November 2011School of Science & Engineering

Energy Environment Management Magazine

AL Akhawayn University in Ifrane

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CONTENT

3 International Workshop on Nano-Materials and Renewable Energies

6 Morocco Exporting Oil: Reality or Fiction

7 Smart Way to Reduce the Electricity Bill

8 Reducing Car Emissions by using Oxygenated Fuel

9 Generate Electricity uisng Household waste Water

10 Time to Start considering Recycling Heat

11 Exhaust Pipes Producing Pure Water...Will we ever going to witness it?

12 Clean Coal Technology

13 Biomass Energy

Editor: Hatim Ksissou

Production Coordinator: Dr. Hassan Darhmaoui

Designer: Hatim Ksissou

Reporters: Nesrine Ouriaghli, Hajar El Alouany, Noura Hajri, Laila Kahan, Driss lahjouji, Oussama Laazizi, Youssef Dahioui , Houda Ennaceiri , Hatim Ksissou.

Information is correct at press time.

Al Akhawayn Univerisity

Ifrane, Morocco

November, 2011

PRESENTATION

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT

AL Akhawayn University in Ifrane

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The Class of SEM5313 under the supervsion of Dr. Hassan Darhmaoui annouce the release of the first online magazin dealing with energy and environment issues.

& Environment

Energy

US-Morocco InternatIonal WorkShop on nano-MaterIalS and reneWable energIeS

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ENEREGY NEWS

US-Morocco International Workshop on Nano-

materials and Renewable Energies took place at

Al Akhawayn University of Ifrane in the 18th, 20th

on November. The workshop was an opportunity

to promote scientific collaboration between re-

searchers and scientists from different regions of

the world; mainly from USA and from Morocco.

The workshop included different presentations

from experts on Nano-materials from Europe,

USA, and North Africa. Most of these presenta-

tions evolved around the potential use of Nano-

materials in Renewable Energies. There was also

a poster’s exhibitionthrough which students

were able to share their knowledge with all the

researchers and professionals and students at-

tending the workshop.

The workshop was a successful event. It was an

opportunity for students to interconnect, acquire

knowledge about the latest research in the field of

nano-technologies, and get a glimpse of the pro-

fessional work and responsibilities that they may

have to take in the future. Furthermore, the work-

shop allowed scientists from different regions of

the world to share knowledge and to discuss op-

portunities of strong collaboration between Al

Akhawayn University and other universities.

Nora Hajri

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US-Morocco InternatIonal WorkShop on nano-MaterIalS and reneWable energIeS

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On Friday 25th November, AUI Sustainable Ener-

gy Management Master students, under the su-

pervision of Dr. Hassane Darhmaoui, and Dr. Kha-

lid Loudiyi, visited Elec Expo- Ener Event 2011

which combines two important events: Elec-Expo

2011, that is considered to be the most important

platform for Morocco’s trade sector of electrical

engineering and industrial automation, and Ener

Event 2011, which is the first International Fair for

Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE).

With 5246 visitors from 52 countries and 213 ex-

hibitors from 18 countries, Elec Expo-Ener Event

2011 allows leading companies to meet senior

buyers, wholesalers, retailers, designers, and

planners from all over the World, and gives them

the opportunity to discover new technologies,

and to enlarge their network and do business.

The event was held in the International Fair-

ground in Casablanca from the 22th to the 26th of

November. The program of the event enphasized

on subjects such as conventional energy sources,

energy savings, storage of energy, equipment for

measurements and control, lighting, and indus-

trial buildings automation.

aUI reneWable energy SUdentS VISIt to elec eXpo 2011

Houda Ennaceri

IInnoVatIVe SpherIcal Solar panel

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ENEREGY NEWS

An innovative technology of solar panels is the Sfera-

sol solar water heater, which is the first solar thermal

system that is spherically shaped. This solar panel in-

cludes all the elements of a solar heating system with

forced circulation: absorber, primary circuit circula-

tion pump, differential control, heat exchanger, stor-

age tank and supporting structure.

