Newsademic British English edition 027teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/henrico/lavier_n/ibeacon... · 9th November, 2006 Newsademic.com – British English edition page 3 the next day for

9th November 2006British English edition

Issue Number 27

Learning English as a

foreign language?

Newsademic.com

Recommended reading

for TEFL and ESL

Newsademic.comThe international newspaper for the younger reader

In this issue

Civil rebellion in MexicoReports spell out warningsStealing sea slugsJackson Pollock recordThe stolen generationBrazilian President re-electedNEWSCASTS

Pakistan and AfghanistanDemocrats win in the USAImproving alpaca woolNigerian aircrashMarathon vote at the UNSelling soil to the IrishWho governs well winsIsraeli attacks in GazaPenguins working togetherPresident Chen stands firmSpace telescope to be fixedLights go out across EuropeMirrors and elephantsLooking out for sharksCD and book reviewGlossary and Sudoku prize competitions

Saddam Hussein shouts at the judge as he receives his sentence

Saddam Hussein, former president of Iraq, was sentenced to death by hang-ing by an Iraqi court on 5th November. After a trial lasting 13 months the court found him guilty of committing crimes against humanity.

Saddam was a dictator who ruled Iraq for 24 years. Over 500,000 Iraqis are thought to have been killed during this period. Many were imprisoned, tortured and murdered. In 1980 he started a war with Iran, which lasted for eight years, and invaded Kuwait in 1990. About two million people died in these wars.

Saddam was also accused of devel-oping long range chemical missiles – weapons of mass destruction. In 2003 the USA and the UK invaded Iraq. The governments of both countries thought Saddam was becoming too dangerous. They also believed the Iraqi people would welcome his removal from power.

Saddam’s army was quickly defeated and, eventually, he was captured. But no weapons of mass destruction were found. Since the invasion elections have been held. Iraq now has its own democrati-cally elected government. It was a new Iraqi court – set up by the USA in 2003 – which put Saddam on trial.

But since Saddam was removed from power the situation in Iraq has got worse. Three different groups of people live in the country – Kurds in the north, Shias in the south and Sunnis in the centre. Baghdad, the capital city, has a mixed population of Shias and Sunnis. Saddam, who is a Sunni treated the Kurds and Shias very badly when he was in power.

Since Saddam’s removal fighting has broken out between Sunnis and Shias. In southern Iraq Shia groups are even fighting each other. USA and UK soldiers – with the newly-trained Iraqi

D E A T H P E N A L T Y F O R S A D D A M H U S S E I N

9th November, 2006 Newsademic.com – British English edition page 2

police and army – are struggling to keep control.

Some Iraqis now say life was better when Saddam was in charge. Many want American and British soldiers to leave.

Other countries are not happy about what has happened in Iraq. They argue that the USA supported Saddam during his war with Iran and claim the invasion of Iraq was illegal under international law.

Hundreds of Kurds and Shias celebrated when they heard the news that the court had sentenced Saddam to death. But some Sunnis protest-ed in the city of Tikrit – where he comes from.

The Iraqi court made Saddam stand trial for two crimes. The first happened when Saddam visited the town of Dujail in 1982. Somebody tried to shoot him. He then ordered the torture, arrest, killing and depor-tation of hundreds of people who lived there. It is for this crime that he was sentenced to death.

The second trial – which is still going on – is for the military attacks on Kurdish areas in Iraq between 1986 and 1989. These killed over 150,000 people and included the use of chemical weapons. The Iraqi court chose these two crimes – out of the many Saddam committed – because people who witnessed them agreed to testify against him.

Some have criticised the court. They say the judges and lawyers are biased and that it is impossible for Saddam to have a fair trial in Iraq. During the trial three lawyers work-ing for Saddam were murdered. And the judge resigned. He claimed the Iraqi government was interfering with the court. A new judge was appointed to replace him.

The European Union (EU) – which disagrees with the death

penalty – asked the Iraqi govern-ment to change the sentence from death to life imprisonment.

Six other Iraqi officials who worked for Saddam were also sen-tenced for the same crime. Barzan Ibrahim – Saddam’s half brother – and Awad Hamed al-Bander also got the death penalty. Another was given life imprisonment and three others 15 years. A seventh was found not guilty.

No one knows when the death sentences will be carried out. Some believe it will not be until after the second trial has ended.

RIOT POLICE TAKE BACK CONTROL OF OAXACA

The city of Oaxaca is in Mexico. The city and the state it is in have the same name. For the last 25 years, every May, teachers in Oax-aca have gone on strike. They de-mand higher pay and more money for schools. Usually, after a few weeks, the Governor agrees to a small pay rise and the teachers go back to work. But this year has been different.

Ulises Ruiz Ortiz is the governor of the state of Oaxaca. He is un-popular because some people think he cheated to win the election for governor in 2004.

By June the teachers were still demonstrating on the streets of the

city. Mr Ortiz ordered 3,000 police to break up their protests. There was violence and over 100 teach-ers needed hospital treatment. The protesters returned to the streets the next day. They demanded that Mr Ortiz resign.

Many others joined the dem-onstrating teachers. They named themselves APPO – or the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca. APPO took over radio stations and government buildings in the city in an act of civil rebellion. Their protests also spread to other towns in the state.

Mr Ortiz and the mayors of the local towns asked the Mexican President, Vincente Fox, to take action against APPO. President Fox said he wanted a peaceful end to the protests. So talks with APPO were arranged.

President Fox is due to hand over the Mexican presidency to Felipe Calderon on 1st December. Some people thought he wanted talks with APPO so he could leave the prob-lem to Mr Calderon.

On 27th October three people were shot dead in the city. One of them was an American newspaper reporter. No one knows who fired the shots but APPO claimed it was the police.

President Fox decided he must do something quickly before the protests became violent and spread to other parts of the country. He ordered 3,500 police and 3,000 mili-tary police to enter the city on the night of 29th – 30th October. 5,000 army troops waited outside in case they were needed.

Water cannons and tear gas were used against the protesters, most of whom slipped away. Only one per-son was killed. The 70,000 striking teachers agreed to return to work

PacificOcean

Gulf ofMexico

Oaxaca

Mexico City

MEXICO

U.S.A.


the next day for the first time in over five months.

The teachers and other protest-ers are still demanding Mr Ortiz’s resignation. Some officials in the Mexican government also think he should go to stop future protests.

