News9 Weather In the Classroom '09

8/14/2019 News9 Weather In the Classroom '09

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Intro to Basic WeatherUnderstanding

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

WATER CYCLE

BASIC AIR PRESSURE

INTRO TO WEATHER BASIC UNDERSTANDING


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COPYRIGHT 2008 BY CLASSROOM WEATHER. ALL R IGHTS RESERVED. 5

TO BEST UNDERSTAND HOW THE WEATHER

WORKS, YOU MUST FIRST UNDERSTAND

HOW THE ATMOSPHERE (THE THIN

LAYER OF AIR THAT SURROUNDS

OUR PLANET) IS STRUCTURED.

As we will see as we begin to

study weather more in detail,

the sun is the driving force

behind all of our weather. If the

sun were to go away suddenly,

we would not be able to live on

our planet and the weather as we

know it would cease.

Look over the diagram on the next

page and note how the atmospheric

temperature changes as you go up. Notice

that the atmosphere extends over 80 miles

up from the surface, but very little air is foundonce you go up just a few miles up. The air

gradually thins out so much that eventually

you are in outer space, where there are no air

molecules.

Then look at the water cycle on the

following page. Notice how water

continually moves about in a cycle. Pick a

starting point and follow the life of a drop

of water as it moves through the air, clouds

and ground. Notice that this cycle is on-

going at all points, meaning there is always

some water in the air, always some water in

the clouds, always some water in the rivers

and oceans, etc.

Finally, read over the section on air pressure and

youll be set with the basics that you will need to

understand how much of the weather happens!

WeatherThe Basics



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6 COPYRIGHT 2008 BY CLASSROOM WEATHER. ALL R IGHTS RESERVED

84

78

72

66

60

54

48

42

36

30

24

18

12

6

0

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

Temperature( C) shown as a dotted line on the chart above

Layers of the AtmosphereMILES

STRATOPAUSE

SHUTTLES

TROPOPAUSE


MESOPAUSE

MESOSPHERE

STRATOSPHERE

TROPOSPHERE

THERMOSPHERE


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The Water Cycle



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Layers of the Atmosphereand the Water Cycle

REVIEW

1 In what layer of the atmosphere do the temperatures get the warmest? ______________________________________________

2 What layer of the atmosphere is closest to the ground? ___________________________________________________________________

3 As water evaporates from the surface and begins to lift up into cooler air, what process happens that

turns that moisture into clouds?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 When water does not runoff into lakes and rivers, it soaks into the soil into what we call _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _water.

5 When the clouds grow in size, they produce _________________________ which brings moisture from the

air back down to the ground.

6 In the stratosphere there is a layer of ozone, a gas that absorbs incoming solar radiation.

This makes the temperature go up in the stratosphere. When you get to the mesosphere, what happens

to the temperatures as you go up in height?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7 In what layer does most weather occur? _______________________________________________________________________________________

8Water that is given off by trees in the water cycle is known as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9 In what part of the atmosphere do most meteors burn up? _______________________________________________________________



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REVIEW

1 If you are on top of a mountain, would the pressure of the air be heavier or lighter than on the beach? _____

2 Would you have more or less oxygen up in the mountains than on the beach? ____________________________________

3 What causes so much air to cluster near the ground? _____________________________________________________________________

Understanding Air Pressure


AIRBECOM

ESTHINNERWITHHEIGHT

AIR PRESSURE IS THE WEIGHT OF AIR

ON AN OBJECT. That means you are

adding up all of the air molecules on top of

something. If you are standing on the beach

(at sea level) there is approximately 14.7 lbs.

of air sitting on top of every inch of your

body. That means on top of your head thereis over 400 lbs. of air!

Size of your head* is approximately 30

square inches

Weight of air at sea level is 14.7 lbs per

square inch.

(30x 14.7 = 441 lbs on top of your head!)

Consider the clustering of air molecules

near the surface of the Earth. They arepulled down by gravity. As you go up in the

atmosphere, the air is thinner and fewer

molecules are present.

*Average size of a childs head at age 10.


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Weather

Patterns

WEATHER PATTERNS

WEATHER VARIABLES

PRECIPITATION

SEASONS


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How Can You Measure Temperature?We use a thermometer to measure temperature. There are

several different types of thermometers. Some are made of

glass and mercury, others are digital, while others look like

a dial. How can all of these measure temperature? Well,

everything reacts to temperature changes. When it gets hot

outside, your body can sense it. Also, when it gets hot

metal expands. Mercury, a liquid metal, does this as wellWhen it gets cold outside, your body can feel it, water can

freeze, metal contracts and so does mercury.

So many different types of material

can be used in a thermometer to

measure its reaction to

temperature. Since these

different materials react to

hot and cold air, we can

measure the changes in

them and figure out thetemperature! That is how

a thermometer works.

EXPERIMENT: (Note to teachers: although many filled-glass thermometers

are filled with mercury, we strongly recommend to not use mercury thermometers in

the classroom to ensure safety. Instead, do the experiment using alcohol-filled glass thermometers.)

1 Take an alcohol filled thermometer and look at where the level of alcohol is.

2 ...Now where is the level of alcohol?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 Where is the final level of alcohol?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why did the alcohol move inside the tube?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What liquid other than alcohol would change its size because of the temperature?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is Temperature?TEMPERATURE IS THE WAY WE

MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT WE CAN

FEEL.Actually, temperature is a measure of

the speed of tiny particles in the air.

