October 2010

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Index• Foreword 3

• Rationaleforastyleguide 4

• WritingforCreamerMedia 4

• Structuringyourinterviewandwriting 5

• GuidancefromA–Z 9

• Areasofcommondifficulty 26

Annexures 43

1. Hyphenation 43

2. GovernmentofSouthAfrica 48 i.GovernmentDepartments ii.GovernmentMinisters

3. Abbreviationsofunitsofmeasurement 52

4. Commonlyusedscientificelementsandtheirabbreviations 56

5. Commonlyusedabbreviations 58

6. Glossaryofstandardsauthority 60

7. Glossaryofminingterms 64

8. Acollectionoftips,homilies,sermons,fulminations,threnodiesandotherinformation 84

9. Odetoaspellchecker 94

10. Currenciesguide 95

Understanding readers marks 96

Foreword

When it comes to styleWhen it comes to the style in which one should write for Engineering News andMining Weekly,onecandoworsethantotakeacuefromRadio702presenterJohn Robbie.

Those who have listened to Robbie will know that he instructs contributors tohis talk shows: “Keep it short,” he pleads from the outset. If there is the slightestwaffle, Robbie adds: “Get to the point.” The moment there is adulation, hebellows:“Cuttheslush.”

Staff of Engineering News and Mining Weekly may benefit from applying Robbie’sthreemainlineswhentheyareputtingtheirreportsintoreadableform.

Probably the briefest message of all time was from a British officer whoseregimenthadconqueredSindeinIndia;hecabledaone-liner,“Pecavi”,theLatinfor“Ihavesinned”.

Irecallthistostresstheneedforbrevity.

Mostofall,reportsinEngineering NewsandMining Weeklymustbeeasyreads:theymustinform,theymuststimulate,theymustexposeand,whereappropriate,yes,alsoentertain.

Clarityofwritingusuallyfollowsclarityofthought.Shouldyounotbecertain,phonearounduntilyouare,thencompleteyourwork.Yourreportsmustalwayshavemeat,butavoidconstantlypouringoverthemthesamegravy.

WriterGeorge Orwell iscreditedwithhavingsaid thatascrupulouswriterwillaskhimselffourquestionsinrelationtoeverysentencewritten:“WhatamItryingtosay?Whichwordswillexpressitbest?Whichimagecouldmakeitclearer?CouldIreduceittofewerwords?”

Test what you have written by handing it to a nonjournalist colleague and thenfindingoutwhatithascommunicated.Ifcommunicationprovesmoggy,tryagain.

Ihave,however,regularlyusedthisroutewithasemblanceofsuccess:writeit,subit,rewriteit,resubit,submitit.

A stylebook ensures consistent quality; it’s a newsroom’s bureau of standards,a verbal constitution, an arbiter in times of dispute and doubt. Thus, we areindebted and very grateful to all those who undertook the laborious task ofproducingthisstylebook,andthiselectronicversion.

Martin CreamerPublishingeditor

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Rationale for a Style GuideEven those born to the English language will freely admit that this is not an easylanguagetospeak,letalonewrite.IfyoulistentothelanguagespokeninpartsoftheUKyouwouldnotbelievethatthis,too,isEnglish.

InSouthAfrica,English isseldoma first language– itmayonlybea fourthor fifthlanguage. It is,however, the languageofbusiness–and that’swherewecome in.Poor languageusagecanmisleadandconfuse the reader.Wewantclarity.Astyleguideisjustthat–aguide.Itdoesnotcontainalltheanswers,butitdoeshavesome.

How to use this guideThis isa livingdocumentas it constantlyevolvesasstyle tipssurface. Itspurposeis best served as an electronic document, which is easily updated and, mostimportantly, searchable! To ensure that the master copy remains an authoritativedocument, please send all additions/queries/updates to Judy Woodburne(judith@engineeringnews.co.za).Regularupdatesofthedocumentwillbepostedonthesite.

Writing for Creamer MediaGet both sides of the storyWhenyouwriteacontroversialarticle (anythingthatcould/willdiscreditacompany)itisimperativethatcommentisobtainedfromthecompanyyouarewritingabout.Asajournalist,youareaccountable–youneedtobesureofyoureffortsandmakesure youarecontacting the rightpeople.Thewordssubstantiationandverificationshouldbehighuponyourlistwhenattemptinganythingofacontroversial/investiga-tivenature.

Do not, under any circumstances, simply use random information you got off theInternet for the basis of your argument. Use only relevant, secure sources andalways includetheothersideofthestory.

Yourjobasajournalististobeobjectiveandyoushoulddoeverythinginyourpowerto get both sides of the story. All sources should have equal opportunity to statetheircaseanditisyourjobtoensurethattheydo.However,intheeventthatisitanews-breakingorextremelyimportantissuethatyoufeelyouneedtoprobeandyouarestrugglingtogetcommentfromaparticularsource,pleasespeaktoyoureditorforguidance.

Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasespeaktoyoureditor.

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Editorial styleThinklikeareader

GivenEngineering NewsandMining Weekly’sreadershipprofile,westrivetoproducearivetingreadfortheMDandanintelligible,clear,educationalmediumforshopfloorworkersandartisans.

Structuring your interview and writing

PART ONENewsstorystructure

GOlDEN RUlE: News first, scene setting second, context third, comment last(packarticlewithnews,limitcommentary).

GUIDElINE 1: If you don’t understand your sentence/article, no one else will(rewriteituntilitisclear–don’tforgetpunctuation).

GUIDElINE 2:Exhaustyouranglebeforemovingontoanewtheme.

GUIDElINE 3: Have appropriate joiners to introduce a new theme (meanwhile,further,inaddition,anotherpriority...).

GUIDElINE 4:Multisourcewhereappropriate,andalwaysgettheothersideofthedebateifoneisraised.

GUIDElINE 5:Clearstorieswithsourceandacceptreasonablechanges,particularlyif the article arose from an unsolicited approach by us. Stories arising from publicmedia events do not need to be cleared, unless you have gained additionalinformationonthesideoftheevent.

GUIDElINE 6:Limit theuseofdirectquotesand rather interpret for the reader inindirectspeech.

GUIDElINE 7 (most important): Read your article through three times beforesubmissiontoaneditororasource.

intro 1:Newsfirst,thenwhosaidit1. Sourced,nonexclusive:State-ownedpowerutilityPowerkomapprovedfournew

megaprojects, involvingacombinedcapital investmentofR42-billion,CEOCoalStoffbergreportedlastweek.(pasttense)

2. Sourced,exclusive:State-ownedpowerutilityPowerkomhasapprovedfournewmegaprojects, involvingacombinedcapital investmentofR42-billion,CEOCoalStoffbergtellsEngineering News.(presenttense)

3. Nonsourced,exclusive:State-ownedpowerutilityPowerkomhasapproved fournewmegaprojects, involvingacombinedcapital investmentofR42-billion,Engi-neeringNewscantodayreport.(presenttense)

4. Nonsourced, nonexclusive: State-owned power utility Powerkom has approvedfour new megaprojects, involving a combined capital investment of R42-billion,industrysourcesreveal.(presenttense)

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intro 2:Describecompanygenerically,thensaywhereitisfrom

1. Genericdescription:State-ownedpowerutility...

2. Where:BomberEngineeringofBoksburg,ontheEastRand,...

intro 3:Onceyouhavechosenyourtense,youhavetostickwithitthroughoutthearticle.

intro 4:Trynottostartyourstorywithadirectquote.

paragraph two:Scenesetting1.Sourced, nonexclusive: Speaking at a results presentation in Johannesburg on

Tuesday, Stoffberg said the projects were part of a bigger R97-billion, five-yearcapital-investmentprogramme,whichhadbeenscaledupfromR84-billiontocaterforfaster-than-expecteddemandgrowth.(pasttense)

2.Sourced, exclusive:Speakingexclusively toEngineering News,Stoffberg revealsthat the projects are part of a bigger R97-billion, five-year capital-investmentprogramme,whichhasbeenscaledup fromR84-billion tocater for faster-than-expecteddemandgrowth.(presenttense)

paragraph three:Directquote“Wewereaskedbyourshareholder,thegovernment,toreviewourplanninginlightoftheacceleratedandsharedgrowthinitiativeforSouthAfrica,orAsgisa,andthisreviewmadeusrealisethatweneededtoaccelerateourcapitalprogramme,particularlywithregardtonewbase-loadcapacity,”Stoffbergexplains.

paragraph four:ProvidecontextThe South African utility has been mandated to lead the power-expansionprogramme,followingadecisionbyCabinetin2003,nottobreakPowerkomintoitsvariouscomponentsofgeneration,transmissionanddistribution,sothatitcouldleadtheincreasinglyurgentsecurity-of-supplyinitiative.

paragraph five:Morecontext,ifneededFor nearly three decades, Powerkom has not needed to make major investments,given that South Africa had surplus generation capacity and had even mothballedseveral stations. Itwasalsouncertainwhether itwouldbeallowed tomoveaheadwith new investments, given that government was considering a new competitiveframeworkforelectricitysupply.

paragraph six:Morecontext,ifneededHowever,demandhasbeen risingsteadily,givenhigher-than-anticipatedeconomicgrowthratesandSouthAfrica isnowexpectedtorunshortofgenerationcapacity,particularlypeakingcapacity,inthenot-too-distantfuture.

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paragraph seven:MorenewsThe review concluded that there would also be a shortage of base-load capacityaheadoftheinitialprojecteddateof2012.Forthatreason,PowerkomhasbroughtforwardthedevelopmentofanewR26-billionbase-loadcoal-firedstation,whichwillbebuiltinthenorthofthecountry.

paragraph eight:MorenewsThe fourotherprojectsapproved relate toapeakingpowerplant tobebuilt in theDrakensberg,andtwomajor transmission lines fromtheMpumalangaregion in thenorthof thecountry through to theWesternCapeandEasternCapeprovinces, inthesouth.

paragraph nine:ThisadditionalnewsmayalsoneedcontextThetransmissionprojectsaredeemednecessarytostrengthenthenetworksupplyingtheWesternCape,whichwasshownupasfragileinDecember,whentheKoebergnuclearreactorwasforcedtoshutdown,owingtoadamagedstator...

paragraph ten:MorenewsPackthearticlewithfactsandfiguresabouttheinvestmentprogramme,theprojects,thecontractors,thetechnologieschosen,etc.

paragraph 11:AbalancedarticlemaywanttoraiseconcernsManyobserversbelieve the capexprogramme is too little, too late.WesternCapeDAspokespersonJoeMoansays...

paragraph 12:Directquoteforconcernedparty“There is little doubt that the power-supply shortage currently being faced comesdowntopoorpolicymaking fromthenationalgovernmentandbadplanningonthepartofEskom,”Moanargues.

paragraph 13:GetaresponsePowerkom,though,issanguineaboutitsabilitytodealwiththechallenge...

paragraph 14:Anotherdirectquote,possiblytoconclude“Webelievewehavethestructuresandsystemsinplacetodeliveronthisambitiouscapexprogramme,”Gcabasheconcludes.

paragraph 15:Maywanttoendwithsummingup,orafact1. AlleyeswillbeonEskomandtheexecutiveteamtoseewhethertheywillbeable

totranslatethepaperplansintoreality.

2. Tendersareout for thecoal-firedpowerstationandconstruction isexpectedtostartnextweek.

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TyPES Of STORIESproject story• Nameoftheprojectandlocation• Projectdescription(brownfieldorgreenfield)• Mineproject1:(expansionorreplacement)• Mineproject2:(output,whencommissioned,whenatfullproduction)• Value• Duration• Breakdownofmaincontracts• Client• Latestdevelopments• Companiesawardedcontracts• Anychallenges• Anyuniquefeaturesortechnology• Willtheprojectrequiretheuseofstructuralsteeland,ifso,howmuch?• Onbudgetandontime?

fINANCIAl PRESENTATIONAlways look forananglebeyond the results (newprojects,newstrategicdirection,viewsonthebusinessenvironment)Butalsoinclude:• Earnings(netprofit/lossaftertaxinR-millionratherthanearningsashare)• Can also include operating profit/loss as nonoperational issues often affect the

bottomline.• Ifthecompanyislookingtoraisefinancetherearethreeissuestolookat:1. Ifitisdebtfinance:Isitprojectfinanceorwillitinvolvetheissueofabond?2. What isthecompany’scurrentgearing(debt:equityratio)Doobserversbelieve it

hasthecapacitytoraisemoredebt?3. Ifitisequityfinance:Whatisthedilutionfactoronothershareholdersandisthere

anyattempttolimitdilution?

bEE DEAlS• GiveacontextofwhytheBEEdealisnecessary(thecompanyneedsalicenceto

operateorthecompanywantstosecureitspositionasasuppliertoacompanythathasaBEEprocurementpolicy).

• Givedetailsofthenatureoftheconsortium.Wholeadsit?Isitbroadbasedandhowisitstructured?

• Howwillthedealbefunded?Willbanksfundit,willshareholdersfundit(throughdilution),orwillthecompanyactasafunderthroughvendorfinance?

• Isthedealexpansionary?Inotherwords,willtheproceedsgointoexpandingtheoperationinsomeway?

COMPANy PROfIlES• Getagoodgenericdescriptionofthecompany.Howdoesitdescribeitself?

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• Trytounderstandwhatthecompanyactuallydoes(wefavourmanufacturersovertraders,butbothhavetheirplace).

• Does the company do any R&D? Does it have any of its own commercialinnovationsonthemarket?

• Is itsimplyaconduit for imports? Ifso,whatvaluedoes itaddto theeconomyanditsclientbase?

• Howisitbeingaffectedbymacrofinancial(interestrate,rand),economic(growthrate,importation),andsocialtrends(Bee,socialdevelopment)?

• Whatnewprojectsdoesithaveonitsbook?Thenuseprojectquestions.• Whatnewproductsandservicesisitpursuing?• Howmanypeopledoesitemploy?• Whatrawmaterialsdoesituseinitsbusinessprocess?• Whoistheleader?

note 1:Whenyouwriteupthesetypesofinterviews,lookforhardnewsintheformofprojects, innovationorbusinessdevelopment first. If there isnothing there, thenmovetoissuesconfrontingtheindustryasawhole

note 2:If itwasanexclusiveinterview,don’tholdthepersontohisexactquotes.Ifthelanguagewasalittlerough,trytointerpretitthroughindirectspeechorfinessethemintodirectquotesthataremorereadable

NEW PRODUCTS/NEW TECHNOlOGy• Becircumspectabouttheuseofwordssuchas‘revolutionary’,‘world-first’,unless

youcanverifythat.• Trytowriteusingasfewadjectivesaspossible.• Becarefulinmakingbigchangestoreleasesotherthansimplifyingthelanguage.• Makesureyouknowwhattheproductdoesandforwhichsectoritisappropriate

purelybyreadingyourtext.• Ifitisalocallydevelopedinnovation,youcangoabitbigger.• Get chapter and verse on what has been spent, who the researchers were,

whoverifiedtheproduct’sefficacy,whereithasbeensold,whetherithasexportpotential.

• Youcouldevendoasidebarontheinnovatorhim/herself.

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GUIDANCE fROM A TO ZAbbreviationsAlwayswritethefullformonfirstappearance;forexample,extensionsareunderwayat the South African bureau of Standards (SABS); the bracketed abbreviationfollows immediately.Trynot touse theabbreviation too frequentlybysubstitutingageneric,forexample,thebureauinsteadofSABS.Rememberthereisnoneedtoabbreviateiftheorganisationisonlymentionedonce.Do abbreviate:Chief executive officer, managing director and general manager in body text asCEO,MDandGMrespectively.Itisnotnecessarytowriteoutinfullatthefirsttimeofmention.• Deputy director-general,isnotabbreviatedtoDDG

Exceptions:• WriteoutMember of Parliament(MP)atthefirsttimeofmention.• Writeoutchief information officer (CIO)andchief technical officer (CTO)at

thefirsttimeofmention.Ifusedinatitle,suchastheAfricaCIOSummit,asthisisthenameoftheeventtheacronymstands,butthereafter,itshouldbeusedinfull,followedbytheacronyminbrackets.

AvoidusingProf,GenandCol,butDrisacceptable.

Donotabbreviateinbodycopy(althoughitisacceptableinheadlines):• South Africa(SAinheads).• Millionandbillioninbodycopyforexample,$46-million($46minheads).

Familiarabbreviations,suchasGDPorScada,mustbewrittenoutonfirstmention,butmaybeusedinheadlines.Forinformationonabbreviationsusedinunitsofmeasurement,seeAnnexureXX.

AcronymsIfanabbreviationcanbeandispronounced,forexample,Numsa,Nato,SeifsaandGatt,thenitiswritteninupperandlowercaseandfurtherreferencetakesthefollow-ingforms:...itwasreportedthatNumsa...theNumsadelegates....

In caseswhere it cannotbeor is not pronounced, capitals are used, for example,SAbCandGDPandfurtherprecededbythe,forexample,theSABCwilloperate...

Note that theNUMandDINarewritten incapitalsbecause this is theway inwhichtheyarecommonlyreferredto,whileAfrican Rainbow MineralsisshortenedtoArm.

Agreement between subject and verbEngineering News and Mining Weekly always refer to companies in the singular:DeBeersConsolidatedMineshascompleteditsfeasibilitystudy.Thebuildingcontractor,BuildrightEngineering,refusestocommentontheallegations.

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Ingeneral, twoordinarynouns joinedbytheword‘and’ taketheplural formof theverb:• TimeandtidewaitfornomanWhenthesubjectreferstooneconcept,notionoridea,ittakesthesingularformoftheverb.Itisimportanttoestablishthewayinwhichthesubjectisperceived:• Thewagesofsinisdeath.• Fishandchipsmakestheperfectmeal.Therearesomewordsthatrefertoagroup,andcantakeeitherthesingularorpluralform,dependingonthecontextofthesentence.Whenthenounreferstoseparatemembersorindividuals,thepluralformisused,butwhentheentityismeant,theverbtakesthesingular:• Ourteamhaslosteverygame.• Theboardhasreachedaconclusion.

Wordsthatrefertopairstakethepluralform,butnotwhenthewordpairisactuallyused:• Plierswereneededtoliftthelid.• Whereismynewpairofscissors?

Anybodyreferstooneperson;thereforeitalwaystakesthesingularformoftheverb.Eachalwaystakesthesingular,forexample,Eachofthemenisgoingtosucceed.But when each follows a plural word, use a plural verb: the workers are eachexpectedto....None usually takes the singular form of the verb, for example, None of usunderstands hismotivation.However, insomecases, thepluralmaybepossible,forexample,Noneofthetoolsare ingoodcondition.Many ispluralandusesthepluralverb.

ApostropheTheapostropheisusuallyusedtoindicatepossession,forexample,thegoldmine’sprofits.

Names that end in ‘s’, for example, James and Jones become James’s andJones’swhendenotingpossession.Euphonymanydecidetheadditionoromissionof ‘s,although it isoftenomittedwhenthe lastsyllableof thename ispronounced‘iz’, and in Bridges’ and Moses’. Plural-sounding company names that end in ‘s’,takeanapostropheafter the ‘s’whendenotingpossession:De beers’explorationtenements.

Pluralpossessivesendingin–sarewrittenasbosses’,dogs’,directors’,countries’.

ApostrophesarenotusedinthepluralsofabbreviationssuchasPCsandPLCs.

Thereisnoapostrophein1980s,the20s.

ThetownsJeffreys bayandRichards baydonottakeapostrophes,butSimon’s TownandKing William’s Towndo,however.

Apostrophesalsoindicatetheplacewherealetterismissingfromaword:• It’swrongtojudge=it iswrongtojudge

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Comparethistothepossessiveits:• Itsprofitshaveincreased.

Theapostrophewhenusedtomarktheomissionofaletterornumeral:• Don’t(donot)• That’s(thatis)• Rock‘n’roll(rockandroll)• It’s(itis)• In’94or’95(1994or1995).

ArticlesUsed ineverysentence,articlesarean integralpartof theEnglish language.Oftenmisapplied,‘a’and‘an’areusuallyreferredtoastheindefinitearticles.Ingeneral,an isusedbeforeavowelwhileaappearsbeforeaconsonant.Anisalsousedbeforeasilent‘h’(butnotbeforethewordshotelandhospitalsincethehispronounced).Inaddition,wordswhichbeginwith‘u’butarepronouncedasthoughthebeginwitha‘y’areprecededby‘a’,forexample,autensil,ausefulidea;butanuglygesture,anupstart.Thedefinitearticle‘the’generallypointstosomeparticularsubject,therebydistinguishingitfromothersnamedinthesentence.Theeffectof‘the’isstrongeronasingularnounthanwithaplural:• Theengineerwillnoticeadifferenceinengineperformance.• Engineersnoticeslightdifferencesinengineperformance.

Note that the definite articles should be used only when the purpose is to drawattentiontoanounanditcannotbeusedinterchangeablywithaoran.

Whenadjectivesthatdenotequantitiesbelongingtodifferent thingsareconnected,thearticleshouldberepeated:• Ablackandabluevehiclepassedthetest.(Thismeanstwovehicles.)

Whenconnectedadjectivesrelatetothesamething,thearticlemustnotberepeated:• Ablackandbluevehiclepassedthetest.(Thismeansonevehicle.)

boldThe full names of people are written in bold on first appearance in an article.Thereafter, use only the surname in medium font. Headings, crossheads andquestionsarealsoinbold.

brackets and parenthesesPhrasescanbeinsertedintoasentenceinparentheses–( )–asanexplanationorqualification. A phrase inserted in parentheses must make complete grammaticalsense on its own and must not have any grammatical connection with the mainsentence.Phrasesused inparenthesesmustbekeptshort.Wherepossible, insertcommasinplaceofthesepunctuationmarks.Squarebrackets–[ ]–areusedtoencloseanexplanationbythewriterinclarificationofaquotedsource.

CapitalsGeneralrule–ifindoubt,uselowercase

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Allprivateappointmentsarewritteninlowercase,forexample,marketing manager andoperations director.ButCEO,MDandGMareneverwrittenoutinfull.Ranksandtitlesarewrittenwithacapitalletter,butonlywhenwritteninconjunctionwithaname,forexample,President Jacob Zuma.Whenatitleappearsonitsown, it iswritten in lower case, for example, the president. Note the capitalisation ofpolitical titles–FinanceMinister,CabinetMinister,Consul-General, (butBotswanaDemocratic Party secretary-general Daniel Kwelagobe); military titles – Colonel,Vice-Admiral;academic titles–DeanoftheFacultyofEngineering,Vice-Chancellor,Professor;plus,Pope benedict XVI,Queen Elizabeth and God.Alsocapitalise:Councillor.Alsonotethecapitals inState(as ingovernment,butnot instateoftheeconomy),Internet, Web (but website) and Ethernet. Do not-upper case government whenreferringto,forexample,thegovernmentofMozambique.

Whenthename,Jan van der Merweiswritteninfull,vanislowercase,butittakesacapitalletterwhenthesurnameisusedonitsownorwithatitle,forexampleVan der MerweorProfessor Van der Merwe.

ThenamesofracegroupsarenotwrittenwithacapitalletterbutAsians,Europeans,Africansandothergroupnames,whicharederived fromthenamesoncontinents,are.

Definite geographical places, regions areas or countries take initial capitals. TheseincludeWestern Cape,South East Asia,Middle East,South Atlantic,theWest.Uselowercasewitheast,west,northorsouthisusedasanadjective,forexamplesouthern free Stateandnorthern Canada,butSouthAfrica’sWestCoast.

Use lowercase forprovince, cityor statewhen it is not strictlypart of aname, forexample,Kuwait city,New york city,Washington state,Eastern Cape province.

The same applies to streets, rivers, dams and project names, for example, Smith street,Van Riebeeck avenue,fish river,Katse dam,Alusaf Hillside smelter project,Kendal power station,butthelesotho Highlands Water Project.Organisations, such as the National Union of Mineworkers and Industrial Development Corporation,arewrittenwithcaps.

Thenamesofprogrammesordevelopments,whicharenotpropernouns,takelowercase,forexample,mineextensionprogramme.Don’tbetooliberalwithcaps.

Names of seagoing vessels should be in italics, for example, MSC Catania or MV Peace in Africa.

Common errors• PacificOcean,notPacificocean.• Lowercasewebsite.• Lowercasedoctoral,asin‘doctoralresearch’.