In opposition to the conventional solar panels that

need a specific inclination angle, Sferasol ensures,

thanks to its spheriocal shape, a constant exposure to

the rays of the sun throughout the day, and does not

require an inclination angle.

Sferasol solar panel provides a total water capacity of

150 liters. Its storage tank is made of polyurethane,

with a thickness of 40mm to ensure a high isolation.

The only drawback of Sferasol solar panel is that it

needs space (Dimensions 1200 x 1200 x 1600 mm),

and cannot be put on the roofs (unlike conventional

solar panles). The complete Sferasol system has a

weight of 130 Kg (empty), and 280Kg (in operation).

This innovative solar panel system can be an ideal

system for home water heating, and for the mainte-

nance of swimming pools,

its installation cost is insig-

nificant compared to that

of any other of solar panels

installations.

Fax is one of the devices that are kept on 24 hours

a day, seven days a week. This results in a huge

waste of energy, and therefore higher electricity

costs. Al Akhawayn University is definitely a heavy

fax user, and by implementing some techniques,

noticeable cost and energy can be reduced.

First of all, assuming that:

• AUIhasaround53faxes

• Eachfax,whenturnedon24/7,consumes

119kWhannually,whichisequivalentto6307k

Wh annually for AUI

• Thecostof1KWhis1.34dirhamsinMo-

rocco, so the cost of fax usage for AUI is 8451.4

Dirhams If we adopt some saving energy tips,

much of this cost will be minimized. First, if the

faxes are turned off at night and during the week

ends, the energy will be consumed 60 hours a

week instead of 168 hours, which is equivalent

toatotalreductionof57%. Inotherwordsonly

3595KWhwillbeconsumedinsteadof6307KWh.

Andonly4817.3dirhamswillbepaidannuallyin-

stead of 8451.4 Dhs. Other tips that can be used

are to purchase faxes that can be turned off auto-

matically when they are not used (energy star is

one of the manufactur-

ers of these faxes). Plain

paper can also be used

instead of the thermal

one since this latter is

more expensive and is

not recyclable.

Nesrine OuiriaghlyHouda Ennaceri

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IInnoVatIVe SpherIcal Solar panel

FaX SaVIng tIpS at aUI:hoW to redUceconSUMptIon

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Oil shale is the term used for any sedimentary rock containing solid bituminous materials. When sub-ject to heating at a very high temperature, the rock releases kerogen, a petroleum-like liquid that is then processed into a usable fuel.Oil Shale HistoryThe first research studies on oil shale in Morocco started in the 30’s with the discovery of the first oil shale deposits in Tangier leading to the creation of “Société des Schistes Bitumineux de Tanger”. Later during the 60’s, two other regions with much more important oil shale deposits were identified: Timah-dit and Tarfaya.Oil Shale ResourcesWith a total oil content estimated to be around 50 billion barrels, Morocco is ranked 6th worldwide af-ter the US, Russia, Brazil, Zaire and Italy.The oil deposits are lying on a total surface of around 7400km².Thestrippingratioortheamountofrockthat has to be mined in order to extract kerogen, the main ingredient So, regarding its huge potential, it seems that oil shale is the ultimate solution for Morocco’ energy dependency problem (97% of primary energy im-ported). In fact, according to IndexMundi, Morocco consumes around 76millions of barrels of oil peryear, thus the oil shale will allow the country to cover its energy needs for more than 500 years. However, many obstacles keep facing the oil production from

oil shale on a commercial level. Besides the high cost of the different mining and processing operations, there are also some serious environmental impacts including disposal of spent shale, use of important quantities of water resources as well as the obvious air pollution that exceeds the pollution caused by conventional oil. In fact, according to Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA), production from unconventional oil emits 15% more carbon emis-sions than average emissions from conventional oil. Thisisequaltoalmost90%ofthecarbonemissionreleased by coal. However, with crude oil prices ex-ceeding80$/barrel, the shale oil production is be-coming more and more feasible on a larger scale. Maybe, sooner than what we expect, our country will be exporting its own oil.