TWO REPORTS PREDICT FUTURE WORLD PROBLEMS

Two important reports were pub-lished on 30th October and 2nd November. One predicts how glo-bal warming will affect the world economy. The other predicts that all seafood will run out within the next 50 years.

Both reports say their predictions will happen if countries don’t take preventative action.

The report about global warm-ing was written by Sir Nicholas Stern. There have been many re-ports published on this subject before, but most of them have been written by scientists. Mr Stern is a UK economist.

Global warming is caused by burning coal and fuels made from oil – like petrol. These are called fossil fuels. People use them for transport, heating and making elec-tricity. When fossil fuels are burnt carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.

Mr Stern has tried to calculate how much money global warm-ing will cost. He says – if noth-ing is done to stop it – the price the world will have to pay is £45 (US$83) per tonne of carbon dioxide produced.

If he is right the cost, by 2050, will be similar to the effect of a world war. If something is done about it now the world will save £1.4 trillion (US$2.6 trillion).

The report on seafood is dif-ferent. Fish in the ocean are dis-appearing because of fishing not global warming. We’re catching too many. Modern fishing boats – which go all over the world’s oceans – scoop almost everything up in their nets. Lots of adult fish are caught so they don’t breed. Smaller fish, which, bigger fish eat, are also taken. This disrupts the ocean food chain.

One solution to both problems is international cooperation. But this is difficult.

For example, the USA is the biggest producer of carbon dioxide but China is expected to overtake it soon. The USA argues that if it restricts the amount of fossil fuels it uses China and other countries must do the same.

But China has been burning large amounts of fossil fuels for only 30 years. The USA and other richer countries have been doing it for 150. Millions of Europeans and North Americans own cars. Why shouldn’t millions of Chinese – or Indian people – be allowed to buy them?

Equally all countries which fish the world’s oceans will have to agree to stop, or greatly reduce, the numbers they catch.

The question now is will the world’s leaders take notice of these reports or ignore them?

The world’s biggest polluters by % of carbon dioxide produced.

USA 20.5 Germany 2.9China 14.9 Brazil 2.5Russia 5.7 Canada 2.1India 5.6 UK 2.0Japan 4.0 Italy 1.5

SEA SLUG SMUGGLING

Sea slugs – also called sea cucum-bers – are animals which look like fat sausages. Scientists call them holothurians. They live on the sea floor and use tentacles to catch tiny creatures for food.

Many Japanese and Chinese peo-ple think that sea slugs are good to eat. So there is a big demand for them in these countries. But they are an expensive luxury food. Freshly caught sea slugs sell for ¥3,000 (£13.50) per kilogram (2.2 pounds). Dried sea slug costs up to ¥80,000 (£350) per kilogram.

But it is getting harder to get sea slugs because, in some areas, they are being killed faster than they can breed.

Sea slugs are being caught by poachers in water they have no right to fish in. They are then sold illegally – or smuggled – because of the large sums of money involved.

The poachers are unlawfully taking the sea slugs from Japanese waters and selling them for high prices in China.

The authorities in northern Japan say that last month they caught 10 poachers with 132 kilograms (290 pounds) of sea slugs.

Earlier this year, seven smugglers were caught with 703 kilograms (1,550 pounds) of sea slugs. These criminals then admitted that they had already caught and sold 32 tons of sea slugs in recent months.

Sea slugs

NATIVE AUSTRALIANS GET PAY-OUT

Until the 1970s it was common for the children of native aboriginal Australians to be taken away from them. The children were put in white foster homes, children’s homes or boarding schools. The idea was to teach them how to be like white people so that the dif-ferences between the two groups would disappear.

Today many look back and see this as a great wickedness because it meant that, cruelly, the children were not allowed to grow up in their own culture. They call the children ‘the stolen generation’ and say that the authorities just

wanted to destroy aboriginal culture and language.

Tasmania, one of the Austral-ian states, has now announced that about 100 aborigines will be paid a sum of money to compensate for some of the damage which was done to them.

About A$5 million (£2 million) has been made available for these payments. This is the first time an offer of this sort has been made anywhere in Australia.

If the person who was re-moved from his or her family has now died the plan is to pay up to A$5,000 (£2,000) to descendants. In some cases several brothers and sisters were taken together. No family will get more than A$20,000

(£8,000). All the money left over will then be shared among the stolen generation people who are still alive.

Nine years ago the Tasmanian parliament said it was sorry for the past policies which led to aboriginal children being treated so badly. And every year since 1998 Australia has held a National Sorry Day to stress this message.

But John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia, will not apologise. He says that people who are alive today and trying to do what they think best cannot be blamed for actions taken by others in the past.

The 2002 film Rabbit-Proof Fence (directed by Phillip Noyce) shows very clearly what life was

DRIP PAINTING BECOMES THE MOST EXPENSIVE

David Geffen, a wealthy American, has just sold a painting called Number 5 1948 by Jackson Pollock for US$140 million (£75 million). This is a record price for a painting. It beats the US$135 million (£73 million) spent in June on a painting by Austrian artist Gustav Klimt.

The buyer of the Pollock painting is David Martinez a Mexican businessman.Jackson Pollock (1912 – 1956) was an American artist. When working on a

painting he would lay the canvas on the floor and drip paint on to it. He used brushes only to drip paint – never for brush strokes. His works became popular in the 1950s. Pollock was an alcoholic. He died aged 44, after crashing his car in a drink-driving accident.

Teri Horton, an American woman, has spent the last 15 years trying to prove that she owns a Jackson Pollock painting. She bought it in a charity shop for US$5 (£2.70). An art teacher saw it hanging on her wall and said it looked like a Jackson Pollock painting. She didn’t know who he was but went along to the local library to look him up.

Ms Horton has asked experts to help her find out if it really is a Pollock. They have discovered finger prints on it that look like his. They have also matched some of the paint on the picture to paint on Pollock’s studio floor. But the art world does not accept this type of proof and refuses to accept that it is a real Jackson Pollock.

If she can prove them wrong the value of Ms Horton’s painting could be US$50 million (£27 million). Painting owned byTeri Horton

Number 5 1948by Jackson Pollock


like for these aboriginal children. It tells a story, based on real events, of three girls separated from their families in the 1930s.