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ClichésClichésbecomeclichésbecausetheyareusefulinthefirstinstance;butalthoughtheycanfindanewlife fromtheveryfactthattheyarefamiliarexpressions,theyshouldbeavoided.However,useafamiliarphraseifitexpressesmeaningcorrectly,notjustbecauseitiseasilyrecognised.

Collective nounsWordsthatrefertoagrouporcollectionofelements,forexample:• Team,staffandjointventure,takethesingularform:• Theboardhasreachedaconclusion.

However,insomecases,thesensemaynotlenditselftothesingular:• ThestaffhavecollectedmoneyfortheChristmasparty.

Asaferulewhenusingthewordnumber:• Thenumberis...Anumberare...(whennumbermeansmany).

Apairandacoupleareplural.

Thinkcarefullybeforeusingthepluralform.

ColonsIfacolondoesnotaddtotheclarityofthewording,then itshouldbeomitted.Forexample:• Themanufacturing facilityhas the following features:a toolshop,aspraybooth

and a training centre for artisans. If the colon is removed, the sentence is stillperfectlyunderstandable.

• Writers are often tempted to add a colon after “including”, and the same ruleapplies.

• Beforeawholequotedsentence,butnotbeforepartofaquotedsentence, forexample, She said: “I need to hone my gardening skills”. However, “I need tohonemygardeningskills,”shesays–ispreferredbyEngineering NewsandMining Weekly.

• The colon is used to precede an explanation or to expand on what has gonebefore, for example, the cause of the fire was obvious: the wiring of the entirebuildinghadlongbeenareasonforconcern.

CommasUse commas sparingly. Short sentences are easier to read than long onesinterspersedwithmanycommas.Engineering NewsandMining Weeklystyleisthatifasentencemaybeunderstoodwithoutusingcommas,theyshouldbeomitted:• EngineeringAnonymouscontractmanagerPietSmithsaystheplantisoperational.

Rather than• Piet Smith, contract manager for Engineering Anonymous, says the plant is

operational.

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Commasareusedtoseparatephrasesorclauses.Whenasentencebeginswithasubordinateclause,acommamustappearaftertheclause,thatis,beforethemainclause:• WhilethefoursetsatMorupulewerebeingphasedin,thesupplyfromGaboronewasphasedout.

Twocommasmustbeusedwhenaphraseisinsertedintoasentenceparenthetically:• Large power stations, we have come to realise, require a lot of maintenance.

Not:Largepowerstations,wehavecometorealiserequirealotofattention.

Theuseofcommasisrequiredwhenseveralitemsarelistedinasentence:• Thelocalagencystocksvalves,boltsandnuts.Don’tusecommasbefore‘and’

attheendofalist.

Theuseofcommasismandatorytodenotedecimals,forexample2,6andnot2.6.Also note that a space is used to separate thousands from hundreds (and not acomma),forexample,3400.

CompaniesCallcompaniesbythenamestheycallthemselves,butomit(Pty) ltd,limitedandcc unless thename isused inanEngineering NewsplantprofilewhenwespecifyPtyorlimited,butnever(Pty) ltdonthebasisthatifitisPtyitmustbeltdandifitislimiteditisacompanyasopposedtoprivateone.OtherabbreviationsomittedafteracompanynameareAG,SAorGmbh.The names of companies may be abbreviated after first appearance, for example,Atomic Energy Corporation (AEC).

Compound modifiersTwowordsfunctioningasasingleadjectiveshouldbehyphenatedtoensureclarity,forexample,long-termgrowthandtwentieth-centurytechnology.

Generally,nohyphenisneededbetweenanadverbandanadjective:• Acarefullyresearchedarticle.

Neitherisahyphenrequiredwhensingleadjectivesfollowanoun:• Theproposalwasill considered,(but:anill-considered proposal).

CurrenciesThe commonly used currencies of rand, dollar, pound, yen do not take initialcapitals.Whenbeforeafigure,currencyabbreviationsareusedwithoutaspace,forexample,€40and$400.Otherexamplesofusage:• TheEuropeanbenchmarkferrochromepricehasincreasedby16%,to$1,03/lb,

whichisUS14chigherforthefourthquarter• rand:dollarexchangerate

Countries:Inmostcasesthenamesofcountriesshouldbewrittenoutinfull.Exceptionsarethe

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UKfortheUnited KingdomandtheUSfortheUnited States of America.NotethatRussia,oftenusedinterchangeablywiththeex-Soviet Union,isonlyoneoftherepublicsthatmakeuptheCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS).Remember the use of capitalisation in country names, such as Far East, SouthAmericaandsub-SaharanAfrica.Incaseswhereacountryisknowbymorethanonename,weusedtheUnitedNationslistofmemberstatesasareferenceforofficialnames.Forexample,werefertoCôted’IvoireratherthanIvoryCoast.

Usehttp://www.Un.Org/en/members/index.Shtml to check theaccuracyof countrynames.

DashThe dash (–) must not be confused with the hyphen (-). The hyphen links wordswhereas thedashseparatesgroupsofwords.Thepresenceof adash indicatesaslightpause.

DatesTheacceptablestylefordates isOctober27,2009.Datesarealwayswrittenout infull.Notethatwhenadateiswrittenoutinmidsentence,acommafollowstheyear,forexample,onSeptember3,1939,GreatBritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany.• Usetwentiethcenturyratherthan20thcentury.• Whereverpossible,useexactdatesratherthanthemid-1920s.• Likewise,avoidtheuseofhyphensbetweentwodates,forexample,1995-96.Use

aslashinstead,forexample,1995/6• 2008/9,not2008/2009• August2009,notAugust,2009.• OnJune2and3,Nersaheldhearings

DefamationWeneedtobeverycarefultoavoidasituationwherewefindourselvesinhotwaterfordefaminganyindividualsorcompanies,ormakingourselvesvulnerabletoanyclaimsthatwehavedefamedanyone. Itwasnot longago thatanotherminingpublicationfromSouthAfricasufferedaheavyblowwhenitwastakentocourtinLondonforthealleged defamation of a Russian mine owner. The settlement cost them millions ofrands.

Ifyouareeverindoubtastowhetheranarticleisdefamatory,getitcheckedbeforewepublish itonourwebsiteor inourmagazines.We reallycannotafford tomakeanymistakesinthisregard.AsMartin Creameralwayssays,“Ifindoubt,findoutorleaveitout.”

Webber Wenzel defines defamation law as a branch of the law of delict (or tort),whichprotectsaperson’sreputation.Thelawofdefamationseekstofindaworkablebalancebetweentwoconflictingrights:• therighttoanunimpairedreputation(therighttodignity);and• therighttofreedomofexpression.

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The lawofdefamationprotects the reputationofaperson; reputation isdefinedas‘theestimationorgoodopinion,whichan individualhas in theeyesof society’.Allnatural persons are entitled to sue for defamation, as are trading and nontradingjuristicpersons.

The lawallowsaplaintiff toclaimagainstadefendant if theplaintiff isabletoprovethreeelements: that thedefendant (a)published, (b)defamatorymatter, (c) referringtotheplaintiff. InrespectofdefamatorymaterialpublishedontheInternet,theHighCourthasheldthatpublicationtakesplacewherethematerialisaccessed(i.e.wherethecontentofthewebsiteisdownloaded).Onproofoftheabovethreeelements,thedefendantispresumedtohavepublishedthematterwrongfullyandwiththeintentionofdefamingtheplaintiff.

It is then for the defendant to rebut either of these presumptions by relying on adefense.Therearethreetraditionaldefenses:• Truthinthepublicinterest.Here,thedefendantarguesthatthematerialallegations

containedinthedefamatorystatementaresubstantiallytrueandweremadeinthepublicinterest;

• Thedefamatorystatementamountedtofaircommentonamatterofpublicinterest(e.g.aneditorialorasatiricalcartoon);or

• Qualifiedprivilege.Thedefendantwillescapeliabilityintheabsenceofmaliceifheorsheisunderalegal,moralorsocialdutytopublishdefamatorymatter,andtherecipienthasasimilarinterestordutyinreceivingit(e.g.anemploymentreference).ThisdefencealsoextendstothefairandaccuratereportingoftheproceedingsofParliament,courtsandcertainotherpublicbodies.

Itisalsopossibletobesuedfordefamationforcommentsmadeonthesocialweb,suchasTwitterorFacebook–oronblogs,forumdiscussionsorinmessagessentbyemail.Sothinkbeforeyouvent.

EllipsesTheellipsis(...)shouldbeusedonlytomarktheomissionofawordorphrasefromaquotedsource.

Ethnic groupsAvoid distinguishing different races. Since South Africa’s move to democracy andtheannouncementoftheReconstructionandDevelopmentProgramme,manycom-panieshaveinvestedinsmallbusiness,ruralandhumanresourcedevelopment.Thishassparkedtheuseofracistclassificationsforprojects,suchastheblackmanagers’programmeorunderprivilegedhousingsubsidies(notetheuseoflowercase).Avoidmentioningraceifitdoesnotdetractfromthestory.

foreign wordsTrynottouseforeign(anythingnotEnglish)wordsandphrases.AvoidLatinphrasesinparticular.Use:

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• on siteratherthan in situ,ifyoumeanthemachinewasassembledonsite,butuse in situ ifyoumeanthe in situorereserves–theorereservesintheground,priortomining

• a yearratherthanperyear–Therulewiththeuseof‘per’isthatitcanbeusedifsubstituting‘a’or‘foreach’doesnotreadwell,forexample,‘...about£441ayearperperson’isbetterthan‘...about£441ayearaperson.’

• yearratherthanannum• throughorbyratherthanvia

However,inSouthAfrica:• Legotla,whichtranslatesas‘meetingplace’,inTswana’isitalicised,butIndaba,

which is Zulu and means ‘a conference, a council or a matter for discussion’,isnot.Judgingbythenumberofsearchenginehits, Indaba is,by far, themorecommonlyusedofthetwo,andiswidelyadopted–atleastinSouthAfrica.

forward slashisthenameofthe“/”characteronthecomputerkeyboard.Examplesofcommonusage:• quartz/magnetite/chalcopyriteveins.

GenderAvoiddifferentiatingbetweenthesexes.Use:• chairpersonnotchairman• businesspersonnotbusinessman• draughtspersonnotdraughtsman;draughtsmenbecomesdraughtspeople• work hoursnotmanhours• work yearsnotmanyears• labournotmanpower• worker’s compensationnotworkman’scompensation• spokespersonnotspokesmanorspokeswoman• firefighters,notfiremenorfirepeople• service personnel,notservicemen• women-owned,notfemaleowned

Where this rule doesn’t work that well is when using middleman or middlemen,whichwould,ifthisruleisfollowed,bechangedtomiddlepersonormiddlepersons,ie,theiron-oreissoldatlowpricesandthemiddlepersonsmakeabigprofitsellingonatinflatedprices.Middlepersonsjustdoesn’twork.Forthesamereason,foundrymenremainsfoundrymen.

Hanging clausesWatch out for hanging clauses when beginning a sentence with an adjectival oradverbialphrase.Ensurethatthephrasequalifiesthesubjectofthesentence.avoid at all costs:• Aspecialistofextensiveexperience,theboardentrustedhimwiththeproject.

HyphenationSeeannexureOne

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Information TechnologyIn this rapidly evolving field, it isoftendifficult to keepup thecorrectusageof therelatedtechnology.Examplesare:• elearning• cloudcomputing• emessaging

InitialsTheinitialsofpeople’snamesareneverusedinbodycopy.Alwayswritefirstnamesandsurnamesandnotinitials,forexample,WilliamJonesnotWHJones.Theinitialsofdirectorsare,however,usedincompanyprofiles,forexample,marketingdirectorWHJones,notW.H.Jones.Theacronymsofcompaniesorinitialsincompanynamesarealsousedwithoutpointsorspaces,forexample,AECnotA.E.C.Remembertospelloutthecompany’snameatfirstmentioninanarticle.

Inverted commasDoubleinvertedcommasareusedindirectspeech:“The state of the industry is more positive since the elections,”saysEngineeringAnonMDBurtSmith.Ifcertainwordsarequotedastheyappear,doubleinvertedcommasarenecessary:MacGregor remarked that the Minister had “fervently promised some sort ofremuneration”.

Singleinvertedtitlesareusedtoenclosethetitlesofarticlesorreports,forexample,‘Wheels within Wheels’.

Singleinvertedcommasareusedtoindicateaquotationwithinaquotation:

“Thepresidentoftheassociationhasagreedto‘challengeimportshead-on’andwillbeannouncingaplanearlynextyear,”reportsSAACEmemberJohnBrett.Singleinvertedcommasarealsousedtoindicateanunusualwordorphrase:Theadventof‘chronobiology’couldchangetheworld.Theyarealsousedtoindicateaquoteinaheadlineorinapulloutquote.Italicsareusedforthetitlesofbooksorpoems,forexample,Oliver Twist;thetitlesoffilms,forexample,White Wedding;namesofshipandaircraft,forexample,DestinyandChallengerandwordsfromanotherlanguage,forexample,lekgotla.

JargonAvoidatallcosts.Technicaltermsworkwellinpropercontextandshouldbedefinedorbrieflyexplainedearly in thearticle. Inmany instancesasimplersynonym is theharder-workingword.Remember,youdon’tsacrificeprecisionwhenomittingjargon.

legal aspectsThereare three legalpitfalls intowhich journalistscan fall:defamation,contemptofcourtandinterferingwithsubjudicematters.

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Defamationisthepublicationofanyinjuriousstatementinrespectofanotherpersonorclassofpersonswiththeintentofcausingdisreputetohisorhername,companycreditorreputation.

Contempt of court includes irresponsible reporting to the extent that the judge ormagistratehasreasontoconsiderthereportaninterferencewiththeprocessofthelaw.Mattersunderconsiderationbyacourtaresubjudiceuntilevidenceisheard.Anyreportwrittenonthecasemustnotimputeblametoanyparty.Report–don’tjudge.

listsNocolonsinfrontoflists,unlessthelistisbulleted.

lower caseRefertothesectiononcapitals.Ifindoubtastowhethertousecapitalsorlowercase,optforlowercase.

MeasurementsSeeannexureThree

MetaphorsAlthoughaskilfullyusedmetaphorcanevokeavisualimage,addingthisnewdimen-siontoastorycanbetricky.Tousethisfigureofspeechwithoutlossofvividnesssteerclearofdipping into thewellofworn-outmetaphors,whichwillonly tire the readerandforcehimorhertomoveontoanotherstory.Useallmetaphorssparingly.Striveforaccuracy,notambiguity.

NamesThenamesofpeoplearewrittenout in fullandappear inboldonfirstappearance.Thereafter,onlythesurnamesareusedwhenusingdirectorreportedspeech.

Numbers• Neverstartasentencewithafigure;writeoutthenumberinwords.• Numbersone to ten arewrittenout in full, unless thenumber isadecimal, for

example,4,6and5,9orprecedesaunitofmeasure,forexample,4%.• Usetwo-billionand10-million.butR10-million,notten-millionrands.• Fractionsshouldbehyphenatedwhenspelledoutinfull,forexample,two-thirds,

evenwhen thenumber ishigher than ten.Thesameapplies to figuresusedasadjectives:Hegaveatenth(not10th)ofhissalarytothepoor.

• When‘to’isbeingusedasaratioitisbesttospellitoutratherthanuseacolon:Theyvotedninevotestotwo,toabandontheproject.However,ratiosexpressedaspercentagescanbe referred to in figures, forexample, theshareholdingwas50:50.

• Itisacceptabletohave22 000butmillionandbillionmustbewrittenoutinfullandwithahyphen,forexample,R22-million.

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• Donotuseahypheninplaceof‘to’whenusingtwofigures:theprojectwilltake12to18months(not12-18months)tocomplete.

• Whenmillionisused,forexampleone-milliontons,ithastobewrittenoutinfullifthenumberisbelow11.Donotuse1-milliontons.However,3,2-milliontonsand1tisacceptable,asis4c/t.

• Ifthereisasequenceofnumbers,usefiguresasin‘9ofthe11units’,or...’by10-milliontonsto13-milliontons’.

Use:• fiftiethnot50thanniversary;however,ifthenumberistoolong,forexamplethirty-

thousandth,ratheruse30000th.• 20maminute,not20m/m• onemetretotenmetresiswritteninwords,thereafter11misused.• 20°angle,but30°C• twelve200-mmpinchvalves• five-thousandthsofamillimetre(,005mm)• theprojectisexpectedtotake24to30months,nottakebetween24monthsto

30months.

Ongoing,oneword

Omitted wordsPassagesomittedfromaquotationmustbeindicatedbythreedots(...)orfourdots(....)toindicateafullstop.Pleasenotethespacebetweenthedots.

PercentageUsethesign%insteadofpercentwhereverpossible.Write5%,30%butfivepercentandthirtypercentwhenstartingasentencewithapercentage.Whenhyphenating,use:• 26%-ownedby...

The ‘four Ps’Engineering News and Mining Weekly have their own unique hierarchy of subjectimportance.Theseare,inorderofpreference:• Projects(majordevelopments,theirvaluesandthecompaniesinvolved)• Products(introductionofinnovativetechnologyinproductsanditsfeatures)• People(who’smakingthenews)• Policy(governmentregulationsinindustry)

• Thesecanbeextendedtoinclude:• Polemic(debatetheissues,presentbothsidesofthestory)• Probing(thisiswhatinvestigativejournalismisallabout!)• Prodding(encourageformalinsistutionstotakeaction)• Praise(acknowledgecreditworthperformance)• Please(givethereaderwhatheorshewants)

And there’s another ‘P’ – Priority. Journalism has evolved with the advent of

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on-linereporting,whichneedstobebriefandtothepoint.The‘invertedpyramid’isametaphor used to illustrate how information should be arranged or presented in areport;themostimportantfactsfirstandlessimportantdetailtaperingtotheinvertedpointof thepyramid.Thishistoric formofnewswriting is ideallysuited to thewebandalsosuitsmanyofthearticleswrittenforCreamerMediapublicationsasitmakeseditingeasierwhentextneedstobecutforlayoutpurposes.

Pyramid format writing is more suited to academic papers, where a foundation issupported by research findings, data and extensive summaries. It is unsuited tojournalism.

Feature writing results in several pages of articles, supported by photos andadvertising, providing an overview of an engineering or mining aspect. It is vital toensurethatwritingisinformative,interestingandrelevantinsupportoftheEngineering News and Mining Weekly status as an essential source of information for thoseinvolved in the engineering and mining sectors. To this end, the inverted pyramidformatisoftenbestsuitedtofeaturewriting,buttheflowofinformationmaydictatetheuseofotherformats.

The question and answer format is also used to bring variety and interest to thepublications.Itisalsosuitedtoon-linejournalismandispopularinpersonalityprofiles.

CoverstoriesforEngineering NewsandMining Weeklytypicallybeginwithascene-setting opening paragraph and then present various points of view on the topic –settingoutthechallenges,successes,dilemmasandotheraspects,andendingwithathought-provokingconcludingparagraph.

ThemoreinterpretivenarrativeformofwritingisnotastyleassociatedwithCreamerMediabutisoftenusedinmagazines,wherethearticleopenswithahuman-intereststorydesignedtocatchthereader’sattention.Thewriterpresentsthefactsorviewsby crafting these around this story and other illustrative stories. The key messageor messages unfold throughout the piece and may or may not wrap in a punchyconclusion.

Most published columns follow a format of writing and columnists are featured inEngineering NewsandMining Weekly.Therearemanyfineexamplesof this formatinamyriadofpublicationsandmanytalentedwriterswhohavebecomeesteemedcolumnists,somewhohavebecomepowerfulopinionformersinarenasfrompoliticsandsporttoentertainmentandfood.

QuotationsQuotationsarenot somethingwrittenbut rather something that is spoken.Hence,makeaquotelessformalandmorefriendly.Strivetoreflectthespeaker’scharacter.Quoteonlywhenimperative.

Quotation marksQuotationmarksareusedindirectspeech:• “Tourism will benefit from the 2010 fIfA World Cup,”saysTourismMinister

MarthinusvanSchalkwyk

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Theyarealsousedwhenquotingphraseswithinasentence:• We are warned that “the legislation will force industry to evaluate its

production processes”.

Notetherelativeplacingofquotationmarksandpunctuation:ifacompletesentenceis quoted, the final stop should be placed inside the quotation marks and, if thequotation forms part of a sentence, the quotation marks should precede anypunctuationmarks.

Relative pronounsInshort,‘who’,or‘whom’isusedforpeoplewhile‘which’or‘that’isusedforanimalsandinanimateobjects.Notethatacompanyisnothumanandthereforeitdoesnottake‘who’:• Thecompanythatsurvived...

not• Thecompanywhosurvived...

Notealso:• Thecompany,thepremisesofwhicharesituatedin...

rather than• Thecompany,whosepremisesaresituatedin...

Reported speechEngineering NewsandMining Weeklystyleistoreportbeforeattributingthespeech:• “The product has enjoyed unprecedented success,” reports Engineering AnonsalesmanagerJoe Myburg.ratherthan• Engineering Anon sales manager Joe Myburg says: The product has enjoyedunprecedentedsuccess.”Notethattheattributiveverbisalwaysinthepresentunlessreportingonaspeechorpresentation.Usesaysnotsaid,explainsnotexplained,reportsnotreported.

Semicolons and colonsSemicolonsmarkapause longer thanacommabut shorter thana full stop.Theycanbeusedtodistinguishphraseslistedafteracolonifcommaswillnotdothejobclearly.Don’toverdo.• Thecolourpatternsare: red,whiteandblue;silver,greenandpurple;gold,blackandyellow;andgrey,brownandorange.• Theyagreedononlythreepoints:thattheceasefireshouldbeimmediate;itshouldbeinternationallysupervised,preferablybytheAU;andapeaceconferenceshouldbeheld,eitherinGenevaorOuagadougou.

SlangSlang,likemetaphors,shouldbeusedonlyoccasionallyifitistohaveanyeffect.Eventhen,slangshouldbeusedwithcaution.ExamplesofSouthAfricanslangincludebakkie(lighttruck),dorp(town),dwaal(lost),fundi(fromtheNguniumfundisi,meaningteacherorpreacher),gogga(insect),howzit,

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just now (shortly), muti (medicine) platteland (countryside), takkies (as in wheels orrunningshoes)andvrot(rottenorsmelly).Avoidusingexpressionssuchasthumbsuporthumbsdown,guesstimate,massive.Asanalternative,alwaysoptforthesimpler,clearerword.SpacingAspacemustbe leftbetweena figureand itsunitofmeasurement:26m,32km,12ℓand30ºC(temperature)isthecorrectstyle,but24%and16º(angles).Alsonotetheuseofthehypheninadjectivalforms:a12-ℓcan,a15-kmjourney.

Split infinitivesSplittingofinfinitivesisjustifiedonlywhenavoidingambiguity.Compare:Ourobjectistofurthercementtraderelations(split infinitive),andOurobject istocementfurthertraderelations.Hewantedtodesperatelyexpandhisbusiness.(wrong)Hedesperatelywantedtoexpandhisbusiness.(right)

StyleGolden rule: News first, scene-setting second, context third, comment last. (Packarticlewithnews,limitcommentary.)

Guidelines:1. Ifyoudon’tunderstandyoursentenceorarticle,no-oneelsewill.Rewriteituntilit

isclear.Don’tforgetpunctuation.2. Exhaustyouranglebeforemovingintoanewtheme.3. Haveappropriatejoinerstointroduceanewtheme(meanwhile,inaddition,another

keypriority…)4. Multisourcewhereappropriateandalwaysgettheothersideofthedebateifone

israised.5. Limittheuseofdirectquotesandratherinterpretforthereaderinindirectspeech.6. (Most important) readyourarticlethroughthreetimesbeforesubmissiontoan

editororasource.

TensesThepresenttenseisthenormwhenwritinganarticle:• Johansensaysthatbuildingwillstartintwomonths’time.

Thepasttenseisusedonlywhenreportonaspeechwhichhasalreadyoccurred:• MacKenziesaid inhis inauguralspeechthathewaslookingforwardtohisterm

ofoffice.Note that was and not is is used after the word said. The past tense will followthroughouttherestofthereportedspeech.

Forthesakeofimmediacyitisbettertosay:Retecon has been commissioned as main contractor rather than Retecon wascommissioned.

