindividualistic, independent,interesting people? Of a few thingsI'm certain. It was a wonderfultrip, a memorable two weeks, and for

!kl)/JUYl 1088

each, a very personal saga.Everytime we sat with new friends onbus or at table, we shared stories ofother trips, tales of the day, newinsights, or gales of laughter.,Aren't we lucky to have stayed at TheJungle Lodge? After November thatwon't be possible. Tikal's sunsetand the jungle sounds of dusk,especially the howler monkeys, lingerin our minds. Birds were beyondcompare. With fascination we watchedtravel companions thread along junglepaths dappled with sunlight.Belmopan - we were thrilled to viewthose precious works of art displayedon the desk and dismayed to see thevault; all around us lay sad evidenceof a government that is probablyunable to make archaeology much of apriority. The vistas from Lumanaipyramids were breathtaking;adventurous members swam at the dockwhile. submerged crocodiles stayed onthe far side of the lake on the NewRiver. What can be said about OrangeWalk Town, the gateway to GuineaGrass? Only this: May the godsbless those who carried Crown Royaland other liquid mood enhancers allthe way from Toronto airport and thenshared them on Le Barons balcony!There were beautiful sand beaches inCancun but also cuIture shock. Wasthe reggae music at poolside horribleor a nostalgic reminder of teenagersat home? Isla Mujeres ferry ride was

made more intriguing by the localpassengers travelling with theirfamilies and birds in cages.

Rene: "We'd grown accustomed to hisface, his smile, his frown, his ups,(he dido' t have any downs) ", hispatient explanations of things ofNature and the Maya. We felt "letdown" when he left us at the Mexicanborder.

Pepe: He was always there, to sortout problems, hover in thebackground, and be quietly vigilantfor our safety."Belize and Beyond", beyond what?Beyond All of our Expectations I ~

It is impossible to give a detailedaccount of the archaeological sitesand experiences we met with on theOAS-sponsored trip to Belize,Guatemala and Mexico in a few shortparagraphs, so what follows is merelyan overview. The second tour tookplace between April 23rd and May7th,and twenty-three people participatedin the adventure. There were theusual unexpected problems, such as alate departure from Toronto, a lostsui tease, an unexpected and arbitrarydeparture charge to a few of thegroup by TACAAirlines at Miami, acustoms check at Belize airport, andone lost suitcase. However, Iunderstand that the second trip wasrelatively free from the majorproblems that beset the first tour.It appeared to us all that PepeArzac, the tour leader, had thingswell in hand, and when he did have aproblem we rarely heard of it. Wewere all relieved to be able to speakEnglish and drink the water while inBelize, and aside from a couple ofminor illnesses, the only tragedyduring our trip occurred on thesecond day in Belize City where alady in the group was robbed of hergold necklaces while taking a morningstroll.

As I noted above, it is impossible todescribe the magnificence of all thearchaeological sites visited duringthe tour. Tikal, of course, was aspecial event for us all, and ouronly regret is that we did not haveat least one more day to explore thesite. Another special treat was avisit to the Actun Can caves wherethe pottery found dated to 50 yearsafter Tikal was abandoned; muchexploration is still being done onthe cave systems in that part ofGuatemala and our guide Rene had aspecial interest in them. Weheardevery day of new sites beingexcavated while we travelled throughBelize, but of course most were

closed to the public because of thedanger of looting. Other exceptionalhighlights of the trip included thewonderful day at Lamanai, reached bymotorboat, the visit to the vault atthe Insti tute of Archaeology inBelmopan, and the beautifulunderground reservoir near ChichenItza which allowed us to appreciatewhat the Well of Sacrifice at ChichenItza might have been like at the timethe Mayaoccupied the site.

Rene, our guide while in Belize andGuatemala, proved to be a wealth ofinformation about the flora and faunaof the area, in addition to thearchaeological sites. He also becamea good friend and we were all sad tosay goodbye when we entered Mexico.Jorge, our Mexican guide, was alsovery knowledgeable, and very patientwith those of us who constantlywandered off during our site tours.In summary, the trip went very wellwith relatively minor problems alongthe way. The weather was great, hotand sunny though often very humid,and we only had one rainy evening atAkumal. Pepe made every effort toprovide us with comfortableaccommodation and good food, and whenhe did have problems they were dealtwith promptly. All members of thegroup got along well and manygoodfriends were made during the trip.Weall suggested, however, that threedays in Merida at the end of the tripwould have been preferable to thethree days spent in Cancun, but weall managed to enjoy ourselves andget a good tan.

A vote of thanks is in order to Pepeand Charlie for arranging a greatexperience for us all. It wasunfortunate that the stopover wascancelled due to Aeromexico'sbankruptcy, but those who booked thestopover have been advised that theywill be receiving a refund for thatportion of the trip. I look forwardto doing the stopover itinerary at afuture date.

DESPERATELY SEEKING SIOUANS:THE DISTRIBUTION OF SANDY LAKE WARE

by The Participants of theLake Superior Basin Workshop

1988

In March, 46 participants, bothprofessional and avocationalresearchers, met in Kenora, Ontario,for the annual workshop of theArchaeology of the Lake SuperiorBasin and Northern Mid-Continent.Among the topics at the meeting thisyear, held in the Northwestern Regionlaboratory of the Ministry of Cultureand Communications, was Sandy LakeWare and we agreed to plot the knownSandy Lake sites from our variousregions, in an effort to update thedistribution of this prehistoric andearly historic ware.

The accompanying map (Figure 1) isthe result. Sandy Lake Ware of the"Wanikan Culture" (Birk 1977) isfound in three states - Wisconsin,Minnesota and North Dakota - and twoprovinces Manitoba and Ontario.Fifty-three locations are plotted,including two concentrations of sitesin Quetico Provincial park, Ontario,and Voyageur's National Park,Minnesota, bringing the total knownSandy Lake sites to 72. We realizethe map is not comprehensive and wewelcome additions.

Sandy Lake Ware (Figure 2 ) wasdefined in 1964 by Leland Cooper andElden Johnson who named the wareafter Big Sandy Lake (see Sites #45and #46) because that location wascentral to the east-west distributionof the ware, as it was known at thetime (Cooper and Johnson 1964: 479).They noted a concentration of sitesin the headwaters area of theMississippi River. Our map addsanother concentration in the BoundaryWaters area of northern Minnesota andCanada, from Quetico Provincial Parkto southeastern Manitoba (See alsoArthurs 1978).

confined to the southern sites.Michael Michlovic (personalcommunication) estimates the date ofthe Mooney Site (#39 on the map) onthe Red River in Minnesota at 1010±100. The Jamestown Site (#38) inNorth Dakota is dated to A.D.±210(Snortland-Coles and Fox 1985). TheScott Site (#33) at Mud Lake inMinnesota is dated to A.D. 1092±60(Peterson 1986: 15).

Sites in northern Minnesota, northernWisconsin and Canada, where SandyLake Ware is often associated withBlackduck, Clam River and Selkirkwares (Cooper and Johnson 1964;Arthurs 1978), date to the lateprehistoric and early historicperiods, in the 17th century andlater. Sandy Lake Ware is also foundoverlying Blackduck in northernMinnesota and Ontario, making it thelatest pottery in those areas.

It was the informal consensus of thesymposium that the culturalaffiliation of Sandy Lake isAssiniboine. When Louis Hennepinvisited the Minnesota Sioux in thelate 17th Century, he was told thatthe Assiniboine had once been a partof the central Minnesota Siouxpeople, but had split off in the nottoo distant past to become a separategroup. By the time La Verendryereached Lake of the Woods in theearly eighteenth century, theAssiniboine were in the BoundaryWaters area and were in the midst ofmoving westward into Manitoba.