Everything is made up of very tiny objects

called molecules. These molecules move

around. The hotter it is, the faster they move,

and the higher the temperature. So,temperature is really just a measure of how

fast these little molecules are moving

around. The amazing thing is, temperature

not only is a measure of how fast molecules

are moving, it also relates to how we feel.

As the temperature gets colder and colder,

the molecules move slower and slower. In

theory, at some point the molecules stop

moving altogether. It cannot get any colder

than this. This temperature is known as

absolute zero. Although the word zero isused, the temperature in Fahrenheit (F) is

-459F and in Celsius is 273C.

WEATHER PATTERNS TEMPERATURE


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YOU SEE THEM ALL OF THE

TIMEUP IN THE SKY.

Sometimes they are flat. Sometimes they are

puffy. Sometimes they are white. Sometimes they

are gray. Sometimes they are big and tall. They

are clouds. Clouds are made up of water droplets

or ice crystals. They appear to hang in the sky, but

they are actually just resting on the air below

them.

So what is a cloud, really? Well, first we have to

know what is in the air. Air is made up of gases

like nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Air is

also made up of water. Not liquid water, but water

vapor. Water vapor is tiny drops of water

suspended in the air. We cannot see water vapor,

but the water is there. On humid days, there is

more water vapor in the air. On dry days, there is

not much water vapor in the air.

When air is lifted, it cools. If the air cools downenough the water vapor condenses and turns into

water droplets. These droplets are bigger than the

little pieces that make up vapor, so we can see

them. They appear to be white when the sun

shines on them. If a cloud is thick enough that

enough water droplets block out the sun, the

cloud appears grayish.

What are Clouds?

Types of clouds

CUMULUS

They are white, puffy clouds that are often flat on

the bottom. They are usually found when the

weather is nice.

STRATUS

These are low, thick, flat, grayish clouds that

usually cover the whole sky. These clouds often

are found on cool days and make it truly cloudy.

NIMBUS

These look much like stratus clouds, but nimbus

clouds have rain or snow falling from them.

CIRRUS

These are very high in the sky. They are thin andwhite and sometimes the sun can shine right

through them.

CUMULONIMBUS

This is a thunderstorm cloud. When a cumulus

cloud begins to grow taller and taller, it starts to

rain and sometimes hail, lightning, and tornadoes

can occur from cumulonimbus clouds.

WEATHER PATTERNS CLOUDS


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Identifying CloudsTry to identify the following clouds by the definitions given on the previous page.

Write your answers below each picture.

WEATHER PATTERNS CLOUDS


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DIRECTIONS

Tape the black paper to the outside of the jar so that it only

covers half of the jar. You should be able to look through one

side of the jar and see the black paper on the other side

(Make sure the paper does not touch the bottom of the jar)

1 Put two cups of hot water into the jar.

2 Make certain that the water is hot enough to make the

air inside the jar very hot and humid.

3 Place nylon over mouth of jar and secure with the rubber band

4 Place ice cubes on top of the nylon and watch the cloud

develop right below the nylon inside the jar.

(You may need to peel back the nylon to let the

cloud escape to see better.)

Note: This experiment can also be done by covering the

jar with an aluminum pie plate in place of the nylon and

rubber band. In that form, you would place the ice on

top of the aluminum pie plate.

MATERIALS

1 large, large-mouthed glass jar

1 rubber band

1 piece of nylon (to cover jar mouth)

2 cups of warm water

5 ice cubes

1 piece of black paper

Tape

LESSON

What have you done?The warm, humid air in the jar represents the warm water near the

earths surface. As it rises, the air around it cools (that is what the

ice on the nylon represents). As the warm, humid air is cooled

by the cold air above it, it forms a cloud in the jar!

Making a Cloud

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT MAKING A CLOUD


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WHENEVER A CLOUD IS FULL OF DROPLETS OR ICE CRYSTALS, THEY CAN

GROW TO BECOME TOO LARGE TO REMAIN IN THE CLOUD. They start growing

by sticking to a dust particle or a small piece of suspended material in the air. More

and more droplets or crystals stick to it until it is too heavy to remain in the cloud

and the droplet or collection of crystals begins to fall. This is called precipitation.

If the precipitation that falls is a large droplet (water), then it is called rain. Water

freezes at 0C (32F). So, if the air in the cloud is very cold, then a large collection

of ice crystals may form into a flake and fall as snow. There are several other types

of precipitation, as well. If a raindrop falls from a warm cloud through some very

cold air and it freezes, then it becomes sleet. Sleet is a raindrop that froze on the

way down to the ground and hits the ground in the form of an ice pellet. Another

type of precipitation is freezing rain. Freezing rain is a raindrop that is just about

to freeze on the fall to the ground. It looks like rain, but coats everything it hits in

ice. It can form an icy glaze on roads, cars, trees, etc.

REVIEW

Now that you know so much about rain, sleet, freezing rain, and snowsee if you cananswer the following questions:

1 What season would you most likely find freezing rain, sleet and snow? ________________________________________________________

2 If a snowflake fell and melted on the way to the ground, what type of precipitation would it be?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 What if that snowflake melted on the way down, but then re-froze just before hitting the ground.

What type of precipitation is that? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 Can you have rain and snow falling at the same time?___________________________________________________________________________________

BONUS Why or why not?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Sky is Falling!

WEATHER PATTERNS R AI N, S LE ET, A ND S NO W


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DIRECTIONS

1 Using the ruler and paper, make markings on the paper so

that it becomes a ruler. You can make it in whateverincrements you wish. Divide it up by inch, and then in

quarters, and even smaller if you want to.

