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A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA
[@ZN@T
2;?2?5 I@Z@MH_F@AY H[ I@LMNA@8
@INY@I K^ EHCA IBAN@M- _[N\CBAN ABNIHH-I@ZBA _NMMB^ BAI [HD@[
\HPYCBMM
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A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA[@ZN@T2
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA[@ZN@T2
@INY@I K^ EHCA IBAN@M- _[N\CBAN ABNIHH-I@ZBA _NMMB^ BAI [HD@[
\HPYCBMM
;?2?5 I@Z@MH_F@AY H[ I@LMNA@8
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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_kmn|c`i na \hyc Bj{nlb k~5
Tny| Panz`{|ny~ _{`||
2 Eba \fy| Bz`a`Ehcbaa`|k{d;??2cyyp5((tny|p{`||!tny|!bl!ub
_kmn|c`i `inynha lhp~{ndcy Tny| Panz`{|ny~ _{`|| ;?2?Lhfpnmbynha
lhp~{ndcy @inynha `inyh{| ;?2?Lcbpy`{ lhp~{ndcy Nainznibm
lhay{nkyh{| ;?2?
Jn{|y pkmn|c`i ;?2?
N\KA >43&2&3:329&02:&9
Bmm {ndcy| {`|`{z`i! Ah pb{y hj ycn| pkmnlbynha fb~ k`
{`p{hil`i- |yh{`i na b {`y{n`zbm|~|y`f- h{ y{ba|fnyy`i na ba~ jh{f
h{ k~ ba~ f`ba|- `m`ly{hanl- f`lcbanlbm- pchyh&lhp~nad-
{`lh{inad h{ hyc`{tn|`- tnychy yc` t{nyy`a p`{fn||nha hj yc`
pkmn|c`{-`sl`py na bllh{ibal` tnyc yc` p{hzn|nha| hj yc` Lhp~{ndcy
Bly- Bly >3 hj 2>43!
Lhz { nfbd`5 Bj{nlb F`inb Hamna` Y {{~ J`k{b{~ Lbp` Yhta
\ybinf
_{he`ly fbabd`i k~ Fhanlb \``k`{Lhz`{ i`|nda bai mb~hy k~
Chych|` \hyc Bj{nlb_{nay`i bai khai k~ Pmy{b Mnych #_y~. Myi!
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Lhay`ay| z
_{`jbl` ns
NAY[HIPLYNHA 2
\hyc Bj{nlb ;?2?5 J{hf |ch{y&y`{f |ll`|| yh mhad&y`{f
i`lmna`8
[hd`{ \hycbmm
_B[Y 25 @LHAHF - @LHMHD^ BAI \P\YBNABKNMNY^
NAY[HIPLYNHA ;9
\hyc Bj{nlb bai yc` `lh&mhdnl hj yc` dmhkbm lbpnybmn|y
l{n|n|I`zba _nmmb~
LCB_Y@[ 2
Yc` |yby` hj yc` \hyc Bj{nlba `lhahf~
\``{be Fhcbf`i
LCB_Y@[ ; :0
Yc` nay`{abynhabm `lhahfnl l{n|n| bai `fpmh~f`ay na \hyc
Bj{nlb
A`zb Fbgd`ymb
LCB_Y@[ < 34
Yc` `lhahfnl nfpbly hj \hyc Bj{nlb| ;?2? Th{mi Lp5 @s bay`
bfknynha|
bai ph||nkm` `s ph|y{`bmnyn`|
\lb{m`yy Lh{a`mn||`a
LCB_Y@[ 9 2?9
D{htyc- {`|h{l` |` bai i`lhpmnad5 Yhtb{i| b d{``a a`t i`bm jh{
\hyc Bj{nlb8
Fb{g \tnmmnad
LCB_Y@[ 0 2
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_B[Y ;5 \YBY@- _HMNYNL\ BAI _HMNL^
NAY[HIPLYNHA 203
Yc` phmnynl| bai lcbmm`ad`| hj i`mnz`{~
Ehca Iban`m
LCB_Y@[ : 2:9
Yc` Bj{nlba Abynhabm Lhad{`|| ai`{ Eblhk Ufb
Baycha~ Kym`{
LCB_Y@[ 4 239
Naind`ay fbabd`f`ay5 B |y{by`dnl {`|pha|` yh yc` |y{ddm`| hj yc`
phh{ na
ph|y&bpb{yc`ni \hyc Bj{nlb
_{n|cban Abnihh
LCB_Y@[ 3 ;?0
J`b{- `a`{zbynha bai yc` |~|y`fbyn|bynha hj in|h{i`{5 Lcbmm`ad`|
yh {`jh{fnad
yc` I`pb{yf`ay hj Chf` Bjjbn{|
Lhmna Chbd
LCB_Y@[ > ;23
Yc` fhknm` abynha5 Cht fnd{bynha lhayna`| yh |cbp` \hyc
Bj{nlb
Mh{`a Mbaib- Yb{b _hmu`{ bai B{`mnb Tb Gbkt`&\`dbyyn
LCB_Y@[ 2? ;
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LCB_Y@[ 29
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cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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_{`jbl`
Na p{hilnad ycn|- yc` jn{|y `inynha hj yc`A`t \hyc Bj{nlba
[`zn`t- ny| `inyh{| |``g yh jhmmht
ycby y{binynha hj l{nynlbm |lchmb{|cnp `|ybkmn|c`i |h jn{fm~ k~
yc` |`z`a zhmf`| hj yc` \hyc
Bj{nlba [`zn`t tcnlc bpp`b{`i na yc` 2>3?| bai 2>>?|!