LULA WINS AGAIN

Lula, whose real name is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, has been re-elected as President of Brazil. He was first elected as president four years ago. In the election held on 29th October, Lula, aged 61, beat his opponent Geraldo Alckmim by 20 million votes.

Lula comes from a very poor background. He could not read until he was 10 and worked as a shoeshine boy cleaning the shoes of passers by. At 14 he was working in a factory producing copper. Later he moved to a car factory where he joined the steel workers’ trade union. He became its elected leader in 1975. In 1980 he formed a new political party – the PT, or Workers’ Party.

Lula stood in three presidential elections and lost before he finally won in 2002.

Although Brazil has many prob-lems – including a large population and many in poverty – its economy is growing fast.

Lula has always wanted to help poorer people in his country. He started ‘Frome Zero’ – which means Zero Hunger. This social programme distributes food to the 15 million

Brazilians who do not have enough to eat. Another of his programmes is called ‘Bolsa Familia’ – or Family Dole.

Family Dole rewards poorer families with money for keeping their children at school. This helps to ensure they get a better educa-tion and stops them getting involved with street crime. It is estimated that Family Dole has reduced poverty in Brazil by nearly 20%.

But some business people are critical. They complain that govern-ment taxes Continued on next page


ROCKET LAUNCH MAY HELP SECURITY — On 25th October a rocket was launched into space from Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA. It was carrying two spacecraft, named Stereo, which will observe the sun from different angles. So they will get a rounded picture as human eyes do. The information will help scientists to work out where solar storms are likely to happen – these can damage space craft and put astronauts in danger. The work will help keep astronauts safer as they travel to the Moon and Mars. It may also help scientists to learn more about the world’s changing climate and weather. By Harry Tanner

OLDEST KNOWN BEE — American sci-entists have found the fossil of a 100 million year old bee in a mine in northern Myanmar. The insect is fixed in tree sap which has hardened into amber. It is 35 million years older than any bee found before. Experts think that bees, which col-lect nectar from flowers to live, developed from earlier flesh-eating wasps when flowering plants began to grow on earth. The new find has both bee and wasp features so it seems to be a missing link.

PRISON FOR USA MAP THIEF — Forbes Smiley aged 50, stole 97 antique maps from USA and UK libraries and museums. Over eight years he took items worth about US$3 million (£1.6 million). He sold most of them to dealers. Nearly all have been found and are now back in their museums. Mr Smiley used to be a highly-regarded maps expert and dealer in the USA. He has now been sentenced to five years in prison in Connecticut and fined US$2 million (£1.1 million).

LOGGERHEAD TURTLE IN UK SANCTUARY — Loggerhead turtles cross the At-lantic Ocean from South America to the Mediterranean as part of their life pattern. Recently, as seas get warm-er, some have drifted north to the UK. So a £300,000 (US$550,000) UK Sea Turtle Sanctuary has been

built at Wey-mouth on the south coast to

provide safety for them. A male loggerhead, 76 cen-timetres (30 inches) long, recently arrived – lost and injured – off the west coast of Scotland. Now it is the new sanctuary’s first ‘cus-tomer.’ When fully grown the animal will be about 1.5 metres (5 feet) long.

POPE’S PICTURE ON POLISH BANKNOTE — Poland’s central bank has issued a new 50 Zloty (£8.50) note. It car-ries a picture of Pope John Paul the Second who died in 2005 and who was born in Poland. On the back are some of the late Pope’s words beginning ‘There would not be a Polish Pope at the Holy See if not for your faith …’ People think col-lectors will pay £15.50 for these special notes.

NE

WSC

AS

TS

Lula celebrates with Brazilian flag


to pay for these programmes are too high. They say these taxes mean the goods Brazil makes are more expensive than those made in India and China. Richer countries, like the USA and European Union mem-bers, won’t buy as many Brazilian-made goods as they might if they were cheaper.

But Brazil now has the tenth big-gest economy in the world. Before the election Lula told his followers that ‘We are tired of being a devel-oping country. We want to grow’.

Lula now has four more years as president. Brazil’s rules, like those of the USA, say a person can be president for only two successive four-year terms.

HELICOPTERS ATTACK SCHOOL FOR TERRORISTS

Osama bin Laden is leader of the al-Qaeda terrorist group which carried out the attacks in America on 11th September 2001. For a long time he is thought to have been hiding in the mountainous region between Paki-stan and Afghanistan.

After the attacks the USA led an invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. The Taliban – which had been help-ing al-Qaeda – was defeated. Its supporters retreated to the same mountainous region bordering Paki-stan and Afghanistan .

NATO troops – from the UK, Canada, the Netherlands and the

USA – are still fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan. They complain that Taliban forces retreat across the bor-der into Pakistan where they cannot be attacked. The Pakistani army has agreed to help the USA and NATO fight against any Taliban or al-Qae-da members hiding in their country. But it seems reluctant to do so.

On 30th October that changed. Army helicopters attacked a ma-drassa – a religious school – near the town of Kahr in Pakistan. At least 80 people were killed. A Pakistani general said the army had been told that the madrassa was being used as a training camp by terrorist groups.

Local people said those killed were innocent. Many demonstrated against the government in Kahr and other towns and cities in Pakistan.

Prince Charles – the heir to the British throne – and his wife were visiting Pakistan at the time. His planned visit to nearby Peshawar had to be cancelled. The Pakistani authorities were worried about his safety.

Some people are suspicious. Just before George W Bush – the American president – visited Pa-kistan in March a similar attack happened. Then the Pakistani army claimed to have killed 45 terrorists at a training camp near the border with Afghanistan.

These people think the attack happened only because Prince Charles was visiting. While he was in Pakistan the attack was reported around the world. The govern-ment, some argue, can now use this attack as proof that Pakistan is help-ing the USA and NATO forces in Afghanistan. Pakistani officials deny this.

On 8th November over 40 new recruits were killed at an army train-ing school by a suicide bomber. The

training school is in the town of Dargai – 40 kilometres (25 miles) away from Kahr. A Pakistani army official said he was sure the bomb-ing was in retaliation for the army’s attack on the religious school.

USA MID-TERM ELECTIONS

Since 1994 the USA’s Republican Party has had more elected members in Congress than the Democratic Party. Congress – the parliament of the USA – has two houses. The House of Representatives, known as ‘the House’, and the Senate.