Youssef Dahioui

Morocco Exporting oil: rEality or Fiction ?

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Do you want to save money in the electricity bill at the end of the month? Do you want to decrease the pollution in the environment? The solution is just switching from the incandescent to the fluorescent bulbs. Bulb HistoryIncandescent bulbs have been known since 1879and they work by running current through a tung-sten filament that emits lights when energy is ab-

sorbedandreleasedbyitsatoms.Howeverin1976another type of bulbs was discovered that consumes 1/6oftheenergyoftheincandescentwiththesameoutput light these bulbs are known as the fluores-cents. They operate by running current through an electrode and stimulating mercury that excites the phosphor in the fluorescent tube in order to emit light. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists: “If every American home replaced just one light bulb with a fluorescent light bulb, we would save enough energy to light more than 3 million homes for a year, more than $600 million in annual energy costs, and prevent greenhouse gases equivalent to the emis-sions of more than 800,000 cars.” More than this, fluorescentlightbulbsalsogenerate70percentless

heat, so they are safer to operate. Bulbs Comparison To illustrate more the difference in cost between the two kinds of bulbs, there was a cost comparison study done between the incandescent and the fluo-rescent bulbs.

Incandescent bulbs

Fluorescent bulbs

Power 60 W 15 W

Bulb life 1000 Hours 10000 Hours Bulb cost 4.11 mad 28.75 mad

Electricityrate:0.74mad/Kwh.

From Table 1 we can conclude that by using a fluorescent bulb over its life time of 10000 hours, people will save 332.54 mad in electricity costs.

Another study done using the same data in Table 1 showed that by using fluorescent bulb over its life-time there will be a reduction in greenhouse gas produced by power plants by: 691 pounds of carbon dioxide. So change the word by changing few light bulbs. It is one of the best things you can do for both the en-vironment and your budget.

Table 1 Fluorescent vs. Regular light bulbs : Cost comparision

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Laila KhanaYoussef Dahioui

Morocco Exporting oil: rEality or Fiction ? SavE MonEy By changing FEw BulBS

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Air pollution is a hazardous threat to our natural eco-system and our life. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling the dangerous gaseous substances found in the atmosphere. Air pollution is the release of toxic gases and particles in the atmosphere. The main dan-gerous gases released are: Carbon Monoxide CO, Hy-drocarbon HCs, Sulfur Dioxide SO2, and Nitrogen Ox-ides NOx. When talking about air pollution caused by car emissions we mainly focus on carbon monoxide, and that is not because the gases mentioned before are less dangerous, it is because most of car’s emission is CO. In fact, 50% of CO emissions in the United States are originally from cars and trucks. As a matter of fact, the current CO emissions rate is

increasing exponentially, thus, people started looking for different solutions in order to reduce toxic emis-sions in the air. One of the main suggested solutions is using the system and method of oxygenating liq-uid fuels, such as diesel fuel, heating oil, gasoline, and other combustible liquid fuels.Oxygenated fuel is just liquid fuel oxygenated by de-positing concentrated oxygen gas directly into the fuel, typically when the fuel is stored in a container such as a fuel tank of a motor vehicle. Concentrated oxygen gas percolates with the liquid fuel, thereby producing oxygenated fuel. The oxygenated fuel is

used to reduce some type of atmospheric pollution as it allows more complete combustion of the fuel, and this reduces exhaust emissions of Carbon Monoxide. It is also credited with reducing the smog problems in major urban center.Since air quality became a real issue in most regions of the world, different countries adopted different di-rections in order to improve the quality of air. For in-stance, the ‘Colorado Air Quality Control Commission’ adopted a regulation requiring that only oxygenated fuels can be sold in Colorado State starting January 1, 1988 (Sterrett S, 1995). After applying the adopter reg-ulations, they found out that the mean CO concentra-tion was (20.5 ± 7.9) % in 1989-91 compared to (10.9 ± 11.5) % in 1986-88. As a result, the net reduction in CO emissions due to oxygenated fuels use was about 10%.In addition to reducing toxic gases emissions, oxygen-ated fuel can also help saving energy sources because it helps fuel burn more efficiently. Also, the oxygen-ated fuel is used with all the different types of cars that were manufactured after the year of 1975. To conclude, except the fact that oxygenated fuel is quite more ex-pensive than normal fuel, there is no other reason to prevent all the nations form using oxygenated fuel.