2 Once you have the ruler made, cut it out.

3 Cover the ruler with clear cellophane, front and back. This

will protect it from the rain, and make it sturdy so that the

ruler can stand straight.

4 Stand the ruler inside the container so that the ruler

rests on the bottom of the container. Tape it at the top, tothe inside of the jar, so that the ruler does not fall.

5 Place your rain gauge outside, and measure the amount of

rainfall that occurs each day. Place the rain gauge in a

place away from trees and buildings, as this may affect the

amounts. Also, you may wish to glue the jar to a block o

platform of wood, so that it does not tip over if it is windy.

MATERIALS

1 straight-side clear plastic container

(curved sides would skew the rain totals)

scissors

clear cellophane orplastic sandwich bag

tape

rainy days

graph paper

plain paper

ruler

Rain clouds are made of droplets of water so small that there are billions of them in a single cloud. How much

rain falls during a shower, or during a day, week, or month? You can find out by measuring it with a rain gauge.

RECORD RESULTSRecord the amount of rain you receive every time it rains on your graph paper and compare that to the amount

recorded at the nearest official rain gauge. (You may want to record the official rain total on the same graphpaper in a different color.) You can see some of the states official amounts on the website: (note that the daily

amount is updated a couple times per day, but the official amount is not recorded for that day until just after

midnight, so it may be best to compare the amounts on the next day)

Once on the website for Weather in the Classroom, (web link can be found on the front cover),

simply follow the links for Daily Weather and Climate Data.

Making a Rain Gauge

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT MAKING A RA IN GAUGE


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IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE SEASONS, YOU NEED TO FIRST UNDERSTAND HOW THE EARTH

REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN ONCE PER YEAR. Look at the picture below showing the Earth at different

positions in space during the year.

In this graphic, the thick, solid line

shows you where the north and

south poles are. Notice that

the Earth is tilted, that is to

say that it does not have

the North Pole at the

very top and the

South Pole at the

very bottom.

The Earth revolves

around the sun once

each year. Near

December 21st, the

South Pole is facingtoward the sun and the

North Pole is facing away

from the sun. This gives the

Northern Hemisphere (where we

live) shorter days and less direct

sunshine. This makes our weather colder and

we call this season WINTER.

Then the Earth moves so that the sun shines directly over the Equator by March 20th. The Equator is a line that

marks the halfway point between the North and South Poles. When the sun shines directly over this line, the

days and nights are nearly of equal length. The season changes at this point and we call it SPRING.

The Earth then moves around the sun so that the North Pole is facing the sun. The daylight becomes longe

for the Northern Hemisphere and the sunlight more direct. By June 21st, the sun is at its strongest for the

Northern Hemisphere and the temperatures warm up. We call this season SUMMER.

The Earth continues to revolve around the sun. By September 22nd, the sun is once again over the Equator.

The days and nights are again nearly equal length. The Northern Hemisphere is cooling down and we begin a

season calledAUTUMN or FALL.

WEATHER PATTERNS SEASONS

Understanding Seasons

Jun. 21st

Sept. 22nd

Dec. 21st

Mar. 20th


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What to Expect in Oklahoma

Read the following descriptions of what to expect with each season in Oklahoma:

WINTER Days are short, nights are long

Sun is lower in the sky

Sun is directly over the

Southern Hemisphere

Temperatures are colder

Rain, ice or snow can fall

Temperatures change often

Most trees have no leaves on them

Strong winds can produce

dangerously cold wind chills

SPRING

Days and nights are equal length at

the beginning of Spring

Days get gradually longer through

the season

Sun is directly over the Equator onthe first day of Spring

Flowers bloom and trees produce

new leaves

Temperatures gradually warm up

Rain and thunderstorms are frequent

Temperature changes often

WEATHER PATTERNS SEASONS

FALL

Days and nights are equal length atthe beginning of Fall

Days get gradually shorter through

the season

Sun is directly over the Equator on

the first day of Fall

Leaves begin to change colors and

fall from the trees

Temperatures gradually cool down

Rain and thunderstorms

occassionally occur

Temperature changes often

SUMMER

Days are long, nights are short

Sun is higher in the sky

Sun is directly over the Northern

Hemisphere

Temperatures are hotter

Plants grow all season

Thunderstorms occasionally happen

during the afternoons and can

produce heavy rain

Temperatures do not change much

day to day


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Use the previous pages on the seasons to answer the following questions:

1 What would the season be on April 20th? ___________________________________________________________________________________

2 On the first day of which season is the sun directly overhead the Northern Hemisphere? ____________________

3 In which season would you expect to see the most sleet? _____________________________________________________________

4 What season are the days the longest? ______________________________________________________________________________________

5 Complete the following picture by shading the side of Earth that would be dark. From this drawing,

figure out which season it is.

What season is it in the picture above? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Questions about the Seasons

WEATHER PATTERNS QUESTIONS SEASONS

NORTH POLE

SOUTH POLE


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WATER IS PLENTIFUL ON

EARTH. It covers nearly two-

thirds of the surface of our planet.

But water is also commonly found in large quantities

in the air. You can see the effect of the suspended

water droplets in the atmosphere. Rainbows, clouds,

hazy skies, and even fog are all ways we can visiblysee the water droplets suspended in the air. However,

even when it seems as though we cannot see the

water in the air, it is still there. Sometimes there is little

water present and the air is dry. At other times there is

a lot of water in the atmosphere and we say that it is

humid. These are ways to describe the humidity.