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TimeTime should always be given in figures according to the 24-hour clock withoutspecifyingamorpmorusingan‘h’:• Adecisionisexpectedby14:00onMonday• Don’tusethreeyearstofiveyears.Usethreetofiveyears

TitlesAlthough the overriding principle is to treat people with respect, do not indulgepeople’s self-importance unless it is insulting not to use the titles they themselvesadopt.Titlesareusedonlytoindicatepositionsofimportance,forexample,ProfessorJanGoldblatt;DrJackMulder,SirErnestOppenheimer.Mr,MrsandMissarenotusedinEngineering NewsandMining Weekly.Firstnamesandsurnamesareusedonfirstmention:NolsOlivernotMrNolsOliver.Afterhavingusedaperson’sfirstnameandsurnameonce,justhissurnameisnecessarythere-after:OlivernotMr Oliver, MuldernotDrMulderand GoldblattnotProfesssor Goldblatt.TheonlytimeMrisusedisforthenamesofjudges,forexampleMrJusticeJMcArthur.People’sdesignationsinacompanyarerarelywrittenwithcapitals.Thedesignationsofgeneral managerandmanaging directorarealwaysabbrevi-atedtoGMandMDrespectively.Note:Forthesakeofbrevityandeaseofreading,useTrade and Industry Minister Rob DaviesratherthanMinister of Trade and Industry, Alec Erwin.

book titlesWhile,newspaperandmagazinetitlesarenotwritteninItalics,withtheexceptionofourownpublications,Engineering NewsandMining Weeklyortheon-linePolityandResearch Channel Africa, book titles are italicised, for example, The Long Walk to Freedom.Titlesofarticlesappearinginabook,newspaperormagazine,andtitlesofreports,areenclosedinsingleinvertedcommas,forexample,‘Wheelswithinwheels’,‘Goldhitsnewhigh’and‘WorldCompetitivenessReport’.

Songandmovie titlesare Italicised–noquotes– forexampleNkosi Sikelel’ iAfrikaandDistrict Nine.

Units of measure–seeAnnexureThree

Unnecessary wordsSome words, while adding length to an article, do nothing for journalistic style.Adjectivescanbeused tomakeyourmeaningmoreprecisebutyoushouldguardagainstthosethatserveonlyasdecorations.Primeexamplesareveryandwide.

Deletingthesefromaphraserarelydetractsfromtheirintendedmeaning:• Thechancesofinflationincreasinginthenexttwoyearsare(very)good.• Thecompanyoffersa(wide)rangeofpetrochemicalproducts.

Otherexamplesincludestrikeinsteadofstrike action;cutsinsteadofcutbacks;recordinsteadoftrack record;soldinsteadofsold off.

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Watch points(Engineering NewsandMining Weeklyno-nos)

ThereareseveralwordsandphrasesthatEngineering Newsprefersnottouse.• According to–TomAnsleysaysispreferred• Address/ed–Donotuseaddressoraddressedasaverb.Substitutewithwords

likeconfront,consider,promote.• Almost all–Mostismoreconcise,althoughanexactfigurewouldbeevenbetter• Annuallyandper annumuseyearlyora yearinsteadofLatinwords.• Approximately–Aboutoralmostispreferred.• At the same time–Simultaneouslyispreferred.• Company location – do not write Endenvale-based Acme Props but Acme

Props,of Edenvale.• in situ–On siteispreferred.• Intros–Donotstartintroductionswithcompanynamesunlessthealternativeis

grammaticallyincorrectorverycumbersome.• Now–Avoidusingunlessitsomissionchangesthemeaningofasentence.• Number of–Severalispreferred.• Per–Useofthiswordshouldbeavoided.Forexample,eighthoursper daycan

bereplacedbyeighthoursa day.• Percentage–Whenwritingpercentagesuseper centratherthanpercent.• Presently–meanssoon,notat present.Avoid.• Quantity – Please distinguish between amount, number and quantity (and

fewerandless).• Recently – Avoid using as the word is vague and, in some cases, redundant.

Ratherusetheexactdateornothingatall”• OnhisvisittoSouthAfrica...not...OnhisrecentvisittoAfrica.• Thebuildinghasbeenfinished...not...Thebuildingwasrecentlyfinished.• ‘S’ vs ‘Z’ – The leter ‘s’ is preferred to the letter ‘z’ as a verbal ending:

emphasise rather than emphasize; specialise rather than specialize. Usehorizon,nothorison.

• Today–donotuse,except incasessuchas. . .“Engineering Newscantodayreport’.

Areas of common difficulty

AAbility, CapacityAbilityisphysicalandmentalpower,particularlythepowertoplanandexecute,whilecapacityisthepowertoreceive:• TheMDhastheabilitytocarryoutthecompany’srationalisationplans.• The MD has a great capacity for technical equations and mathematical

calculations.• Theplanthasaproductioncapacityof500t/y.

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Academic qualificationsshouldbementionedinchronologicalorder,forexample,BA,MA.Advertisement,ispreferredtoadvertAccording to–TomAnsleysaysispreferred.

Address/ed–donotuseaddressoraddressedasaverb.Substitutewithwordslikeconfront,consider,promote.

Adviser,notadvisor

Affect/effect.Affect and effect as verbs are frequently confused. Effect is ‘to bring about’, ‘toaccomplish’,affectisto‘produceaneffecton’,‘toattack,‘moveortouch’.ExamplesfromtheCMstyleguide:• Thestrugglingeconomyhadadisastrouseffectonthegoldprice• Thestrugglingeconomyaffectedthegoldpriceterribly.

• TheChineseandSouthAfricanmarketshadbeenimpactedontoalesserextent.Replace‘impactedon’withaffected.

Aims, ObjectivesAimsarethegoalssetandobjectivesarethemeasurementsweundertaketoachievetheaims.

Almost all–mostismoreconcise,althoughanexactfigurewouldbeevenbetter.

Allow, enable and afford

allowmeansto:• givepermissionforsomethingtohappenorsomebodytodosomething,ortake

noactionormakenoruletopreventit• letsomebodyorsomethingenterorbepresentinaplace• letsomebodyoryourselfhavesomething,oftenabenefitorpleasureofsomekind• giveorcreditsomebodywithanamountofmoneyasadiscountorinexchange

forsomething• set aside or make available something such as a period of time or amount of

materialforaparticularpurpose• takesomethingintoconsiderationormakeprovisionforitwhenmakingaplanor

decision• admitsomethingoracceptittobetrueorvalid(formal)• presentsomethingaspossibleorreasonable(formal)• USusagemeanstostateorsuppose

Enablemeansto:• providesomebodywiththeresources,authorityoropportunitytodosomething• makesomethingpossibleorfeasible(note:thisdefinitionisnotgivenfor‘allow’.)

Affordmeansto:• beabletomeetthecostofsomethingwithoutunacceptabledifficulty• be able to do or provide something without unacceptable or disadvantageous

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consequences.Donotuse ‘allow’whenyoumeanaffordas in to“todo”or ‘toprovide”.

• be able to spare something without unacceptable or disadvantageous con-sequences

• supplyorprovidesomethingAllusion, Illusion, delusionThefirsttwoespeciallyarefrequentlyconfused.Anallusion isanindirectorcovertreferencetosomething.Anillusionisafalseormistakenconception.Adelusionisaviewofbeliefsoutterlyfalsethatitsuggestsinsanity:• Inthefirststanza,thepoetmakesseveralallusionstotheworksofearlierpoets.

TheauthoralludestoHamletbutnowherenamestheplay.• Thoughhehadnevermanagedtopublishanything,hewasundertheillusionthat

hewasapoet.• InhisfamousspeechinthefourthactoftheTempest,Prosperopresentstheworld

asavaseillusion• Thebeliefthatheandhissoldierscouldnotbeharmedbytheenemy’sbulletswas

onlyoneofthedelusionshesuffered.Allusive, elusive, elusory, illusoryAllusiveistheadjectivalformofallusion.Whenpoetsmakefrequentallusions,wespeakof their styleasallusive. Ifwecall somethingelusiveorelusory,wemeanthatitisperplexing,difficulttograsp(iteludesus).Illusoryistheadjectivalformofillusion.Tocallsomethingillusoryistosaythatitisdeceptive,thatithasthecharacterofanillusion.Alternate(ly), alternative(ly)Alternate(ly)implies‘firstone,thentheother’.Alternative(ly)traditionallyreferredto‘achoicebetweentwo’,butitsuseinreferringto‘achoiceamongseveralpossibili-ties’isnowfirmlyestablished:• Theymarchedandrestedonalternatedays.• Theyworkedandplayedalternatelyandneverbecamebored.• Theycouldsurrender;alternatively,theycouldretreatandwaitforanotheroppor-

tunitytoattack.• Thegeneralshadseveralalternativestochoosefromindecidingonacourseof

action.Annually.Useyearlyora yearinsteadofLatinwords.Anticipate, expect–useexpectinsteadwhereappropriateAnticipatemeansto:1. imagine or consider something before it happens and make any necessary

preparationsorchanges.2. thinkorbefairlysurethatacertainthingwillhappenorcome.3. feelexcited,hopeful,oreageraboutsomethingthatisgoingtohappen.4. imagineorconsidersomethingthatmighthappenandtakeactiontopreventit.5. sayordosomethingbeforeitbecomesfashionableorcomesintowidespreaduse

(formal).

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6. makeuseofsomethingbeforeithasactuallybeenreceived(formal).Expectmeansto:1. believewithconfidence,orthinkitlikely,thataneventwillhappeninthefuture.2. waitfor,orlookforwardto,somethingthatyoubelieveisgoingtohappenorarrive.3. demand or anticipate receiving something because of a perceived right to it or

becauseitissomebody’sdutytogiveit.Amend, emendAmendmeans‘toalter’,usuallyinthesenseofimprovingsomething.Emendmeans‘toremoveerrorsfrom’:• Thelegislaturemettoamendthecountry’sconstitution.• Severalamendmentstothemotionwerepassed.• Thewriteremendedtwopassagesinthetypescript• The manuscript shows that the writer made several emendations before sub-

mittingthearticleforpublication.American spellingTheonlytimethisisnotchangedtoUKspellingiswhenitisthenameofanAmericanorganisation,forexample:TheCenterforDiseaseControl.Among (not amongst), betweenTraditionallybetweenandamongwerecarefullydistinguished inbothspeechandwriting.Somethingcouldbedividedbetweentwopeopleoramongmorethantwo.Amongcontinuestoimply‘morethantwo’,whilebetweenhascometobepermittedwhenmorethantwoareindicated.Eveninformalwriting,betweencanbeusedwithmorethantwowhenitisusedspatiallyorgeographically:• Theirhousewassituatedbetweentherailway,theroadandtheshoppingcentre.• Apartfromthisexception,unlessyourphrasinglandsyouindifficulties,youshould

observethedistinctioninformalwriting.Thecorrectexpressionisbetween you and me(betweenus)andnotbetween you and I.

Ante, Anti–antemeansbeforeandantimeansagainst:• An antecedentisaprecedingthingorcircumstance.• An antidoteisaremedyagainstpoison.Approximately–aboutoralmostispreferredArchaisms Archaic är-ká-ik, adj. ancient; savouring of the past; not absolutelyobsoletebutnotlongeringeneraluse;old-fashioned.examples:• Coolth=coolness• Proven=proved• Thereafter=afterthat• Therein• Thereof=ofthat• Whilst=while• Amid=among• Amongst=among• Thereafter=laterorafterthat• Thereof=ofthat

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Notarchaicbutanonword:TelephonicAt the same time–simultaneouslyispreferredArtisanal mining,notartisinalminingAutocatalyst,notautocatalyst.bbackup,notback-upbail-out, as in following a bail-out by JSE-listed company Zambia CopperInvestments.baseload,notbaseload.Usebaseloadexpansion,baseloadgenerationcapacity.basinislowercased(likereef)–forexample,theWitwatersrandbasinortheEastern,WesternandCentralbasins.Geologically,abasinisabroadtractoflandinwhichtherockstrataaretiltedtowardacommoncentre,oralarge,bowl-shapeddepressioninthesurfaceofthelandoroceanfloor.Itisalsothecatchmentareaofaparticularriveranditstributariesorofalakeorsea.beside, besidesBeside is a preposition while besides is a conjunction or an adverb meaning ‘aswellas’:• Hesatdownbesidethetoolbox.• besidesgainingaheadstartinthelocalmarket,thecompanyfoundsuccessin

theexportmarket.biannually–twiceayear.Oneword.SeealsoBiennially.biennially–occurringeverytwoyears.Oneword.bloc:ablocisagroupofcountriesorpeoplewithasharedaim.born,borneAchild isbornbuttheburdenofbirth isbornebythemother. Ifwhatyouwishtoexpress isnot related tobirth, thewordyoushoulduse isborne.borne refers toburdens,insultsandresponsibilities.breakthrough,notbreakthroughby-product,notbyproduct

CCalled/known as–becarefulaboutusingeither.Youmayhavecalledsomeoneanexpert,but thepersonmaynotbeknownasone.Acurrent trend is towrite: “theR5-millionmachine,called‘MightyMouse’,has...”,when“theR5-million,machine,‘MightyMouse’,has...”wouldbeacceptable!Bothcannotandcan notareacceptablespellings,butthefirstismuchmoreusual.Youwouldusecan notwhenthe‘not’ formspartofanotherconstructionsuchas‘notonly’Capex,isanabbreviationforcapitalexpenditure;however,use‘wasspentoncapitalprojects’insteadof‘wasspentoncapex’.Cause, reason–thecauseofaneventisthepoweroragencythatbringsaboutitscircumstance,whileitsreasonisanexplanationformulatedinthehumanmindCash flow,notcashflowCentury

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• twenty-firstcentury,•twenty-first-centuryskillsChannel,asinMaputochannel,islowercasedCity,Weuppercase‘CityofJohannesburg’,butcityonitsown,islowercasedCoalfield,oneword–butcoalbedistwowords,forexample‘coal-bedmethane’.Cochairperson,notco-chairpersonCofiringboilers,notco-firingCoinvestors,notco-investorsColour,lowercaseblue,green,yellowetcCommonwealth,notCommonWealthCompare to,compare with• ‘Compared to’isusedwhenthesubjectsareofdifferentorders,forexample:• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) compared to US Generally

AcceptedAccountingPrinciples(USGAAP).• Recentclimateobservationscomparedtoprojections• But developments in diesel technology have to be compared to continuing

advancementsingasoline-poweredvehicles.• ‘Compared with’isusedwhenthesubjectsareofthesameorder,forexample:• Cashgeneratedfromoperationsincreasedby134%toR147,3-million,compared

withR62,9-milliontheyearbefore.• Refractingtelescopescompared withreflectingtelescopes,• WhendiscussingclimateJapanisoftencompared withCaliforniabecauseofits

north-southplacement.Aneasywaytoremember isthatyoucancompareonetypeofapplewithanothertypeofapple,butyouwouldcompareanappletoanorange.Compliment,-ary(flattering),isoftenconfusedwithcomplement,-ary(incompletionof)orformacomplementtoasin‘herscarfcomplementsherdress’.Complex,asinBushveldComplex,iscapped.Compound modifiersTwowordsfunctioningasasingleadjectiveshouldbehyphenatedtoensureclarity,forexample, long-termgrowthandtwentieth-century technology.Generally,nohyphenisneededbetweenanadverbandanadjective, forexample,acarefullyresearchedarticle.Neitherisahyphenrequiredwhensingleadjectivesfollowanoun,forexample,theproposalwasillconsidered(but,anill-consideredproposal).Contemporary (nounandadjective)meansboth ‘belonging to thesameperiodoftime’and‘current,ofourowntime’.Thiscanleadtoconfusion.Ifcontemporaryisusedinasentencethatreferstoanearlierperiodoraparticularperson,itmeans‘ofthatperiodor thatperson’speriod’. It is therefore incorrect towrite:Shakespeare’splaysarerelevanttocontemporaryproblems,ifwhatyoumeanisthathisplaysarerelevanttoproblemsofourowntime.Asarule,ifyourefertoanearlierperiodoraparticularpersonwho lived inanearlierperiod, andyouwant to relate thatperiodorperson toourown time,avoidusingcontemporary inyoursentences.Findanacceptablesubstitutetoexpresswhatyouwanttosay.Thefollowingshowsomeofthecorrectusesofcontemporary:• Shakespeare’splayssurpasseventhebestworksofhiscontemporaries.

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• Blake’spoetryissignificantlydifferentfromtheworkofcontemporarypoets.• BenJonsonwasacontemporaryofShakespeare.• EmilyDickinson’spoetrywaslargelyignoredbycontemporarywritersandcritics.Continual, continuousContinual implies a recurrence at frequent intervals; continuous means extendinguninterruptedly,unbrokenandconnected.Thebestwaytorememberthedifferencebetweenthesewordsistomakeupasayingalongthelinesofthefollowing:Youcanlearn toplay amusical instrumentby continual practice; but your effort cannotbecontinuous.Contractsareawarded,notrewarded.Crosscuts,notcrosscuts.CurrencyWhenspeaking it is acceptable to say ‘ten rand’ or a ‘million rand’ –weall do it;butwhenwriting–especiallyforpublication–wemustwrite‘tenrands’or‘amillionrands’.However,ifrandisusedadjectivally,thenitremainsrandandmayneedtobehyphenated,forexample,amultibillion-randinitiative.Cutoff,notcut-off

DDataInLatin,dataisthepluralofdatum,meaning,‘onepieceofinformation’.Datumisinfrequentlyused.Whenitisused,ittypicallymeans‘thingknownorgranted,unques-tionablefact’.Theworddataisoftenusedwithapluralverb;however,increasinglyitisusedasacollectivenoundenotingasinglebodyoffactsorinformation.Insuchconstructionsittakesasingularverb.Itiscorrecttousethesingularconstructionunlessitseemsawkwardintheparticularsentenceyouarewriting;• Theavailabledataareinsufficienttodrawanyconclusions• ThedataonthesubjectisrathermeagreDatabase,notdatabaseDependant, dependentDependantisthenoun,whiledependentistheadjective.Dependenceisastateofbeingdependentonsomebody.Dependency–aterritorysubjecttononadjacentcountry,oroverrelianceonadrug.Die castingisnothyphenated,forexample‘diecastingtechnology”.Differ with, differ fromNormallyadistinctionisdrawnbetweendiffer withanddiffer from.Wediffer withpeoplewhenwedonotagreewith them.Differ from isused in thesenseof ‘bedifferent’.TheconfusionarisesbecausealthoughImaydiffer withyou(ordisagreewithyou)myideaswouldbesaidtodiffer fromyours.Differ withisthemorefrequently-usedexpression.Inpresentusage,differ fromisoftenreplacedbyphrasesusingdifferent:• He differs with those historians who think of history as the actions of famous

people.

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• Hisdescriptiondiffers fromtheaccountsofotheranthropologists.Different from/to/thanAlthoughdifferenthasbeenusedvariouslywithfrom,toandthansinceatleasttheseventeenthcentury,expressionsusingdifferentcantriggeroffheateddisagreementamonggrammarians.Manywriterscontinuetoinsistthatdifferent fromistheonlypermissibleconstruction,thoughmorerecentlysomehavebeenpreparedtotoleratedifferent toinspeechandeveninwriting.Directions:• North-westJohannesburg• North-westernbypassroute• North-northeastofSishen• Unlessatownisverysmall,itisnotnecessarytowrite‘themineissituated25kmwestofthetownofMusina’,when’25kmwestofMusina’wouldsuffice.Diversified,asin‘adiversifiedminingcompany’.Tobeclassedasadiversifiedminingcompany,thecompanyneedstomineatleastthreedifferentminerals,forexample,gold,coalandiron.AnexampleisBHPBilliton.Downtime,oneword.Draft, an air current, the order to join the armed services, a preliminary sketch orplanapreliminaryreportorspeech,awrittenordertopaymoneyadrink,adoseofmedicine,thedepthrequiredforashiptofloat,Draughting,notdrafting,services.Draughtspersonordraughtingtechnician

EElectricity.Weuseelectricity,notelectricalpower.En dash –Theen dashisusedinsteadofahyphentoindicateabreakinasentencefollowedby information,whichadds toorclarifies the firstpartof thesentence, sometimesasanalternative tousingbrackets. It isalsoused in lists toavoidusing toomanycommas.Otherusesinclude:• A public–private partnership, were the usage of a hyphen may be deemed

adjectivalwhen,instead,thetwoentitieshaveequalweight.• Lloyd-Jones(oneperson),butaLennon–McCartneycomposition(twopeople).• Paris–DakarRally.• Johannesburg–London–Cairotrip.• Waterval-Boven–Waterval-Onderrailwayline.EndDoes ‘in the end’ and ‘at the end’ mean the same thing? ‘In the end’ is mostcommonlyusedtomeanfinallyorafteralongwhile.‘Attheend’isgenerallyusedtomeanthepointwheresomethingstops.Electromechanical,notelectro-mechanicalEnormity means extreme evil or moral offensiveness or a very evil or morallyoffensivedeed.Anenormitycanmeansheer size, terriblenatureoratrocity, sobecarefulinitsusage,forexample:• Theenormityofwarcrimes.

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• Thebombingofthedefencelesspopulationwasanenormitybeyondbelief.Whenreferringtosize,cope,extent,influenceorimmensity,examplesinclude:• Theenormityofthetask.• Theenormityofsuchanactofgenerosityisstaggering.eresearch,note-research

ffarther,further–fartherhasreferencetodistance;furthertocontinuance:• Herodefarther• furthertoourconversationfibre-optic cable,notfibre-opticscablefollow-upisthenoun,followupistheverbforklift,onewordfundraising,onewordfurther,notfurthermore

GGasfields,notgasfieldsGoing forwardisoneofthosephrasespeopleliketouse;however,ifdroppedfromasentenceandthemeaningisunchanged,itisbestdeleted.Government, it is not necessary to use “the” in front of government – use “ . . .commitment to government’s economic agenda”, rather than “. . . commitment tothegovernment’seconomicagenda”.Similarly,donotuse“the”infrontofCabinet.Groundwater,oneword.Groundwork,oneword.

HHappen,occur,take placeHappen and occur usually refer to circumstances beyond control whereas take place referstothingsthataredoneintentionally:• Theaccidentoccurredintheplant.• Themeetingwilltake placetomorrow.• WhathappenedtoEurope’swinter?• SomethingreallypivotalhashappenedtoSouthAfrica’spublicfinances;theyhave

collapsed–andthefaultdoesnotlieentirelywiththeglobalrecession.Hard wearing(twowords),asinhardwearingandcorrosionresistantHealthcare,onewordHematite,nothaematiteHot spots(twowords)HoweverMany of you have trouble using the word ‘however’, which is usually followed byacommawhenusedas the firstworldofasentence,andprecededand followedby a comma when used later in a sentence. For instance: In any case, however,thesiphonmaybefilled.

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When it means ‘to whatever extent’ ‘however’ needs no following comma, forexample,“Bringthedrum,howeverfullitis.”Howevercancomeatthebeginning,inthemiddle,orattheendofasentence,butitisbestpositionedimmediatelyaftertheitemthatisheldupforcontrast:‘Inthemorning,however, nothing was done’ (in contrast to the preceding afternoon). It should besurroundedbycommasunlessitmeans‘nomatterhow’,asin‘howeverhardIwork’.Hot spots,twowords.Hyphenation.SeeAnnexureOne

IImpactor impacted is followedby‘on’,as in ‘ChinaandsouthAfricahavebeenimpactedontoalesserextent’.However,‘themeterioriteimpactwasfelt...”isnotfollowedby‘on’as,inthiscase,impactimpliesforce.Independently,notindependantlyInformation technology sectors,notinformation-technologysectorsIndependencies and independences• Theformer istheplural fromof independency,an independentterritoryorstate,

whilethelatteristhepluralformofindependence.Input,oneword.InquiryInquiry is correct when used to indicate an investigation, for example, a

Courtof Inquiry.Enquirywouldbeusedinthesensethat is itarequestforinformation.

InternetInternetisalwayscaptatilised.