Sandy Lake ceramics are characterizedby thin-walled, globular pots withstraight, thin rims, exterior surfacetreatment of vertical cording orsmoothed exterior, and occasionalinterior or exterior punctates.Decoration is confined to interiorlip notching, although some vesselsshow influence from other wares, suchas Oneota, with trailing or stEffiping.

The Lake Superior Basin Workshop grewout of a very successful symposium inThunder Bay, Ontario, six years ago

IIII MINNESOTAII

FIGURE 1: SANDY LAKE DISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTHERN MID-CONTINENT.

of the Ontario ArchaeologicalSociety. Researchers there agreedthat an annual workshop - show-and-tell fashion - was necessary. Wealso agreed to expand the area ofinterest of the workshop to includeall areas of the Northern Mid-Continent sharing prehistoric andhistoric cultural similarities to theLake Superior region. Since then,workshops have been held each year,alternately in the United States andCanada, with topics chosen by theparticipants.

Additions or comments about the map,and enquiries about the Workshop ofthe Archaeology of Lake SuperiorBasin and Northern Mid-Continent canbe addressed to the 1989 coordinator:Gordon Peters, Superior NationalForest, Federal Building, Box 338,Duluth, Minnesota 55801: or to the1988 coordinator: Grace Rajnovich,Heritage Branch, Ministry of Cultureand Communications, Box 2880, Kenora,Ontario P9N 3X8.

Arthurs, David1978 Sandy Lake Ware in North-

western Ontario: ADistributional Study.Manitoba ArchaeologicalQuarterly 2(1-2): 57-64.

Birk, Douglas1977 The Norway Lake Site: A

Multicomponent WoodlandComplex in North CentralMinnesota. The MinnesotaArchaeologist 36(1): 16-45.

Cooper, Leland R. and Elden Johnson1964 Sandy Lake Ware and its

distribution. AmericanAntiquity 29 (4): 474-479.

Michlovic, Michael1985 The Problem of Teton

Migration. Reprints inAnthropology 31:131-145.

Peterson, Lynelle1986 An attribute Analysis of

Sandy Lake Ware from NormanCounty and North Central

Minnesota. Master's thesis,University of Nebraska.

Snortland-Coles, S. and G. Fox1985 The Jamestown Mound Project.

Manuscript on file, NorthDakota Historical Society.

Sandy Lake Vessels(from Birk 1977)

glLaee. lLajnov.<.eh

THE SITESSITE NAME LCCATION1. Ballynacree Winnipeg River

DkKp-8 Kenora, Ont

2. Jeffrey Lake of the Woods,DkKr-3 Ont

3. Mud Portage Lake of the Woods,DkKr-4 Ont

4. Dungarvan Lake of the Woods,DjKq-11 Ont

5. Ash Rapids East Lake of the Woods,DjKq-4 Ont

6. Spruce Point Lake of the Woods,DjKq-1 Ont

7. Mahon Lake of the Woods,DkKp-6 Ont

8. Rushing River Fark Rushing River, OntDkKn-1

9. MacKenzie IslandDdKf-4

10. Lady RapidsDcKc-1

11. Big Rice09-09-034

12. Fickle

13. Lehmann

Big Rice Lake,St. Louis Co., Minn.Clam Lake,Burnett Co., Wise.Rainy River,Roddick Twp., Ont

15. Tulabi Falls Bird River, Man.EcKt-15

16. Wanipigow Wanipigow Lake, Man.EgKx-1

17. Lockport Lockport, Man.EaLf-1

DATES

AD1660±95AD1650±45

18. Morty Bayfield, Wise. AD1685±5347AS47

19. Voyageurs Nat'l International Falls,Fark Minn.

8 sites20. Quetico Fark Quetico Provincial Fark,

R.C. Dailey material Ontat Canadian MusetDD

21. Potato Island Birch Lake, Ontone rim

Paddy ReidGrace

RajnovichReid,RajnovichReid

Reid,RajnovichReid,RajnovichVirginia

PetchRajnovich

Reid,RajnovichPeter

NieuwhofRajnovich

RichardCallaghan

Gordon Peters

EdOerichbauer

Doug CraineBill

MorgensternMinnesotaState-widesurvey 1981Brian LeniusDavid OlinykStan Saylor

Dave Hems,Tony Buchner

etc.Bob Salzer

WrightPolly Koezur

22. Onigum Point21CA138

23. Kathio24. DfJo-6

25. DcJv-1, DeJs-2DaJu-2, DdJx-1DaJu-3, DfJx-4DbJx-1, DbJv-1DdJt-1, DdJu-2DbJx-2, DbJu-8DhJc-1

26. DfJf-127. Interstate Park

21CH3528. 21f'D2129. 2lDL48

30. 21NR0931. Steamboat

21CA2732. Creech

21CA1433. Scott

21CAOI34. Falcon Lake35. Long Sault

DdKm-136. Houska Point

37. Herberg21CE28

38. Jamestown

39. Mooney40. Triangle Island

21KA2941. Osufsen Mound42. White Oak Point43. Sucker Bay44. Mitchell Dam

21BK145. Miner's Point46. Battle Island47. 21BL0548. 21BL1949. Pithers Point50. Oak Point Island

51. Kashabowie Lake52. Mound Island

DbJl-253. Norway Lake

21CA22

Mille Lacs Lake, Minn.Lac Des Mille Lacs, Ont

Mississippi River, Minn.Douglas Co., Minn.

Falcon Lake, Man.Rainy River, Ont

J. Brower!'lX:ThunderBay collectionQuetico Parkcollection

!'lX:ThunderBay collectionMike Budak

BirkLee Radzak,Jean SchoppLynelle

PetersonPeterson

AD1092±60 Leland CooperEldon JohnsonPhil Trottier

early Historic Dave Arthurs

Red River, Minn. AD940±100Knife Lake, Minn.

Itasca Co. Minn.Grand Rapids, Minn.Leech Lake, Minn.Becker Co. Minn.

Big Sandy Lake, Minn.Big Sandy Lake, Minn.Beltrami Co., Minn.Bel trami Co.Fort Frances, OntRainy Lake, Ont

Kaministiquia River, OntWhitefish Lake, Ont

* * * * *-13-

JackSteinbring

MinnesotaHighway surveySigneSnortland-Coles, G. FoxMike MichlovicCarl

HendricksonEdward EvansLloyd WilfordCooperCooper, Johnson

CooperCooperPetersonPetersonKen DawsonRoyal Ontario

MuseumDawsonDawson

Licences issued by the Minister of Culture and Communications and/orrecommended for approval by the Archaeological Committee of the OntarioHeritage Foundation.

Applicant Licence

White, Gerald 88-01

Day, Max Edmund 88-02Hinshelwood, Andrew 88-03Howey, Arthur 88-04

Jackson, Laurie 88-05

Lambert, Peter J. 88-06

Larocque, Bryan J. 88-07

Mayer, Robert G. 88-08Metropolitan Toronto 88-09

Museun of IndianArchaeologyNelson, Jon C.