Humidity is often misunderstood. Relative humidity is

different for every temperature. Why? Because relative

humidity is a percentage showing how much water is

in the air compared to how much water the air could

hold at that temperature. So if the temperaturechanges, so does the relative humidity. Warm air can

suspend more water than cold air. So, if the amount of

water doesnt change, then the relative humidity

would go down when it gets warmer (because the air

could hold more at that temperature) and the relative

humidity would go up if gets colder (since the air

cannot hold as much water when cold). If the relative

humidity is 50%, then you are really saying that the air

has half of the amount of water it could hold at that

temperature. If the humidity is 100%, then the

atmosphere cannot hold any more water. At that point,fog may form or dew may form on surfaces.

Keep in mind, since relative

humidity is dependent on

temperature, you cannot comparehumidity from one place to another

or from one time to another unless the

temperatures are the same. For

example, 100% humidity at 45 degrees

actually has less water in the air than 75%

humidity at 80 degrees. It may sound

confusing, but we have another way to

help us compare humidities. Remember

that dew may form when the humidity is

100% because the air cannot hold any

more water. So, if you can figure out when

dew will form, then you know how muchwater you have in the air. This is called the

dew point temperature.

To find the dew point you need to take

the air you currently have and cool it

down without losing any of the water in

the air. As you cool the air, the

humidity will rise. When the humidity

rises to 100%, you have reached the

dew point. Now you can compare

dew points from one place to another as a goomeasure of the amount of moisture in the air.

INTERESTING NOTE: Sometimes people will exaggerate about the relative humidity. It is common for

people on a hot, humid summer day to say that the temperature and humidity are high. However some people

will say that it is 95 degrees and 100% humidity. This could never happen on Earth. That would make the dew

point 95 degrees, too, since the humidity is 100%. Dew points rarely go higher than 80, and we could not

physically handle dew points into the 90s on Earth for very long.

WEATHER PATTERNS HUMID ITY

What is Humidity?


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DIRECTIONS

1 Outside on a warm, humid day in the spring or

summer, put a couple of inches of warm (about 75F)

water in a cup.

2 Measure the temperature of the water. Now add a few

drops of ice cold water to your cup.

3 While you are adding water, keep stirring and

measuring the temperature of the water.

4 Repeat this procedure by adding a small amount of

cold water to the cup until you see a thin film of water

form on the outside of the cup.

5 Make a note of the temperature of the water as soon

as you see the water vapor form on the outside of the

cup.

The temperature you measured is the DEW POINT!

MATERIALS

a thin metal cup or a drinking glass(not thermal)

thermometer

ice water

a large dropper(a measuring cup with a pour spout will do)

LESSON

What happened?As you added colder water to the warm water in

the cup, the temperature of the water in the cup

kept dropping. The sides of the cup got colder

as the water inside got colder. The cup also

chilled the air right next to it! When the

temperature of the metal cup reached the dew

point... The air just next to the cup was cooled

to the dew point as well and water began to

condense from the air and stick to the cup!

REVIEW1 What was the temperature of the water when you started your experiment?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 What was the temperature of the water when you saw the condensation form on the outside of the cup?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 Would your cup of water have to be colder or warmer to reach the dew point if the air outside is very dry?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Measuring HumidityHow you can measure the dew point.

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT MEASURING HUMID ITY


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DIRECTIONS

1 In one can, place several ice cubes.

2 In a separate can place a mixture of ice cubes and rock salt.

3 Wait a few moments and notice what happened to the two cans.

MATERIALS

2 metal cans

rock salt

ice cubes

thermometer

LESSON

What have you done?The can with ice and salt will be colder.

The reason for this is saltwater has a

lower freezing point than pure water (the

same reason salt is applied to roadways

in winter). This lower freezing point

allowed for more water to evaporate and

more evaporative cooling of the saltwater

in the can. Thus, the final temperaturewas colder of the saltwater can.

REVIEW1 Which of the cans had the frost form on the outside?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 Which of the cans had dew form?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 What was the temperature of the two cans?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 What made one can colder than the other?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dew and Frost

Recall that dew forms when the humidity reaches 100% and the atmosphere can no longer hold any more

water. Some of the water is deposited on surfaces as dew. This happens when the temperatures are above

freezing. When the temperatures fall below freezing when the humidity hits 100%, something else forms.

Instead of droplets of water forming on the grass and on car windshields, we see ice crystals forming on

surfaces. This is called frost.

Demonstrating Frost & Dew in the Classroom

NOTE: During the winter months, the air can become very dry (especially on cold days) and it may be difficult

to cool the cans down to the dew point temperature. On a very dry day, you may see only frost form on the

colder can, but no dew. If this is the case, wait and try again on day when the dew point is higher (more moisture

in the air). You can find the dew point temperature by following weather observations online.

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT DEMOSTRATING DEW AND FROST


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Recording the Weather

Use the Recording the Weather DATA CHART to fill inthe weather information for one week.

DIRECTIONS

1 Pick a city in Oklahoma and log on to the Weather in the Classroom website.

You can find the link for the website on the front cover of this booklet.

You will then be able to select Current Weather for the following areas of the state:

Eastern Oklahoma

Central and Western Oklahoma

2 Click on the city on the map you have chosen to see the current conditions.

3 Record the temperature, wind direction, wind speed, air pressure,

current weather type and relative humidity.