JJunior minerWhat Is A Junior Miner Anyway?Juniorminers.comsetouttofindwhatthedefinitionofwhataJuniorMinerwas.Sowecontacted thenice folksat thePDAC(ProspectorsandDevelopersAssociationof Canada) and asked them for their definition of a junior mining company. Theirresponsewasthis:Miningcompaniesaredefinedlargelybythewayinwhichtheyderivetheirrevenues.Aseniorproduceroroperatorgeneratesitsrevenuesfromtheproductionandsaleofthecommodity it ismining.A juniorminingcompanyhasnominingoperationsandis essentially a venture capital company. It must rely almost entirely on the capitalmarkets to finance its exploration activities [I say “almost entirely” because somejuniorsderivetheirfinancingfromprivatesources].Thereisanothercategory:midtierproducers. These are generally junior companies that have decided to go intoproductiononpropertiesthattheyhavediscovered.WethenaskedthefolksattheTSXandtheirresponsewas:Everyonehastheirinterpretationofthedefinitionofajuniorminingcompany.WeseemostofthemasbeinglistedonTSXVentureExchangeinsteadofontheTSX.Judgement,judgmentJudgementisavariantofjudgment,whichispreferred.

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KKeepsup.Ratherusemaintainsie‘Hemaintainsmorale.’Kick-off,notkickoff–asin100daystokick-off.

llandfill,notlandfill.landmark,notlandmark.largest,ratherusebiggest.lend,loan,borrowlendistheverbwhileloanisthenoun:• ThecompanylenttheentrepreneurR50000andhewasgratefulfortheloan.The

entrepreneurborrowedR50000fromthecompany.learn,learned,learntLearn–acquireknowledgeorskillLearned1isthepasttenseandpastparticipleoflearn(alsolearnt,whichisavariantoflearned).Learned2–havinggreatknowledgeorcharacterisedbyscholarship(notlearnt).Thedifferencebetweenlearnedandlearntisthetenses:• Ilearnedsomethingyesterday.(Pasttense)• Ihavelearntmylesson.(Pastparticiple)• Thereisalessontobe learned/learnt inthesmallestandsimplestthingsinlife

eachday.(Bothformsarecorrect.)learning difficulties, use instead of mental handicap or retarded to avoid givingoffence, as inpeoplewith learningdifficulties, her sonhas learningdifficulties (alsolearningdisabilities).less, fewer• Lessreferstodegreeorquantity;fewertonumber.licence, licenseTheletter‘c’referstoanoun,whiletheletter‘s’referstoaverb.Hence,licenceisanounandlicenseisaverb:• Thecompanymanufacturedtheproduceunderlicencetoitsoverseasprincipal.

(noun).Ifyouuse‘card’,‘contract’or‘papers’insteadoflicenceandthesentencestillmakessense,then‘licence’iscorrect.

• Thecompanyhadtheproductlicensed.(verb)Inthiscase,ifyoucanusetheverb‘toallow’,whichisaverb,initsvariousforms(allowing,allowed,allows)insteadof“license”,thenlicense,iscorrect.Ifyouuse‘allowance’andthesentencemakessense,thenyoushouldbeusing‘licence’.

• HanaBotswanaholds11prospectinglicences.life span,notlifespan.lifestyle,notlifestyle.life cycle,twowords,butlife-cyclecosting.lightweight,notlightweight.locationIf,forexample,youarereferringtoacompanythatisbasedinFrance,it isFrance-

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based – the geographical location. To use French-based means that it may haveoriginatedinthatcountry,forexample,FrenchiswidelyspokeninAfrica.Write:• Australia-based.• England-based.However,wewouldrefertoSouthAfrican-producedmotorvehicles.looking at,ratheruseconsidering.MManhours.Ratheruseworkhours,forexample‘...includingengineeringworkhours...’Manmade,ratheruseartificialorsynthetic,ifappropriate.Majority, on its own, is singular. (However, if you write about a majority of somespecifiedgroup,suchasamajorityofemployees,youshouldusethepluralform,are.)Many, muchManyreferstonumber,muchtoquantities:• Theremusthavebeenasmanyasahundredattheconference.• ThecompanywaswillingtospendasmuchasR2-billionontheproject.Measurements• The use of centimetres is, for some peculiar reason, restricted to textiles and

garments.Inallotherinstances,pleaseusemillimetres.• All imperial measurements must be converted to the metric equivalent. Thus,

usehectaresinsteadofacres,kilometresinsteadofmiles,metresinsteadofyards, litres insteadofgallons,kilograms insteadofpoundsandnote: tons insteadoftonnes.Theexceptionisnautical miles,whichremainthesame.

MetaphorsAlthough a skilfully used metaphor can evoke a visual image, adding this newdimension to a story can be tricky. To use this figure of speech without loss ofvividnesssteerclearofdipping intothewellofworn-outmetaphors,whichwillonlytire the reader a force him or her to move on to another story. Use all metaphorssparingly.Striveforaccuracy,notambiguity.Marketplace,notmarketplace.Mount Moreland,notMtMorland.

NNone is or are? Not one is = none. So, none is. When used with a plural noun,however,opinionsbegin todiffer, forexample, ‘noneofmycolleagues is’doesnotreadaswellas‘noneofmycolleaguesare’.Inthiscasethemostnaturalusagewouldbeacceptable.Now–avoidusingunlessitsomissionchangesthemeaningofasentence.Nuclear-1,notNuclearOne.Number of–severalispreferred.

OObligateisanuglyandunnecessaryword.Use‘oblige’.Off the shoreofCôted’Ivoire,notoffshoreofCôted’Ivoire,but‘maintenanceofthe

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oilrigs(twowords)offshoreofAngola’.Offtake,oneword–offtakeagreement.OK,notokay,butratheruseacceptable.On line,butonlinewhenreferringtotheWeboranonlineaccount.On to,twowords.Openpit,notopenpit.Opencast,notopencast.Orebody,notorebody.Orepass,notorepass.Output,oneword.Overperformed,overcommitted,overstressedandoversold(oneword,nottwowords).Owing to,due toWhileeitheroftheseiscorrectwhenusedasanadjectivalphrasequalifyinganoun,onlyowingtoiscorrectasanadverbialphrasemodifyingaverb.Collins:Due tomaybeusedadjectivallywithoutcontroversy,asindiseasesduetopoorhygiene:asapreposition,maybereplacedbyowing toorbecause of.Owing tomaybeusedinsteadofduetowhereappropriate,toavoidcontroversy,asin the taxi arrived late owing to traffic congestion.Use:• Thefurnacewasshutdownowingtomarketconditions.• Furnace1wasdueforascheduledmaintenanceshutdown.• ThefurnacewasduetoshutdowninApril.

PPast, lastThesewordsareoftenconfused.Forthesakeofclarity,usepastwhenreferringtoahistoriceventandlastwhenyoumeanlately:• Thecompanymanufacturedcarbonsteelinthepast.• Hehasbeenawaythelastthreedays.• ‘Last’canmeanthefinal(asin‘Heatethelastremainingsweet’)or,inthiscontext,

themostrecent,asin‘Lastweekwewenttothebeach’or‘LasttimeIsawhim,wewenttothecinema.’

• ‘Past’ismorevagueandcanbeusedtorefertoanonspecificperiodmillionsofyearsagooracoupleofyearsback,althoughittendslargelynottobeusedformorerecentevents,ie.“Inthepast,dinosaursroamedtheearth’or‘Inthepast,weusedtogotothefairtogether.’

Pershouldbeavoided,use‘each’,forexample‘each year’.Per annumshouldalsobereplaceby‘a year’.Thereare,however,acceptableusesof‘per’:• Percapita.• 100caratsperhundredtons(cpht).• Whenusedinaquote.phase 2,notPhase2.Pilanesberg,notPilansberg.

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Platinum-group metals (PGMs),notplatinumgroupmetals,butaplatinum-groupmetal(PGM).Platework,notplatework.Policymaking,onewordasin‘thepolicymakingprocess’.Polokwane,notPietersburg.Portislowercased,forexample,theBeiraportbutPortofBeira.Post–usuallyattachedwithoutthehyphenwhenreferringtothepast,exceptwhenthenextwordbeginswithtoracapitalletter.Postelection,notpost-election.Postwar,notpost-warie‘postwarJapan’.Practice, practiseThe letter ‘c’ is used in the noun while the letter ‘s’ is used in the verb. Hencepractice isanounandpractiseisaverb:• HeopenedhisownpracticeontheRand.(noun)• Hepractisedhisputtingdaily.(verb)Presently.Therearestillthoseamongususingtheword‘presently’tomean‘now’.Itdoesnot:itmeans‘beforelong’,‘soon’or‘shortly’.‘Currently’ispreferred.Principal, principlePrincipalisthemain,headorchieforanorganisationwhileprinciplereferstovaluesorfeatures.Principalmaybeanounoradjective,principleisalwaysanoun:• The principal shareholder has a major say in the day-to-day workings of the

company.• Theprinciplebehindtheworkingsofthelatheissimple.Pumpstation,oneword.

QQualificationsWrite:• PhD,notPHD.• BSc(Hon),notB.Sc.(Hons).•Quantity–distinguishbetweenamount,numberandquantity(andfewerandless).Use:• Asmallquantityoforeorgoods.• Pilbara blend comprises the different qualities of iron-ore blended in specific

quantities.

RRaiseboring isoneword,whileraise-drilledishyphenated.Rail trackistwowords.Recently–avoidusingasthewordisvagueand,insomecases,redundant.Ratherusetheexactdateornothingatall:• OnhisvisittoSouthAfrica...not...onhisrecentvisittoSouthAfrica.• Thebuildinghasbeenfinished...not...thebuildingwasrecentlyfinished.Reef.Lowercase,forexample,Merenskyreef,UG2reef,Mainreef.

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Risk averse,notriskadverse.Roadshow,notroadshow.Rock drills,notrockdrills.Roll-outishyphenatedwhetherusedasanadjectiveornoun,buttheverbisrollout–twowords.Thisappliestorolled-outandrolling-out.Roofs,notrooves.

SSemiskilled,notsemi-skilled.Sewage, sewerage and sewer. Sewage is the waste matter carried off by sewerdrainsandpipes.Seweragereferstothephysicalfacilities(e.g.,pipes,liftstations,andtreatmentanddisposalfacilities)throughwhichsewageflows.• It’sasewagetreatmentworks,notaseweragetreatmentworks.• Oldseweragepipingwasreplaced.Source–asintheoriginorastory.Use:asourceconfirmedtoEngineering News...orEngineering Newsconfirmedwith....Standalone,notstand-alone.Stock exchanges• The JSE is listed as such and should not be written as the JohannesburgSecuritiesExchange

Use:• Aim-andASX-listedSylvaniaResources• TheNewYorkandLondonstockexchanges• TheTSXStormwaterrunoff,notstormwaterrunoff.Statewithacapital‘S’referstothegovernmentofacountry.Thelowercase‘s’refersto:state• Theconditionthatsomethingorsomebodyisinataparticulartime• Averynervous,upset,orexcitedframeofmindormannerofbehaving(informal).• A very formal, dignified or grand way of doing something in which all the

appropriateceremoniesareobserved• Anyofthevariousformssuchassolidorliquidorquantifiableconditionssuchas

energy levels thataphysicalsubstancecanbe independingon its temperatureandothercircumstances

• Averymessyordisreputablecondition(informal)• Toexpresssomethinginspokenorwrittenwords,especiallytoannouncesome-

thingpubliclyinadeliberateformalway• Todeclaresomethingofficiallysothatithastheforceofalaworregulation

Use:• State-ownedpowerutility,butStatepowerutilitydoesnottakeahyphen.• non-State,notnonState.

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Subconsultants,notsub-consultants.

sub-Saharan,notSub-Saharan.

Standards authoritiesAbbreviationsforstandardsauthoritiesneedtobewrittenoutinfullatthefirsttimeofmentionifusedwithoutreferencetotheparticularstandard–ISO90001:2000.• IAF–InternationalAccreditationForum.• ILAC–InternationalLaboratoryAccreditationCooperation.• ISO–InternationalOrganisationforStandardisation.• SANS–SouthAfricanNationalAccreditationSystem.A full list of standard’s authorities names and abbreviations is available inAnnexuresix

Surnames:• Inarticleswherepeoplehavethesamesurnames,usebothnameandsurnameat

thesecondtimeofmention.

Sustainabilityincludestheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalspheresofcorporateinvolvement and influence – so don’t write ‘environmental and sustainabilitychallenges’.

TTenderandAwardstageofprojects.Thatpartoftheprojectlifecycleduringwhichconstructioncontractorsareinvitedtoprepareandsubmitbids,aselectionismadeandcontractsareawarded.Acall forbidsorcallfortendersorinvitationtotender(ITT)(oftencalledtenderforshort) isaspecialprocedure forgeneratingcompetingoffers fromdifferentbidders looking toobtainanawardofbusinessactivity inworks,supplyorservicecontracts.Theyareusuallyprecededbyaprequalificationquestionnaire(PQQ).

Testwork,nottestwork.

Third Worldcountries,notthirdworldcountries.

Real-timemonitoring,notrealtimemonitoring.

Today–donotuseexceptincasessuchas...Engineering Newscantodayreport.

TSX-V,useinfullatthefirsttimeofmention–CanadianTorontoStockExchange’sVentureExchange(TSX-V)Trading asshouldnotbeabbreviatedtot/a.Two,too,toTwomeanstwiceone:toohasthemeaningofalso;toisanindicationofdirection:• Thetwomenwenttothefactory.Hewenttheretoo.

UUnderallocation,notunderallocationUnder way.Twowords.Underused,notunderunderutilised.Oneword.

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Upon,onUponshouldbeusedwhenthere isasuperposition,actualorfigurative,accordingtotherulesofgrammar:• Thecopywaslaiduponthedesk.• Sheheapedheradjectivesoneupontheother.However, the choice between upon and on usually depends on euphony. Baseyour choice on the sound of the words with which the preposition is used, forexample,uponmyword,dependupon it,but itdependsonhim,onhearing.Thesameconsiderationcanbeappliedtotillanduntil.Uraniccontamination,asincontaminatedbyuranium.Used,notutilised,sounderusedVVery.Towrite thatacompany is ‘very systemsbased’ is forbidden. It is ‘systemsbased’.

Vice Versa,ratherusetheotherwayaround.

WWeb iscapped.Web-basedishyphenated.Wellbeing,oneword

Wellhead, as in wellhead generators for power production – not well head orwell-head.Within –inispreferred,unlessusedas‘hewaswithinhisrights’.Workforce,notworkforceWorld War Two,notWorldWarIIorWorldWar2.WhilstUsewhile,notwhilst.

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Annexures

Annexure onehyphenation examplesThehyphenshouldbeusedonlywhenitspresenceassistsintheunderstandingofawordorphrase.Ifyou’renotsurewhethertouseoneornot,consultthedictionary!Useof thehyphen indicates that twoormorewordsshouldbe readasoneword.Thiscompoundthenacquiresameaningofitsown,entirelydifferentfromthatoftheindividualwords,forexample:• High-tech• Know-how• Devil-may-care• Out-of-date• State-of-the-artHyphensareusedwhenformingcompositeadjectives.Iftheyareomitted,confusioncouldarise:• A‘little-knownarea’doesnotmeanthesameas’alittleknownarea’.Somewordsbeginningwithprefixesneedtobehyphenated,forexample:• Iftheprefixiswithacapital,asinneo-Darwinism.• If theprefix is usedwith a vowel, as inpre-empt,semi-illiterate, re-enter or

anti-aircraft.• Donothyphenateoverride,withholdandunderrate.

Hyphensarenotusedin:• Non,asinnongovernmental

Nouns formed from prepositional verbs are hyphenated, for example roll-out andbuild-up.

Sometitlesalsotakehyphens,forexample,vice-president,director-generalandattorney-general,butnotdeputy directoranddistrict attorney.

All numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine (except for the single words) needto be hyphenated, as do other compounds formed from numbers, if there is anypossibility of ambiguity, for example three-tiered; four-lane; three-legged. Notethatitisnotnecessarytohyphenatenumbersaboveonehundred,forexample,four hundred and ninety-six.Fractionsarealsohyphenated, forexample,two-thirds,four-fifths.

The quarters of the compass when used as a compound are hyphenated, forexample,north-westandsouth-east.Acompoundmodifier(alsocalledacompoundadjectiveoraphrasaladjective)isanadjectival or adverbial phrase of two or more words. According to modern writingguides,compoundmodifiersbeforeanoungenerallyrequireahyphenbetweeneachword (seeexceptionsbelow).Hyphenshelppreventconfusion;otherwise,a readermightinterpretthewordsseparately,ratherthanasaphrase.Oneormorehyphensjointhewordsintoasingleidea.

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• Hard-wonvictory• Better-educatedlearners• “Science-fictionwriterswritesciencefiction”• Military-historyexperts• Aman-eatingshark(not“amaneatingshark”,theexactoppositemeaning)• Theone-waystreetisverynarrow.• Awild-goosechase(not“wildgoosechase”,agoosechasethatwaswild)

exceptions• Do not use a hyphen following adverbs that end in -ly, but use one following

adverbsthatdonotendin-ly:“awell-knownactress”.• Most phrases that need hyphens as compound modifiers should not be

hyphenatediftheycomeafterthenountheydescribe:“acontractforalongterm.”Creamer Mediastylemaydifferfromotherhousestylesandthisisoftenmostevidentinhyphenation.Generally,hyphenationrulesandexceptionsaresubjecttoawriter’sjudgmentandmaybeapplieddifferently,buttheoverarchingaimistoavoidconfusion.The Times Online Style Guide suggestsusing thehyphen“when thephrasewouldotherwisebeambiguous”.The Chicago Manual of Style now takes the position that “the hyphen may beomitted in all cases [of adjectival compounds] where there is little or no risk ofambiguityorhesitation”.

Examples of noncompound modifiers• Anewlookingglass(nottoconfusewithanew-looking glass,looking glassbeingaratherold-fashionedtermforamirror)• Oxygenfreeradicals(inchemistry,freeradicalsthatcontainoxygen,nottoconfusewithoxygen-free radicals, radicalswhich are freeof oxygen, oroxygen-consuming radicals,nonconformistchemistsgiventoexpoundingtheirviewsatlength.)

Hyphenation examples:• Black economic-empowerment group and Broad-Based Black Economic

EmpowermentActof2003• Broad-basedblackeconomic-empowermentinitiative• challengeimportshead-on• coal-firedpowerstation• community-ownedand–operatedfactory• Consul-General• Cost-effectivesolution• Deep-waterdiscovery,notdeepwaterdiscovery• Demagnitising,notde-magnitising• demand-sidemanagement• Director-General (but Botswana Democratic Party secretary-general Daniel

Kwelagobe)• Eco-trails,usehyphen• Electricityintensivemines

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• Environmental-impactassessment• environmental-impactassessmentreport• environmental-andsocial-impactassessmentstudy• Exchange-tradedfunds(lowercased),notExchangeTradedFunds• End-users,notendusers,forexample:• anevolutionarypaththatwillincreasinglyprovideend-usersthefunctionalitythey

need• ex-SovietUnion• fibre-opticcablesbutfibreoptics(nohyphen)• Gold-minerMintails• Gold-,platinum-,coal-,diamond-andcopper-miningsectors• Greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions• hand-helddrilling• gold-miningandexplorationcompanyNewcrest• heavy-metal-freematerials,notheavymetalfreematerials• high-cost,uneconomicmines• life-of-mine• ill-consideredproposal• in-housedesign,notinhousedesign• iron-ore,notironore,bothnounandadjectival• use: aniron-ore-mininglicence SouthAfrica’sbiggestiron-ore-miner• Long-termgrowth• Lost-time-injuryfrequencyrate• Lower-gradeore• low-andmedium-carboncommercialgrades• low-,medium-andhigh-alloysteels• Materials-handlingsystems• mid-1920s• nine-million-ton-a-yearmine,butanine-milliontonayeargreenfieldopenpitmine• One-liner• On-reefandoff-reef• Open-cyclegas-turbineproject• Pebble-bednuclearreactor,butthePebbleBedModularReactorCompany• per-kilowatt-hourpayment• platinum-mining,forexample,‘...successfullyusedinplatinum-mining.”• project-managed,notprojectmanagedie‘...plantsDRAdesignedandproject-

managed’.• Precious-metals-miner(JSE-listedprecious-metals-minerVillageMainReef)• Plural-soundingcompanynames• Public-andprivate-sectorentities• ramp-upofproduction• renewable-energytechnology

use:

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• rigid-pillarsystem• Run-of-mineproduction• state-of-the-artcomputer• sub-SaharanAfrica• Twentieth-centurytechnology• value-addedtaxorvalue-addedservice• Vice-Admiral• Well-thought-outstructure

Hyphenation in Numbers: • Fractionsshouldbehyphenatedwhenspelledoutinfull,forexample,two-thirds,

evenwhen thenumber ishigher than ten.Thesameapplies to figuresusedasadjectives:Hegaveatenth(not10th)ofhissalarytothepoor.

• Itisacceptabletohave22 000butmillionandbillionmustbewrittenoutinfullandwithahyphen,forexample,R22-million.

• Donotuseahypheninplaceof‘to’whenusingtwofigures:theprojectwilltake12 to 18months(not12-18months)tocomplete.

• Whenmillionisused,forexampleone-milliontons,ithastobewrittenoutinfullifthenumberisbelow11.Donotuse1-milliontons.However,3,2-milliontonsand1tisacceptable,asis4c/t.

use:• The555-km24-inchtrunk-linefromDurban• 20-million-ton-a-yearprocessingplant• 150-m-widex500-m-longnorth-west-trendingcorridor• 180-mm×80-mm×40-mmunit• 26%-ownedby...• ISO9002-,14001-and18001-listedplant• multimillion-randturnkeyproject• twenty-fifthyearofservice;not25th• Ten-million-tons-a-yearironexportproject,butaten-million-tonayearironexport

project.Thepluralorsingular‘tons’or‘ton’isgovernedbytheuse,ornot,ofeither‘a’or‘an’beforethefigure.

• 100-t-capacitywagon,not100-tcapacitywagon• 300-t/hLaixinplant• 2,7-m-diameterKoepewinder,not2,7-mdiameterKoepewinder• 12-million-ton-a-yeardensemediumseparation(DMS)plant• threefifty-four-holegolfcourses• 25-m-highcrushertips• 144-m-longtunnelsection• fiftiethnot50thanniversary,however,ifthenumberistoolong,forexamplethirty-

thousandth,ratheruse30000th.• two-and-a-halfyears• 24/7services,nottwenty-four-sevenservices• 24hoursaday(nohyphens),but24-hour-a-dayfacility

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hyphenation exceptions• 20-to30-milliontonsperannum(aquote)• careandmaintenance,unlessusedadjectivally• co-chairperson• coordinate• cooperate• email• Energyefficientsystem,donothyphenatetheadjectivaluseof‘energyefficient’.• Mideightiesnotmid-eighties• Midsized,notmid-sized• Midtier,notmid-tier• Onlinenoton-line• Preadjustednotpre-adjusted• Preassembly,notpre-assembly• Preapprovalcapitalexpenditure• Reoptimised,notre-optimised• Shorttomediumterm,unlessusedadjectivally

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Annexure two

THE GOVERNMENT Of SOUTH AfRICA: OVERVIEWTheNationalGovernmentofSouthAfrica is comprisedofParliament,Cabinet andvariousDepartments.ThesecomponentscarryoutfunctionsasoutlinedintheCon-stitutionandinlegislationenactedbyParliament.• TheNationalGovernmentDepartments• TheConstitutionoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica• TheSouthAfricanParliament• Cabinet• OverviewofSouthAfrica

THE NATIONAl GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTSTheDepartments thatmakeup thenationaladministrationarechargedwith imple-mentinglegislationandprovidingservicestothepublic.In2003,anoverallbudgetofR334billionwasmadeavailableforthispurpose.DepartmentofAgriculture,Forestry&FisheriesDepartmentofArts&CultureDepartmentofBasicEducationDepartmentofCommunicationsDepartmentofCooperativeGovernance&TraditionalAffairsDepartmentofCorrectionalServicesDepartmentofDefence&MilitaryVeteransDepartmentofEconomicDevelopmentDepartmentofEnergyDepartmentofEducationDepartmentofHealthDepartmentofHigherEducationandTrainingDepartmentofHomeAffairsDepartmentofHumanSettlementsDepartmentofInternationalRelationsandCooperationDepartmentofJusticeandConstitutionalDevelopmentDepartmentofLabourDepartmentofMineralResourcesDepartmentofPublicEnterprisesDepartmentofPublicServiceandAdministrationDepartmentofPublicWorksDepartmentofRuralDevelopmentandLandAffairsDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyDepartmentofSocialDevelopmentDepartmentofSportandRecreationDepartmentofSafetyDepartmentofStateSecurityDepartmentofTourismDepartmentofTradeandIndustryDepartmentofTransport

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DepartmentofWaterandEnvironmentalAffairsGovernmentCommunicationandInformationSystem(GCIS)IndependentComplaintsDirectorateNationalTreasuryStatisticsSouthAfrica

THE CONSTITUTION Of THE REPUblIC Of SOUTH AfRICATheConstitutionoftheRepublicofSouthAfrica,1996(Act108of1996)cameintoeffecton4February1997.ThisisthehighestlawinSouthAfricaandnootherlaworgovernmentactioncanoverruletheConstitutionorbeinconflictwithit.SouthAfrica’sConstitutionisoneofthemostprogressiveintheworldandisbasedonthevaluesofdignity,equalityandfreedom.Chapter2oftheConstitutioncontainstheBillofRights.

