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New Trends in Computational Solid Mechanics
Wednesday, 10/23/2002
Class ProgressVisualization: abstract concept (stress,2D, 3D), mechanical field
Atomistic Simulations:Stochastic simulations: random walk, Brownian movementMonte Carlo method (MC) EnsembleMolecular Dynamics (MD) Trajectory
Continuum Simulation:Material Point Method (MPM)
Multiscale simulationAdaptive Mesh Refinement/Coarsening; Renormalization
Finite Element Method (FEM);
Computational Solid Mechanics
Bio/IT/Nano
BiomedicalEngineering
InformationTechnology
Nanotechnology
Stress, strain, constitutive modelDefects, dislocationFractureSurface roughness
FEM, MPMMD, MC
Bio/IT/Nano
HeartThe heart is a muscular organ located just to the left of the breast bone (sternum). It is about the size of your fist, and this amazing muscle pumps 4300 gallons of blood a day. The heart has four chambers:
Atria. The top two chambers that receive blood from the body or lungs. Ventricles. The bottom two chambers. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body and is the strongest chamber. Valves. There are four valves in the heart that help to direct blood flow.
Mechanical Heart Valve
• Structurally designed to last a lifetime
Most are constructed of pyrolytic carbon, a highly durable and biocompatible material
Excellent blood flow characteristics
Patient requires long-term anticoagulation therapy ("blood thinners", this medication actually slows the clotting process of blood)
Patient may hear the valve leaflets open and
close
Biocompatibility
Mechanical valves are recognized for their exceptional durability, but require life-long anticoagulation medication.
Stress distribution in Mechanical Heart Valve
Harsh environmentRoughness evolution
Platelet Coagulation
Platelets are the smallest corpuscular components of human blood (diameter 2-4µm) - the physiological number varies from 150,000 to 300,000/mm3 blood.
When reaching a damaged vessel, platelets release a chemical which sets up a change of events leading to the production of long, strand like threads called fibrin. Many fibrin threads join together to plug a vessel.
Flow Field Near Rough Surface
Turbulence
Blood clot
As the blood flows turbulently over the rough surface of the artificial heart, the blood begin falling on itself and clotting.
Shock Wave
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
A shocking blow for kidney stones
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a medical procedure used to break kidney stones into fragments small enough for natural elimination.
Kidney Stone
Some of the smaller kidney stones that are less than 5mm in diameter pass on along during urination. However, a larger stone that does not pass on out can block the urinary tract. If left untreated, the blockage may hamper the normal function of the kidney and may cause complete shutdown of the affected kidney in a few days.
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
high-frequency sound waves to crush kidney stones into granules small enough to be passed in the urine
Noninvasive
Mechanism of Stone Fails
Evidence that the shock wave may lead to permanent damage to healthy tissue in the kidney.
Spallation
Spallation refers to large tensile stress that leading to stone failure probably by fatigue.
Cavitation
Cavitation occurs when the tensile stress of the shock wave is strong enough to make fluid rip apart. The nature of the shock wave in lithotripsy leads to a dramatic growth of the bubble followed by a subsequently violent collapse. The collapse leads to an probably surface damaging microjets.
Mechanical interaction of shock wave with renal calculi
After the application of 40 shock waves a stone phantom is fractured into two pieces. Here the fracture plane is oriented perpendicular to the wave propagation and exhibits a circular rings. The diameter of the stone phantom (magnesium oxide) is 15mm."