4 Do this at the beginning of the school day, the middle of the day and again at the end of the day.

5 Write down any interesting things that happened with the weather on the Recording the Weather

INFORMATION PAGE. Be sure to include big changes from sunny skies to cloudy skies or when

precipitation started to fall.

6 When you have finished recording the weather for the week, answer the questions on the

Recording the Weather QUESTION SHEET.

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT RECORDING THE WEATHER

Oklahoma Panhandle

Extreme Southeastern Oklahoma


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TEMPERATUREWIND

DIRECTIONWIND SPEED

RELATIVE

HUMIDITYAIR PRESSURE

SKY

CONDITION

MONDAY

Morning

Midday

Afternoon

TUESDAY

Morning

Midday

Afternoon

WEDNESDAY

Morning

Midday

Afternoon

THURSDAY

Morning

Midday

Afternoon

FRIDAY

Morning

Midday

Afternoon

Weather Data Chart



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Information PageOBSERVATIONS

MONDAY:

Were there clouds today? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Was there any precipitation? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Describe the weather for the day? ______________________________________________________________________________________________

TUESDAY:



Describe the weather for the day? _______________________________________________________________________________________________

WEDNESDAY:

Were there clouds today? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Was there any precipitation? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


THURSDAY:




FRIDAY:




* Weather might include partly cloudy, fog, rain, snow, sunny, windy, breezy, cold, warm, hot, etc.



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Question SheetAfter recording weather conditions for the week, look over the weather data youcollected and answer the following questions:

1 What time of day did you notice the coolest temperatures?

a. Morning b. Midday c. Afternoon

2 What time of day did you notice the highest temperatures?


3 What time of day did you notice the lowest relative humidity?


4 What time of day did you notice the highest relative humidity?


5 If there was any precipitation during the week, what happened to the humidity during that time? Why doyou think the humidity changed the way that it did? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6 What was the strongest wind speed you recorded during the week? ___________________________________________________________________________

What was the weather during the time you recorded that wind speed?_______________________________________________________________________

7 Did you notice a pattern with the air pressure during the times you recorded it? Was it going up?

Was the air pressure dropping?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8 Did a change of wind direction occur during the week? If so, what were the temperatures like the day

before the wind shifted? What about the day after the wind shifted? ___________________________________________________________________________

9 Did clouds affect the temperatures for the week? (Were sunny days warmer than cloudy days?

Were cloudy days warmer than sunny days?)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10 What did you notice about the overall weather pattern for the week that lead to so many different types

of weather to occur? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WEATHER PATTERNS QUESTIONS RECORDING THE WEATHER


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DIRECTIONSUse the Mapping the WeatherAREA MAP to complete

the following activities:

1 Write the temperatures on the map above each citys

name.

2 Draw temperature contours for 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55

(Temperature contours are lines that connect equa

temperatures. You may need to ask an adult to help you

complete this step.)

3 Color the area below 35 in dark blue.

4 Color the area between 35-40 in light blue.

5 Color the area between 40-45 in green.

6 Color the area between 45-50 in yellow.

7 Color the area between 50-55 in orange.

8 Color the area over 55 in red.

MATERIALS

Colored pencils(dark blue, light blue, yellow, orange, green)

Mapping the Weather

TULSA: 53

MCALESTER: 51

LAWTON: 36

WOODWARD: 39

GUYMON: 29

MIAMI: 57

ARDMORE: 47

OKLAHOMA CITY: 46

DURANT: 54

STILLWATER: 47

PONCA CITY: 44

ALTUS: 32

IDABEL: 56

Use the following temperaturesfor your mapping:

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT MAPPING THE WEATHER


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Mappingthe

Weathe

r

AreaMap

WEATHER PATTERNS EXPERIMENT MAPPING THE WEATHER


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Why the

Wind Blows

WHY THE WIND BLOWS

WEATHER VARIABLES

PRECIPITATION

SEASONS


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HIGH PRESSURE

High pressure is seen on a weather map as a blue capital H. Since

the pressure is high, air needs to move away from a high pressure. Near

a high pressure, the winds are usually light and circulate clockwise away

from the high. Because air is leaving the high pressure area, air from above

comes down to replace the air that left. This sinking air keeps the skies mostly

clear and free from clouds that could develop into showers or thunderstorms. Highpressure is usually associated with nice weather.

LOW PRESSURE

Low pressure is seen on a weather map as a red capital L. Since the pressure is low, air needs to fill it in, so

it moves toward the low, but around it counterclockwise at the same time. Often the winds can be quite strong

around a low pressure. Because the air is piling up at the low, some of the air is forced up. This rising air often

becomes clouds and even produces rain. If the atmosphere is unstable then the rising air can become

thunderstorms. Low pressure is often associated with stormy weather.

In the picture below, the winds are shown around areas of high and low pressure at the surface.

High Pressure & Low Pressure

WHY THE WIND BLOWS HIGH PRESSURE AND LOW PRESSURE

L H


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FRICTION IS A FORCE THAT ACTS TO SLOW DOWN THE MOVEMENT OF AN OBJECT. Ice has a very lo

amount of friction, so walking across it is very slick, but sandpaper has a high friction and you could get goo

traction walking across sandpaper.