Archaeological ServicesBroadbent, HeatherCataraqui ArchaeologicalResearch FoundationDoroszenko, Dens

Inc.88-1788-1888-19

Salvage .Excavation, Pinhey Site,City of KanataSurvey, Fort Erie AreaConsulting, Northern OntarioSurvey and surface collection,Region of Hamilton, Wentworth andBrantford Townahip, Brant CountyField School, Gibb Site (BaGo-29),Northunberland CountyConsulting and conservation,Province of OntarioUnderwater Survey, Holland River(East Branch) from Soldiers Bayto Cooks BayConsul ting, Province of OntarioSurvey, Metropolitan TorontoRegion Conservation Authority andEnvironsExcavation, Kant Site, RenfrewCountyExcavation, Lawson Site, AgHg-l,Middlesex CountySurvey, Knife Lake, Rainy RiverDistrictUnderwater Survey, PlainfieldRapida SiteConservation, Text Excavation,Toronto Historical Boardproperties, Fort York, Spadins andColborne LodgeUnderwater Survey, Coal Schooner,Port Stanley, Lake ErieExcavation of the Thistle HillSite (AhGx-226) Hamilton-WentworthConsulting, Province of OntarioConservation, Town of CaledonConservation and Consulting,Province of OntarioConservation,. Ontario HeritageFoundation PropertiesConservation, Counties of Grey,Dufferin and Simcoe, Townahips ofCollingwood, Mulmar andNottawssagaBottle Collecting,Dumps in TorontoBellfountain and Georgetown

Janusas, Scarlett andAssociates Inc.Johnston, Michael

Kirby, MichaelOntario ArchaeologicalSociety, London ChapterMehagan, R. Garth

88-2788-28

Metro Toronto & Region 88-30Conservation AuthorityMuselDllof Indian 88-31ArchaeologyMuselDllof Indian 88-32ArchaeologyMuselDllof Indian 88-33ArchaeologyMuselDllof Indian 88-34ArchaeologyNortheastern Archaeological 88-35Associates

Pengelly, James W.Smyk, Dennis W.

88-3788-38

Stewart, Joe 88-39

Wall, Robert D. 88-40Carey, Douglas 88-41

Bazely, Susan M. 88-42Beaupre, Ronald F. 88-43

Briggs, David Allan 88-44

Bruechert, Walter 88-45

Crawford, Gary W. 88-46

Croft, David James A. 88-47Devereux, Helen E. 88-48

Dunlop, J. Andrew 88-49

May/JuYl 1988 -15-

Underwater survey, Unidentifiedwreck, Kettle Point, Lake HuronConservation, NorthlDllberlandCountyConsul ting, Province of Ontario

Underwater survey, Unidentifiedwrecks, Lake ErieConservation, Beaver ValleyExcavation, Van Benunel Site(AcHm-31), Kent CountyUnderwater survey, Lake Superior &Inland, Thunder Bay to ManitobaBorderField School, Seed Site, Town ofVaughanSurvey & test excavation, City ofLondon & Middlesex CountySurvey, Crawford Lake Area

Consulting, Region of Durham,Counties of NorthlDllberland,Peter-borough & Prince EdwardConsulting, Northwestern Region,Ministry of Culture & Communica-tionsConservation, Region of NiagaraConservation, Pictograph recordingBrightsand, English and TurtleRiver Drainage system in Districtsof Kenora and Thunder BayConservation, Northcentral Region,MCC; Monitoring and excavation(DcJh-16) and (DdJm-3), North-central Region, MCCSurvey, Lake of the WoodsSurface survey & monitoring, Essex& Kent Counties & Pelee IslandUnderwater Survey, KingstonUnderwater Survey, Angus, LakeHuronConservation, Municipality ofNiagaraConservation, Region of Haldi-mand-NorfolkEmergency salvage, Mullet Creek,AjGw-71Conservation, Renfrew CountyConservation & Consulting, North-eastern & Eastern OntarioSurvey & Surface Collection,Sioux Lookout

Halverson, ColleenHamilton-WentworthArchaeological (Ms. RitaMichael)Historical Research Ltd.

Kalogeropoulos, MargaretKa~hes, MirnaKa~hes, MirnaLea, JoanneLegate, TimMarshall, George W.

Mayer, Pihl, Poulton &AssociatesMichael ArchaeologicalServices (Ms. Rita Michael)OAS - Niagara Chapter(James Pengelly)Pastershank, GeorgineRamsden, Peter G.

Rockel, Philip E.Husak, JacquelineSave Ontario Shipwrecks(Ottawa Chapter)

Settlement Surveys(Dr. John Pollock)Storck, PeterTeschendorf, Rick

Toronto Board ofEducationToronto Board ofEducationVarney, W. John

York-NorthArchaeological Services

88-5188-52

88-5488-5588-5688-5788-5888-59

88-6388-64

88-6588-6688-67

88-6988-70

Underwater Survey, Province ofOntarioConsul ting, Northern OntarioConsulting, Province of Ontario

Consul ting, Province of OntarioIndustrial Archaeology OnlyConservation, Region of NiagaraConservation, Province of OntarioExcavation at Milner Site, NorthYorkField School, Waterloo County GaolUnderwater Survey, Renfrew CountyConservation, Region of Hamilton-Wentworth and Brant CountyConsul ting, Province of Ontario

Excavation, Port ColborneIndustrial ParkConsulting, Northern OntarioSurvey & testing, Victoria County& Haliburton CountySurvey, Wellington CountyConsul ting, Northern OntarioUnderwater survey, St. LawrenceRiver between Cardinal & SparrowIslandConsul ting, Province of Ontario

Conservation, Province of OntarioUnderwater survey, Guenelda, LakeSuperiorField School, Ashbridges Estate

Underwater survey, Narrow IslandWreckUnderwater Survey, Long Point,Lake ErieConservation/Consul ting in MCCSouth Central Region

O.A.S. 15th ANNUAL SY~WOSIUMLAS T C ALL FOR PAP E R SPlease contact Robert Burgar, The BoydField Centre, RR #1 Woodbridge, Ontario.L4L lA7 (893-1740) Abstracts must besubmitted by JUNE 30, 1988

TORONTO CHAPI'ER'S MEMBERS' MEETING;WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20, 1988

"MEMBERS' NIGHTMEMBERS

Shawn Austin, Sue Reynolds and DuncanScherberger presented three slideshows after the Chapter's annual Bookand Bake Sale.

Shawn Austin, the Field Director forMayer, Pihl, Poulton and Associates,discussed "The George Brown House;Archaeological Research 1987". Thehouse and its property on 186Beverley Street in Toronto wasexcavated as part of an OntarioHeritage Foundation's historicalresearch and restoration project.The house was built between 1874-77for George Brown, founder of theGLOBE (now the GLOBE AND MAIL)newspaper and a Father ofConfederation. It was sold in 1889to Duncan Colson, in 1919 to theCanadian Institution for the Blind,in 1956 to the MetropolitanAssociation for Retarded Children andin 1984 to the o.H.F. Thearchaeological excavations of 1987focused on three aspects of thehouse's history. First, the concreteflooring in the basement was examinedas its existence was unusual for lat19th century houses. Two lime cementfloors were found. The second aim ofthe archaeological research was todocument an exterior brick shell wallerected on the house foundations in1876. The third aim of theexcavations was to show the changesin the landscaping of the propertyover the years. Artifacts recoveredduring the excavations includedceramics, bottles, faunal remains, ahuman bone, pipe fragments andcoins/tokens, etc.

Sue Reynolds is anInstructor/Technician at the TorontoBoard of Education's ArchaeologicalResource Centre. She spoke on "Theo.A.S. Trip to Belize, Guatemala and

Mexico". Reynolds discussed some ofthe sites that will be visited duringthe upcoming trip. These includedLamanai in Belize and Tikal inGuatemala. Several Mexican siteswill also be visited. Reynolds

,showed slides of Tulum (on the coastof the Caribbean Sea), Coba (which islocated inland from Tulum), Chichen-Itza (located midway between thenorthwest and eastern coasts of theYucatan Peninsula), Uxmal (near thenorthern end of the Bay of Campeche),Kahan and Labna. The last two sitesare found near Uxmal, further inlandon the Peninsula. Reynold's slidesprovided a quick tour of the sitesand included views from all of theclimbable temples.