THE SOUTH AfRICAN PARlIAMENTTheSouthAfricanParliamentisresponsibleforcreatingandamendingthecountrieslaws in accordance with the Constitution. It consists of two parts, the NationalAssemblyandtheNationalCouncilofProvinces(NCOP).The National Assembly consists of 400 elected representatives who meet at theHousesofParliamentinCapeTown,todebateissuesandcreatelegislation.TheNationalCouncilofProvincesconsistsof54permanentmembersand36specialdelegatesrepresentingthenineprovinces.TheNCOPrepresentsprovincialinterestsinthenationalsphereofgovernment.

CAbINETThe executive arm of national government is headed up by the Cabinet whichconsistsofthePresident,theDeputyPresidentandvariousMinistersappointedbythePresidentfromtheNationalAssembly.ThePresidentalsodetermineswhichfunctionseachoftheMinisterswillperform.TheCabinetmemberscurrentlyare:• Jacob Zuma–President• Petrus Kgalema Motlanthe–DeputyPresident• Tina Joemat-Pettersson–Agriculture,ForestryandFisheries• lulama Xingwana–ArtsandCulture• Angie Motshekga–BasicEducation• Siphiwe Nyanda–Communications• Sicelo Shiceka–CooperativeGovernanceandTraditionalAffairs• Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula–CorrectionalServices• Drlindiwe Sisulu–DefenceandMilitaryVeterans• Ebrahim Patel–EconomicDevelopment• Dipuo Peters–Energy• Pravin Gordhan–Finance• DrAaron Motsoaledi–Health• Drblade Nzimande–HigherEducationandTraining

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• DrNkosazana Dlamini-Zuma–HomeAffairs• Tokyo Sexwale–HumanSettlements• Maite Nkoana-Mashabane–InternationalRelationsandCooperation• Jeff Radebe–JusticeandConstitutionalDevelopment• Membathisi Mdladlana–Labour• Susan Shabangu–MineralResources• Nathi Mthethwa–Police• barbara Hogan–PublicEnterprises• Richard baloyi –PublicServiceandAdministration• Geoff Doidge–PublicWorks• Gugile Nkwinti–RuralDevelopmentandLandReform• Naledi Pandor–ScienceandTechnology• Edna Molewa–SocialDevelopment• Makhenkesi Stofile–SportandRecreation• Siyabonga Cwele–StateSecurity• Marthinus van Schalkwyk–Tourism• DrRob Davies–TradeandIndustry• Sibusiso Joel Ndebele–Transport• buyelwa Sonjica–WaterandEnvironmentalAffairs• Noluthando Mayende-Sibiya – Women, Youth, Children and People with

Disabilities• Trevor Manuel–MinisterinThePresidency(NationalPlanningCommission)• Collins Chabane – Minister in The Presidency (Performance Monitoring and

EvaluationandAdministrationinthePresidency)the president’s wives and financéePresidentZumahasthreewives:Sizakele Khumalo (MaKhumalo),Nompumelelo Ntuli(MaNtuli)andTobeka Madiba(KaMadiba).Hehasafiancée,bongi Ngema.

note to suBs: In the isiZuluculture,marriedor adultwomenwhosesurnamesbeginwith“Ma”automaticallyinherittheprefix“Ka”insteadof“Ma”toavoidtautology,whichiswhyMadibaZumaisnotreferredtoas“MaMadiba”.

OVERVIEW Of SOUTH AfRICASouth Africa covers 1 219 090 km² at the southern most tip of Africa. There is apopulationofapproximately44,8millionpeople.SouthAfricaischaracterisedbythediversityofitspeopleintermsofrace,cultureandreligion.Thisisreflectedinthe11nationallanguagesprotectedbytheSouthAfricanConstitution.Thecountryisdividedintonineprovinces,eachwithitsownprovinciallegislatureandadministration.Thenineprovincesare:• WesternCape• EasternCape• FreeState• Gauteng• KwaZulu-Natal

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• Limpopo(formerlyNorthernProvince)• Mpumalanga• NorthWest• NorthernCape.

South Africa’s political partiesRepresentedinparliamentfollowingthe2009elections:1. AfricanChristianDemocraticParty(ACDP)(3seats,0.81%ofvote)2. AfricanNationalCongress(ANC)(264seats,65,9%)3. AfricanPeoples’Convention(APC)(1seat,0,2%)4. AzanianPeoplesOrganisation(AZAPO)(1seat,0,22%)5. CongressofthePeople(COPE)(30seats,7,42%)6. DemocraticAlliance(DA)(67seats,16.66%)7. FreedomFrontPlus(Vryheidsfront+,FF+)(4seats,0,83%)8. IndependentDemocrats(ID)(4seats,0<92%)9. InkathaFreedomParty(IFP)(18seats,4,55%)10.MinorityFront(MF)(1seat,0,25%)11.PanAfricanistCongress(PAC)(1seat,0,27%)12.UnitedChristianDemocraticParty(UCDP)(2seat,0,37%)13.UnitedDemocraticMovement(UDM)(4seats,0,85%)

FormoreinformationonSouthAfrica,consulttheSouthAfricaYearbook.WEBSITE:www.gov.za

The Department of Water and Environmental AffairsWhileweallunderstandthatBuyelwaSonjicaisMinisterofWaterandEnvironmentalAffairs,wearenottheonlyonesconfusedaboutthestructureofherMinistry.

AParliamentaryMonitoringGroupsummaryofastrategicplanmeetingonFebruary23,2010,stated:“ThecommitteenotedthattheDepartmentstillreferredtoitselfastheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs.ThecommitteewasoftheunderstandingthatitshouldbetheDepartmentofWaterandEnvironmentalAffairs.

“ThedepartmentinformedMembersthatthereweretwodifferentdepartments.TheDepartmentofEnviron-mentalAffairswasappropriatedbyParliamentandtherewasaproclamationbytheNationalTreasurythatgaveavotefortheDEAandtheDWA.ThiscommitteeisdealingwithtwodepartmentsunderoneMinistry.”

it further stated:MsNosiphoNgcaba,director-general:DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs,gaveandoverview of the functions of the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), whichincluded environmental quality and protection, biodiversity and conservation, andoceansandcoastalmanagement.

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Abbreviation Unit of MeasurementAh AmperehourB Bytebar(unit) Thebar(symbolbar),decibar(symboldbar),centibar(symbolcbar),

andmillibar(symbolmbarormb)areunitsofpressure.Thebariswidely used in descriptions of pressure because it is only about1%smaller thanatmosphericpressure,and is legally recognisedincountriesof theEuropeanUnion.Except for thepowerof ten,thedefinitionofbar fits in thesequenceofSIpressureunits (Pa,kPa,MPa),namely,1bar≡100,000Pa=100kPa=0.1MPa.Thisisincontrasttothewell-knownunitofpressure,atmosphere,whichnowisdefinedtobe1.01325barexactly.Asaruleofthumb,abarisalmostequaltoanatmosphere.

BCM bank cubic meter(BCM)atraditionalunitofvolumeincoalmining.Abankcubicmeter represents thecontentsofacubicmeterofrockinplace,beforeitisdrilledandblasted.

bcf billioncubicfeetbl barrelbbl barrelsBq Symbolforthebecquerel,anSIunitofradioactivityCad Computer-aideddesignCam Computer-aidedmanufacturecc3 cubiccentimetrecm Centimetre.Useforclothingandtextiles,otherwiseusemillimetres

(mm).cmg/t rawgold(cm)gramsatonct Carat/scpht caratsperhundredtonCO2-e CarbondioxideequivalentcSt Kinematicviscosityissometimesexpressedintermsofcentistokes

(cStorctsk),namedafterGeorgeGabrielStokes.˚C degreesCentigradedc directcurrent

Annexure threeAbbreviations of units of measurement

Units of measure are written in lower case (for example, kg, km, m), unless theyare derived from the name of a person (for example, W, kJ, kW, Hz). When usedwithfigures,theseabbreviationsshouldfollowwithaspace(forexample,11kg,15km,35 mm) and when used adjectivally, a hyphen is necessary: a 15-km journey.However,twoabbreviationstogethermustbeseparatedwithaspace.When beginning a sentence, figures and units of measurement should be writtenoutinfull(forexample,eightkilograms,seventy-sevenhectares).

53

Abbreviation Unit of Measurement dB decibeldm decimetreDWT deadweighttonfloz fluidouncesdrm drg gramGb Gigabits(networkorinternalcircuits)Gb/s GigabitsasecondGB Gigabyte(hightransmission)GHz gigahertzGJ gigajouleGt gigatonsgr graingro grossGWd/t GigawatdaysatonGWh/y Gigawathoursayearha hectarehl hectolitreHz Hertzhp horsepowerJ jouleK KelvinKB kilobytekgf/mm2 Kilogramforceasquaremillimetrekg kilogramkHz kilohertzkl kilolitrekm kilometrekN kilonewtonkNm kilonewtonmetreskV kilovoltkVA kilovolt-amperekW kilowattkWh kilowatt-hourℓ Litre(“ℓ”symbolinmathematicalfont)m metremA milliampereMbit/s MegabitasecondMB Megabyte,whichistheamountofdatatransferred,asopposedto

Megabits,whichisthespeedoftransfermcm millioncubicmetres,aunitofvolume,butwriteout36-millioncubic

metresofwateraday

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Abbreviation Unit of Measurement MN meganewtonµg microgramµm microns,micrometremg milligramMHz megahertzMJ Megajouleml millilitreMℓ megalitremm millimetrems millisecondsmt metrictonMPa MPaisametric(SI)unitforpressure,orforceperunitarea.Paisthe

Pascal,whichisoneNewtonofforceappliedtoonesquaremeterofarea(1N/m2).MPaisamega-Pascal,oronemillionPascals.Sinceatmosphericpressure is101000pA,or101kPa (approximately14.7psi),thisisapproximately9atmospheres(around150psi).

MVA megavolt-ampereMW megawattMWdc megawattdirectcurrentMWe MegawattelectricalMWt MegawattthermalNano billionthnm nauticalmilesNm Newtonmeter(UnitofTorque)1Nm=0.737lb-ftns nanosecondΩ ohm, the derived SI unit of electrical resistance; the resistance

between two points on a conductor when a constant potentialdifferenceof1Vbetweenthemproducesacurrentof1A.

oz ounce. Troy ounces – The troy ounce is the only measure of the troy

weightingsystemthatisstillusedinmoderntimes.Itisusedinthepricingofmetalssuchasgold,platinumandsilver.WhenthepriceofgoldissaidtobeUS$653/oz,theouncebeingreferredtoisatroyounce,notastandardounce.

oz3 cubicouncespH Ameasureoftheacidityoralkalinityofasolutionpicovolt aunitofpotentialequaltoonetrillionthofavoltppm partspermillionppb partsperbillionpsi poundspersquareinchrpmorrev/min revolutionsaminute

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Abbreviation Unit of Measurement SI The international system of units of measurement. SI is used to

reduce the number of zeros shown in numerical quantities. Forexample, one-billionth of an ampere (a small electrical current)can be written as 0.000000001ampere. In symbol form, this iswrittenas0.000000001A.UsinganSIprefix,this isequivalentto1nanoampereor1nA.

t tonTb terabytetcf trillioncubicfeetTcm trillioncubicmetresTCu TotalcopperTDS TotaldissolvedsolidsTJ TerajouleTWh TerrawatthourV VoltVAC VoltsofalternatingcurrentW WattWp Watt-peak,ameasureofpoweroutput,mostoftenusedinrelation

to photovoltaic solar energy devices. Related units such askilowatt-peakorkilowatts-peak (kWp)andmegawatts-peakarealsoused,andinthecontextofdomesticinstallationskWpisthemostcommonunitencountered.

w/v anabbreviationfor“weightbyvolume,”aslightlyconfusingphraseusedinchemistryandpharmacologytodescribetheconcentrationofasubstance inamixtureorsolution.Theweightbyvolume isthemass (ingrams)of thesubstancedissolved inormixedwith100millilitresofsolutionormixture.Forexample,theconcentrationoffluorideintoothpasteisusuallyabout0.15%w/v,meaningthatthereis0.15gramoffluorideforeach100millilitresoftoothpaste.Thus1%w/visequalto1gramadecilitre(g/dℓ)or10gramsalitre(g/ℓ).

w/w anabbreviationfor“byweight,”usedinchemistryandpharmacologytodescribetheconcentrationofasubstanceinamixtureorsolution.Properlyspeaking,2%w/wmeansthatthemassofthesubstanceis2%ofthetotalmassofthesolutionormixture.Themetricsymbolg/ghasthesamemeaningasw/w.

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Abbreviation Scientific Element 4Epgm (platinum,palladium,goldandrhodium)platinumgroupmetals3PGE+Au Threeplatinumgroupelementsandgold6PGE+Au SixplatinumgroupelementsandgoldÅ angstromCO carbonmonoxideCO2 carbondioxideCH4 methaneCFCs chlorofluorocarbonsDUF6 DepleteduraniumhexafluorideNOx OxidesofnitrogenNm Newtonmetre(NmorN·m),aunitoftorqueNm3 ThesimilarsymbolNm3standsfor‘normalcubicmetres’,aunitof

volume(Normalinthiscontextmeansatstandardtemperatureandpressure),althoughitalsostandsfor“newtoncubicmetres” inSInotation.

P-239 plutonium-239U3O8 uraniumoxideU-238 uranium-238

Annexure fourCommonly used scientific elements and their abbreviations

Scientific elements must be spelled out in full on first appearance and referred tothereafterbytheirperiodicsymbolforexample,carbondioxide(CO2).

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Name SymbolActinium AcAluminium AlAmericium AmAntimony SbArgon ArArsenic AsAstatine AtBarium BaBerkelium BkBeryllium BeBismuth BiBohrium BhBoron BBromine BrCadmium CdCalcium CaCalifornium CfCarbon CCerium CeCesium CsChlorine ClChromium CrCobalt CoCopper CuCurium CmDubnium DbDysprosium DyEinsteinium EsErbium ErEuropium EuFermium FmFluorine FFrancium FrGadolinium GdGallium GaGermanium GeGold AuHafnium HfHassium HsHelium He

Name SymbolHolmium HoHydrogen HIndium InIodine IIridium IrIron FeKrypton KrLanthanum LaLawrencium LrLead PbLithium LiLutetium LuMagnesium MgManganese MnMeitnerium MtMendelevium MdMercury HgMolybdenum MoNeodymium NdNeon NeNeptunium NpNickel NiNiobium NbNitrogen NNobelium NoOsmium OsOxygen OPalladium PdPhosphorus PPlatinum PtPlutonium PuPolonium PoPotassium KPraseodymium PrPromethium PmProtactinium PaRadium RaRadon RnRhenium ReRhodium Rh

Name SymbolRubidium RbRuthenium RuRutherfordium RfSamarium SmScandium ScSeaborgium SgSelenium SeSilicon SiSilver AgSodium NaStrontium SrSulphur STantalum TaTechnetium TcTellurium TeTerbium TbThallium TlThorium ThThulium TmTin SnTitanium TiTungsten WUranium UVanadium VXenon XeYtterbium YbZinc ZnZirconium Zr

list of Periodic TableElements Sorted by Element Name

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Annexure fiveCommonly used abbreviationsTheseshouldbewrittenoutinfullatthefirsttimeofmention,followedimmediatelybytheabbreviationinbrackets.

Abbreviations that form words that can change or confuse the meaning of sentences, for example, tons of oil equivalent (toe), should be written in upper case (TOE).*indicatesthatitisnotnecessarytouseinfullatthefirsttimeofmention**indicatesthatcapitalsmustbeused

AAfricanNationalCongress ANC*AfricanNationalCongressYouthLeague ANCYLAfricanRainbowMinerals Armanaloguetodigitalconverter ADCalternatingcurrent acAsymmetricaldigitalsubscriberline ADSLAktiengesellschaft(GermanorSwisspubliclimitedcompany). AGIncommonwithPtyandLtd,thisabbreviationisnotusedwhenmentioningcompanynamesintextforCreamerMediapurposes,forexample,donotuseGlassCompanyLtd,GlassCompanywillsuffice.alternativeinvestmentmarket AimAcceleratedSharedGrowthInitiativeforSouthAfrica Asgisaautomatictellermachine ATMbblackeconomicempowerment BEEbroad-basedblackeconomicempowerment BBBEECcaratsperhundredtons cphtcentralprocessingunit CPUCoalofAfricaLimited(include‘Limited’asitisusedintheacronym) CoALcomputer-aideddesign Cadcomputer-aidedmanufacture Camcomputernumericcontrolorcomputernumericallycontrolled(CNC)machining CNCCongressofthePeople CopeCongressofSouthAfricanTradeUnions CosatuDdensemediumseparation DMS

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Director-general DGdeputydirector-general DDGdigitalversatiledisc DVDDeutschesInstitutfürNormung DINEearningsbeforeinterest,tax,depreciationandamortisation EbitdaEngineeringCouncilofSouthAfrica ECSA**engineering,procurementandconstruction EPCengineering,procurementandconstructionmanagement EPCMenvironmental-impactassessment EIAEuropeanCommission ECEuropeanUnion EUEnhancedvideoconnector EVCffront-endengineeringanddesign FeedGGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade GattGeneralExportIncentiveScheme Geisgeographicalinformationsystem GISglobalsystemsmobile GSMgrossdomesticproduct GDPGroupofEight G8GroupofTwenty G20growth,employmentandredistribution GearGesellschaftmitbeschränkterHaftung(GermanorSwisslimitedprivatecompany) GMBHIIndependentPowerSouthernAfrica Ipsaintelligentnetwork INinput-output I/OJJointOreReservesCommittee Jorcllarge-coaldense-mediumseparator larcodemseparatorlost-timeinjuryfrequencyratepermillionhoursworked LTIFRlight-emittingdiode LEDLondonMetalExchange LME

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MMemberofParliament MPMemberoftheExecutiveCouncil MECMovementforDemocraticChange MDCMultiyearpricedetermination MYPDNNondistributivereserves NDROoriginalequipmentmanufacturer OEMPplatinum-groupmetals PGMspreliminaryeconomicassessment PEAprintedcircuitboard PCBprogrammablelogiccontroller PLCproportionalintegralderivative Pid Rrandomaccessmemory RamRareearthelement REEreadonlymemory Romrenewable-energyfeed-in-tariff Refitrequestforproposal RFPresearchanddevelopment R&D

Sshortmessageservice SMS*StockExchangeNewsService SensSouthAfricanCodefortheReportingofMeneralResourcesandMineralReserves SamrecSouthAfricanDevelopmentCommunity SADCSouthAfricanNationalRoadsAgencyLimited(include‘Limited”asitisusedintheacronym Sanralsmall,mediumandmicro-sizedenterprises(SMMEs) SMMEssubscriberidentitymodule Sim*supervisorycontrolanddataacquisition ScadaTThreedimensionalsystem 3-Dsystem

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UUnitedKingdom UK,use‘intheUK’uninterruptiblepowersupply UPSUnitedNations UNupper-grouptwo UG2Vveryimportantperson VIPWWorldWideWeb WWW ZZimbabweAfricanNationalUnion–PatrioticFront Zanu-PF*

Name Abbreviation

acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene ABS

ethylenepropylenedymonomer EPDM

ethylenepropylenemonomer EPT

fluorinatedethylenepropylene FEP

high-densitypolythene HDPE

low-densitypolythene LDPE

polyamide

Polycrystalline-silicon polysilicon

polyethyleneterephthalate PET

polymethylmethacrylate

polypropylene

polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE(Teflon)

polyvinylchloride PVC

Commonly used plastics

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Annexure sixGlossary of standards authorities

WhileISOisincommonusageanddoesnothavetobewrittenoutinfull,therestarenotwellknowntoourreadersandwouldhavetobewrittenoutinfull.

APLAC AsianPacificLaboratoryAccreditationCooperationARSO AfricaRegionalStandardsOrganisationBeltest BelgischAccreditatiesysteem;TestenenKeuringBIPM BureauInternationaldePoidsetMesures,ParisBKO/OBE BelgischeKalibratieOrganisatieBMwA AustriaCNACL ChinaNationalAccreditationCommitteeforLaboratoriesCNLA ChineseNationalLaboratoryAccreditationCOFRAC ComitéFrançais;AccréditationDANAK DanskAkkrediteringDAR DeutscherAkkreditierungsratDKD DeutschKalibrierdienstDTI DepartmentofTradeandIndustryEA EuropeanCooperationforAccreditationEMAS EuropeanEco-ManagementandAuditSchemeENC EntidadNacionaldeAcreditatiónEU EuropeanUnionFINAS FinnishAccreditationServiceFRIDGE FundforResearchintoIndustrialDevelopmentEconomic

GrowthandEquityHOKLAS HongKongAccreditationServiceIAAC InterAmericanAccreditationCooperationIAF InternationalAccreditationForumIANZ InternationalAccreditationNewZealandIATCA InternationalAuditandTrainingCertificationAssociationIEC InternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionILAB IrishNationalAccreditationBoardILAC InternationalLaboratoryAccreditationCooperationIPQ InstitutoPortuguêsdaQualidadeISO InternationalOrganisationforStandardisationJAB JapanAccreditationBoardforConformityAssessmentJNLA JapanNationalLaboratoryAccreditationSystemKOLAS KoreanLaboratoryAccreditationServiceMLA MultilateralAgreement/Arrangement

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MOU MemorandumofUnderstandingMRA MutualRecognitionAgreementNA NorwegianAccreditationNATA NationalAssociationofTestingAuthorities,AustraliaNEDLAC NationalEconomicDevelopmentandLabourAdvisoryCouncilNEPAD TheNewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopmentNCS NationalCalibrationService,SouthAfricaNLA NationalLaboratoryAccreditationService,SouthAfricaNMISA NationalMetrologyInstituteofSouthAfricaOECD OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentRAAF RepresentativeAccreditationAdvisoryForumRvA RaadvoorAccreditatieSAATCA SouthAfricanAuditorandTrainingCertificationAssociationSABS SouthAfricanBureauofStandardsSADC SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunitySADCA SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommitteeforAccreditationSANAS SouthAfricanNationalAccreditationSystemSAQI SouthAfricanQualityInstituteSANS SouthAfricanNationalStandardSAS SwissAccreditationServiceSINCERT AccreditamentoOrganisiCertificazioneItalySIT ServizioItalianodiTaraturaSWEDAC SwedishBoardforAccreditationandConformityAssessmentUNIDO UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganisationUKAS UnitedKingdomAccreditationService

source:SANAS

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Annexure sevenglossary of Mining terms

Acid treatmentAcid treatment is the process of soaking activated carbon granules in a dilutehydrochloricacidsolutiontodissolvecalciumcarbonateandotherimpuritiesthathavebecomeabsorbedinthecarbon,andthat,thereby,reducetheabilitytoadsorbgold.

AditAn adit is a type of entrance to an underground mine and is horizontal or nearlyhorizontal.Aditsareusuallybuiltintothesideofahillormountain,andoftenoccurwhenameasureofcoaloranorebodyislocatedinsidethemountainbutabovetheadjacentvalleyfloororcoastalplain.Incaseswherethemineralveinoutcropsatthesurface,theaditmayfollowtheveinuntilitisworkedout.Theuseofaditsisgenerallycalleddriftmining.

Adjusted gross marginAdjusted gross profit (loss) divided by gold sales including realised nonhedgederivatives.

Adjusted gross profit (loss)Grossprofit (loss) excludingunrealisednonhedgederivatives andother commoditycontracts.

Adjusted headline earningsHeadlineearningsexcludingunrealisednonhedgederivatives,fairvalueadjustmentsontheoptioncomponentoftheconvertiblebond,fairvaluegain(loss)oninterestrateswap,adjustmentstoothercommoditycontractsanddeferredtaxthereon.