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can oxygEnatEd FuEl rEducE car EMiSSionS?Nora Hajri

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The next time you fill your bath, you do your laundry, you flush your toi-let, or you take a shower, you have to know that water will be used for more than fulfilling you daily needs, and that your wastewater will be re-used to generate electricity. In average, a person flushes more than 7,000 liters down the toilet ev-ery year, knowing that the World’s population is estimated to be 6.97 billion (October 2011) and consider-ing that half of the population uses flushable toilets: 25 trillion liters are wasted ONLY in toilet flushing. Also, it is important to know that an av-erage person uses 387 liters/day in the U.S, and 329 liters/day in Canada which gives an idea about the huge amount of water that is wasted every year, including all other types of water use.In order meet the growing population demand of electricity, and sustain the country’s social and eco-nomic development, Morocco is considering to gen-erate electricity from wastewater, by using water tur-bines for electric power generation, especially that the country is estimated to have 900 billion m3 (900 trillion liters) of wastewater by the year 2020.The principle of generating electricity using house-hold waste water is simple; it consists of using the kinetic energy of the flowing water waste by plac-ing turbine generators in the outflow sewer systems. There are many types of turbines that can be used: Kaplan, Francis or Pelton turbines, the last is an im-pulse turbine, which changes the velocity of the wa-ter jet, and yet is the best for use as it has been shown to reach 90% of mechanical efficiency. So after the

households’ wastewater is collected in the sewer systems, and after the process of removing organic matter and contaminants using the standard sieving procedure (tamissage), the water goes through an in-jector, which increases the velocity and therefore the pressure of the water. The water jet pushes on the turbine’s blades, which changes the direction of the flow, and charges the rotor with a magnetic field. The water pressure (due to potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy after hitting the blades.Water turbines are considered to be eco-friendly, and a clean power producer. They can also be used to generate electricity using drinking water since they do not change its quality. However, it is better to use this system for wastewater as its mass and its viscosity is higher than drinking water, and thus gives a big-ger amount of electricity. Turbines are not high costly and require little maintenance. All in all, considering the trillions of water liters that are wasted every year, this renewable energy technique is worth the effort.

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can oxygEnatEd FuEl rEducE car EMiSSionS? uSE houSEhold waStE watEr to gEnEratE ElEctricityNora Hajri

Figure 1:

Houda Ennaceiri

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“If china continues to grow and develop, global CO2 emissions will double by the year 2020 because of china alone” [3]. China is brought only as an example; the correlation between economic development and global pollution holds also true for the rest world, where fos-sil fuels are the primary source of energy. In this perspective, many have claimed that the solution lies in hydrogen. But what does hy-drogen energy have and the other types do not?First of all, hydrogen is the most abundant element. Hydrogen con-stitutes nearly 75 % of the universe mass meaning no shortage is pre-sumed in the long run. Starting from this fact, theories and meth-ods have been developed to use hydrogen as an energy source. First, they used to burn it, but then they shifted toward fuel cell technology. The principle is quite simple: join-ing hydrogen and oxygen to create water all along the creation of an electron current (electricity). One can only image what it would be like if all those exhaust pipes emit pure water instead of carbon diox-ide.Industrial fuel cell technology has first set foundation in demanding sectors, namely in spacecraft and submarine activities where the re-mote conditions encourage the

use of such applications. In such demanding sectors, fuel cell has an important advantage of being very reliable. In theory they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliabil-ity [2]. There exist also many pilot programs around the globe using this technology in stationary pow-er generation and cogeneration (heating system) with very prom-