Yc`~ p{hzni`i nazbmbkm` na|ndcy|
nayh yc` bpb{yc`ni |yby`| |y{by`dn`| bai yc` phpmb{ {`|pha|`|
bai |y{ddm`| hj ych|` y{hkm`i
bai injjnlmy ~`b{|! Aht- jnjy``a ~`b{| nayh yc` fbgnad hj \hyc
Bj{nlb| i`fhl{bl~- yc` n||`|
tcnlc jbl` h{ |hln`y~ b{` z`{~ injj`{`ay- bmk`ny k`b{nad yc`
c`bz~ nfp{nay hj yc` lhay{~|
inzni`i bai a`rbm pb|y! \nal` 2>>9- yc` |ll`||nz`
dhz`{af`ay| c`bi`i k~ BAL p{`|ni`ay|
Fbai`mb- Fk`gn- Fhymbayc` bai Ufb cbz` ahy ham~ cbi yh b||f` yc`
ah{fbm k{i`a| hj
|yby` ky bm|h yh lhaj{hay fb||nz` lcbmm`ad`| hj y{ba|jh{fbynha
bl{h|| yc` phmnynlbm- lhahfnl-|hlnbm bai nay`{abynhabm |pc`{`|!
Na {`y{h|p`ly- yc`{` cbz` k``a lha|ni`{bkm` blcn`z`f`ay|! `y-
bdbna- yc`{` cbz` k``a
fba~ t{had fhz`|- fba~ ihta{ndcy jbnm{`| bai fba~
in|bpphnayf`ay|- `z`a ychdc t`
|chmi- p`{cbp|- k` cfkm` ahdc yh {`lhdan|` ycby- tnyc ny|
pb{ynlmb{ m`dbln`|- \hyc Bj{nlb
n| ahy ba `b|~ lhay{~ yh dhz`{a! Yc| ny n| ycby yc` hke`lynz` hj
yc`A`t \hyc Bj{nlba [`zn`t
n| yh p{hzni` b jh{f jh{ {`jm`lynha pha blcn`z`f`ay|- p{hkm`f|
bai lcbmm`ad`|- bai yh |ynf&
mby` i`kby` k`yt``a inz`{d`ay ph|nynha| c`mi pha b tni` {bad` hj
n||`|! Ny n| nay`ai`i yh
k` bll`||nkm` yh b tni` {bad` hj {`bi`{|cnp- bai yh i{bt pha
bych{| j{hf t`mm k`~hai blb&
i`fnb! Ny| hke`lynz` n| yh k` najh{fbynz`- in|l{|nz` bai- by
ynf`|- yh k` ihta{ndcy p{hzhlbynz`!
Ny n| ahy nay`ai`i yh k` ba baabm {`zn`t hj `z`ay|- bmychdc ny
tnmm |``g yh p{hzni` lhay`f&
ph{b{~ lhff`ay- bai ny tnmm `adbd` tnyc #nai``i- |``g hy. l{{`ay
lhay{hz`{|n`|!