AssayAchemicaltestperformedonarocksampletodeterminetheamount–orgrade–ofvaluablemetalcontained.

Artisanal and small-scale miningLow tech, labour intensive mineral processing and excavation activity, which is aneconomicmainstayinruralsub-SaharanAfrica,providingdirectemploymenttoovertwomillionpeople.

Small-scale mining falls into two broad categories: the mining and quarrying ofindustrial minerals and construction materials on a small scale; and the mining ofrelativelyhigh-valueminerals,notablygoldandpreciousstones.

Thefirstismostlyforlocalmarketsandexistsineverycountry.Regulationstocontrolandtaxtheseminesandquarriesareofteninplace,andtheexistenceofinformalorillegaloperationsatthislevel isgenerallyattributabletoalackof inspectionandthelaxenforcementofregulationsratherthantothelackofalegalframework,muchthesameasforsmallmanufacturingplants.

Theoutputfromthesecondcategoryofsmall-scaleminesisgenerallyexported.Thesizeandcharacterofsmall-scaleminingofthistypehasoftenmadewhatlawsthereareimpossibletoapplyorhashighlightedtheir inadequacy.Thevastmajorityofthe

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diggersareverypoor,exploitingmarginaldepositsinharshandsometimesdangerousconditions–andhavingconsiderablenegativeimpactontheenvironment.Artisanal diamond miningToalargeextent,artisanaldiamondminingisalivelihoodstrategyadoptedprimarilybyruralandsmallvillagepopulationsforwhomitappearstobethemostpromisingincomeopportunity.Almostallartisanalminersareunregistered,unregulatedandunprotected.Mostworkfornothingexceptwhattheyareluckyenoughtofind.Theirworkisdirty,hard,some-timesdangerous,anditproduceslittlemorethanacoupleofhundreddollarsayearformostdiggers.Infact,thecompetitivescrambleinalargelyinformaleconomyonlyservestodrivepricesdownatthepitlevel,creatingalucrativebusinessformiddle-men.Childrenarewidelyinvolved;residentsoftheminingareascomplainofenvironmentaldegradation,waterpollution,andtheinfluxofamigrantlabourforcewithhighratesof prostitution and HIV/Aids. Family and societal violence follow. And most alluvialdiamonddiggers leadhard, insecure,dangerousandunhealthy lives.Withaverageearnings of less than a dollar a day they fall squarely into the broad category of“absolutepoverty”.

Amonginitiativesaimedataddressingtheissuessurroundartisanaldiamondminingis the Diamond Development Initiative, which aims to gather all interested partiesinto a process that will address, in a comprehensive way, the political, social andeconomicchallengesfacingtheartisanaldiamondminingsectorinordertooptimisethebeneficial development impactof artisanal diamondmining tominers and theircommunitieswithinthecountriesinwhichthediamondsaremined.

backfillWaste material used to fill the void created by mining an orebody to provide bothregionalandlocalisedsupportbelow collarAdistancebelowthesurfaceelevationofashaft.

bIfBandedironstoneformation–achemicallyformediron-richsedimentaryrock.

blast furnaceAshaftfurnaceinwhichsolidfuel(coke)isburnedwithanairblasttosmeltoreinacontinuousoperation.block cavingAninexpensivemethodofmininginwhichlargeblocksoforeareundercut,causingtheoretobreakorcaveunderitsownweightbord-and-pillarmining(seeroom-and-pillar)breast stopingAmethodofstopingemployedonveinswherethedipisnotsufficientforthebrokenoretoberemovedbygravity.Theoreremainsclosetotheworkingfaceandmustbeloadedintocarsatthatpoint.

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brownfieldThe term brownfield is used in mining, construction and development to referenceland that at some point was occupied by a permanent structure. In a brownfieldproject thestructurewouldneed tobedemolishedor renovatedor rebuilt fromanexistingone.bulk sampleA large sample of mineralised rock, frequently hundreds of tons, selected in suchamanneras tobe representativeof thepotentialorebodybeingsampled.Used todeterminemetallurgicalcharacteristicsonanindustrialscale.by-productAsecondarymetalormineralproductrecoveredinthemillingprocessoranyproductsthatemanatefromthecoreprocessofproducinggold,includingsilver,uraniumandsulphuricacid.Calc-silicate rockAmetamorphicrockconsistingmainlyofcalcium-bearingsilicatessuchasdiopsideandwollastonite,andformedbymetamorphismofimpurelimestoneordolomite.Capital employedEquity plus minority interests, interest-bearing debt, less loans and cash. Whereaverage capital employed is referred to, this is the average of the figures at thebeginningandtheendofthefinancialyear.Capital expenditureTotal capital expenditure on tangible assets, which includes stay-in-business andprojectcapital.

Captive mineAminethatproducescoalormineralforusebythesamecompany

Carbon columnsAny vertical cylindrical vessels used to contain granules of activated carbon forprocessessuchastheextractionofgoldfromsolution,elutionoracidtreatment.

Carbon-in-leach (CIl)Goldisleachedfromaslurryofgoldorewithcyanideinagitatedtanksandadsorbedoncarbongranulesinthesamecircuit.Thecarbongranulesareseparatedfromtheslurryandtreatedinanelutioncircuittoremovethegold.Carbon-in-pulp (CIP)Goldisleachedconventionallyfromaslurryofgoldorewithcyanideinagitatedtanks.TheleachedslurrythenpassesintotheCIPcircuitwherecarbongranulesaremixedwiththeslurryandgoldisadsorbedonthecarbon.Thegranulesareseparatedfromtheslurryandtreatedinanelutioncircuittoremovethegold.Cash costsCash costs include site costs for all mining (excluding deferred developmentcosts), processing and administration, but are exclusive of royalties, productiontaxes,amortisationandrehabilitation,aswellascorporateadministration,capitalandexplorationcosts.

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Cash gross marginCash gross profit (loss) divided by, for example, gold sales, including realisednonhedgederivatives.Cash gross profit (loss)Adjusted gross profit (loss) plus amortisation of tangible and intangible assets lessnoncashrevenues.Channel widthThetotalthicknessofallreefbands,includinginternalwasteminedasoneunit.CokeCokeisasolidcarbonfuelandcarbonsourceusedtomeltandreduceiron-oreCokemakingTheprocessesusedtomakecoke.Theprocessbeginswithpulverised,bituminouscoal. The coal is fed into a coke oven, which is sealed and heated to very hightemperaturesfor14to36hours.Aftercompletion,thecokeismovedtoquenchingtowersandstoreduntilitisneeded.

Comminution is a group of mineral processing techniques used in extractivemetallurgytoreducerocksizesthroughcrushingorgrinding.Comminutionprocessesareusedtopulveriserocksforfurtherprocessing.

The machinery used for comminution is usually divided into classes based on thesize of the fragments produced, crushers producing coarse material and grindersproducingfinerparticles.

Itwould thereforebecorrect to refer toacompanyproducing thismachineryasacomminutionscompany.(Seealso‘Milling’)

Competent personACompetentPerson’sReport(CPR)isaTechno-EconomicReport.Itrepresentstheopinionsonadepositofaregisteredprofessional, independentoftheclientand itssubsidiaries. By reason of his/her education, professional associations and pastrelevantworkexperience,thepersonisdeemedasqualifiedtoformanopinionofthedeposit.

A full CPR is required for listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange SecuritiesExchangeandwillalsobeacceptedforlistingontheLondonStockExchange’sAIM.

The technical equivalents of the CPR are the NI43-101 Technical Report and theJORCQualifiedPerson’sReport.

ConcentrateA fine, powdery product separated in the milling process that contains a highpercentageofvaluablemetal.

ConcentratorAprocesswhereiron-oreisupgradedtoahigherironcontent.

Contained goldThe total gold content of the orebody (tons multiplied by grade), irrespective of

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economicpotentialandwithoutdeductionforminingandprocessinglossespriortorecovery.

CrushingThe process of breaking up large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel or rock dust.Crushingisanessentialpartofmining,reducingrun-of-mineoretoasizethatcanbeeasilytransportedorprocessed.

Cupola furnaceCupolafurnacesaretall,cylindricalfurnacesusedtomeltironandferroalloysinfoundryoperations.Alternatinglayersofmetalandferroalloys,cokeandlimestonearefedintothefurnacefromthetop.

Cut-and-fillAmethodofstopinginwhichoreisremovedinslices,orlifts,andthentheexcava-tionisfilledwithrockorotherwastematerial(backfill),beforethesubsequentsliceisextracted.

Cutoff gradeThe estimated lowest grade of ore that can be mined and treated profitably in aminingoperation,forexample,acutoffgradeof20%iron(Fe)impliesthatanymaterialcontaininglessthan20%Fewillbeuneconomicaltomine.Iftheaverageminegradedropsbelowthecutoffgrade,theminewilloperateataloss.

DebtBorrowingsincludingshort-termportion,plusdebentures.

DeclineA sloping, underground opening for machine access from level to level or fromsurface;alsocalledaramp.

DepletionThedecrease inquantityofore inadepositorpropertyresultingfromextractionorproduction.

DevelopmentTheprocessofaccessinganorebodythroughshaftsand/ortunnellinginundergroundminingoperations.• Development reef–alldevelopmentonthereefhorizon.• Development waste–alldevelopmentincountryrock.

DilutionMixingoforegradematerialwithnonoregradewastematerialintheminingprocess.Dilutionreducestheoverallgradeoftheore.

Direct-reduced iron (DRI)Producedfromthedirectreductionofiron-ore(informoflumps,pelletsorfines)byareducinggasproducedfromnaturalgasorcoal.Direct-reducedironisricherinironthanpigiron,typically90%-94%totaliron,asopposedtoabout93%formoltenpigiron,andanexcellentfeedstockfortheelectricfurnacesusedbyminimills,allowingthemtouselowergradesofscrapfortherestofthecharge.

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DioriteAnigneousrockformedbythesolidificationofmoltenmaterial.

Discontinued operationAcomponentofanentity that,pursuant toasingleplan,hasbeendisposedoforabandonedorisclassifiedasheld-for-saleuntilconditionsprecedenttothesalehavebeenfulfilled.Dividend coverHeadlineearningsbeforeunrealisedhedgingactivitiesforeachordinarysharedividedbydividendsforeachordinaryshare.Drill bitDrillbitsarecuttingtoolsusedtocreatecylindricalholes.Bitsareheldinatoolcalleda drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole.Specialisedbitsarealsoavailablefornoncylindrical-shapedholes.Theotherendofthedrillbitistheshank.Drillbitscomeinstandardsizes.Thetermdrillcanrefertoadrillingmachine,orcanrefertoadrillbitforuseinadrillingmachine.Forclarity,usedrillbitorbitthroughouttorefertoabitforuseinadrillingmachine,anddrillreferstorefertoadrillingmachine.EbitdaOperating profit (loss) before amortisation of tangible and intangible assets,impairmentof tangibleand intangibleassets,profit (loss)ondisposalofassetsandinvestments and unrealised nonhedge derivatives, plus the share of associates’Ebitda.

Effective tax rateCurrentanddeferredtaxationasapercentageofnetprofitbeforetaxation.

Electric arc furnaces (EAfs)Electricarcfurnacesareoftenusedinlargesteelfoundriesandsteelmills.Themetalischargedintothefurnace,withadditivestomakerecoveryofslageasier,andheattomeltthemetalisproducedwithanelectricarcfromthreecarbonorgraniteelectrodes.FrequentlymillsproducingsteelwithEAFtechnologyarecalledminimills.ElectrowinningRecoveryofmetal fromsolutionby electrolysis.Aprocessof recoveringgold fromsolutionbymeansofelectrolyticchemical reaction intoa formthatcanbesmeltedeasilyintogoldbars.ElutionRecoveryofthegoldfromtheactivatedcarbonintosolutionbeforezincprecipitationorelectrowinning.Energy optimising furnace (EOf)TheEOFwasdevelopedtoreplacetheelectricarcandothersteelmakingfurnaces.The EOF is an oxygen steelmaking process. Carbon and oxygen react to preheatscrapmetal,hotmetaland/orpigiron.Environmental baseline studiesTheenvironmentalmonitoringworkcompletedbeforeaproductiondecisionistaken

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onaminingproject,examiningtheexistingstateoftheenvironmentandthepotentialeffects that proposed mining activities will have on the natural surroundings. Thestudies will include ground water (lakes, streams, rivers etc), wildlife (plants andanimals), potential noise levels from construction and mining operations, potentialimpactsfromongoingminingoperationssuchasdustandvibrationlevelsetc.Environmental-impact studyAwritten report, compiledprior toaproductiondecision that examines theeffectsproposedminingactivitieswillhaveonthenaturalsurroundings.EquityShareholders’equityadjustedforothercomprehensiveincomeanddeferredtaxation.Whereaverageequityisreferredto,thisiscalculatedbyaveragingthefiguresatthebeginningandtheendofthefinancialyear.ExplorationActivitiesassociatedwithascertainingtheexistence,location,extentorqualityofmin-eralisedmaterial,includingeconomicandtechnicalevaluationofmineralisedmaterial.Feasibilitystudy(Bankablefeasibilitystudy)

Adetailedengineeringstudywhichdefinesthetechnical,economic,socialandlegalviabilityofaminingprojectwithahighdegreeofreliability,identifyingandquantifyinganyrisksandprovidingsufficientinformationtodeterminewhetherornottheprojectshouldbeadvancedtothefinalengineeringandconstructionstage.Abankablefea-sibilitystudy forms thebasisonwhichbanksandother lendersprovide thecapitalnecessarytobuildthemine(s).

finesMaterial that passes through a standard screen on which coarser fragments areretained.

flotationAmillingandconcentrationprocess inwhichvaluablemineralparticlesare inducedtobecomeattached tobubblesand floataway fromthewasteparticles inasolid/solution pulp. Specific chemicals are added to either float (foam off) particularmineralsortodepresstheflotationofotherminerals.Severalstagesofprocessingaregenerally involved with rough bulk flotation products being subjected to additionalflotationstepstoincreaseproductpurity.

free cash flowNetcashinflowfromoperatingactivitieslessstay-in-businesscapitalexpenditure.

GangueTheworthlessmineralsinanoredeposit.

GradeThemetalcontentoforemeasuredingramsatonorpercent.Forexample:• Thecompanyadditionallyreviewedgrabsamplesoforecurrentlybeingexploited

bylocalartisanalminersthatreturnedbetween4g/tand22g/tgold,whileveinssampledgradedbetween1g/tand3g/tgold,withsignificantgradesofsilveralsoreported.Onesampleoflead-zinc-silverorereturned24%zincand105g/tsilver.

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• Kagaranotedthattheoreproducedsofarwasoutsidetheindicatedandinferredresourceestimateof1,15-milliontonsgrading4,6%nickel

GreenfieldThetermgreenfieldisusedinmining,constructionanddevelopmenttoreferencelandthathasneverbeenused,wherethereisnoneedtodemolishorrebuildanyexistingstructures.GreenschistAschistosemetamorphicrockwhosegreencolorisduetothepresenceofchlorite,epidoteoractinolite.Gross margin percentageAdjustedgrossprofit (loss)asapercentageof, forexample,gold income includingrealisednonhedgederivatives.Hanging wallTherockontheuppersideofaveinororedeposit.

Head gradeAgeneraltermreferringtothegradeoforedeliveredtotheprocessingplant.

Heap leachingAprocesswherebyvaluablemetals(usuallygoldandsilver)areleachedfromaheap,orpad,ofcrushedorebyleachingsolutionspercolatingdownthroughtheheapandarecollectedfromasloping,impermeablelinerbelowthepad.

HedgingThe sale of a commodity at fixed future prices in order to guard against priceuncertainty and guarantee revenue streams. Commonly practised in the goldmarket.Anunhedgedcompanyisonethatisnothedgingitsprices.Adehedgingcompanyisonethatwaspreviouslyhedged,butisreducingitshedging.

HematiteThemineralformofIronoxide(Fe2O3);oneofseveralironoxides.

Illustrative dividend rateForillustrativepurposes,aUSdollardividendvaluehasbeenprovidedbasedontherateofexchangerulingonthedateofdeclaration.

Induction furnacesInductionfurnacesarethemostwidelyusedtypeoffurnaceformeltingironandareincreasinglypopularformeltingnonferrousmetals(USEPA,1992).Theyarepopularbecausetheyprovideexcellentmetallurgicalcontrolandarerelativelypollutionfree.

in situ depositTheoriginalnaturalstateoftheorebodybeforeminingorprocessingoftheoretakesplace.Thereservesarestillintheground.

Interest cover

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Ebitdadividedbyfinancecostsandunwindingofobligations.

Internal wasteAnywastewithinthereefchannel.

Intrusive eventTheintrusionofanigneousbodyintoolderrocks.

IronmakingDuringironmaking,iron-ore,coke,heatedairandlimestoneorotherfluxesarefedintoablastfurnacetoproducemoltenironthatisfreefromimpurities.

Iron-oreRocksordepositscontainingcompoundsfromwhichironcanbemade.

leachingDissolutionofgoldfromcrushedormilledmaterial,includingreclaimedslime,priortoabsorptiononactivatedcarbon.

ledgingThephaseofminingoforebeforestopingoperationslevelTheworkingsor tunnelsofanundergroundminewhichareonthesamehorizontalplane.

life of mine (lOM)Numberofyears that theoperation isplanning tomineand treatore,and is takenfromthecurrentmineplan.longwall miningAnundergroundhigh-productivitymechanisedminingsystemforextractingpanelsorblocksofmineral,usuallycoal.Market capitalisationNumberofordinarysharesinissueatcloseofbusinessonDecember31multipliedbytheclosingsharepriceasquotedontheJSE.

Metallurgical plantProcessingplantusedtotreatoreandextractthecontainedmetals.

Magnetic separationA process in which a magnetically susceptible mineral is separated from waste orundesirablemineralsbyapplyingastrongmagneticfield;oresofironarecommonlytreatedinthisway.MagnetiteFe3O4,ironoxide–adensemetallicgreyoremineralofiron.

Metallurgical plantAprocessingplanterectedtotreatoreandextractgoldorothermetal.

MetallurgyThe study and practice of removing valuable metals from an ore and refining theextractedrawmetalsintoapurerform.

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MillAprocessingplantwhichcrushesand treatsore for thepurposeofupgrading themineral content into a higher-grade product called a concentrate, or to producemetal.

MillingThecomminutionoftheore,althoughthetermhascometocoverthebroadrangeofmachineryinsidethetreatmentplantwherethemineralisseparatedfromtheore.Essentially,millingreducesbrokenoretoasizeatwhichconcentratingcanbeunder-taken.(Seealso‘comminution’).

Mine call factorThe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the total quantity of recovered andunrecoveredmineralproductafterprocessingwiththeamountestimated in theorebasedonsampling.The ratioofcontainedgolddelivered to themetallurgicalplantdividedbytheestimatedcontainedgoldoforeminedbasedonsampling.

MineableThatportionofamineraliseddepositforwhichextractionistechnicallyandeconomi-callyfeasible.

MineralogyThestudyofthechemistryandphysicalpropertiesoforeandganguemineralswithinmineraldeposits.

Mineral depositAmineralisedbody,whichhasbeendelineatedbyappropriatelyspaceddrillingand/orundergroundsamplingtosupportasufficienttonnageandaveragegradeofmetal.Thismaterialordepositdoesnotqualifyasareserveuntilacomprehensiveevaluation,basedoncosts,grade,recoveriesandotherfactors,demonstrateseconomicfeasibility.Consequently, although thepotential exists, there isnoassurance that thismineraldepositwilleverbecomeanorereserve.

Mineral reserveA mineral reserve is the economically mineable material derived from a measuredand/or indicatedmineral resource. It is inclusiveofdilutingmaterialsandallows forlossesthatmayoccurwhenthematerial ismined.Appropriateassessments,whichmayincludefeasibilitystudies,havebeencarriedout,includingconsiderationof,andmodification by, realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing,legal, environmental, social andgovernmental factors. Theseassessmentsdemon-strateatthetimeofreportingthatextractionisreasonablyjustified.Mineralreservesaresubdivided inorderof increasingconfidence intoprobablemineralreservesandprovenmineralreserves

Mineral resourceAmineralresourceisaconcentration(oroccurrence)ofmaterialofeconomicinterestin or on the earth’s crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are reason-ableandrealisticprospectsforeventualeconomicextraction.Thelocation,quantity,grade,continuityandothergeologicalcharacteristicsofamineralresourceareknown,

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estimated from specific geological evidence and knowledge, or interpreted from awell-constrainedandportrayedgeologicalmodel.Mineralresourcesaresubdivided,inorderof increasingconfidence in respectof geoscientific evidence, into inferred,indicatedandmeasuredcategories

Mineral resource classificationThere are several classification schemes worldwide, however the Canadian CIMclassification (NI 43-101), the Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee Code(JORCCode), and theSouthAfricanCode for theReportingofMineralResourcesandMineralReserves(SAMREC)arethegeneralstandards.An inferred mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than that applied toan indicated mineral resource. An indicated mineral resource has a higher level ofconfidencethananinferredmineralresourcebuthasalowerlevelofconfidencethanameasuredmineralresource. 1. Inferred mineral resource–Aninferredmineralresourceisthatpartofamineral

resourceforwhichtonnage,gradeandmineralcontentcanbeestimatedwithalowlevelofconfidence.Itisinferredfromgeologicalevidenceandassumedbutnotverifiedintermsofgeologicaland/orgradecontinuity.Itisbasedoninformationgathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops,trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that may be limited or of uncertainqualityandreliability.

2. Indicated mineral resource–An indicatedmineralresource isthepartofamineralresourceforwhichtonnage,densities,shape,physicalcharacteristics,gradeandmineralcontentcanbeestimatedwitha reasonable levelofconfi-dence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gatheredthroughappropriatetechniquesfromlocationssuchasoutcrops,trenches,pits,workingsanddrillholes.Thelocationsaretoowidelyorinappropriatelyplacedtoconfirmgeologicaland/orgradecontinuitybutarespacedcloselyenoughforcontinuitytobeassumed.

3.Measured mineral resource–Ameasuredmineralresourceisthatpartofamineralresourceforwhichtonnage,densities,shape,physicalcharacteristics,gradeandmineralcontentcanbeestimatedwithahighlevelofconfidence.Itisbasedondetailedandreliableexploration,samplingandtestinginformationgathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops,trenches,pits,workingsanddrillholes.Thelocationsarespacedcloseenoughtoconfirmgeologicalcontinuity.

further classification: •Probable mineral reserve–Aprobablemineralreserveisthemineablematerial

derivedfromameasuredand/orindicatedmineralresource.Itisestimatedwithalowerlevelofconfidencethanaprovedmineralreserve.Itisinclusiveofdilutingmaterialsandallowsforlossesthatmayoccurwhenthematerialismined.Appropriateassessments,whichmayincludefeasibilitystudies,havebeencarriedout,includingconsiderationof,andmodificationby,realisticallyassumedmining,metallurgical,economic,marketing,legal,environmental,socialandgovernmentalfactors.These

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assessmentsdemonstrateatthetimeofreportingthatextractionisreasonablyjustified.

•Proven mineral reserve–Aprovenmineralreserveistheeconomicallymine-ablematerialderivedfromameasuredmineralreserve.Itisestimatedwithahighlevelofconfidence.Itisinclusiveofdilutingmaterialsandallowsforlossesthatmay occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments, which mayincludefeasibilitystudies,havebeencarriedout,includingconsiderationofandmodificationby,realisticallyassumedmining,metallurgical,economic,marketing,legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessmentsdemonstrateatthetimeofreportingthatextractionisreasonablyjustified.

MinimillsSteelproductionplantsthatrelyonsteelscrapasabasematerialratherthanonore.Productsdonothavethetightchemicalcompositionof integratedplantsandhavenarrowerproductlines.

Mining rights (South Africa)Miningcompanies thatholdold-ordermining rightshave toconvert those rights tonew-orderminingrights(whichcanbeissuedforupto30years)tocontinuemininginSouthAfrica.TheprincipalrequirementoftheMiningCharterisblackownershipof15%by2009and26%by2014. •Whenwritingaboutmininglicenceapplicationsforprojects, it isnotnecessary

touse“thesubmissionforthenew-orderminingrightsapplication”,when“thesubmissionfortheminingrightsapplication”isbetter.