On 7th November Americans voted in their mid-term elections. Now that votes have been counted the Democratic Party – Democrats – has more members in the House than the Republican Party – Repub-licans. For the first time in 12 years the Democrats are now in control of the House of Representatives which has 435 members.

The elections are called mid-term because they are held mid, or half- way through the four years between presidential elections. The last pres-idential election was in 2004 and the next will be in 2008. The House is elected every two years – ‘mid-term’ – and at the same time as each presidential election.

The Senate is different. It has 100 members – two for each American state. Its members are elected for six years. Every two years one third of

INDIA

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

TAJIKISTANCHINA

Islamabad

Kabul

Peshawar

KahrDargai

The new House Speaker Nancy Pelosi


them is elected. 33 stood for elec-tion on 7th November.

The votes for the Senate in two of the states – Virginia and Montana – were so close that they had to be recounted. The Democrats won both but with winning margins of less than 7,500 votes. So they now have more members than the Republicans in the Senate too.

George W Bush – the Ameri-can president – is a Republican. More Americans voted for the Democratic Party this time be-cause of Iraq. Many are unhappy about the number of American sol-diers killed. They are also worried about the cost and the length of the war.

Although President Bush is still in charge he may now find it harder to get his own way. He needs the support of Congress. Now he may not get it. For example, if the Presi-dent needs more money for Iraq Congress must approve it first. It may say he can have the money but insist he agrees to do some-thing the Democrats want before he gets it.

Nancy Pelosi – a Democrat – will now become the ‘Speaker’ of the House. The Speaker acts as a chairman. Mrs Pelosi is the first woman to hold this position. The Speaker is also second in-line for the presidency. If anything happens to the president the vice president takes over. If anything should hap-pen to both of them the Speaker becomes president.

BREEDING BETTER ALPACAS

An alpaca is an animal belonging to the camel family. Smaller than its close relative the llama, the alpaca is native to South America.

People living high in the Andes in Peru, Bolivia and northern Chile have kept alpacas for hundreds of years.

Alpacas are farmed for their soft wool and for their meat. Much of the wool is bought from the farmers and sold abroad.

But farmers in Peru are now worried about their industry. The wool their animals produce is rougher than it used to be. This could be because animals with inferior wool are breeding together so that their young also have wool which isn’t up to standard.

Peruvian farmers are also afraid that rich farmers in Australia and New Zealand – using modern farming methods – may be able to produce better alpaca wool than the Peruvians.

But two organisations have agreed to help the farmers in Puno in southern Peru. They are the French Embassy in Peru and the UK charity Oxfam. Puno has 1.6 mil-lion alpacas and it’s one of Peru’s poorest regions.

A poorer alpaca fleece has the thick hairs further apart. The best wool consists of thinner hairs grow-ing closely together – like a dense forest of slender trees. So the more hair follicles an animal has on its skin for the hairs to grow from the better its wool.

Zenon Choquehuanca is the director of the new alpaca genetic improvement project supported by France and Oxfam. He works in a mountain laboratory where the number of hair follicles per square centimetre can be worked out from an animal’s fleece.

When cleaned, wool fibres are also weighed in the laboratory. Then their diameter is measured under a microscope.

Once the operators know scientif-ically which animals have produced the better wool they can record the information. Then farmers can be advised exactly which animals to breed together – so that their young also will have more hair follicles and thinner hairs.

The process of deliberately putting animals with certain quali-ties together for breeding, so that the ‘best’ genes mix, is known as genetic selection.

AIR CRASH KILLS ISLAMIC LEADER AND 95 OTHERS

On 29th October a Boeing 737 crashed. It was owned by the Nige-rian Aviation Development Compa-ny (ADC). The airliner came down close to the airport at Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria.

105 passengers and crew were on board. Of these 96 died and nine – all now in hospital – survived. Muhammadu Maccido, the Sultan of Sokoto and a number of Nigerian government officials were among those killed.

Nearly 135 million people live in Nigeria. 70 million of them are Muslims. The Sultan of Sokoto – a northern state of the country – was the leader of all Nigerian Muslims. His body was flown to Sokoto where

An alpaca


thousands of people gathered at the airport.

Following Muslim tradition he was buried immediately. The state government of Sokoto declared a mourning period of six days.

The ADC plane, which was travelling to Sokoto, crashed soon after taking off from Abuja airport. Witnesses say that it took off during a bad rainstorm. There were reports that the pilot had been told to wait for the storm to stop before taking off. But for some reason he ignored the warnings.

Crash experts have found the airliner’s two black boxes – devices which track and record events dur-ing flight. They will now try to find out what caused the accident.

Nigeria has a poor flight safety record. This is the third major air-line crash in the last 12 months.

UNITED NATIONS CONTEST SETTLED – AT LAST

The United Nations (UN) Secu-rity Council has five permanent

members – France, Russia, China, the USA and the UK. There are also 10 rotating or

non-permanent mem-ber countries. These change every two years and are split into different geographical groups.

Argentina is in the ‘Latin America and Caribbean’ group. Its two year period comes to an end on 31st De-cember. Two other countries in this group – Venezuela and Guatemala – wanted to take its place. To decide which one would, the 192 member countries of the UN had to vote on 16th October for one or the other.

The rules of the UN say that, to win, one country must get at least

two thirds more votes than the other. If it doesn’t, the 192 member coun-tries have to keep voting until one of them wins by this amount.

Neither got enough votes on 16th October. By 31st October the member countries had voted 47 times – but still without a winner. Guatemala got more votes than Venezuela each time but not the two thirds needed.

This was unusual. Normally there is only one vote held be-cause countries agree before-hand which one will take over from another.

Hugo Chavez – the president of Venezuela – wanted his country to take Argentina’s place so that it could vote against the USA on important world issues. The USA wanted to stop him and is friendly with Guatemala – another country in this group. It asked all countries

it is friends with to vote for Guate-mala and not Venezuela.

Over the last eight months Presi-dent Chavez has visited countries that dislike the USA. He asked them to vote for Venezuela. So the real reason the 192 UN members had to vote 47 times was because of disa-greements between Venezuela and the USA.

The relationship between these two countries is not good. It recently got worse when President Chavez publicly called President Bush ‘the devil.’

Eventually, on 2nd November, Venezuela and Guatemala agreed that neither could win. They with-drew and let Panama – another Lat-in American and Caribbean group country – take their place.

Panama easily won enough votes and will now replace Argentina on 1st January 2007.