ising efficiency. When it is used in cogeneratiowwn applications, the program can reach efficiency in the range of 85% [4].Several of the major car produc-ers have announced their plan to release a production model for the fuel cell vehicle by 2015. Those producers include Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Nissan, etc. Some of those previously mentioned have already shown prototypes of their model in either 2009 or 2010. The attention to automotive sector comes from the fact that transport has the highest global share of car-

bon emission and fuel consump-tion. For instance, it represents 27% of total energy consumption in the U.S. (exceeding the residen-tial share of energy consumption) [5]. Hence, it comes the urge of addressing the automotive sector by enhancing the technology in-volved in energy generation. Many programs of fuel cell vehicles have already completed their trial pe-riod. In 2007, Daimler-AG has suc-cessfully achieved a 3 years trial period of its Fuel Cell driven Citaro buses in 11 cities all over the world. The goal is to achieve the large scale production within the next two decades.Nevertheless, the road map of fuel cell technology is not challenge-free; there still exist some hurdles to overcome, mainly as far as in-frastructure is concerned. So that fuel cell technology can be fully de-ployed on the large scale, the world has to change its energy supply chains. New stations must be cre-ated for hydrogen storage all along with factories of hydrogen pro-duction. Brief, the technology has already demonstrated the huge potential that lays beneath, but further research and development must be made starting from rising awareness for the significance of a clean energy use on the global scale.

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Figure retrieved from google.com

Oussama Laazizi ExhauSt pipES producing purE watEr !

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More than 60% of the energy pro-duced by industry around the world is lost in the form of heat, a phenomenon known as the waste heat. A car, for instance, wastes about two-thirds of the energy it produces. According to UK’s New Statesman, power wasted by US plants amount to the power need-ed by the entire Japanese economy (CNN, 2007).A phenomenon known since then by the Seebeck Effect is used to convert temperature difference into electricity by means of ther-moelectric modules. Such a device is composed – as shown in Figure 1- of N-type and P-type blocks electrically connected in series between them and sandwiched between two ceramic wafers used as insulation between the module and a heat source at the hot side and a heat sink at the cold side. Thermoelectric modules can be a good way to recycle all the energy lost in the form of heat and exhaust smoke. Such a simple physical con-cept can be quite useful, economi-cal, and environment friendly. It can function at low temperatures (up to 250°C), which makes it as useful in minor applications such as phones, laptops, and kitchen appliances to generate power as in major applications like power plants. However, Current thermo-

electric devices could only reach a small percentage (10% to 12%) of that maximum efficiency, which makes those modules little effi-cient and costly compared to the

amount of energy they can out-put. This inefficiency turns out to be mainly due to the materials used for the modules’ construc-tion. Researchers have been try-ing to boost the performance of thermoelectric devices by increas-ing a property known as ZT in the materials used. One such mineral that conducts well electricity and conducts heat poorly is: “skutteru-dites”, of a general formula (Co, Ni, Fe)As3. This material suitable for the construction of thermoelectric modules has always been slow and difficult to make. The researchers from Oregon State University how-ever, recently claimed to find the key to producing it in a quick and

efficient way, and that is by using microwave technology through the heating of powdered metals in the microwave (Oregan State University, 2011). The technique is

simple, yet the result turns out to be the best suited for thermoelec-tricity applications.The use of thermoelectricity as an alternate way of power generation has been put off by the unavail-ability of low cost, nontoxic, stable, and efficient thermoelectric mate-rials. Now that this class of matter known as “skutterudites” can be easily produced and that research can be taken to a higher pace, hope rises that in the near future we can recycle the heat wasted to the environment on this planet, and recover a good amount of it to be used as electricity in our homes, devices, cars, and plants.

Figure 1: The inside of a thermoelectric module

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Oussama Laazizi Hajar El Alouany can loSt hEat BE rEcyclEd?

