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Newcastle Disease in Birds
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11/03/2015 NewcastleDiseaseinBirds:Causes,Signs,Treatment,andPrevention
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1829&aid=2264 1/2
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Home/Bird/Diseases/NewcastleDisease:
NewcastleDiseaseinBirds:Causes,Signs,Treatment,andPrevention
Veterinary&AquaticServicesDepartment,Drs.Foster&Smith
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OftenreferredtoasAvianDistemperorVelogenicViscerotropicNewcastleDisease,(VVND),NewcastleDiseaseisoneofthemostseriousofallaviandiseases.Firstidentifiedin1926inNewcastleonTyneinEngland,thediseasewaslaterfoundintheUnitedStatesin1944.Now,thediseasehasspreadtoincludeworldwideavianpopulations,affectingbirdsofallages.Itismostprevalent,however,inbirdsimportedfromSoutheastAsiaandCentralAmerica.
WhatcausesNewcastleDisease?NewcastleDiseaseiscausedbyavirus(paramyxovirus,oftheGroup1serotype).Especiallyaggressive,thefirstwidespreadoutbreakofNewcastleDiseaseoccurredintheUnitedStatesinsouthernCalifornia.In1972,infectedbirdsinanexoticaviaryspreadtheinfectiontochickensonneighboringfarms.Beforeitwasover,millionsofchickenseitherdiedorwereeuthanizedinasuccessfulattempttocontrolfurtherspread.ThisoutbreakwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheUSDA'sadoptionofquarantinesystemsforimportedbirdsin1974.Sincethattime,therehasnotbeenanotheroutbreakofsimilarseverity.
HowisNewcastleDiseasetransmitted?Withanaffinityforredbloodcells,thevirusspreadsrapidlythroughoutthebody.Thevirusishighlycontagiousandspreadindroppingsandnasaldischargeviadirectcontact,throughtheair,oroncontaminateditemssuchasbottomsofshoes,food,orinfecteddishesandcages.Theviruscanalsopenetrateeggshellsthatcomeincontactwithinfectedtissueorfood,thereby,infectingtheembryo.Itcansurviveoutsideahostforseveralweeksinawarmandhumidenvironmentandindefinitelyinfrozenmaterial.
WhatarethesignsofNewcastleDisease?Theincubationperiod(timefromexposuretothedevelopmentofsignsofdisease)is4to7days.Ingeneral,signscanincludeocularand/ornasaldischarge,dyspnea,andbloodydiarrhea.Centralnervoussystemsignscanalsooccur,includingdepressionortheoppositehyperexcitabilityvestibularorbalanceproblemstremors,especiallyoftheheadandneckweaknessandpartialortotalparalysis.Theonsetofsignsmaybesemiacutetosuddendeath.Signsvarydependingonthestrainofvirusandthespeciesofbird.
HowisNewcastleDiseasediagnosed?Thediagnosisismadebyisolatingthevirusfromeitherthefecesoflivebirdsortheorgansofinfectedanimalsavailableatnecropsy.AllsuspectcasesmustbereportedtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA),andanalysismustbedoneinagovernmentapprovedlaboratory.Oncediagnosisisconfirmed,theUSDAwillmakerecommendationsontheeuthanasiaanddisposalofinfectedbirds,andtheadministrationofquarantinestopreventspread.
WhatisthetreatmentforNewcastleDisease?
Thereisnotreatmentorvaccinehowever,injectionsofhyperimmuneserumhavebeenusedtoprotectexposedbirdsbeforetheybecomesymptomatic.Whenbirdsbeginshowingsymptoms,thisisineffective.Unfortunately,theprognosisforthisdiseaseispoor,withnearlya100percentmortalityrate,onceinfected.
HowisNewcastleDiseaseprevented?Sincethequarantinerequirementswereintroducedin1974,theincidenceofNewcastleDiseasehasbeengreatlyreduced,butitisnotyeteradicatedworldwide.Althoughheartyandabletosurviveinmanyenvironments,thevirusisdestroyedrapidlybydehydrationandexposuretoultravioletrays(sunlight).
ThefollowingprotocolsandrecommendationsarehelpingtoreducetheincidenceofNewcastleDisease:
AllbirdstobeimportedintotheUnitedStatesmustbequarantinedinfacilitiesoutsidethecountryfor30daysbeforeenteringtheU.S.
AllsuspectedcasesofNewcastleDiseasemustbereportedtotheUSDA.
Newlyacquiredbirdsshouldbeisolatedforatleast30days6weeksisbetter.Setasideshoesandclothingtobewornonlyinthequarantinearea.
CertificationshouldberequestedfromthesupplierofyourbirdsthatconfirmsyourbirdorbirdsarelegallyimportedorareraisedintheU.S.Ahealthcertificateshouldberequestedandyoushouldverifythatthebird(s)willbetransportedinneworthoroughlydisinfectedcages.ThebiggestcontributortothespreadofNewcastleDiseaseistheaviansmugglingindustry.
TheUSDAhasmadethefollowingrecommendationstopoultryfarmers:
Allowonlyessentialworkersandvehiclesonthefarmoratleastonlyintheareas
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11/03/2015 NewcastleDiseaseinBirds:Causes,Signs,Treatment,andPrevention
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1829&aid=2264 2/2
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immediatelyadjacenttoandincludingthepoultryhouses.
Providecleanclothingandcleansingfacilitiesforemployees.
Cleananddisinfectvehicles(includingtiresandundercarriages)enteringandleavingthefarm.
Avoidvisitingotherpoultryoperations.
Maintainanallin,alloutphilosophyofflockmanagement:
Controlthemovementofallpoultryandpoultryproductsfromfarmtofarm.
Donotcullmaturebirdsfromaflocktobesoldinalivemarket.
Cleananddisinfectpoultryhousesbetweeneachlotofbirds.
Donotkeeppetbirdsonthefarm.
Protectflocksfromwildbirdstryingtonestinpoultryhousesanddonotfeedflockscombinedwithdomesticbirds.
Maintainstrictcontrolsoverthedisposalandhandlingofbirdcarcasses,litter,andmanure.
Bringdiseasedbirdstoanapprovedlaboratoryforexamination.
Wecanallplayaroleinhelpingtoeliminatethisdeadlyaviandiseasebyfollowingtheguidelinesabove.AnypoultryorpetbirdownersorveterinarianswhosuspectabirdmayhaveNewcastleDisease,shouldimmediatelycontactStateorFederalanimalhealthauthorities.Anysuspicionsregardingsuppliersshouldalsobereported.
ReferencesandFurtherReadingClubb,S.LawsandRegulationsAffectingAvicultureandthePetBirdIndustry.Altman,RClubb,SDorrestein,GQuesenberry,K.(eds.).AvianMedicineandSurgery.W.B.Saunders.Philadelphia,PA1997.
Gallerstein,GAcker,H.TheCompleteBirdOwner'sHandbook.Simon&SchusterMacmillan.NewYork,NewYork1994.
Olsen,GOrosz,S.ManualofAvianMedicine.Mosby,Inc.St.Louis,MO2000.
Rupley,A.ManualofAvianPractice.W.B.Saunders.Philadelphia,PA1997.
USDADepartmentofAgriculture.VeterinaryServices.ExoticNewcastleDisease.May,2001.
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