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

The United Nations (UN) Security Council was established in 1946. Its job is to keep peace and security among all countries of the world. It is based at the UN building in New York, USA.

Its five permanent members are: France Russia China America Britain

Ten other rotating – or non-permanent – countries are members. Five of these countries are replaced each year. Each non-permanent country stays on the Security Council for two years.

The ten current non-permanent countries are:

Asia Western EuropeJapan (replaced by Indonesia*) Denmark (replaced by Italy*)Qatar Greece (replaced by Belgium*) Latin America and the Caribbean AfricaPeru Tanzania (replaced by South Africa*)Argentina (replaced by Panama*) Ghana Republic of the CongoEastern EuropeSlovakia

* On 1st January 2007


There were other votes for differ-ent regions on 16th October. None caused problems. South Africa will replace Tanzania. Indonesia, Italy and Belgium will replace Japan, Denmark and Greece.

EXPORTING IRISH SOIL

About 80 million people whose ancestors were Irish live all over the world. This is 13 times the number of people who live in Ireland today. Half of the 80 million live in the USA.

In the 1800s the main food grown in Ireland was potatoes. Be-tween 1845 and 1849 disease killed most potato plants. So many poor people had too little to eat. About 750,000 died of starvation. Others left the country. Thousands trav-elled on ships to the USA, Canada and Australia.

Now two Irishmen – Pat Burke and Alan Jenkins – have come up with a new business idea.

They have discovered that, when they die, many Irish Americans want a handful of Irish soil mixed in with the soil that they are buried in. So they have started sending bags of Irish soil to the USA. The bags sell for US$15 (£8) each. The two men have just shipped their first large load of soil worth US$1 million (£540,000).

Mr Burke – who is an agricul-tural scientist – says they have been surprised by the demand for the soil. He has invented a way of processing the soil – removing any diseases and tiny insects – so that it follows the USA’s import rules.

Mr Jenkins and Mr Burke are now planning to advertise the soil to the 40 million other people of Irish descent who live outside the USA.

They say they will give 80% of the money they make to Irish charities.

One Irish American, who lives in New York, thought a handful of soil was too small. He decided to buy enough to fill his grave completely. It cost US$100,000 (£54,000).

PRIZE FOR AFRICA’S BEST LEADER

There are 53 countries in Africa. The continent has more precious metals and minerals than any other in the world. Yet over 300 million Africans live in poverty and earn less than US$1 (£0.54) a day.

For years richer countries have given large amounts of money and food – or aid – to many of the 53 countries. Some people think this doesn’t help. They argue that coun-tries rely on these donations and make little effort to grow more food. They also believe that giving large amounts of money causes corrup-tion. Many leaders and senior gov-ernment officials steal it and nobody checks how it is spent. Often only small amounts of money or food reach the poor people who need it.

Mo Ibrahim wants to change this. Mr Ibrahim, aged 60, was born in Sudan and studied in Egypt. He is a very wealthy man. Last year he sold his African mobile telephone company – Celtel – for US$3.4 billion (£1.8 billion) to a company from Kuwait.

He believes the answer for many of Africa’s problems is stopping corruption and having better demo-cratic government. On 25th October he announced that he would give a prize of US$5 million (£2.7 million) – every year – to the best African leader. The winner would also re-ceive US$198,000 (£107,000) every year for the rest of his life.

Mr Ibrahim says the prize will go only to a democratically elected leader. The leader can win only when he passes the leadership on to another democratically elected person. During the time in charge of the country he or she must also have improved the people’s health, secu-rity and living conditions.

A special panel of judges will de-cide who wins. Kofi Annan – who retires soon as the Secretary General of the United Nations – will proba-bly be one of them. A team of people at Harvard – a leading USA univer-sity – will design a computer model to measure how people’s lives have been improved in each country.

Not everyone agrees with Mr Ibrahim. They think the prize is not a big enough incentive and say many leaders manage to steal more money than the prize he is offering.

Mr Ibrahim says that when African countries no longer need aid from richer countries it ‘will be the happiest day of my life’.

MORE VIOLENCE IN GAZA

On 1st November Israeli soldiers entered the Gaza Strip again and surrounded the town of Biet Ha-noun. They did this to try and stop Palestinian Hamas militants firing rockets from the town into Israel.

The Gaza Strip is controlled by the Palestinian Authority, which

Mo Ibrahim


is in turmoil. In January Hamas – a militant group – beat Fatah in an election. Fatah – a political group – is willing to talk with Israel about peace. Hamas, however, refuses to speak with Israel and has vowed to destroy it.

Since the January election in-fighting has broken out between Hamas and Fatah. It has got much worse in recent months.

After entering the town of Biet Hanoun Israeli soldiers reported that over 20 Hamas armed men had hid-den in a mosque. The Israelis sur-rounded it with tanks. Then with a loudspeaker they told the gunmen to come out and surrender.

At the same time Palestinian radio stations broadcast an ap-peal to local women to go to the mosque. They knew the Israelis would not shoot at them. The idea was for the women to help the gun-men escape. Over 500 of them – all veiled – approached the mosque. But shooting did break out. At least two women were killed and several wounded.

In the confusion the militants hiding in the mosque managed to escape. The Israelis said some women brought extra clothes. The gunman put them on and got away without being seen. When the Israelis entered the mosque it was empty.

On 7th November the Israeli sol-diers left Biet Hanoun and moved back into Israel. 60 Palestinians and

one Israeli soldier had been killed during the six day operation.

The next morning another eight rockets were fired into Is-rael from Biet Hanoun. Israeli tanks fired shells at where the rockets were thought to have come from.

The shells hit Palestinian homes in the town, killing 18 people and wounding 40. Among the dead were women and children. 13 of them were from the same family.

The Israelis admitted they had made a mistake and offered medi-cal assistance. Senior Israeli com-manders ordered an immediate investigation to find out why the tank commanders had fired.

Palestinian leaders have called for the United Nations Security Council to force Israel to stop all military attacks in Gaza.

Some people think Israel is plan-ning to occupy the whole of the Gaza Strip again as it may be the only way it can stop the rockets being brought in across the border between Gaza and Egypt.

Israeli forces are also still search-ing for one of their soldiers who was kidnapped by Hamas militants in June.

PENGUINS’ TEAMWORK

A group of penguins will work to-gether to gather fish according to scientists led by Professor Rory Wilson of the University of Wales in the UK.