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The world’s reserves of fossil fuels are considerably and warningly decreasing. In 2011, the world’s consumption of oil is estimated to be 100 Million Barrels per day (Figure 1). According to Fay & Golomb , the lifetime of both oil and gas is estimated to be 50 years if the 1987-1997 growth rate is

maintained. As a result, shifting the consumption to environmentally friendly sustainable energies is a necessity. Among the various sustainable energy alternatives that exist, biomass energy represents interesting energetic and environmental properties. Biomass is defined by a large number of scientists as all biological matter that has a mass in the world, such as plants and animals. Yet biomass also has a very large meaning that includes all biological materials like trees, crops, grasses, algae and agricultural residues such as manure that can be used either for generating energy or for pharmaceutical purpose like extracting chemical components. The energy generated by harvesting biomass is called “bioenergy”. This energy represents several environmental benefits that can effectively limit the negative impacts of global warming by reducing air pollution, reducing fossil fuels inputs, increasing soil quality, reducing erosion and diminishing water pollution.First of all, the use of biomass as bio energy can

efficiently mitigate air pollution that represents the main cause of global warming. According to New Mexico Biomass Information Clearinghouse , biomass produces less greenhouse emissions like sulphur oxide, chlorofluorocarbons and nitric oxide than fossil fuels. Biomass has the potential to reduce fossil fuel inputs. According to biotechnologist, Bio energy, the energy produced from biomass, generates 151% more energy than the energy needed for growing biomass and converting it into bio energy. This fact had been proven by the US Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service (USDAARS) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Biomass can also noticeably diminish water pollution.

As seen in the previous paragraph, in order to grow, biomass doesn’t need much fertilizers and pesticides that slowly infiltrate the soil until they reach the groundwater supply and make it polluted.Biomass represents an effective way to mitigate the negative impacts of global warming as it reduces air pollution, it moderates fossil fuel inputs, it increases soil quality and reduce erosion and it diminish water pollution. Moreover, biomass represents a renewable energy that can efficiently substitute fossil fuels energies.

Driss Lahjouji

Figure 1: World Oil Consumption

Figure 2: Historical Global CO2 Emissions

BioMaSS EnErgy: thE altErnativE For thE Futur

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Coal is the energy source that many countries opt for. This choice is due to many reasons; first of all, coal is a very abundant source and can be found in many countries in big quantities. The estimated world reserves was 909 billion tons in 2008 (eia, 2011) and is estimated to last for 129 years. In addition, coal is produced very cheaply, and maintenance costs for mines are not considerable. However, coal is one of the dirtiest energy sources used to generate energy (Kannesaw University, 2003). When burned, coal produces many gaseous pollutants, such as carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, soot, and ash which directly contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition, it produces sulfur and nitrogen oxides that react with water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) which lead to acid rains (Van Biersel, 2011).In order to overcome these issues, new technologies have been developed to produce “clean” coal. It can at the same time reduce the amounts of CO2 released in the atmosphere by storing it deeply in the ground, and reduce the greenhouse gases.

The first step in the clean coal process is the coal preparation; it is grinded and passed through gravity separation which is about mixing coal with

a fluid with a higher density that enables the coal to float while removing unwanted materials that form a precipitate (eccc, nd). The second step is the coal gasification; it is an incomplete combustion of coal that releases a synthesis gas that contains

CO and H2 which is used as a fuel of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) that generates the most efficient and clean production of electricity from coal (bbc news, 2005).The third step is the removal of pollutants; Flue gas desulphursation enables the elimination of 98% of sulfur contaminants as slag (eccc, nd). Also, the electrostatic precipitators enable the removal of 99% of particulates from flue gas through the creation of an electrical field between plates that attract the unwanted particles (bbc news, 2005).To conclude, it is true that this clean coal technology is very expensive and still requires many research and experiences. However, as the oil reserves are supposed to last 40 years while coal reserves are still huge and affordable, producing clean coal becomes a necessity. In fact, the energy technology laboratory confirmed that clean coal can reduce up to 13420 tons of NO2 per year and can save up to 139M$ if the needed generators are developed for combustion and performance (Spinney, 2005).

Driss Lahjouji

Figure 2: Electrostatic Precipitation

Figure 1: Steps for the Clean Coal Process

Nesrine Ouiraghli

thE Main StEpS For producing clEan coalBioMaSS EnErgy: thE altErnativE For thE Futur

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HK

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