Duncan Scherberger is the AssistantEditor of PROFILE and the PublicRelations Officer for the TorontoBoard of Education's ArchaeologicalResource Centre. He gave a talk on"~k Art Sites In The Caribbean andCanada" . The Caribbean sites are onthe island of Puerto Rico and arepetroglyphs carved by Arawak Indiansbefore Columbus' arrival. "IndianCave" is a sea-worn sink hole nearthe coast whose walls have beendecorated. Inland in the mountainsis a ball court on which the Arawakshave done carvings. Also inland is amarked boulder beside the riverJayuya. Two types of designs havebeen put on it. The Canadian sitesdiscussed by Scherberger are inBri tish Columbia and Ontario. TheBritish Columbia sites includeVancouver totem poles and rock artlocations on Gabriola Island (seePROFILE Vol. 6(2); 13-14) and nearthe Englishman's River falls. Thesewere carved between 500 B.C. - A.D.500 by peoples belonging to theMarpole Culture. The Ontario sitesconsist of the PeterboroughPetroglyphs, Agawa in Lake SuperiorProvincial Park and Mazinaw Lake atBon Echo Provincial Park. Forfurther details on this and or theother Members' Night Talks please seePROFILE.

I am very concerned about the diggingup of a buried city for gold that waspromoted in an article by JohnCruickshank (Lost City Of Gold? Yes,You're The First Today - March 7).This article encourages treasure-hunters to destroy Honduras'shistory.

Nowhere in the article was there anymention of documenting the ruins ofthe city of Olancho Viejo with theaid of archeologists. Nowherewas itmentioned that Jim Christy, aVancouver adventurer, is concernedabout recovering and documentingartifacts that are not made of goldand which are as important,historically, as the gold and theruins. In fact, the use of an earth-mover to look for the gold, assuggested by Mr. Christy, willirreversibly destroy the site. Therewas also no mention of whether therecovered artifacts would be turnedover to Honduran museumsand thus tothe people of Honduras.

The article also does not inform thereader that there are Canadian lawsthat would prevent Mr. Christy andwould-be investors from bringing intoCanada artifacts that have beenlooted from such sites as OlanchoViejo. The· buried history ofcountries is a finite andirreplaceable resource. Articleslike this only serve to encourage itsdestruction.

from The Globe & MailMarch 25, 1988

As a professional archeologistworking in Northern Ontario, I havespent most of my time surveying andexcavating sites which fall short ofthe popular perception of

archeological sites (no golden idolsor sacrificial altars). However, Itake some solace in the belief thatthe information I do recover from thest tes ser'.Tes some purpose indeveloping an understanding of a pasthumancondition, and the forces whichhave brought about the presentcondi tion of ourselves, or of othergroups. Thus, I was deeplydisappointed to read the article LostCity of Gold by John Cruickshank(March 7) . It appears that theauthor, and no doubt, the Report onBusiness editors, found the notion ofan adventurer seeking financialbacking to pillage an archeologicalsite for profit simply too amusing topass up.

However, my own perception regardingthe proposed expedt tion is slightlydifferent. I view the whole exerciseas a form of cuI ture pornography, inwhich businessmen are invited topursue their fantasies of power andwealth through the objectificationand brutalization of a cuI tureperceived as weaker than their own.

from The Globe and MailMarch 26, 1988

Archeologists in Egypt have dug upwhat may prove to be the earliestcomplete version of three classicalGreek texts, at least one of them byAristotle.

Professor Anthony Mills said hisCanadian team found two books datingfrom the late third century, oneli terary and one containing farmaccounts, while excavating theremains of the post-Hellenic town oflsment in the Dakhla Oasis in centralEgypt.

treatise on politics, apparently bythe philosopher Aristotle; an essayon kingship by Isocrates , his fourth-century B.C. contemporary; and annnidentified text that could be oneof Aristotle's lost works, Prof.Mills said.

The earliest complete texts ofwritings by Aristotle and Isocratesthat survive in muse\.DIIStoday datefrom the 10th century, a Britishexpert said.

The original works of classical Greekscholars have vanished. Whatsurvives are versions often separatedfrom the authors by hundreds of yearsof copying and recopying by scribes.

The new discoveries could bringscholars more than six centuriescloser to the lost originals andeliminate what The Times of Londondescribed as "generations of slips ofthe pen."

The books measure 10 centimetres by25 centimetres and each has eight ornine wooden pages about three-tenthsof a centimetre thick.

from The Globe and MailApril 9, 1988

believe they havefourth-eentury Be Greek

in the Sicilian town or

Archeologistsdiscovered aamphitheatreAgrigento.

Ernesto De Miro, the former directorof the town's Department ofArcheology, said preliminaryexcavation indicated their htmeh loI8S

correct and that further work in thesUlllllerwould shed more light on thediscovery.

"It is still a hypothesis (but) wehave already carried out tests on thesite to a depth of seven or eightmetres and the results are

encouraging,"convention.

Agrigento, founded on Sicily's southcoast around 580 Be by Greekcolonists, has some of the richestGreek remains on the island. But thesearch for an amphitheatre has eludedarcheologists since the theory thatone existed there was first debatedin the eighteenth century.

Local officials said the supposedtheatre was located near the Valleyof the Temples, a sacred area whereexcavations have revealed seven Dorictemples.

from The Globe and MailMay9, 1988

The Eastem States ArchaeologicalFederation will hold its 55th

annual meeting at the Westbury Hotel,Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Deadline for sul:Jnission of pspertitles and symposia titles is

May 30th.Deadline for sul:Jnission of

abstracts is July 15th.

Send paper ti tIes, abstracts andsymposia to:

Dean H. KnightDepartment of Archaeology

Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterloo, Ontario N2L3C5

CanadaTelephone: (519) 884-1970

Ext. 2629

MICHIPIoorEN AREA ARCHAOOLOGICALSURVEY

The Michipicoten area is located onthe north east shore of Lake Superiorin northern Ontario. It is ofparticular interest because; a) itmarks the transition zone between theBoreal forest which extends to thenorthwest and the Great Lakes - St.Lawrence forest which extends to thesoutheast and b) because initialarchaeological exploration discloseddiverse Woodland ceramic assemblages.

Historical records are scant, Dablonin 1670 (Thwaites 1897-1905 Vol. 53:131-133) records the Outchibous andthe Marameg, two Northern Ojibwabands (Dawson 1987) along the northshore and in 1767 Alexander Henry(1901:27) recorded ten lodges of Gensde Terres or O'pimittish IninivacIndians ••...Iiterally Men of theWoods and otherwise called WoodsIndians..... (Henry 1901:62) at themouth of the Michipicoten River.Robert Bell of the Geological Surveyof Canada collected ceramics from asite at the river mouth in 1897(Wright 1968) and Frank Ridley (1961)tested the site in 1955. In 1961 Dr.J. V. Wright of the ArchaeologicalSurvey of Canada excavated the site(Wright 1968:1-85). He also recordedfour other sites at the mouth of theriver (Wright 1963). This articleprovides an overview on the surveyundertaken during the NationalMuseums of Canada Wawa youth projectof 1971 (Dawson 1971).

The area being forest covered thesurvey required a different approachthan that conunonlyused in the openfarm lands of southern Ontario.Likely locations based on features,such as, zones denuded of plant coveror showing divergent plant cover, oldbeach ridges and zones associatedwith lake or river narrows were firstidentified on topographic maps and

air photographs.plotted and thenfield.

The locations wereexamined in the

The survey reports on 22 sites: twoinitial Woodland period LaurelcuIture, 17 Terminal Woodland periodAlgonkian culture and threeHistoric. The Terminal Woodlandsites are divided into DifferentiatedWoodland (ceramics could beidentified) and Aceramic (noceramics) . The latter would be theproduct of eastern Algonquians whohad no ceramic wares and were knownhistorically to have been in the areaand other groups, who because of thelong severe winters curtailed theiruse. The location of the sites isshown on Fig. 1.