If there were no friction at the surface of a non-rotating Earth (no trees, no grass, no hills, etc) then the win

would try to blow straight from high pressure to low pressure like this:

The Effect ofFriction

But there since the Earth is constantly rotating, the wind turns as the world turns. This is known as the

Coriolis force. So, when you have high and low pressure with a rotating Earth, but no friction, then the wind

blows like this:

But there is friction at the surface. Friction not only slows the speed of the wind, but it also changes the effec

of the spin of the Earth. This causes the winds to blow like this:

H L

H L

H L

WHY THE WIND BLOWS HIGH PRESSURE AND LOW PRESSURE


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MATERIALS

Small coffee can

Plastic wrap

Rubber band

Drinking straw

Large index card

Making a Barometer

DIRECTIONS

1 Take a small coffee can and

cover it tightly with plastic wrap.

Secure the plastic wrap with a

rubber band around the can as

shown above.

2 Tape a straw to the top of your

plastic wrap cover with one end of

the straw in the middle of the cans

cover and the other end slightly off

the edge of the can. (see right)

3 Next place the can beside a

large index card. Use this card to

mark and label where the straw is

pointing on the card. Remember to

write down the day and time beside

each mark you make. Notice the

changes on the position of the

straw during each day of the week.

Looking down at the can:

REVIEW

After recording your air pressure results for the week, answer the following questions:

1 What days had the highest pressure? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

2 What days had the lowest pressure? ____________________________________________________________________________________________

3 Why did the plastic wrap get pushed down by high pressure? __________________________________________________________

4 What interesting weather happened when the pressure was changing? ______________________________________________

LESSON

Notice that when the airpressure is high, it pushes

down on the plastic wrap

and the straw is tilted up.

When the air pressure is

low, the plastic wrap lifts

upward and the straw

points down.

Barometers are used to measure air pressure.Use the following directions to make your ownbarometer and measure changes in the air pressure.

WHY THE WIND BLOWS EXPERIMENT MAKING A BAROMETER

Plastic wrap

Rubber band

Coffee can

Straw

Coffee can

Large index

card


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DIRECTIONS

Experiment 11 Fill a large bowl with ice cold water. Set aside.

2 Fill the glass bottle with very warm to hot water.

This allows the bottle to get fairly warm, as well.

3 Empty the glass bottle and quickly cover the bottles

opening with a balloon. This traps in very warm airinside the warm bottle.

4 Now place the bottle upright in the bowl of cold

water. This will cool the air inside the bottle down.

Observe what happens to the balloon.

Write down your results.

Experiment 21 Fill a large bowl with very warm water. Set aside.

2 Fill the glass bottle with cold water. This allows the

bottle to get fairly cold, as well.

3 Empty the glass bottle and quickly cover the bottles

opening with a balloon. This traps in cold air inside

the cold bottle.

4 Now place the bottle upright in the bowl of warm

water. This will heat the air inside the bottle. Observe

what happens to the balloon. Write down your results.

MATERIALS

glass bottle

balloon

large bowl

water

LESSON

What did you learn?In Experiment 1, the air inside the bottle was

cooled. When air is cooled, it contracts and the

density is higher (more compact). Since the air

was contracting, it sucked the balloon into the

bottle.

In Experiment 2, the air inside the bottle washeated. When air is heated, it expands and the

density is lower (less compact). Since the air

was expanding, it caused the balloon to expand

outside the bottle, as well.

In the atmosphere the warmer, lighter air rises

since it is lighter, and the colder air sinks since

the density is higher. Sinking cold, air can create

areas of high pressure and rising, warm air often

creates areas of low pressure.

Balloons & Air DensityIn this experiment, you will see how air density changes when the temperatures change. Density is a measure

of the amount of mass (or amount of molecules) in a given volume. More simply, it is how compact or how

thick a substance is. So what happens when air is heated and cooled? Does it become more or less

compact? Find out and see!

WARNING: In the following experiments, avoid getting the glass bottle too hot or too cold. Temperature extremes may cause

the bottle to break.

WHY THE WIND BLOWS EXPERIMENT BALLOONS & A IR DENSITY


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TORNADOES CAN TAKE ON

SEVERAL SIZES AND SHAPES

AND SOMETIMES HAVE SEVERAL

DIFFERENT NAMES. It is important

to understand what different

tornado-related words mean and

how to use them.

A tornado (sometimes called a twister or

cyclone) is an area of rapidly circulating winds

that blow around a small, but intense, low-

pressure area. Tornadoes usually extend from the

base of a thunderstorm.

A funnel cloud is similar to a tornado, but its circulation is

in the air and has not reached the ground. At the point the

circulation reaches the ground, a funnel cloud becomes a

tornado.

A wall cloud is a lowering out of the base of a thunderstorm (even lower than the bottom of the

thunderstorm itself) which is rotating. Wall clouds are sometimes difficult to detect because of their

ragged appearance. However, wall clouds are indicators of the most dangerous part of the

thunderstorm base. It is in this area that tornadoes develop.

Why do tornadoes form?

What are Tornadoes?

WHY THE WIND BLOWS TORNADOES

Tornadoes form when conditions are right and can

even help large thunderstorms keep themselves

going. Without the tornado, many thunderstorms

would lose their source of warm, humid surface airthat keeps them alive. Large thunderstorms take large

amounts of air from the surface up into the body of

the thunderstorm. Some air must come back down

to replace the air that was sucked up into the

thunderstorm. This downward moving air is called a

downdraft. Downdrafts are necessary, but they can

choke a thunderstorm and give it no way to pull

warm, humid air up into the main body of the storm.

That is where the tornado can be helpful to a

thunderstorm. It allows a thunderstorm to take in

large amounts of air at a time into the storms body

Unfortunately, this process is very damaging to

anything in its path.