He and his team have developed a device which can be fixed to a penguin to record its movements.

Information from these has shown that a group of Magellanic penguins will swim in smaller and smaller circles to trap fish in

the diminishing space between them. Any fish trying to avoid the trap by swimming away from it is pounced on and eaten by the nearest penguin.

The devices have also shown that these penguins eat more fish than they can properly digest.

In an eight hour period a pen-guin weighing four kilograms (nine pounds) can eat 2.5 kilo-grams (5.5 pounds) of fish. This is a far greater quantity than scientists thought before these measurements were taken.

Similar sensors can be attached to other animals. In the UK they are being used to study the move-ments of badgers. The results show that badgers are rather lazy animals which spend most of their time asleep.

PRESIDENT OF TAIWAN REFUSES TO RESIGN

Chen Shui-bian is the President of Taiwan and leader of the Demo-cratic Progressive Party. He was first elected in 2000 and then re-elected in 2004. Both elections were very close. On 3rd November his wife was charged with stealing New Tai-wan $15 million (£245,000) from the government.

His rivals in the Nationalist Party say he is guilty too and should re-sign. Some people held street dem-

Gaza Strip

Gaza City

WestBank

Beit Hanoun

Jerusalem

DeadSea

EGYPT

ISRAEL

MediterraneanSea

Magellanic penguins go fishing


onstrations against him in Taipei, the capital city.

Between 1945 and 1949 there was civil war in China. The Commu-nists, led by Mao Tse-Tung, fought with the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, for control of the country. The Nationalists were defeated and retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949.

Both the Nationalists in Taiwan and Communists in China claimed to be the official government of Chi-na. Even today the official names of China and Taiwan are very similar – People’s Republic of China and Republic of China.

The Nationalists ran the govern-ment in Taiwan from 1949 to 2000. When President Chen won the election in 2000 he said he wanted Taiwan to declare independence and become a separate country. This did not please China or the

Nationalists who would prefer to come to a joint arrangement with China in the future.

Since the 1960s Taiwan has de-veloped a very strong economy. Although it is now a rich country Taiwan is divided. Nearly half the people favour independence from China but the others agree with the Nationalist Party.

This situation makes interna-tional politics difficult. For ex-ample China is a member of the United Nations (UN) but Taiwan

is not. If it applied to join, China would block its application. Offi-cially, most countries in the world recognise the Chinese and not the Taiwanese government.

President Chen is now becom-ing less popular. On 5th November he made a television appearance and denied any wrongdoing. Under Taiwanese law he cannot stand trial while he is president. He refused to resign unless his wife was found guilty. But the case against her is expected to take two years. The next election is in 2008 when President Chen is due to stand down anyway.

HUBBLE TO BE REPAIRED

The Hubble Space Telescope (Hubble) is in a 600 kilometres (375 miles) high orbit – just outside the Earth’s atmosphere. It was launched

VENEZUELA

U. S. A.

U. K.

TAIWAN

SOUTH AFRICA

POLAND

PERU

PANAMA

PAKISTANNIGERIA

MYANMARMEXICO

JAPAN

ISRAEL

REPUBLIC OFIRELAND

IRAQ

ICELAND

GUATEMALA

CHINA

BRAZIL

AUSTRALIA

Tasmania

Virginia

Montana

AFGHANISTAN

This map shows countries that news stories refer to in this issue. Visit www.newsademic.com for more detailed world maps.

President Chen


in 1990. As it is outside the Earth’s atmosphere it is able to take very clear pictures of objects far out in space.

Hubble has helped astronomers see, understand and develop theo-ries about how planets and stars are made. But now it needs some urgent repairs. Its batteries need replacing and the gyroscopes – which are used for pointing it in the right direction – also need fixing.

Hubble is slowly moving back to-wards Earth. If it is not repositioned it will – sometime between 2010 and 2032 – fall back to Earth. Most of it would burn up in the atmosphere but scientists think that some parts could hit the ground.

In 2003 the Space Shuttle Chal-lenger crashed. All seven members of its crew were killed. NASA – the American space agency which built and looks after Hubble – decided that any future visits to the telescope would be too dangerous. This deci-sion meant that Hubble would be left to fade out and, eventually, fall back to Earth.

Hubble has been repaired be-fore. Soon after it was launched it was discovered there was a problem with its mirror. This meant pictures sent back to Earth were not as clear as they should be. The curve in the mirror was slightly wrong.

Another mirror was designed to correct the problem. At the end of December 1993 astronauts – who

travelled to Hubble in a Space Shut-tle – spent 10 days fitting the new mirror. The new, clearer pictures it was able to take were spectacular.

Between 1997 and 2002 astro-nauts visited Hubble three more times. They repaired worn out equipment and added new scientific instruments.

On 27th October NASA an-nounced a change of plan. Hubble will be visited again in 2008 and moved further out into space. Its batteries and gyroscopes will be replaced and some new equipment fitted. This means that Hubble will go on working until 2020.

Hubble is named after the Ameri-can astrologer Edwin Hubble (1889 - 1953). He discovered galaxies beyond our own Milky Way. He was also the first person to work out that the universe is getting bigger and bigger.

NASA is planning to launch a new telescope – the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2013. This telescope will see further than Hubble but not so clearly.

EUROPEAN BLACKOUT

On the night of 4th November the electricity supply in many European countries failed – or blacked out. In thousands of homes lights and electric heaters switched off. Peo-ple were stuck in lifts. Traffic lights and street lamps stopped working. Electric trains came to a halt. Some airports had to close.

Parts of France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands and Croatia were hit. Even electricity supplies to Mo-rocco, Tunisia and Algeria along the North African coast were cut. In some places the blackout lasted for

90 minutes. Over five million people in France, including those living in Paris, the capital city, and surround-ing towns were affected.

After power stations generate electricity it is distributed to cit-ies, towns, villages and homes by a ‘grid’. The grid is a network of pow-er cables which criss-cross a coun-try. European countries have con-nected their grids to those of their neighbouring countries. Spain’s grid is also connected – by an undersea cable – to countries in North Africa.

These connecting grids allow countries to manage their own electricity demands. For example, France generates more electric pow-er than it needs. It has 58 nuclear reactors generating electricity and uses the grid to sell its extra electric-ity to other countries.

At first it was thought a sudden high demand for electricity in north-ern Germany caused the problem. But the real reason turned out to be something quite different.