The site is located behind a sandspit at the mouth of the Michipicotenriver on the south bank (Fig. 2).Excavated in 1961 by Wright it is amulticomponent habitation site with adiverse ceramic assemblage. Huron-Petun, Peninsular Woodland and atleast four other Michigan derivedceramics were associated with 18thcentury European goods in the upperlevels. In the lower levels onlyMichigan ceramics occurred. The sitedates from the historic period toA.D. 1100 ± 60 (Wright 1968:38).Based on the ceramics the cumulateddebris is considered to be theproduct of various Algonquians.Surface collection and minortrenching confirmed these earlierresults.

The site is situated about 2.9 kmwest of the Michipicoten river on aseries of old sand strand lines 230 mback of and 8 m above Lake Superior(Fig. 2). First recorded by Wrightin 1960 (Wright 1967:70) it wasexcavated during the survey andreported in 1977 (Brizinski and

ft.od 4QM,1C'nipic:'ah"

~~~;~ ..'\\'-

fQ

Buchanan 1977:128-286).ceramics the site wasof the Laurel cultureWoodland period.

Based onan early camp

of the Initial

This site is situated about 500 m upthe Michipicoten river on the northbank (Fig. 2). It was recorded byWright in 1960. He noted chippingdetritus and based on the absence ofceramics considered it a possibleArchaic period site (Wright 1963).The location suggests that it was aTerminal Woodland period Aceramicsite. No evidence to substantiatethe site was found.

The location of the Northwest Companypost (1783-1821) and the subsequentHudson's Bay Company post (1821-1904)on the south bank of.the Michipicotenriver (Fig. 2) opposite the mouth ofthe Magpie river was identified butnot investigated. The following yearan initial archaeological excavationwas undertaken by Garry Forma (1972)and the history of the location wasreported in 1973 (Weiler 1973).

Endeavors to locate the earlierFrench establishments (1725-1763) andthe independent traders posts (1767-1783) on the north bank of the riverproved unrewarding. Local informantsstated that the probable locationshad been destroyed by hydro-electricdevelopments in the 1950's.

This site is located on a sand spitat the mouth of the Michipicotenriver on the north side (Fig. 2). Itwas recorded by Wright in 1960 as alate Terminal Woodland period sitewith historic goods (Wright 1963).Subsequently a building has beenerected on the location. Examinationof the spit did not reveal evidenceof the site although a few flintflakes were recovered above the spiton the historic Mormon site. It was

classed as an UndifferentiatedWoodland site.

This site is located 350 m up theMichipicoten river mouth on a southsloping north terrace 4 m above theriver opposite CIIf-l) (Fig. 2). Itwas discovered and excavated duringthe survey and reported in 1977(Brizinski and Buchanan 1977:402-554) .

Huron-Petun, Peninsular Woodland andother Michigan ceramics are present.European goods are in directassociation and most date to the 19thcentury. About one hectare in extentit is a multicomponent site datingfrom about the 15th century to thehistoric period. The mix of Michiganderived ceramics differs from CIIf-lindicating that the site was occupiedby a related but different groupingof Algonquians.

This site is located on the shore ofLake Superior about 1 km north westof the mouth of the Michipicotenriver (Fig. 2). Lithic refuse wasrecovered in test pits on a terracedlawn of the Lake Superior View Lodgeabout 45 m back of the shore and 6 mabove the lake. There were 3 randomsize scrapers and 1 linear scraperand 19 flakes. Two were cortex andone was utilized. All were localflint (Hudson Bay Lowland) or quartz.Based on the recoveries it was aTerminal Woodland Aceramic site.

This site was located on terrace 8 mabove the Michipicoten river on thenorth bank, east of CIIf-6 (Fig. 2).It was discovered and excavatedduring the survey and reported in1977 (Brizinski and Buchanan1977:287-401). Based on ceramics itwas identified as an early initialWoodland period Laurel culture site.

Local lore speaks of caves above thenorth bank the largest of which wasknownas Medicine Cave (Fig. 2). Atthe 228 m contour a rock fault with a25 sq m area cave was discovered.Excavation uncovered a small hearthand 19th century historic goods,glass, iron, and china fragments, ametal broach, and 3 crumbledsherdlets, many small flint flakes,and 4 hammer stones, interspersedwith rock debris from the caveceiling. It was classed as a lateUndifferentiated Woodlandsite.

This site is located on the northside of the Michipicoten river nearthe mouth, (Fig. 2). Ridges anddepressions marked the location ofbuildings. Historic goods, fragmentsof bottle glass, iron, porcelain, amule shoe and an iron lock wererecovered from the surface. Thelocation corresponds to the historicrecords of the main Mennonsettlement.

Beyond this extending north and westfor about 800 m there was surfaceevidence of seven smaller buildingfoundations. Square nails, iron andglass fragments dating from the late19th and early 20th centuries wererecovered. These remains may be anextension of the settlement.

This site on the north bank of theMichipicoten river is located on aterrace 7 m above the river betweenthe ClIf-6 and CIIf-8. It wasdiscovered and excavated during thesurvey and reported in 1976 (Dawson1976:1-56). Blackduck, Mackinac andPeninsular Woodlandceramics and 18thcentury trade goods are present. Thelower stratum dates to A.D.1575±45.It is a Terminal WoodlandAlgonkiansi te and based on the dominance ofBlackduck ceramics the site isconsidered to have been a Northern

About 2.6 kilometers northwest ofMichipicoten Harbour in a wind erodedarea on the east shore or Dare Bay(Fig. 1-12) fragments of a kaolinpipe bowl, and delft ware, a fewsquare nails and a scrolled Hudson'sBay Companyfork or knife handle wererecovered. The location roughlycorresponds to a 19th century missionof the Gros Cap Indian Reserve.

The site is located south along LakeSuperior shore at the Sand Rivermouth (Fig. 1-13). On an elevatedsand ridge on the north bank Wrightidentified an initial WoodlandperiodLaur~ site. It was radiocarbondated to A.D.320±100 and designatedCiIe-1 Sand River site (Wright1967:68). Examination of the siteproduced no recoveries however bonerefuse was recovered from sand dunesOIl the south side. It consisted of13 burnt fragments, five avian andeight maumal, one of which exhibitedcut marks and a barbed harpoon.

The harpoon was made of maumalianbone, possibly split long bone. Itis unilaterally barbed with a flatedge opposite. The tip is broken.The first of two barbs is estimatedto be 21 DBD from the tip and thesecond 40 mm. The base is straightwith a width of 12 mmand a thickness6 mm. It is similar to Blackduckfinds in Minnesota (Evans 1961:94).

Conwayof the Ministry of Culture andConmunications (Personalconununication 1978) believes thatmuch of the area back of the rivermouth has been destroyed by highwayconstruction. He recorded Blackducktradition artifacts from the southbank and designated it separatelyfrom the north bank. The site wasconsidered to have been a settlement

Michipicoten Island lies off shore 45Ion NNW of Cape Gargantua. It is 28Ion long and 10 Ion wide and rises to ahigh of 285 m. The south shorehaving harbouring areas was examined.Two sites were recorded and in a caveabove Shafer Bay split bleachedcaribou bones were noted.