Tornadoes can have wind speeds anywhere from

near 65mph all the way up to more than 300mph

They vary in size, too. Small tornadoes may only be a

few feet wide, but large tornadoes can reach a

diameter more than one mile wide. Most tornadoes

are between 300 and 2000 feet wide. Each year in the

United States, about 1,000 tornadoes form.


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TORNADOES ARE MADE ONLY IN

CERTAIN TYPES OF WEATHER PATTERNS. This allows

meteorologists to issues forecasts and Tornado Watches to

warn you ahead of time. To make a tornado, you need the

winds to be turning as you go higher and higher up in the

atmosphere.

For example, say the wind on the ground is blowing from the southeast.

But, if you go 500 feet above the ground, the winds are blowing from the

southwest. That means that the winds are turning from the southeast to the

southwest near the ground. Also remember that the air from the ground

level feeds a thunderstorm. This air is turning already and as it is sucked

into the thunderstorm, the whole thunderstorm begins to turn, or rotate.

What happens when you take a glass of water and stir it up very fast with

a spoon? As the water in the glass rotates faster and faster, a little funnel

forms in the middle of the glass and tries to reach the bottom of the

glass. In a similar way, a thunderstorm has air rotating around the

inside of it and eventually a funnel cloud may form out of the bottomof the thunderstorm. If that funnel cloud reaches the ground it becomes a tornado!

The Invisible TornadoNOT ALL TORNADOES CAN BE SEEN CLEARLY. SOME ARE DISGUISED BY HEAVY RAIN. Some take place

at night in the dark. Some, however, are not wrapped in rain or at night, but you still cant see them! These arelike invisible tornadoes.

So how do you know that a tornado is there? First of all, remember that tornadoes form beneath rotating

thunderstorms. A tornado is a tornado if its rotating winds have touched the ground. Sometimes the funnel-

shaped cloud is not visible. At the point the tornado touches the ground, it begins to swirl dirt and debris. This

is called a debris cloud. If you see a debris cloudbut no visible tornadoyou have just spotted an invisible

tornado. These are just as dangerous as any other tornado!


Why do Tornadoes rotate anyway?


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Ranking the TornadoesTORNADOES ARE MEASURED BY THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE THEY PRODUCE. It would be impossible fo

anyone to accurately measure a tornado the way we normally measure wind, because the tornado would

destroy the equipment. Also, tornadoes form and go away before we could get the equipment to the tornado

So, the only way left to measure them is to look at the damage they did.

We use a scale to measure the damage caused by a tornado and from that damage, we can estimate the

winds. Look at the Fujita scale below for tornadoes and the description of the damage caused. This is the new

wind damage scale that was first used in 2007.

EF-SCALE

NUMBER

INTENSITY

PHRASEWIND SPEED TYPE OF DAMAGE DONE

EF-0 Gale tornado 65-85 mph

Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off

trees; pushes over shallow-rooted trees; damages

sign boards.

EF-1Moderate tornado 86-110 mph

The lower limit of hurricane wind speed; peels

surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off

foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed offthe roads; attached garages may be destroyed.

EF-2Significant tornado

111-135 mph

Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses;

mobile homes demolished; boxcars pushed over;

large trees snapped or uprooted; light object

missiles generated.

EF-3 Severe tornado 138-167 mph

Roof and some walls torn off well-constructed

houses; trains overturned; most trees in forests

uprooted

EF-4Devastating tornado

168-199 mph

Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with

weak foundations blown off some distance; cars

thrown and large missiles generated.

EF-5 Incredible tornadoMore than

200 mph

Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and

carried considerable distances to disintegrate;

automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in

excess of 100 meters; trees debarked; steel

reinforced concrete structures badly damaged.



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REVIEW

Use your knowledge of tornadoes to answer the following questionsto the best of your ability.

1 About how many tornadoes occur in the United States every year? __________________________________________________

2 According to the National Weather Service, Oklahoma averages around 53 tornadoes per yea

In which season of the year do you think most of these tornadoes occur?___________________________________________

3 If a framed house was hit by a tornado and the damage consisted of a roof that was torn off, windows were

blown out, but most of the walls were still standing, then what would the Fujita-scale ranking be of this

tornado? (use the chart on the previous page for assistance on this one) ____________________________________________

4 What type of cloud rotates at the bottom of a thunderstorm and is a warning sign of a possible tornado?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 What is the name of the cloud of dust and broken materials that forms at the bottom of a tornado?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6 A tornado looks like it is developing from a thunderstorm. What would the name of this developing tornado

be BEFORE it reaches to the ground?___________________________________________________________________________________________

WHY THE WIND BLOWS QUESTIONS TORNADOES


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What is a Hurricane?

WHY THE WIND BLOWS HURRICANES

A HURRICANE IS A LARGE, STRONG STORM THAT DEVELOPS OVER THE WARM WATERS OF THE

OCEAN. This area of warm ocean water is known as the tropics. Hurricanes form when air moves toward an

area of low pressure over very warm water. At the low-pressure center, this air begins to rise forming a large

area of thunderstorms. If the air is allowed to evacuate from the top of the hurricane (high pressure in the

upper-levels of the atmosphere causes wind to spread out) and the storm remains over warm water, then the

hurricane will strengthen. (Note that the water off the west coast of the United States is much colder than

the waters off of the East Coast. That, along with more favorable wind patterns in the East Coast areas,

makes a land-falling West Coast hurricane a rare occurrence.)