Just before the blackouts a huge, newly built, cruise ship was moving down the River Ems in Germany to the North Sea. A high volume – 380,000 volt – electricity cable that goes over the river was switched off. This was for safety reasons – just in case the ship hit the cable.

Switching off this important ca-ble caused other parts of the grid in northern Europe to overload. Once a cable overloads the grid’s computers automatically switch it off. As more cables became overloaded and were switched off the problem spread.

The blackout showed that Euro-pean electricity supplies can be eas-ily disrupted. European leaders are saying something must be done to stop it happing again. Some think one authority should be in charge of the whole grid. At the moment it

The Hubble telescope (NASA)


is managed by different electricity companies in each country.

ELEPHANT REFLECTIONS

Most animals think they are look-ing at another animal when they see themselves in a mirror. They do not realise it is a reflection.

Scientists at a zoo in New York, in the USA, have done some mirror experiments with three Asian female elephants. First they had to make an eight foot tall mirror which the elephants could not break.

The scientists put the mirror in the elephants’ pen but covered the glass front. The three elephants would go over to it, smell it and then wander away.

After a few days of the elephants getting used to this new thing in their pen, the mirror was uncov-ered. The three animals noticed the change immediately. They smelt, looked behind and even stood up to look over the top of it. The watching scientists were surprised that they were so quiet. Normally elephants are quite noisy.

Once they were sure there was nothing behind the mirror the elephants moved to the front of it. The three animals then started to look inside their mouths and touch their ears while checking their reflec-tions. This was unusual. Most ani-mals are scared of mirror reflections of themselves.

The scientists wanted to prove that the elephants knew that they were seeing their own reflections. So they painted a white mark on one side of each animal’s head. On the other side they put a similar mark, but this one was invisible. When one of the elephants, named ‘Happy’ next looked in the mirror she started to

touch the white mark with her trunk. She ignored the invisible mark on the other side of her head. This, the scientists say, proved she knew she was looking at her own reflection.

Unlike Happy the other two elephants did not pass the test. The scientists were not surprised. They say that in similar mirror tests with chimpanzees many of them fail to recognise the white mark.

Until now the only animals known to recognise their reflection in mirrors were humans, great apes and dolphins. Now elephants have joined the list. This also proves that elephants are much more intelligent than previously thought.

POOR PEOPLE WORKING AS SHARK SPOTTERS

People without jobs in South Africa are being hired to watch the beaches of the Cape Peninsula for sharks. If a shark spotter sees one near the beach he sounds an alarm. Then he raises a flag so that people on the beach can see it. And he runs along the water’s edge calling bathers and surfers to safety.

Great white sharks swim close to beaches more often in warm weather – and it is summer in South Africa now. Since 1990 about half of the entire world’s shark attacks on humans have taken place in South Africa.

Attacks are getting commoner. There were only seven on the Cape Peninsula between 1990 and 2002. But there have been 12 in the last four years.

Some experts say this is be-cause fishermen are catching so many fish that there isn’t enough food for sharks out at sea. So they come into shallow water looking for food.

Others blame the tourist trade which takes too many paying visi-tors shark-watching in underwater cages. Food is thrown to the animals to make them come close so that the tourists can see them. This means, some say, that sharks now connect humans with food and come near beaches expecting to be fed.

Great white sharks are a protect-ed species. They cannot be killed to protect bathers. And nets lying in the water across bays can injure sharks if they get caught up in them.

So a warning system is the only answer. The new shark watch scheme is providing work for people from some of South Afri-ca’s poorest areas. A shark spotter needs no equipment except a pair of binoculars.

Intelligent elephants

Newsademic.comEditor: Susan Elkin

Acknowledgements:News story photographs by gettyimages

Photographs for CD and book review courtesy of Walker Books Ltd and

Meadowside Childrens BooksFor further details about Newsademic

and subscription prices visit www.newsademic.com

SCHOOL SUBSCRIBERS MAY PHOTOCOPY ANY PART OF THIS NEWSPAPER FOR USE WITHIN

THEIR SCHOOL ONLY.© Newsademic 2006


Benjamin Dove is set in Reykjavik, capital of Iceland. When it was first written in the early 1990s it won its Icelandic author, Fridrik Erlings, the Icelandic Children’s Book Award and the Reykjavik City Children’s award. Then it was made into a film which got awards at eight in-ternational film festivals. It has just been translated into English for the first time.

Benjamin tells most of the story. He and his friends, Jeff and Manny, live in an area of the city which is ter-rorised by a group of bullies. So they have to be care-ful where they go and what they do. Then another boy, Roland, moves in.

Roland is from Scotland and speaks like an adult. He stands up to the bullies because he can’t imagine any other way of behaving. But it does not stop them hurting him. Meanwhile Jeff has got upset and gone over to the ‘other side.’

The most attractive character of all is Grandma Dell. She is a kind, caring, elderly neighbour of Benjamin’s family. Not only has she known Benjamin all his life, but she was there before his parents were born too. She protects children if she sees them being bullied. But the bullies take revenge on her. This is not a pretty book and there are no easy answers.

You can see why Jeff is as he is as soon as you see how his father reacts to Grandma Dell’s sadness. No one has ever taught Jeff to be kind or to think about how others are feeling. And Howie, the lead bully, has never had anyone to care about him at all.

Although some very shocking things happen in this book, Benjamin Dove is a hopeful story. The whole community bands together – with its money and its work – to help Grandma Dell when she needs it. And, at the end, there’s real love, forgiveness and a new be-ginning between two characters who could very easily hate each other.

Mr Erlings certainly knows how to make the reader think. Benjamin Dove is a sensitive and quite unusual book.

Benjamin Dove by Fridrik Erlings Meadowside Childrens Books ISBN 1845392019.

HAVE YOU READ …This version of The Carnival of the Animals is an attractive, three-in-one package.

First, it is a CD of French composer Camille Saint-Saëns’s (1835-1921) most popular work – which he referred to as his Grand Zoological Fantasy. He wrote it whilst on holiday in 1886 and it was first performed by a group of his musical friends in his house.

Second, it is a collection of short poems about these animals by 13 modern poets, including those by well-known names such as Kit Wright and Wendy Cope.