Monetary assetAnassetthatwillbesettledinafixedoreasilydeterminableamountofmoney.

Net asset value per shareTotalequityinthebalancesheetdividedbythesharesinissue.

Net capital employedEquityasdefinedaboveplusminorityinterestsandinterest-bearingborrowings,lesscashandcashequivalentsandothercash investments.Whereaveragenetcapitalemployedisreferredto,thisistheaverageofthefiguresatthebeginningandtheendofthefinancialyear.

Net debtBorrowingslesscashandcashequivalentsandothercashinvestments.

Net operating assetsMiningassets,inventories,tradeandotherreceivables(excludingvalue-addedtaxa-tion),lesstradeandotherpayables.

Net operating assetsTangible assets, the current and noncurrent portion of inventories, current andnoncurrenttradeandotherreceivables(excludingrecoverabletax,rebates,leviesandduties), lesscurrentandnoncurrent tradeandotherpayablesanddeferred income(excludingunearnedpremiumsonnormalsaleextendedcontracts).

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Net smelter return (NSR)Aroyaltypaymentmadebyaproducerofmetalsbasedongrossmetalproductionfromtheproperty,lessdeductionofcertainlimitedcostsincludingsmelting,refining,transportationandinsurancecosts.Net tangible asset value per shareTotalequityinbalancesheetlessintangibleassets,dividedbythenumberofordinarysharesinissue.Nonhedge derivative and other commodity contract gain (loss)DerivativesthatareneitherdesignatedasmeetingthenormalsaleexemptionunderIAS39,nordesignatedascashflowhedgesandothercommoditycontracts. •Thecompanysaidlossonnonhedgederivativesandothercommoditycontracts

wasR11,22-billionorUS$1,42-billioncomparedwithgainonnonhedgederiva-tivesandothercommoditycontractsofR148-millionorUS$92-millionlastyear.

Normal purchase normal sale exemption (NPSE)HedgecontractsdesignatedasmeetingtheexemptioncriteriaunderIAS39.NI 43-101 (National Instrument 43-101)A set of reporting and disclosure standards imposed by regulators on Canadian-listedminingandexplorationcompaniesthatgovernhowissuersreportscientificandtechnicalinformationabouttheirmineralprojectstothepublicanywhereintheworld.Itcoversoralstatementsaswellaswrittendocumentsandwebsites,anditrequiresthatalldisclosurebebasedonadvicebya“qualifiedperson”.Nonrefractory oreOrethatisrelativelyeasytotreatforrecoveryofthevaluablesubstances.NuggetAsmallmassofpreviousmetal,foundfreeinnature.OpenpitAminethatisentirelyonsurface.Alsoreferredtoasanopencastmine.Operatingmargin%Operatingprofitasapercentageofproduct(gold)income.OreAmixtureofvaluablemineralsandgangueminerals fromwhichat leastoneof themineralscanbeextractedataprofit.Ounce(plural ounces)abbreviationoz.1. An avoirdupois ounce, weighing 1/16 of an avoirdupois pound, or 28,3495

grams.2. Atroyounce,weighing1/12ofatroypound,or480grains,or31,1035grams.3. AUSfluidounce,withavolumeof1/16ofaUSpint,1,804687cubicinchesor

29,573531millilitres.4. ABritishimperialfluidounce,withavolumeof1/20ofanimperialpint,1,733871

cubicinchesor28,413063millilitres.OverburdenSoil,rockandothermaterialthathastoberemovedtoaccesstheeconomicmineralinopencastmining.

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Pay limitThegradeofaunitoforeatwhichtherevenuefromtherecoveredmineralcontentoftheoreisequaltothetotalcashcostincludingorereservedevelopmentandstay-in-businesscapital.Thisgradeisexpressedasaninsituvalueingramsatonorouncesashortton(beforedilutionandminerallosses).PelletAsmall,round,marble-sizedballofiron-oremanufacturedasfeedforblastfurnaces.

PelletisingThe process by which iron-ore is crushed, ground into a powder, rolled into ballsand fired in a furnace to produce strong, marble-sized pellets that contain 60%to 65% iron. Raw iron-ore pellets are generally manufactured within certain sizecate-goriesandwithmechanicalpropertieshighenoughtomaintainusefulnessduringthestressesoftransference,transportanduse.Bothmechanical forceandthermalprocessesareusedtoproducethecorrectpelletproperties.

Pig IronTheintermediateproductofsmeltingsteelorewithcokeandresin.Pigironhasaveryhighcarboncontent,typically3.5%to4.5%,whichmakesitverybrittleandnotusefuldirectlyasamaterialexceptforlimitedapplications.Pigironistypicallypoureddirectlyoutofthebottomoftheblastfurnacethroughatroughintoaladlecarfortransfertothesteelplantinliquidform,referredtoashotmetal.

Pillar miningTheminingofscatteredblocksof reefofvariablesizeusuallyassociatedwitholdershafts,whichhavebeen leftbehindandarenowbeingmined in the finalclean-upstageofthemine’sorebody.

PrecipitateThesolidproductofchemicalreactionbyfluidssuchasthezincprecipitationreferredtobelow.

Prefeasibility studyA relativelycomprehensiveanalysis that isqualifiedby theavailabilityandaccuracyoffundamentalcriteriaandassumptionstothedegreethatitcannotbethebasisforfinaldecisions.Thisisapreliminaryassessmentoftheeconomicviabilityofadepositandformsthebasisforjustifyingthecompletionofamoreexpensivefeasibilitystudy.Aprefeasibilitystudysummarisesallgeological,engineering,environmental,legalandeconomic information accumulated to date on the project. The prefeasibility studyshouldhaveerrorlimitsofabout25%.

PrestrippingRemovalofoverburden (waste rock) inadvanceofbeginningoperations to removeoreinanopenpitoperation.

Price received($/ozandR/kg)Attributablegoldincomeincludingrealisednonhedgederivativesdividedbyattribut-ableounces/kilogramssold.

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ProductivityAnexpressionoflabourproductivitybased,forexample,eitherontheratioofgramsofgoldproducedamonthtothetotalnumberofemployeesorareamined(insquaremetres)amonthtothetotalnumberofemployeesinundergroundminingoperations.

Project capitalCapital expenditure (Capex) to either bring a new operation into production; tomaterially increaseproductioncapacity;ortomateriallyextendtheproductive lifeofanasset.

Pyrite flotationThisistheadditionofasuiteofchemicalstoamixtureofgroundoreandsolutioninsuchawaythatafrothrichinpyrite,whichalsocontainsgold,floatstothesurfaceforcollection.

Qualified person(alsoseecompetentperson)Aqualifiedperson(QP)isdefinedinNI43-101(seeabovedefinition)asanindividualwho is an engineer or geoscientistwith at least five yearsof experience inmineralexploration, mine development or operation or mineral project assessment, or anycombinationof these; has experience relevant to the subjectmatter of themineralprojectandthetechnicalreport;andisamemberofgoodstandingofaprofessionalassociation.TheQPmustwarrant theaccuracyandcompletenessofacompany’stechnicalreportsandpublicdisclosuressuchaspressreleasesorpresentationsandretainsprofessionalresponsibilityforthecontentsofthereport.Realised nonhedge derivativesRepresents the current year income statement effect of nonhedge derivatives thatweresettledduringthecurrentyear.

ReclamationIntheSouthAfricancontext,reclamationdescribestheprocessofreclaimingslimes(tailings)dumpsusinghigh-pressurewatercannonstoformaslurrywhichispumpedbacktothemetallurgicalplantsforprocessing.

Recovered/ Recovery gradeThe actual grade of ore realised after the mining and treatment process. Therecoveredmineralcontentforeachunitoforetreated.ReefAgold-bearingsedimentaryhorizon,normallyaconglomeratebandthatmaycontaineconomiclevelsofgold.

RefiningThefinalpurificationprocessofametalormineral.

RehabilitationThe process of reclaiming land disturbed by mining to allow an appropriate post-mininguse.Rehabilitationstandardsaredefinedbycountry-specific laws including,butnotlimitedto,theSouthAfricanDepartmentofMineralResources,theUSBureauof Land Management, the US Forest Service, and the relevant Australian miningauthorities,andtackle,amongother issues,groundandsurfacewater, topsoil, final

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slopegradient,wastehandlingandrevegetationissues.Theimpactonneighbouringcommunitiesisofvitalimportance.

Related partyPartiesareconsideredrelatedifonepartyhastheabilitytocontroltheotherpartyorexercisesignificant influenceover theotherparty inmaking financial andoperatingdecisions.Resource calculationThe mathematical or statistical process of calculating or estimating the amount ofmaterialinamineraldeposit,usingdrillholeinformationincombinationwithavarietyofgeologicaldata.Resourcesaregenerallyquotedintermsoftonsofrockpresentwhichcontainaspecifiedgradeofmetal(s),forexample98-milliontonsat43%iron.Return on equityAdjustedheadlineearningsexpressedasapercentageoftheaverageequity,adjustedforthetimingofacquisitionsanddisposals.Return on net capitalAdjustedheadlineearningsbeforefinancecostsandunwindingofdecommissioningand restoration obligations expressed as a percentage of average net capitalemployed,adjustedforthetimingofacquisitionsanddisposals.Rod and tube millsThesearetypesofcirculargrindingmillsusedtobreaktheoredownintofineparticlesinpreparationfordissolvingoutthegoldbymeansofcyanide.Room-and-pillar(alsocalledbord-and-pillar)Aminingsystem inwhichtheminedmaterial isextractedacrossahorizontalplanewhile leaving pillar of untouched material to support the overburden leaving openareasorroomsunderground.It isusuallyusedforrelativelyflat-lyingdeposits,suchasthosethatfollowaparticularstratum.RoyaltyAnamountofmoneypaidatregularintervalsbythelesseeoroperatorofanexplor-ationorminingproperty to theownerof theground.Generallybasedonacertainamountatonorapercentageofthetotalproductionorprofits.Also,thefeepaidfortherighttouseapatentedprocess.

Secondary gold recoveryAnyscavengingprocessforgoldfollowinginitialprimarygoldrecovery.Seismic eventAsuddeninelasticdeformationwithinagivenvolumeofrockthatradiatesdetectableseismicwaves(energy).

Scoping studyThefirstlevelofengineeringstudythatisperformedonamineraldeposittodetermineitseconomicviability.Thisisusuallyperformedtodeterminewhethertheexpenseofafullprefeasibilitystudyandlaterafullfeasibilitystudyiswarranted.Scopingstudiesmaybecompletedinternallybythecompanyorbyindependentengineers.

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SinterPiecesorgranulesoffusediron-ore.

SinteringManufacturingprocessinwhichsinterisproducedfromfinerawiron-ore,smallcoke,sand-sized limestone and numerous other steel plant waste materials that containsomeiron.Thesefinematerialsareproportionedtoobtainadesiredproductchemistryandthenmixedtogether.Thisrawmaterialmixisthenplacedonasinteringstrand,whichissimilartoasteelconveyorbelt,whereitisignitedbyagasfired-furnaceandfusedbytheheatfromthecokefinesintolarger-sizepiecesof0,5into2,0in.

Significant influencefinance: Theability, directlyor indirectly, toparticipate in,but not exercisecontrolover,thefinancialandoperatingpolicydecisionofanentitysoastoobtaineconomicbenefitfromitsactivities.sustainability:Althoughaminingentitymayfeelthatitsactivitiesdonotimpacttheenvironment inwhichanearbycommunityoperates, theuseofundergroundwaterresourcesbytheminemaydepletecommunitywaterreserves.Theminingcompanywouldtherebedeemedtohaveasignificantinfluenceonthecommunity.

SkarnArockofcomplexmineralogicalcomposition,formedbycontactmetamorphismandmetasomatismofcarbonaterocks.ShaftA shaft provides principal access to the underground workings for transportingpersonnel,equipment,supplies,oreandwaste.Ashaft isalsoused forventilation,and as an auxiliary exit. It is equipped with a hoist system that lowers and raisesconveyancesformen,materialandoreintheshaft.

SlagThe vitreous mass separated from the fused metals in the smelting process, forexample impurities in the iron-ore that have been captured by limestone or otherfluxes.

SlipingThewideningofanexistingexcavation,eitherbymechanicalorexplosivemeans,toincreaseitsoveralldimensions.

SmeltingThermal processing whereby molten metal is liberated from beneficiated ore orconcentratewithimpuritiesseparatingaslighterslag.

Stay-in-business capitalCapitalexpendituretomaintainexistingproductionassets, includingreplacementofvehicles,plantandmachinery,orereservedevelopmentandcapexrelatedtosafety,healthandtheenvironment.

SteelSteel isanalloyof ironusuallycontaining lessthan1%carbonwhich isusedmost

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frequently in theautomotiveandconstruction industriesor iscast intobars, strips,sheets,nails,spikes,wire,rodsorpipesasneededbytheintendeduser.

Strip ratioTheratiooftonsofoverburdenwastematerialtotonsoforeinanopenpitmine.

Stope/sTheundergroundexcavationwithintheorebodywherethemainproductiontakesplace.

StopingTheprocessofminingtheorebodyontheplaneofthereef.

Stoping widthThesumofthechannelwidthandexternalwastewidths.

StrikeThedirectioninwhichahorizontallinecanbedrawnonaplane.

SyngeneticFormedcontemporaneouslywiththedepositionofthesediment.

TailingsTheportionof theore fromwhichmostof thevaluablematerialhasbeenremovedbyconcentratingandthatis,therefore,lowinvalueandrejected.

Tailings damDams or dumps created from waste material from processed ore after the eco-nomicallyrecoverablemetalhasbeenextracted.

Thermal processingTo give to iron-ore pellets high resistance metallurgic mechanics and appropriatecharacteristics, the pellets are subjected to thermal processing, which involvesstagesofdrying,dailypayburn,burn,after-burnandcooling(inacoolingtower).Thedurationofeachstageandthetemperaturethatthepelletsaresubjectedtohaveastronginfluenceonthefinalproductquality.

Thermal regenerationTheprocessofheatingactivatedcarbongranules typically to750 ºC to restore thepropertiesofcarbonforthenextgoldextractioncycle.

Thrusting eventAperiodofstructuralcompressioningeologicaltimewiththegenerationoflow-anglethrustfaults.

Total cash costs(totalcashcostsperounce)Ameasureoftheaveragecostofproducinganounceofgold,calculatedbydividingattributable total cash costs in a period by attributable total gold production (inounces) over the same period. Total cash costs include site costs for all mining,processing, administration, royalties and production taxes, as well as contributionsfrom by-products but are exclusive of depreciation, depletion and amortisation,rehabilitation, employment severance costs, corporate administration costs, capitalcostsandexplorationcosts.

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Total production costs(totalcashcostsperounce)Ameasureoftheaveragecostofproducinganounceofgold,calculatedbydividingattributabletotalproductioncostsinaperiodbyattributabletotalgoldproduction(inounces)overthesameperiod.Totalproductioncostsrepresenttotalcashcosts,plusdepreciation,depletionandamortisation,employeeseverancecostsandrehabilitationandothernoncashcosts.

TonWikipediadefinesseveralsimilarunitsofmassorvolumecalledtheton:

TonnageQuantitieswherethetonortonneisanappropriateunitofmeasure.Typicallyusedtomeasureresourcesandreservesofore-bearingmaterialinsituorquantitiesoforeandwastematerialmined,transportedormilled.

Tramming widthAdimensionusedtodenotetheeffectofwastetonsinthestopingoperation,suchas fromgullies,on the reef tonsproduced. It is thesumof thechannelwidthplustheimpactofwastetonnageinthestopingoperations,forexamplefromgulliesandextraneousfallsofground,expressedincentimetres.

full Common Quantity Notes

name name Pounds Kilograms longton “ton”(UK) 2,240.0 1,016.0 Usedincountriessuchas UnitedKingdomthatusethe imperialsystem,except Canada. Conveniently,themassis lessthan2%differentfrom themetricton.

shortton “ton”(US) 2,000.0 907.2 UsedintheUnitedStates andCanada.

tonne, “metricton” 2,204.6 1000.0 Thetonneisalsoknownjustmetricton (US,UK), asatoninareasthatusethe else“ton” metricmeasurementsystem.

ton 2,240.0 1,016.0 Usedintheironindustryinshortweight the17thcenturyand18th centuries.

ton 2,400.0 1,088.6 Usedintheironindustryinlongweight the17thand18thcenturies. Thehundredweightwas 120lb.

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Tribute agreementA legal agreement between two parties in which one party makes a portion of itsminingrightsavailabletotheotherpartyforexploitationinconsiderationforashareintherevenueandcostsderivedfromsuchminingrights.

Troy ounce(seeounce)(Used in imperial statistics)Equalto31,10348g.

Unrealised nonhedge derivatives and other commodity contractsThis represents the change in fair value, including translation differences, of allopennonhedgederivativepositionsandadjustmentstoothercommoditycontractsfromthepreviousreportingdatetothecurrentreportingdate.

Vibroseis survey(3-Dsurvey)Geophysical technique used to generate seismic waves of controlled frequencies.These waves reflect from rock interfaces and are analysed to produce three-dimensionalimagesofthesubsurfacegeologicalstructurewitharesolutionofaround25.Thisprocessfacilitatesaccuratelong-termmineplanning.

WasteBarren rock or mineralised material that is too low in grade to be economicallyprocessed.

Weighted average number of ordinary sharesThe number of ordinary shares in issue at the beginning of the year, increased bysharesissuedduringtheyear,weightedonatimebasisfortheperiodduringwhichtheyhaveparticipated in the incomeof thegroup,and increasedbyshareoptionsvirtuallycertaintobeexercised.

yieldThe amount of valuable mineral or metal recovered from each unit mass of oreexpressedasouncesashorttonorgramsametricton.Zinc precipitationZincistheelementusedtoprecipitategoldfromsolution.

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Annexure eightA collection of tips, homilies, sermons, fulminations, threnodies and other informationSomeofyouwillremembertheweeklytipsformerstyleguardianMike Stoneusedto stick above the printers. We wanted to ensure that these stuck. Over time, wehaveaddedandwillcontinuetoaddmaterial.Inessence,thisdocumentisatributetoallcontributors.Ifanyonehasanycontributions,pleaseshare.

InMike’swords taken fromhis first Fridayhomily, “It’sbeensaidbefore,butbearsrepeating: read,mark, learnand inwardly-digest thestylebook.Youmaynotagreewitheverythinginit,butifweallfollowitwewillavoidcorrections.

“Useyourdictionarymoreoften–not just forspellingsbutalso for themeaningofwords.Youcangetaneducationfromthisonesourcealone.”

Mike’s Second sermon, “This week we’ll look at George Orwell’s rules for goodwrittenEnglish:1. Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech that you are used to

seeinginprint.2. Neverusealongwordwhereashortonewilldo.3. Ifitispossibletocutawordout,alwayscutitout.4. Neverusethepassivewhereyoucanusetheactive.5. Neveruseaforeignphrase,ascientificword,orajargonwordifyoucanthinkof

aneverydayEnglishequivalent.6. Breakanyoftheserulessoonerthansayanythingoutrightbarbarous.”ThesixrulesaretakenfromPolitics and the English Language(1946),anessaybyOrwellcriticising“uglyandinaccurate”contemporarywrittenEnglish.Aprolificauthor,Orwellhimselfsometimesviolatedtheserulesand,concededthathehadnodoubtviolatedsomeofthemintheveryessayinwhichtheywereincluded.

It’snoteasy!Thatsaid,youareintroubleif:1. Yougetthefactswrong.Checkifunsure.2. Yougetthenameswrong.Atleast,havethecourtesytogetthenamesright.3. Youquoteverbatimandthewordingisunclear,confusedorbadgrammar.Rather

précis.InMike’sThirdThrenody,hewrote,“Inadditiontoabsorbingthestylebookandusingdictionaries, I’d suggest using a thesaurus, especially to avoid over-use of certainworlds–like‘major’foranythingofanysize,and‘amount’insteadof‘quantity’,‘sum’or‘number’.

Onthesamenotebuzzwordsinvogueatthemoment,inconversationandinprint,are‘huge’,’vast’,‘basically’,and‘key’.Pleaseavoidthem.”There was more in Mike’s Fourth Fulmination: “After last week’s threnody, when Isuggestedgreateruseofthesauritoavoidtheoveruseofcertainworlds,IrealisedthatI’llbeusingtheworld‘avoid’quiteoften.

“I say thisbecause,with language,except inspecificcases, Idon’tbelieve in totalbansonworldsandusages.

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“Thus, when seeking an alternative for ‘important’, ‘serious’, ‘significant’ or ‘thegreaterpartof’it’sacceptabletouse‘major’,oriffor‘keepaway’or‘refrainfrom’youmaysay‘avoid’.”

A return to buzz words“ThisweekI’dliketorevisitvoguewordsor,asonewriterdescribedthem,‘rubber-stamp’words.

“Thesearewordsoftenusedcarelesslyandwhichfrequentlyobscurethemeaningofwhatismeant.

“Some current favourites are:• ‘Amount’insteadof‘quantity’,‘sum’or‘number’• ‘Minimal’insteadof‘less’,‘small’,‘little’,‘few’or‘insignificant’• ‘Capability’isnearlyalwaysusedinplaceof‘ability’• And‘vast’,‘huge’and‘tremendous’shouldbeavoided.

Theuseofdictionaries featuredagain in “Apieceof serendipity’: ‘I keepexhortingyoualltouseyourdictionariesmore–adictionaryisawonderfulworldofwordsandtheirmeanings.

“This week, while researching something to speak about today, quite by chance IcameacrosstheAmericanwordforpetrol–gasoline.Itsabbreviation,gas,isusedinEnglishonlyin‘steponthegas’meaning‘tomakehaste’.Furtherreadingtoldmethattheoriginalnoun‘gas’wastheinventionofJBvanHelmont(1577–1644),suggestedbytheGreekword‘chaos’,andisoneofthemostsuccessfulofinventedwords.

We revisit overused words“Anothermuchoverusedword is ‘capability’,whenanyofanumberofalternativescouldbeused,suchasability,skills,expertise,accomplishments, talents,capacity,aptitudeorproficiency–andIcouldgoon.

InMike’sfifthFridayInculcation,hewrote:“IncessanteffortstobreakGeorgeOrwell’srulenumber two–neverusea longwordwhenashortonewilldo–often leadtonot-so-subtlechangesinmeaning.Commonare:• Definitivelyfordefinitely• Advancementforadvance• Fitmentforfitting• Capabilityforability• Methodologiesformethods• Usageforuse• Utilisingforusing• Andthere’saworldofdifferencebetweendisassembledanddissembled.”

Mikebeginstostartagaindealswithaparticularfavourite–commence!

“IoncereadthefollowinginoneofJames Clarke’sStoepTalkcolumnsregardinghisuseoftheword‘commence’whenhewaswhatusedtobeknownasa‘cub’reporter:‘Commence!’explodedhiseditor. ‘Nothingevercommences inmynewspaper– itstartsorbegins.’

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“Mybooksaysthis:Commence, initsordinarymeaningofbegin,isawhollyunnecessarywordanditsuseistobediscouraged.Perhapsitwasonceagenteelismbutitisidiomatictoday.

Pleasealsonote thatusing“embarked” insteadof “commenced” isalsounaccept-able.Don’teventhinkaboutusing“proceeded”.

“Along similar lines, my book says ‘purchase’ is inferior to ‘buy’. But then what isboughtbecomesa‘purchase’.

“Manypeopleconfuse‘consist’and‘comprise’:• ‘Consistof’iscorrect• ‘Comprise’iscorrect• ‘Compriseof’isnonsense.”

MoremoansfromMikestated:“Igetabitfedupwithpeoplewho,Iassume,don’tknow the difference between ‘continuing’ and continuous’ and as a consequencealwaysuse‘ongoing’forboth,whereasatruermeaningforongoingis‘current’or‘inprocess’.

“This week someone used the word ‘offing’, which was misspelt ‘offering’. Out ofinterestIlookeditup:itmeans‘thatpartoftheseathatcanbeseenfromtheshore’.Thus,initssecondsense,‘intheoffing’,itmeans‘likelytooccursoon’.”