The site is located on a south eastfacing sand beach between East SandBay and Cozens Harbour (Fig. 1-14).Rock outcrops occur at either end andoff shore small islands shelter thebeach. Two rim sherds and firefractured rock were recovered fromtest pits west of a creek at the eastend of the beach. The recoverieswere from a thin black layer 1.3 to2.5 m above the shore. Five plainsherdlets were recovered from thecreek bank. Inland beyond the 2.5 mcontour there were four circulardepressions. They ranged in sizefrom 1.8 to 2.4 m in diameter andwere .75 m in depth. exterior has arow of ovoid punctates encircling thelip edge over oblique incising whichextends 22 nun to the bottom of acollar. Below this there is a secondrow of ovoid punctates. The lip is8.1 nun thick. It is roughenedpossibly decorated but this could notbe ascertained. The interior isplain. The second rim is from aPeninsular Woodland vessel. Thefirst rim exterior has smoothed overcord impressions to the shoulderbreak. A row of circular encirclingpunctates occurred 25.4 nun below thelip. They are 20 nun apart and 3 nunin diameter. The lip is plain with athickness of 7.4 nun. The interior isplain with bosses and carbonencrustation near the lip. - Based onceramics the site was occupied by theAlgonquians.

The site is located at the entranceto Quebec Harbour (Fig. 1-15). It ison a south facing sand beach whichhas a series of ice ridges and aswampy zone behind. From a test pit1 meter above and 8 m back of theshore 6 rough, plain body sherds and4 sherdlets were recovered below athin layer of humus. The pottery iscoarse with large grit temper similarto some late Selkirk ceramics. Itwas classed as an UndifferentiatedWoodland camp.

The site is located on a small sandybeach at the narrows near the northend of Anjigami Lake (Fig. 1-16).Situated on the west side it facessouth east. Test pits in the firstterrace behind the beach uncoveredthree micro flakes of local flint andburnt fragments of mammal bone. Thelocation and the nature of therecoveries indicates a TerminalWoodland Aceramic camp.

The site is located on the northshore sandy beach of Lochalsh Bay inDog Lake (Fig. 1-17). It is on thewest side of a point of land facingsouth west. From a series of testpits 12 m back of the shore 2smoothed over plain body sherds, 8sherdlets, a tiny micro flake and afragment of clear glass wererecovered from grey leached soilimmediately below a thin layer ofhumus. Based on the ceramics it wasan Undifferentiated Woodland site.

The site is located on a point ofland opposite the Lochalsh site onthe south shore (Fig. 1-19). It ison a northwest facing sandy beach.Fifteen debitage flakes wererecoveries from test pits located 70m south of the point and 12 m back ofthe beach. Eight pieces of burnt

flint formed a large end scraper.Based on the location and therecoveries the site was a TerminalWoodland Aceramic camp.

The site is located on a north facingsandy beach on the east side of DogLake opposite Rabbit Island (Fig. 1-18). A surface collection was madealong a path leading from a camp onthe property to the lake. Recoveriesconsisted of 7 cord-malleated bodysherds, 10 sherdlets and 10 flintflakes. It was an UndifferentiatedWoodland site.

The site is located at the north endof McMurtry Lake on the east side ofthe channel to Dog Lake (Fig. 1-20).The site faces west. Two meters backof the shore and below a thin layerof humus and a grey leach layer therewas a pit feature approximately 30 emdeep and 20 em across containingrefuse; 6 flakes, 11 fish bones oneof which was burnt and fire fracturedrock. The site was an AceramicWoodland camp.

The site is located on a sandy beachon the north shore of the channelbetween McMurtry Lake and Murry Lake(Fig. 1-21). It faces south. Flinttools had been reported recoveredfrom the beach. The property ownerhad a small triangular side notchedprojectile point with retouchededges. This year the beach wasflooded hence the lawn behind wastest pitted. A broken random flakescraper and 24 flint flakes wererecovered. One appeared utilized.The site was a Terminal WoodlandAceramic camp.

is locateddenudedsmelting

The siteRiver in aAlgoma Ore

on the Magpiezone behind theplant (Fig. 1-

23) . A small random flake scraperand a linear flake scraper wererecovered from the surface. Thelatter had slight battering on theproximal margin. In addition therewere 79 random flakes, 45 microflakes, 12 decortication flakes andthree small utilized flakes. Theywere found in a single concentration.All were of local flints. It was aTerminal Woodland Aceramic camp.

Palaeo-Indian period recoveries wereabsent. Retreat of glacial ice fromthe shore of Lake Superior in thisarea was late hence denying earlysettlement in contrast to areas tothe northwest (Thunder Bay) andsoutheast (Manitoulin) where suchrecoveries have been made (Dawson1983) •

Archaic period occupation is onlyhinted at. Copper tools werereported to have been found in thehigh sand banks of the Michipicotenvalley during motel construction onthe highway. These were not locatedbut the location is similar to copperfinds from the Pic and Nipigon riversfurther north on the Lake Superiorshore (Bell 1929:51-54; Dawson1966:64) • The occupation may occurfurther inland for Peter Storck ofthe Royal Ontario Museum recorded asite with bifaces inland back of thearea of the survey (Storck 1974).

The survey indicated the presence ofa small initial Woodland periodLaurel culture situated in villagesalong the coast and a sizeableTerminal Woodland period Algonquianpopulation in large villages near theriver mouth and inland in small campson lakes and rivers. Of the 5Differentiated Woodland sites the mixof ceramics on 3 suggests acombination from time to time ofvarious groupings of AlgonkiansNipissings, Ot,tawas, Potawatomis, andthe SauIk. Two sites with Blackduckceramics are considered to be thecumulative product of a single

Algonquian population which areclassed as the Southern Branch of theNorthern Ojibwa. In addition therewere 5 Undifferentiated and 7Aceramic Terminal Woodland siteswhose affinities cannot be determinedalthough the latter would probablyinclude the Woods Indians.

Bell, Charles N.1929 An Implement of Prehistoric

Man. In the 36th AnnualArchaeological ReportOntario, 1926-27-28:51-54.

Brizinski, Morris G. and KennethT. Buchanan

1977 Ceramics, Chert and Culture:An Analysis of ThreePrehistoric Sites Located inthe Michipicoten Area.Laurentian UniversityArchaeological Printed SeriesNo.5.

Dawson, K. C. A.1966 Isolated Copper Artifact From

Northwestern Ontario.Ontario Archaeology, No.9:

65.1971 Wawa Drop-In Camp 1971,

Archaeological Field Record.Field notes on file at theArchaeological Survey ofCanada.

1976 The Nyman Site: ASeventeenth Century AlgonkianCamp on the North Shore ofLake Superior. CanadianArchaeological AssociationBulletin No. 8:1-56.

1983 The Cumins Site: A LatePalaeo-Indian (Plano) Site atThunder Bay, Ontario.Ontario Archaeology.

1987 Northwestern Ontario and theEarly Contact Period: TheNorthern Ojibwa from 1615-1715. Canadian Journal ofArchaeology Vol. 11:143-187.

Evans, G. Edward1961 A Reappraisal of the

Blackduck Focus or HeadwatersLake Aspect. Masters Degreethesis on file at theUniversity of Minnesota.

Forma, Gar)'1972 Michipicoten Archaeology

1971, Investigations at theHudson's Bay Company FurTrade Post. Manuscript onfile at the Ontario Departmentof Lands and Forests, Toronto.

Henry, Alexander1901 Travels and Adventures in

Canada and the IndianTerritories Between the Years1760 and 1776. James Bain,editor. G. M. Morang and Co.Toronto.

Ridley, Frank1961 The Lake Superior Site at

Michipicoten. PennsylvaniaArchaeologist Vol. 31 (3 & 4):131-147.

Storck, Peter L.1974 A Small Collection of Bifaces

From Wabatonguishi Lake,Algoma District, Ontario.Royal Ontario MuseumArchaeology Monograph 2.

Thwaites, R. G. editor1896-The Jesuit Relations and1901 Allied Documents 1610-1796.