Remember that air spins counter-clockwise around low pressure. Lets say that at the ocean surface a low

pressure begins to develop. The air begins to move in toward the low pressure and around it counterclockwise

As all of this air comes together, too much piles up in this area and some has to rise to escape. This lifting

air often develops into thunderstorms. As the pressure drops, the air spins faster and more air rises forming

more thunderstorms. This keeps going and going until the storm system is very strong. It has very fast winds

spinning counter-clockwise with bands of thunderstorm rotating around it, too. This is now a hurricane.


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SINCE HURRICANES DO SO MUCH DAMAGE, PEOPLE

OFTEN WANT TO TALK ABOUT A CERTAIN HURRICANE. The

easiest way to talk about something is if you give it a name. So,

hurricanes are named. (The same could be done for tornadoes,

but there are too many to name!)

As a storm in the tropics develops and gets stronger, it is givendifferent names. A tropical depression is a developing storm

that has maximum winds of 39mph or less. As the storm gains

strength, and reaches winds of 40mph to 73mph, it is called a

tropical storm. A tropical storm becomes a hurricane when the

maximum winds of the storm reach 74mph. Hurricanes can

have wind gusts more than 200mph.

Each year, there is a list of names that will be given to hurricanes

or tropical storms in the order that they occur. The first named

storm gets an A name, the second a B name, and so on. The

name list alternates mens and womens names through the list

and each ocean has its own set of names. Hurricanes are alsoranked into categories by strength on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.

WIND SPEEDS

CATEGORY 1 74-95 mph




CATEGORY 5 156 mph or more

Where Most TropicalSystems Form

Naming the Hurricanes

WHY THE WIND BLOWS HURRICANES

PACIFIC BASIN

ATLANTIC BASIN


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WHY THE WIND BLOWS QUESTIONS HURRICANES

REVIEW

Answer the following questions from what you have learned in the previous pagesand in class about hurricanes.

1 Residents of North Carolina watch which ocean for developing hurricanes and tropical storms?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 Why would you not be concerned about a hurricane hitting San Francisco,

even though it sits right on the coast? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 Look up the link on hurricane names at the Weather in the Classroom website (see front cover for

web address) and fill in the names for this years hurricane season.

4 Put the following tropical systems in order from weakest to strongest: Hurricane,

tropical depression and tropical storm.

Weakest _________________

_________________

Strongest _________________

A Name_______________________________

B Name_______________________________

C Name_______________________________

D Name_______________________________

E Name_______________________________

F Name_______________________________

G Name_______________________________

H Name_______________________________

I Name_______________________________

J Name_______________________________

K Name_______________________________

L Name_______________________________

M Name_______________________________

N Name_______________________________

O Name_______________________________

P Name_______________________________

R Name_______________________________

S Name_______________________________

T Name_______________________________

V Name_______________________________

W Name_______________________________


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AUTUMN HEATWAVE SNOWFLAKE THUNDERSTORM

BLIZZARD HURRICANE SPRING TORNADO

BREEZY LIGHTNING SUMMER WINDY

HAILSTORM SEVERE THUNDER WINTER

J O X P C S H R R V N M U T U A D T J N

R K U H O O E A N E R D R A Z Z I L B E

D N Y U V D C P I O X S N O W F L A K E

K V F Y N V Y V T L I H Z O U S O Q L H

E Q Y U B A X S O Y S H K D Z P C I O WW V H H B S R J O W U T P A Z R B K B T

S T A B R E U J N R S S O N V I A Y Z Y

Y P E W D L N M R Z X A V R A N F A J F

M V A N T X J I M E F B C O M G A U V E

W S U R Z A C B R E E Z Y T W L K D O J

R H P L S A E L X B R T C I Y I J Y M E

T U O C N D M H W M K R N Y O G V M Q N

U F N E R X K V I O Q T R D N H B G T S

E G T J V R M K J D E E H N X T D J J W

W R N D I K O M H R Y W B I F N O H G N

B K E B V F E K W X U S D W C I P L N K

Q L E V N D Y Z I G S V F H V N T S Y N

Y L A V E Q V Y D Z G K U E I G L E M J

V V N K H S Y D E N Z B K C U G K U Q B

A A V C O S E Z D F F Q J P F J B E U V

Weather Word Search

WHY THE WIND BLOWS GAMES WEATHER WORD SEARCH


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Meteorology Crossword

ACROSS

7. The measure of how much mass

(weight) is in a given volume.

9. A high, thin cloud made up of

ice crystals.

11. Used to measure air pressure.

13. Used to measure air temperature.

14. This is violently rotating column of air.

15. The wind flows clockwise around

an area of ______ pressure.

16. Frozen drops of rain that fall as

pellets of ice in winter.

DOWN

1. The scale by which we

categorize hurricanes.

2. A type of cloud that is associated

with thunderstorms.

3. A measure of how much moisture

is in the air.

4. The sun is directly overhead the

Tropic of _________ on the

summer solstice.

5. Used to measure wind speed.

6. The sun is directly overhead the

Tropic of Capricorn on the

_________ solstice.

8. The scale by which we rank tornadoes.

WHY THE WIND BLOWS GAMES METEREOLOGY CROSSWORD

9. This is an apparent force on thewind that is caused by the spin of

the Earth.

10. When all molecules stop moving,

you have reached the coldest possible

temperature called ________ zero.

12. The wind flows counter-clockwise

around an area of _______ pressure.


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News9 Weather In the Classroom '09