AnotherofMike’sAdmonishmentsdealtwithspelling:“ForpeoplewhoearnalivingwritingEnglish,alltoomanyofyoucan’tdistinguishbetweenthefollowingspellings:

• Suitandsuite• Reinandreign• Leadandled(andlead)• Principleandprincipal• Analysisandanalyses• Mediaandmedium• Licenceandlicense• Practiceandpractise• Courseandcoarse• Alternateandalternative• Datumanddata• Affluentandeffluent• Vainandvein/vaneandvain• Meterandmetre• Complimentaryandcomplementary• Womanandwomen(!)• FinishandFinnish• Loseandloose• Company’sandcompanies• Peelandpeal• Heelandheal

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“I’vealsoseen:• Illicitforelicit• Formallyforformerly

“Also,noneofyouknowthedifferencebetween:• effectandaffect(andcan’tbebotheredtofindout)– andresorttosuchungrammaticalconstructionsas:• Impacton,and• Negativelyimpact.”

HeaddedinAfewfurther(orshouldthatbefartherorevenfather)notes:• Blockandbloc• Biannualandbiennial• Discanddisk• Lossandloose(again)• Creekandcreak• Exceptandexpect• Vagariesandvagrancies• Wearyandwary• Siteandsight(again)• Bornandborne• AreaandArena• Competenceandcompetency• Sewageandsewerage

“Ifyouworkhereyourreallyshouldfindoutthedifferencebetweensiliconandsilicone,and‘presently’iscreepingbackin–readthestylebook.”“Findtheword‘preventative’inadictionary.”

Acautionarynoticedrewattentiontowriterswhohadnotcheckedthedictionary.

“LastweekImentionedinmyfirstlawofproofreading:‘Ifindoubt,checkitout’.ThisweekI’dliketogiveyousomerecentexamplesofwriterssosureofthemselvesthattheychosewordshavingnotremotelythemeaningtheywanted:• Diffuseinsteadofdefuse• Appraisalforpraise• Predicateinsteadofpredict• Extremitiesforextremes• Eschewinsteadofdischarge.

“Further,afittingbecomesafitment(noun)onlyafterithasbeenfitted.”

Morewordssowing(orshouldthatbesewing?)confusionamongourliterati:• Breadthandbreath• Breathandbreathe• Brakeandbreak• Berthandbirth• Sightandsite• Premierandpremier

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• Plateauandplato• Dependentanddependant• Compriseandcompromise• Ratioandration• Warrantyandwarrantee• Ringerandwringer

I’vealsoseeneminentforimminent.

A word of warning“Inthepast,whentrainingothersintheartandscienceofproofreading,I’dadmon-ishthemthattherulenumberoneis‘ifindoubt,checkitout’,then,inthelastweek,IhadsomeonerenderSADCasSouthAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(whichI’vealsohadasSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCorporation)andsomeoneelseDBSAasDevelopmentBandofSouthAfrica.Thereisasubstantialdifferencebetween’South’and ‘Southern’Africa, sowhen Iheard thenewsreaderon702newsspeakof theDevelopmentBankofSouthAfrica,Ithoughtittimetoadvisecautionwhentranscrib-ingunfamiliarabbreviationsandacronyms.”

Mike’s Eighth Admonishment dealt with Americanese. “A couple of hundred yearsagoanAmerican lexicographer,NoaWebster,compiled theAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(betterknownthesedaysasWebster’sDictionary)inwhichhecausedoffencetoEnglishlanguagepuristsbysimplifyingspellings.Some(asin‘com-puterese’withanalogandprogram)wehavebeenforcedtoaccept;othersoftheseabominations(theworstmustbe‘nite’)shouldbeavoidedatallcosts.”

InMoreofMike’saversiontoAmericanese,hewrote,“Whenyouseeafamiliarwordused inanunfamiliarway, letyourcuriositybearoused. Inthiswaywemightavoidsuchaberrationsas‘leverage’havingitsmeaningchangedto‘influence’,‘intervene’,‘mediate’ortobringabout’anditspronunciationchangedtoleverage.”

Afurthercautionwas,“I’dliketodealwithausagecreepingfromcomputereseintoproperEnglishwiththeword‘access’.IncomputereseyoumayaccessaprogramoryoumayaccessaWebsitebutinproperEnglishyougainaccesstoormaybegivenaccesstoorhaveaccesstosomewherefromsomewhereelse.”

English American

Aeroplane AirplaneSceptic SkepticAnalyse AnalyzeColour ColorNeighbour NeighborGrey GrayTyre TireStorey StoryAutumn Fall

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Healsopointedout,“Rememberthatyoucangetsomething‘fornothing’andyoucangetsomething‘free’butyoucannotgetanything‘forfree’.

“Why does:• Amarketalwayshavetobeamarketplace?• Arecordalwayshavetobeatrackrecord(andwhatisatrackrecord)?• Aspectrumalwayshavetobebroad?• Foreign(orabroad)alwayshavetobeoverseas?• Provedalwayshavetobeproven?• Prompt(ortimely)alwayshavetobetimeous?• Astrikealwayshavetobecrippling?• Leavingalwayshavetobeexiting?• Buyalwayshavetobepurchase?• Start(orbegin)alwayshavetobecommence?• Atestalwayshavetobeacid?• Researchalwayshavetobeintensive?• Ayear(orahundred)alwayshavetobe‘oneyear’(or‘onehundred’)• Aperiodalwayshavetobeoftime?”

InafurtherpleaforplainEnglish,Mikewrote,“NotlongagoIreadthefollowing:

One of the most important trends in contemporary language use is the move towards developing a ‘plain’ English in official speech and writing. The main aim of the Plain English campaigns in Britain and the US is to attach the use of unnecessarily complicated language by government departments, businesses, and any other group whose role puts them in linguistic contact with the general public. Application forms, safety instructions, official letters, licences, contracts, insurance policies, hire- purchase documents, guarantees, and other documents, the campaigners argue, should be presented clearly, using language that people are likely to understand.

“Aweekorsolater,onamedicalaidstatementfromFedsureHealth,Ifoundthis:Please note that from 1 January 2000 members will need to pay providers upfront for any differences in cost between patent medication and MMAP (The Maximum Medical Aid Price – the price of established generic medication) as well as any levy per incident payments and 80% scheme payments.

“Isthispretentiousobfuscation,gobbledegookorflummery?”

Don’t forget it’s:• ‘eitheror’• ‘neithernor’• ‘notonly…butalso’.

further differences between speaking and writingInspeech,wroteMike, theword ‘never’ is frequentlyusedtomean ’didnot’,as in‘Ineverheardyoucomein’.Thisistobeavoidedwhenwriting,so,ifyouthinkofitsmeaning,‘notever’,youwillneveruse‘never’wronglyagain.Twoexampleswhere‘didnot’shouldhavebeenused:

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“Earnhardt,knownonthetrackas‘TheIntimidator’neverregainedconsciousness.”–TheStar“TheNUMbranchmanagersaysthefirmnevershowedanyprofit’–MW

Possessivesareeasyifyoujustremember:Theboy’shat(singularpossessive)Theboys’hats(pluralpossessive)

A resumption of hostilitieswasthetitleofablastfromMikeabouttheincorrectusageof:• ‘Inexcessof’shouldnotbeusedindiscriminatelyfor‘morethan’,as in‘Iron-ore

reservesinexcessofabilliontons’or‘Hedroveinexcessofahundredkilometres’.Theword‘over’mayalsobeusedinitssenseofaboveinvalue,quantityornumber.

• A lotofpeoplespenda lotof timesaying (andworsestill,writing) ‘A lot’. I canrememberbeingtaughtinprimaryschoolthatthisisthesortoflanguageusedbysmallchildren.Please findanalternativesuchas `much’, ‘aquantity’or ‘agreatdeal’.

One for the distaff sidewasthetitleofpieceabouttheusageof‘lady’or‘ladies’:“Allladiesarewomenbutnotallwomenare ladiesso,generally,unlessshehasatitle,callherawoman.

“My book says: lady, which has a social – almost a society – connotation, shouldnotbeusedasasynonymforwoman,anymorethangentlemanshouldbeusedasasynonymforman.Itisreasonable,though,touseboth ladyandgentlemaninthepresenceofthepersonsconcerned,asin‘Pleaseshowthisladywheretosit’.

“Andpleasenotethedifferenceinspellingandpronunciationofwomanandwomen.

“Theword‘lady’comesfromOldEnglishhlaefdige,literally‘thebreadkneader’.”

Allwriterslearnthehardway.Therearesomanypitfallsand,intestimony:Mike shoots himself in the foot.

“SometimeagoIwasgoingtosayafewwordsaboutthoseabbreviationsknownasacronymsbut,forwhateverreason,didnotuseit.Then,earlierthisweek,IfellvictimtowhatIwarnedagainst,whenIchangedSNOtoSnoandhadTerencejumpingupanddown.

“Thestylebooktellsus:Ifanabbreviationcanbepronounced,(forexampleNumsa,Nato,SeifsaandGatt) then it iswritten inupperand lowercase. Incaseswhere itcannotbepronounced,capitalsareused(forexample,SABCandGDP).

“NotethatNUMandDINarewrittenincapitalsbecausethisisthewayinwhichtheyarecommonlyreferredto.

“Andthat’swheretheproblemsstartbecause,forinstance,I’veneverheardanLEDcalledaLed.Icanonlysuggestthat,whenindoubt,youcheckwithyoursource.”

Never use the term “Pin” number and you will never be guilty of writing Personalidentitynumbernumber.

In Mike dictates a diktat hewrote:“This week someone wrote ‘patients will only need two treatments’, which should

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haveread‘patientswillneedonlytwotreatments’.Ithappensallthetime.“AndhoweverhardItry Icannotgeteveryonetograspthetwomeaningsof‘how-ever’.“However can come at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence,butisbestpositionedimmediatelyaftertheitemthatitisheldupforcontrast:‘Inthemorning, however, nothing was done’ (in contrast to the preceding afternoon). Itshouldbesurroundedbycommasunlessitmeans‘nomatterhow’,asin‘howeverhardItry...’.“I’ve mentioned ‘paradigm’ and ‘quantum’ before. If you don’t know their precisemeaningdon’tusethem.“To recapitulate (not recap): if you don’t know where to put ‘only’ or how to use`however’orexactlywhat‘paradigm’and‘quantum’mean,recastthesentenceandleavethemout.“Ihavebeenwondering–notwandering–howmanyofyouknewtheword‘fillip’,andwondering–notwandering–howmanydidn’tsolookeditup.”

Another friday fillip:“A vogue word in recent months has been ‘competency’ where ‘competence’ ismeant.Competencemeansafairlyhighdegreeofability.Competency’smainmean-ingisone’scapacitytotestifyinacourtoflaw.Not longago Ihada reasonto lookuptheword ‘patrol’ inmydictionaryandwassomewhatsurprisedtofindthatitisborrowedfromanoldFrenchwordmeaning‘topaddleinmud’.‘Inflammable’, Iwassurprisedtofind, isasynonymof‘flammable’,meaning‘easilysetonfire’.Thingsthatwillnotburnare‘nonflammable’.”Mike Hyphen-Stone goes into reverse,“ThisweekI’dliketodealwith(notaddress)prefixes.“TheConcise Oxford Dictionaryhasthistosayaboutthishandwayofcreatingnewwords:‘Prefix:averbalelementplacedatthebeginningofawordtoadjustorqualifyitsmeaning’.“Thereareover100commonprefixesandsuffixes inEnglish,someprefixesbeing:anti-;co-;ex-;re-;sub-;ultra-andun-.“ManywritersofEnglishthinkallprefixesshouldbefollowedbyahyphen,whereas,iftheytookthetroubletolookintheirdictionaries,theywouldfindthat,inmostcases,theoppositeistrue,theexceptionsusuallysuggestingthemselves.”Mike-hyphen-Stone’s guide to prefixesshedsmorelight:“I’msuremanyofyouwillbesurprisedtofindhowfewprefixesarehyphenated.Noneofthefollowingare,exceptwherenoted:AnteAntiAutoBackBiBio

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CoCrossisonetotakecarewithElectroGeoHydroHyperInterMisMultiNonOutOverPostalsoneedscarePreishyphenatedonlywherefollowedbyacapitalletter,asareProandPseudoReishyphenedonly inre-cover(tocoveragain)andre-create(tocreateanew)andwhenfollowedbyan‘e’Self-isanexceptionthatprovestherulebyalwaysbeinghyphenedSemiisonlybefore‘i’SubSuperUn,underanduniWell-isalwayshyphened.”

More on hyphenationWhendoyouhyphenate:shortterm,longterm,worldclass?First some basic grammar: a noun is a word that stands for a person or thing.Examplesinclude:John,building,horseandcellphone.An adjective is a word that describes something: friendly, blue, enticing and furry.Whenatwo-wordadjectiveiswrittenbeforeanoun,hyphenationissometimesusedforclarityandtomakethesentenceseasiertoread.You can’t hyphenate every adjective that appears in front of a noun. That irritatesthe reader. In engineering ‘speak’, you will find that when it comes to describ-ing machinery, adjective hyphenation becomes difficult, for example: A low seamtwin-boom mobile bolter for coal mining. In fact, ‘twin-boom’ was not hyphenatedin the original text. ‘Low seam’ does not describe the ‘bolter’; ‘low’ describes theseam(thenoun)inthecoalmineandisaone-wordadjective,whichdoesnotrequirehyphenation.Therearemanyexceptionstotwowordadjectivehyphenation:• Stockexchangereport.• Broadbasedblackeconomicempowerment.Whatdoyoudoifyouarenotsure?UseGoogle?Googlethephraseandcheckthemostcommonusage.Oftenyou’ll find thatanEngineering NewsorMining Weekly

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referenceisshown–usethat!

Some sources of modern English words “There are really only a few ways of creating new words. Quite a few are simplytakenoverfromotherlanguages;theyarecalled’borrowings’or‘loanwords’(slightlymisleadingwhenyouconsiderthatthe languagedoesn’tgivethemback!)OverthenextfewweeksI’lllistsomeforyoustartingwith:

Afrikaans:aardvark,apartheid,braai,commando,snoekandtrek.

American Indian languages:moccasin,wigwam,squaw

Anglo-Saxon:God,house,rain,sea,beer,sheep,gospel,rainbow,Sunday,crafty,wisdom,understand.

Arabic: sultan,sheikh,hashish,harem,ghoul,algebra.

Australian:dingo,wombat,boomerang,budgerigar,plonk(cheapwine)

french: aunt, debt, fruit, table, challenge, venison medicine, justice, victory, sacri-fice,prince,castle,dinner,grotesque,garage,moustache,unique,brochure,police,montage,voyeur.

Dutch:frolic,cruise,slim,yacht

Eskimo:kayak,igloo,anorak

finnish:sauna

Gaelic:brogue,galore,leprechaun,banshee

German:waltz,hamster,zinc,plunder,poodle,paraffin,yodel,angst,strafe,snorkel.Blitz.”

Possessives“A few random alternatives are: manufacturers, producers, operators, partners,entities,contributorsandindividuals.

“Some of you still have trouble with possessives, even easy ones like ‘the boy’shat’ and ‘the boys’ hats’, but the problems really start where spellings change asin companies (plural – not possessive – of ‘company’) and company’s (singularpossessive).”

Here, There, This, That,These, ThoseWhendoyouuseanyoftheabove?Hereisusedforsomethingneartous.“Hereiscupoftea.”There isusedforsomethingfurtheraway.“Therearemorecupsinthekitchen.”

Thisissingular–usedtoindicateoneobject.“Thiscupiscold.”Thatisalsosingularandusedwiththere.“Thatisyourcupoverthere”.

Theseisplural.“Thesecupsareallcold.”Thoseispluralandusedwiththere.“Thosecupsoverthereareallcold.”

There,however,canalsobeusedforbothsingularandplural.“Thereisonecuponthedesk”.‘Therearemorecupsonthosedesksoverthere.”Justrememberthecup/softeaandyou’llgetitright!

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Ode to a SpellcheckerThe ‘Ode to a Spellchecker’ was written by Professor Jerrold Zar of NorthernIllinoisUniversityandpublishedintheJanuary/February1994issueoftheJournalofIrreproducibleResults. Itbecamewidelycirculatedbyemailandtheattributionwaslost.BelowIhavetranscribedthepoeminitsentirety,alongwitha“translation”.THE POEM TRANSlATIONEyehalveaspellingcheckher; Ihaveaspellingchecker;Itcamewithmypeasea. ItcamewithmyPC.Itplaneleemarksfourmyrevue ItplainlymarksformyreviewMisssteaksayekinknotsea. MistakesIcannotsee.Eyeranthispoemthrewit IranthispoemthroughitYoursurereelgladtwono. You’resurerealgladtoknow.Itsvarypolishedinit’sweigh, It’sverypolishedinitsway,Mycheckertolledmesew. Mycheckertoldmeso.Acheckherisablesssing; Acheckerisablessing;Itfreezeyewlodesofthyme. Itfreesyouloadsoftime.Ithelpsmerightawlstilestworeed, Ithelpsmewrite,allstylestoread,Andaidesmewhenayerime. AndaidsmewhenIrhyme.Eachfrayscomeposedup Eachphrasecomposedupononmyscreen myscreenEyetrussedtoobeeajoule; Itrusttobeajewel;Thecheckerpourso’ereveryword Thecheckerporeso’ereverywordTochequesumspellingrule. Tochecksomespellingrule.Beeforeweerotewithcheckers BeforewewrotewithcheckersHourspellingwasinndeckline, Ourspellingwasindecline,Buttnowwhenweedewhavealaps, Butnowwhenwedohavealapse,Weeareknotmaidtoowine. Wearenotmadetowhine.Buttnowbeecausemyspelling ButnowbecausemyspellingIscheckedwithsuchgrateflare, Ischeckedwithsuchgreatflair,Theirareknowfaultswithinmycite, Therearenofaultswithinmysight,Ofnuneyeamawear. OfnoneIamaware.Nowspellingdoesknotphaseme, Nowspellingdoesnotfazeme,Itdoesknotbringatier; Itdoesnotbringatear;Mypaypurrsawlduegladden MypapersalldogladdenWithwrappedwordsfareashear. Withwrappedwordsfairashere.Toritewithcareisquiteafeet TowritewithcareisquiteafeatOfwitchwonshouldbeproud; Ofwhichoneshouldbeproud;Andweemusseddewdabestweecan AndwemustdothebestwecanSewflawsareknotaloud. Soflawsarenotallowed.That’swhyeyebrakeintwoaverse That’swhyIbreakintoaverseCuzeyedewwanttooplease. CauseIdowanttoplease.Sowgladeyeyamthatayedidbye SogladIamthatIdidbuyThissoftwearfourpeaseas. ThissoftwareforPCs.

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Jerrold ZarNorthernIllinoisUniversityDeKalb,IL60115-2864http://www.bios.niu.edu/zar/zar.html

BasedonopeninglinessuggestedbyMarkEckman.Bytheauthor’scount,127ofthe225wordsofthepoemareincorrect(althoughallwordsarecorrectlyspelled).

PublishedJanuary/February1994,onpage13,inJournalofIrreproducibleResultsc/oWisdomSimulators,Inc.P.O.Box380853Cambridge,MA02238

ThetitleOdetoaSpellcheckerwasnotoriginal,butseemsappropriate.IthinkthatZarhadcalleditonly“ACandidateforaPulletSurprise.”Thepoemisasfunnytodayas itwaswhen itwasoriginallypublished,almosttenyearsago. Itsurelyneedsnoupdate,exceptperhapsanewverseof‘IMspeak’,fullofits-it’serrorsandabrv4U!

Zarisaprofessorofbiostatistics.Isuspecthegivesamusinglectures.

Country Currency SymbolAfghanistan afghani AfAlbania lek LkAlgeria Algeriandinar ADAngola kwanza KzArgentina peso PsArmenia dram DramAruba Arubanflorin AflAustralia Australiandollar A$Austria euro €Azerbaijan manat ManatBahamas Bahamiandollar B$Bahrain Bahrainidinar BDBangladesh taka TkBarbados Barbadiandollar Bd$Belarus rubel BRbBelgium euro €

Annexure 10The currencies’ guideThecorrectspellingofcurrenciesandusageoftheirsymbolshasattractedcon-siderabledebateamongmembersoftheCreamerMediateam.Weare,there-fore,guidedbyTheEconomistusage.

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Country Currency SymbolBelize Belizedollar Bz$Benin CFAfranc CFAfra

Bermuda Bermudadollar Bda$Bhutan ngultrum NuBolivia boliviano BsBosnia&Hercegovina convertiblemarka KMBotswana pula PBrazil real(pl.reais) RBrunei Bruneidollar/ringgit Br$Bulgaria lev LvBurkinaFaso CFAfranc CFAfrBurundi Burundifranc BufrCambodia riel CRCameroon CFAfranc CFAfrCanada Canadiandollar C$CapeVerde CapeVerdeescudo CVEscCentralAfricanRepublic CFAfranc CFAfrChad CFAfranc CFAfrChile Chileanpeso PsChina yuan/renminbi RmbColombia Colombianpeso PsComoros Comorianfranc CfrCongo(Brazzaville) CFAfranc CFAfrCongo(Dem.Rep.of) Congolesefranc FCNZCostaRica CostaRicancolón CCôted’Ivoire CFAfranc CFAfrCroatia kuna HRKCuba Cubanpeso PsCyprus Cypruspound/Turkishlira C£/TLCzechRepublic koruna KcDenmark Danishkrone DKrDjibouti Djiboutifranc DfrDominicanRepublic DominicanRepublicpeso PsDubai UAEdirham DhEastTimor USdollar US$Ecuador USdollar US$Egypt Egyptianpound £EElSalvador ElSalvadorcolón CEquatorialGuinea CFAfranc CFAfrEritrea nafka NfaEstonia kroon EEKEthiopia birr Birr

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Country Currency SymbolFiji FijiorFijiandollar F$Finland euro €France euro €Gabon CFAfranc CFAfrTheGambia dalasi DGeorgia lari LariGermany euro €Ghana cedi CGreece euro €Grenada EastCaribbeandollar EC$Guatemala quetzal QGuinea Guineanfranc GnfGuinea-Bissau CFAfranc CFAfrGuyana Guyanesedollar G$Haiti gourde GHonduras lempira LaHongKong HongKongdollar HK$Hungary forint FtIceland krona IkrIndia Indianrupee RsIndonesia rupiah RpIran rial IRIraq NewIraqidinar NIDIreland euro €Israel NewIsraelishekel NISItaly euro €Jamaica Jamaicandollar J$Japan yen ¥Jordan Jordaniandinar JDKazakhstan tenge TengeKenya Kenyashilling KShKirgizstan som SomNorthKorea wonorNorthKoreanwon WonSouthKorea wonorSouthKoreanwon WKuwait Kuwaitidinar KDLaos kip KLatvia lat LVLLebanon Lebanesepound L£Lesotho loti(pl.maloti) MLiberia Liberiandollar L$Libya Libyandinar LDLithuania litas LTL

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Country Currency SymbolLuxembourg euro €Macau pataca MPtcMacedonia denar Den

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INSTRUCTION TEXTUALMARKS MARGINALMARK&NOTES

Set in or change to Encircle character(s) to Romroman type be changed

Set in or change to Italitalic type Under character(s) to be set or changed

Set in or change to capital letters Under character(s) to be or caps set or changed

Set in or change to small caps Under character(s) to be or s.c. set or changed

Set in or change to capital letters for initialletters and small capitals Under initial letters for the rest of the words under rest of word(s)

Set in or change to bold type Under character(s) to be or B.F. set or changed

Set in or change to bold italic type Under character(s) to be or B.F. Ital set or changed

Change capital letters to lower case letters Encircle character(s) to be changed or l.c.

Substitute or insert Throughcharacter in “superior” characterposition or where required eg

Substitute or insert Throughcharacter in “inferior” characterposition or where required eg

Substitute or insert Throughfull stop character or where required

Understanding readers’ marks

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INSTRUCTION TEXTUALMARKS MARGINALMARK&NOTES

Correction is None Make after each correctionconcluded

Leave Stetunchanged Under characters to remain

Refer to appropriate Encircle word(s)authority anything of affecteddoubtful accuracy

Insert in text the (caret mark) New matter followed bymatter indicated inthe margin

Insert in text additional Followed by The relevant section ofmatter identified by for example the copy sould be supplied with the corresponding letter marked on it in a diamond. eg.

Delete Through character(s)

or

Through words to be deleted

Delete and close up Through character(s)

or

through words

Close up – delete space

Substitute character or Through New charactersubstitute part of one characteror more word(s) or or

Through words new word(s)

Wrong font replaced by Encircle character(s) to or w.f.characters of correct be changedfont

Understanding readers’ marks