73 Vols., Burrows Brothers,Cleveland, reprint 1959,Pageant, New York.

Weiler, John1973 Michipicoten Hudson Bay

Company Post 1821-1904,Ministry of Natural Resources,Historical Sites Branch,Research Report 3, Toronto.

Wright, J. B.1963 An Archaeological Survey

Along the North Shore of LakeSuperior. National Museum ofCanada, Anthropology PapersNo.3.

1967 The Laurel Tradition and theMiddle Woodland. NationalMuseum of Canada, Bulletin217.

1968 The Michipicoten Site,Ontario. National Museum ofCanada, Bulletin 224:1-85.

Sponsored by the Arthur C.Parker Ftmdfor Iroquois Research and the RMSCResearch Division

PRELIMINARYANNOUNCFMENTANDCALLFOR PAPERS

The 1989 "Smoking Pipe Conference",sponsored by the Arthur C. ParkerFund for Iroquois Research, will beheld at the Rochester Museum andScience Center on June 10-11, 1989.

With the or1g1ns of smokingtechnology having been traced back asfar as 2, 500 years ago in the NewWorld, it is understandable thatresearchers have focused upon thispopular subject. From the blocked-end tubular pipe of the EarlyWoodland Stage to the variety ofwooden, clay, metal and stone pipesof the Historic Iroquois, there havebeen and still are, ampleopportunities for interpretations.

It is the purpose of this conferenceto bring together individuals who canreview from both archaeological andethnographic contexts new evidencerelative to smoking pipe traderelationships, religious practices,manufacturing techniques and designsin eastern North America. Anemphasis will be placed upondiscussions of both nati ve andEuropean-made pipes among theIroquois including the occurrence ofthe kaolin trade pipe.

During the conference selectedobjects from the RMSCsmoking pipecollection, particularly strong inIroquoian examples will be availablefor viewing in the permanent exhibitsentitled "At the Western Door" and"Face to Face, Encounters withIdenti ty" • At the same time,conference participants will be ableto view a temporary exhibit onseventeenth-century Dutch and Flemishstill-life paintings from Europe.

Program CommitteeCharles F. Hayes III, ResearchDirector, RMSCBetty C. Prisch, Curator ofAnthropology, RMSCDr. Martha Sempowski, ResearchFellow, Anthropology, RMSCGian Carlo Cervone, Research Fellow,Anthropology, RMSCEugene Umberger, Curator of History,RMSCBrian Nagel, Research Archaeologist,RMSC

Advisory CommitteeDr. Mirna. Kapches,' Royal OntarioMuseumDr. James Pendergast, National Museumof CanadaPaul R. Huey, New York State Officeof Parks, Recreation and HistoricPreservation

Abstracts of PapersPrior to the conference abstracts ofall contributed papers will bereproduced and made available to allregistrants. Potential speakers areasked to sutmi t no more than a 200-word typed abstract to the RMSC'sResearch Division by November 1,1988. The preliminary program willbe set by January 1, 1989.

PublicationA final copy of a speaker's papershould be sutmitted before or at themeeting. It is the intent that thecontributed papers be published bythe RMSC through existing funds inthe Arthur C. Parker Ftmd forIroquois Research.

Individualspaper atcontact:

wishing to present athe conference should

Smoking Pipe Conferencec/o Charles F. Hayes III, ResearchDirectorRochester Museumand Science Center657 East Avenue, Box 1480Rochester, NY 14603

Conferencerequired.

preregistration will bePreregistration forms and

further program details will beavailable after January I, 1989.

BIBLICAL ARCHAlOClLOGYCONFERENCESET AT JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

The second annual SUIIIIlerSeminar onArchaeology and the World of theBible will be held June 5-10, 1988,at Johns Hopkins University inBaltimore, Maryland.

Sponsored by the School of ContinuingStudies and the JHU Department ofNear Eastern Studies, the seminaroffers an opportunity for thoseinterested in archaeology andbiblical studies to examine currentresearch and excavations under theguidance of leading experts from TheJohns Hopkins University and otherdistinguished institutions.

The sUlllllerseminar explores the richtopic of "The Age of David andSolomon." During five days oflectures, in-depth question andanswer sessions, slide presentations,and a museum tour, participants gaininsight into this extraordinaryperiod.

The conference appeals to a varietyof people from different areasrepresenting a wide range ofinterests: archaeology, biblicalscholarship, history, religion,literature and the fine arts. Laymenas well as professionals in the fieldare invited to attend.

An outstanding faculty of authoritieson 10th century Israel will lead thesessions, including P. Kyle McCarterWilliam F. Albright Professor of Ne~~tern. Studies, The Johns HopkinsunIversIty; Joe D. Seger, MiddleEastern archaeologist of the CobbInstitute, Mississippi StateUniversity; and James A. Sauer,president, American Schools ofOriental Research.

Tuition is $250 for those whoregister prior to May 20, or $275after May 20. Accommodations areavailable on the historic Homewoodcampus for an additional fee, withcafeteria-style meals provided.

For further information, write to theDirector, SUIIIIler Seminar onArchaeology, Division of Arts andSciences, School of ContinuingStudies, The Johns HopkinsUniversity, 204 Shaffer HallBaltimore, Maryland 21218. Or cali(301) 338-7190.

The Archaeology Section of theRegional Municipality of Waterloo isdeveloping an Archaeological MasterPlan, and will produce five volumespertaining to the drainage,vegetation, physiology, history, andpast archaeological research of theRegion. A limited number of copiesare being offered for purchase as thevolumes are completed.

The Cultural Implications ofDrainage in the RegionalMunicipality of Waterloo. pp.144, 20 figures.

$10.00 per volume+ $2.50 shipping per volume

The Regional Municipality ofWaterloo

c/o Archaeology SectionPlanning and DevelopmentMarsland Centre20 Erb St. WestWaterloo, OntarioN2J 4G7

We are still missing new addresses forthe following four people who werelast known at:

BYARD, Roger; OttawaCLARKE, Belinda; PeterboroughHARAN,Christine; MontrealROCKEL, Philip; Fergus

It would be appreciated if anyonecould ask these folk to contact theSociety for their Arch Notes.

The following are the notices on theOAS notice-board at the time ofwriting, arranged by subject:

[publications]AARO Index and lapel pin orderAndersen 1987 "Zooarchaeological

Reports" orderOrder Information for back issues of

ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY,MONOGRAPHS IN ONTARIOARCHAEOLOGY,ARCH NOTES

[services]Membership Application FormPassport-to-the-Past Information

[events]FROM THE PAST FOR THE FUTURE,

Annual Conference of the OntarioHistorical Society June 16-18, 1988

ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGISTS ABROAD,15th Annual Symposium of theOntario Archaeological SocietyOctober 22-23, 1988

[meetings]Meetings Open to the Public in 1988Volunteers Wanted - Toronto (Toronto

Chapter lab nights)[jobs]

Mayer, Pihl, Poulton & Assoc., LondonMin. Natural Resources, Thunder Bay

[photos]Three photos are on display of the

OAS Open House Feb 20, donatedby Ella Kruse

distributed to all members whorequested it. Extra copies areavailable for those members who didn'trequest it yet but meant to do so.

ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGY 46 and 47are still both in progress.

Those members whose membership yearis from July to June (there are about100) and who are due to renew July1st next will find a reminder tuckedinto their ARCH NOTES.