Third, it is a book of witty and attractive illustrations of various animals by artist Satoshi Kitamura. Some show animals and birds doing what they do naturally – such as hens pecking about in a meadow or a swan swimming on a lake. Others are more fanciful like the long-eared group sitting in theatre seats and the animal musicians playing different instruments.

The Carnival of the Animals consists of 14 different, far-from-serious, musical portraits of various ‘animals’. Some of them are a bit odd – such as Fossils, Per-sonages with Long Ears (a dig at music critics) and Pianists. It also uses some instruments in an unusual way, for example a double bass solo

represents an elephant and a rattling xylophone makes a good job of illustrating the bony sound of Fossils.

By the time he wrote what is now his best known piece, Saint-Saëns had for a long time been the organ-ist at La Madeleine, one of the most famous churches in Paris. It had a fine choir which performed many of Saint-Saëns’s religious works. He was, by then, also an eminent composer of serious music such as sympho-nies, concertos and opera. He therefore refused to allow any public performances of The Carnival of the Ani-mals except for ‘The Swan,’ a beautiful piece for solo cello. He thought it would stop people from taking his other work seriously.

This CD is good value because it contains two perfor-mances of the work. The first links Saint-Saëns’s music with sensitive readings of the poems. The second is a fine performance by the Apollo Players of the music only.

The Carnival of the Animals Walker Books ISBN 1844280217.

C D A N D B O O K R E V I E W

HAVE YOU HEARD …


GLOSSARY PRIZE COMPETITION

INSTRUCTIONS: 1 Complete the crossword. The answers are highlighted in orange in the news stories. There are 25 words highlighted and you need 20 of them to complete the crossword. 2 Once you have solved the crossword find the 20 words in the word search on the next page

1

2

3 4

5

6

7 8

9 10 11

12 13

14 15 16

17

18

19

20

ACROSS

2 Violent action, organised by civilians, to change a political system (5,9)

3 Following one another (10) 5 Forcing one or more people to leave a country (11) 8 Confusion, uncertainty or lack of order (7) 9 Promised (5) 14 Pay money to make up for loss, damage or

inconvenience (10) 17 Distinguished (7) 18 Sea cucumbers (12) 19 An offer to encourage a person to do something (9) 20 Taking turns in a particular order (8)

DOWN

1 People of about the same age within a society or a family (10)

4 Recording devices (7) 6 Describes action to stop something happening (12) 7 Describes native inhabitants (10) 10 Getting smaller (11) 11 Give evidence as a witness in a court of law (7) 12 Unfairly favoured a person, place or thing (6) 13 Unwilling to do something (9) 15 Plants and animals in a series dependent on each other

as food (4,5) 16 Delayed or stopped something from happening (9)


GLOSSARY PRIZE COMPETITION CONTINUED

INSTRUCTIONS: 3 Find the crossword answers in the word search. Words can go vertically, horizontally, diagonally and back to front. 4 After solving the word search write down the unused letters, starting at the top left and reading from left to right, top to bottom to find the solution. Hint - The numbers of letters and words in the solution are shown under the word search.

N O I L L E B E R L I V I C G G R E

G C O M P E N S A T E O H E R N T I

D I S R U P T E D A N G O V C I N E

F O O D C H A I N A N E L I L H A M

E V I T N E C N I E O N O T N S T I

D E A V B I A S E D I E T A R I C N

M C V W O V K P P Y T R H T T N U E

R R J I B W H P W V A A U N H I L N

A K T C S Y E S K L T T R E C M E T

V B J Z R S E D I H R I I V F I R G

B N O L R N E O L M O O A E T D N Y

B N M R S J M C C G P N N R P I F Y

Q W H O I R H T C D E L S P T I V K

K K R N U G V V K U D V T A T H G F

T S K T C N I Q Q K S Y T S V Y K K

K L D D Q L W N K K P O E X T J Y T

N R G L V W R R A L R T Z K Q H L X

C R M P K T Q T T L D K C D H M W M

COMPETITION RULES:1 Competition prizes are awarded on a per issue and not a per edition basis. 2 Only one entry per person per competition will be ac-cepted. 3 You must obtain permission from your parent/guardian before entering if you are under 16 years of age. 4 Deadline for receiving entries is at 10 pm (GMT) on 23rd November 2006. 5 The winners will be randomly selected from all correct entries received. 6 The winners will be contacted by E-mail. Newsademic’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into. 7 Prizes must be taken as offered. There are no cash alternatives. 8 Newsademic does not ac-cept any responsibility for lost or late entries due to the internet. Proof of submission is not proof of receipt. 9 Competitions are not open to employees or contractors of Newsademic. 10 Newsademic reserves the right to cancel competitions at any stage, if in their opinion it is deemed necessary or if circumstances arise beyond their control. 11 These rules are governed by the laws of England and Wales. 12 When entering competi-tions entrants will be deemed to have accepted these rules and to agree to be bound by them.

Competition solution (two words with a total of 17 letters)

COMPETITION PRIZES

Glossary Prize WinnerPaperback copy of ‘Benjamin Dove’ by

Fridrik Erlings

Glossary Prize Runner up10 free issues of Newsademic added to

your subscription

Sudoku Prize Winner10 free issues of Newsademic added to

your subscription

ISSUE NUMBER 26 PRIZE WINNERS

Glossary CompetitionTim Morris, New Zealand

Vanesa Redway, UK

Sudoku CompetitionRobert Kim, USA

SUDOKU COMPETITIONINSTRUCTIONS: 1 Fill the boxes on each horizontal row with a number between 1 and 9. 2 Fill the boxes on each vertical row with a number between 1 and 9. 3 Make sure that each number between 1 and 9 also appears in each highlighted 3 x 3 square box. 4 After solving the Sudoku puzzle write down the numbers from the tinted vertical column from top to bottom in the boxes below.

Competition Solution

Go to www.newsademic.com log in and submit your solution by clicking on the “Enter competition” link within the Subscribers tools menu.Deadline for receiving your entry is 10pm on 23rd November 2006 (GMT/UTC).

0 6 03 0 90 0 07 5 06 1 30 0 00 0 60 9 08 0 0

0 14 03 00 8 30 01 7 07 80 45 0

0 0 08 0 10 4 0

0 0 07 9 80 0 0

0 0 40 6 05 0 0

Documents

Newsademic British English edition 027teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/henrico/lavier_n/ibeacon... · 9th November, 2006 Newsademic.com – British English edition page 3 the next day for