At the time of writing plans for the1988 bus trip are going ahead, and aflyer will be enclosed with this ARCHNOTES for the consideration andresponse of interested members. Thisyear the Society intends to helpceleobrate the Windsor Chapter's 10thAnniversary by visiting Windsor andarea for the first time. The bus willstart in Toronto and will stop atpoints along the 401 to pick upparticipating members from Hamilton,Grand River and London Chapters andany other members requesting it.Because of the distance it will have tobe a two-night event, and is arrangedto depart Toronto at 7.00 p.m. FridayJuly 22. Accommodation will beprovided by Windsor University. Wenote that on the day of the trip themoon is in its first quarter, the timefor planting new seed and buildingMayan huts.

The OAS has scored another successwith the safe return - with luggage-of both groups of adventurers fromthe uniqueness of Belize, the jungle ofGuatemala, the heat of the Yucatanand the luxury of Cancun. As usualwe did our best for the economies ofall countries involved as well asKodak's financial status. Reports areelsewhere in this ARCHNOTES.

ASSOCIATION FOR BELIZEANARCHAEOLOGY

California member, Belizeanarchaeologist and tour operator MaryDell Lucas has asked that ourmembership - and particularly thosenewly returned from Belize bereminded that an Association forBelizean Archaeology was founded in1985 for the promotion andpreservation of the archaeology ofBelize. The ABA has already producedvarious posters and publications, amajor work MAYA: Treasures of AnAncient Civilization. This is acatalogue which accompanied anexhibition of the same name seen at anumber of major North Americancentres including the ROM in 1986.Membership in the ABA costs US$20.The ABA is presently addressing aneed which most visitors to Belize-ourselves included - find most urgent,a Museum of Belizean archaeology.Mary Dell Lucas reports "ABA isactively fund-raising for a museum,and would appreciate any help theOntario Archaeological Society cangive." The ABA can be contacted at:Association for Belizean ArchaeologyP.O. Box 679, Belize City, Belize.

For members wishing to visit Belize,the OAS Office has considerable traveland other information that may assistyou. Call 730-0797.

The Tenth Anniversary Celebrations ofthe Windsor Chapter of The OntarioArchaeological Society were held May7th and featured excellent speakers.Dinner with a special menu was wellreceived. Over 60 people attended andthe Chapter announced no fewer thaneight new members. Congratulationsgo to the Chapter. The Society willfollow up with a bus-trip visit in July.

TWO ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM THEARCHAEOLOGICAL COMMITTEE OF

THE ONTARIO HERITAGEFOUNDATION

The Archaeological Committee hasannounced the recent appointment of anew Chairman, Professor RobertBothwell of the University of TorontoHistory Department.

The Archaeological Co'mmittee of theOntario Heritage Foundation isconsidering the appointment of anAdministrative Assistant to work oncontract on Committee business.Details will appear in a Globe & Mailadvertisement within the next fewweeks. We urge anyone who has aninterest to watch the Globe & Mail.

Nominations made by the Society tothe Ministry of Citizenship of NormaE. Knowlton and William S. Donaldsonand by The Grand River WaterlooChapter of Ken Oldridge, all for Five-Year Volunteer Service AwardCertificates and Pins were allaccepted. We congratulate thesemembers on receiving well-deservedrecognition.

The following members have beenrecognized to date:(1985) Michael W. Kirby, Lorna Procter[10 yrs] Clyde C. Kennedy, William A.Fox, Peter Reid [5 yrs](1986) G. Ruth Tovell, ChristineKirby, Jim Brennan, Margaret Brennan,George Connoy [5 yrs](1987) - Mima C. Kapches, Martha A.Latta [10 yrs] Annie Gould, SharonHick, Janet C. Illingworth-Cooper,Jack Redmond [5 yrs](1988) William S. Donaldson, Norma E.Knowlton, Kenneth Oldridge [5 yrs]

GRANDRIVER/WATERLOO President: Ken Oldridge (519) 821-3112Vice-President: Marcia Redmond Treasurer: Marilyn Cornies-MilneSecretary: Lois McCulloch, 40 Woodside Road, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2G9Newsletter: THE BIRDSTONE - Editor: John D. A. MacDonaldFees: Individual $6 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesdayof the month, except June - August, at the Adult Recreation Centre, 185King Street W., Waterloo.

LONDON President: Neal Ferris (519) 433-8401Vice-President: Linda Gibbs Treasurer: George ConnoySecretary: Megan Cook, 55 Centre Street, London, Ontario, N6J 1T4Newsletter: KEWA- Editor: Ian KenyonFees: Individual $12 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Thursdayof the month, except June - August, at the Museum of Indian Archaeology.

NIAGARA President: David Briggs (416) 358-3822Vice-Presidents: Ian Brindle, Anthony Sergenese Treas: Bernice CardySecretary: Sue Pengelly, 97 Delhi Street, Port Colborne, Onto L3K 3LlNewsletter: Editor: Jon JouppienFees: Individual $6 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Friday ofthe month at Room H313, Science Complex, Brock University, St. Catharines.

OTTAWA President: Marian Clark (819) 682-0562Vice-President: Helen Armstrong Treasurer: Jane DaleSecretary: Peggy Smyth, Box 4939, Station E, Ottawa, Ontario, KIS 5JlNewsletter: THE OTTAWAARCHAEOLOGIST - Editor: Lorne KuehnFees: Individual $15 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 2nd Wednesdayof the month, except June - August, at the Victoria Memorial Building,Metcalfe & McLeod Streets, Ottawa.

THUNDER BAY President: Frances Duke (807) 683-5375Vice-President: George Holborne Treasurer:Secretary: 331 Hallam St., Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7A lL9Newsletter: WANIKAN- Editor: A. HinshelwoodFees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the lastWednesday of the month, except June - August, at the National ExhibitionCentre, Balmoral Ave., Thunder Bay.

TORONTO President: Dena Doroszenko (416) 537-6732Vice-President: Tony Stapells Treasurer: Mara ScomparinSecretary: Annie Gould, 74 Carsbrooke Rd., Etobicoke, Ontario, M9C 3C6Newsletter: PROFILE - Editor: Jane SacchettiFees: Individual $8 Meetings: Usually at 8.00pm on the 3rd Wednesdayof the month, except June - August, at Room 561A, Sidney Smith Hall,St. George Street, Toronto.

WINDSOR President: Rosemary Denunzio (519) 253-1977Vice-President:Robert Litster Treasurer: Norman VincentSecretary: Garth Rumble, 454 Tecumseh Rd., R.R.l, Tecumseh, Ont., N8N 2L9Newsletter: SQUIRREL COUNTY GAZETTE - Editor: Peter ReidFees: Individual $5 Meetings: Usually at 7.30pm on the 2nd Tuesday ofthe month, except June - August, at Windsor Public Library, 850 OuelletteAvenue, Windsor.

if[)1J@ ©[/j)li®[)'~@ ,%[)'©[)1J®@@~@@~©®~ ~@©~@liW ~[/j)©o126 Willowdale Avenue. Willowdale. Ontario. M2N 4Y2

(416) 730-0797

Ms Christine Caroppo142 Glebeholme Blvd.Toronto, OntarioM4J 1S6(416) 466-0460

Mr. Michael W. Kirby1225 Avenue RoadToronto, OntarioM5N 2G5(416) 484-9358

Ms Marjorie Tuck4 Eastglen Cres.Islington, OntarioM9B 4P7(416) 622-9706

Mr. Robert Burgar55 Faywood Blvd. Apt.#107North York, OntarioM3H 2X1(416) 636-5229

Mr. Lawrence JacksonP.O. Box 493Port Hope, OntarioL1A 3Z4(416) 342-3250

Mr. Michael W. Kirby1225 Avenue RoadToronto, OntarioM5N 2G5(416) 484-9358

Dr. Peter ReidDepartment of Sociology &

AnthropologyUniversity of WindsorWindsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4(519) 253-4232

Mr. Charles Garrad103 Anndale DriveWillowdale, OntarioM2N 2X3(416) 223-2752

Scientific Journal: ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGYNewsletter: ARCH NOTESMonographs: MONOGRAPHS IN ONTARIO

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