Yc` A`t \hyc Bj{nlba [`zn`t n| ch|`i na yc` I`pb{yf`ay hj
\hlnhmhd~ by yc`
Panz`{|ny~ hj yc` Tnytby`{|{bai! T |chmi mng` yh blgahtm`id`-
tnyc ycbag|- jnabalnbm |p&
ph{y j{hf yc` Gha{bi Bi`ab`{ Jhaibynha bai j{hf yc` Jblmy~
[`|`b{lc Lhffnyy`` hj
yc` Jblmy~ hj Cfbanyn`| by Tny|! A`nyc`{ hj ych|` khin`| n|
{`|pha|nkm` jh{ ba~ hj yc` zn`t|
`sp{`||`i na ba~ lcbpy`{| hj ycn| zhmf`- ky khyc cbz` gnaim~
p{hzni`i yc` fby`{nbm f`ba|
tc`{`k~ th{g|chp| bai `inyh{nbm f``ynad| cbz` k``a c`mi- bai
p``{ {`zn`t hj bmm lcbpy`{|
lhaily`i! Tnychy yc`n{ alh{bd`f`ay bai kblgnad ycn| p{he`ly thmi
a`z`{ cbz` dhy dhnad!
H{ ycbag| f|y bm|h dh yh h{ bych{| jh{ cbznad fh{` h{ m`||
k`cbz`i yc`f|`mz`| na |k&
fnyynad bai {`zn|nad lcbpy`{| fh{` h{ m`|| bllh{inad yh b yndcy
|lc`im`- bai jh{ bll`pynad
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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h{ `inyh{nbm cb{{~nad tnyc b dhhi d{bl`! Jnabmm~- t` |chmi mng`
yh ycbag Ih{``a Bygna|ha-
Eblgn` Lhlg- Fb{g Lhmzna- \nfha Ibdy- @fnm~ I`mbp- Knmm J{`ai-
M`bc Dnmk`{y- [yc Cbmm-
Lbyc`{na` E`agna|- Ialba Naa`|- Iha Mnai|b~- C`m`a` _`{hmi-
Fbsna` [`nyu`| bai
Lc{n|yhpc`{ \bai`{| jh{ fbgnad zbmbkm` lhff`ay| pha injj`{`ay
lcbpy`{| na yc` p``{
{`zn`t p{hl`||!
Ehca Iban`m #\lchhm hj Nay`{abynhabm Y{bnanad- I{kba.- _{n|cban
Abnihh- I`zba _nmmb~ bai
[hd`{ \hycbmm #bmm kb|`i by yc` I`pb{yf`ay hj \hlnhmhd~- Panz
{|ny~ hj yc` Tnytby`{|{bai.!
Fb~ ;?2?
s A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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NAY[HIPLYNHA
\hyc Bj{nlb ;?2?5J{hf |ch{y&y`{f |ll`||
yh mhad&y`{f i`lmna`8
[hd`{ \hycbmm
Jh{ b i`lbi` bai b cbmj jhmmhtnad yc` b{{nzbm hj i`fhl{bl~- \hyc
Bj{nlb `aeh~`i ny| mhad`|y
p`{nhi hj anay`{{py`i `lhahfnl d{htyc |nal` yc`
fni&2>:?|- yc` dhmi`a bd` hj bpb{yc`ni!
@z`a nj ny n| dhnad jb{ yhh jb{ yh |dd`|y ycby yc` jnjy``a hii
~`b{| bjy`{ 2>>9 bfhay`i yh b
|`lhai dhmi`a bd` #Bk`inba ;??>.- l{i` `lhahfnl nainlbyh{|
i`fha|y{by` ph|nynz` baabm
d{htyc yc{hdchy yc` p`{nhi- ba nal{`b|` na p`{ lbpnyb nalhf`|
#by ~`b{ ;??? p{nl`|. j{hf
[;? ;29 na 2>>9 yh [;0 3>4 na ;??3- bai b i`lmna` na
yc` p{hph{ynha hj p`hpm` mnznad na bk|hmy`
phz`{y~2 j{hf 9!; p`{ l`ay na 2>>: yh 2!9 p`{ l`ay na ;??3
#\BN[[ ;??3&?>5 >; bai
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; A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
Af`{h| l{nynl| cbz` i`l{n`i yc`|` blcn`z`f`ay| b| |`{nh|m~
jmbt`i5 `lhahfnlbmm~ b| jbnm&
nad yh p{hzni` jh{ |hlnbmm~ e|y bai ||ybnabkm` i`z`mhpf`ay7
phmnynlbmm~ k~ p{hzninad jh{ b
chmmht`i hy i`fhl{bl~ na tcnlc yc` lha|ynyynha n| ai`{ lha|ybay
yc{`by j{hf yc` {mnad
Bj{nlba Abynhabm Lhad{`|| #BAL.7 bai |hlnbmm~ jh{ b fb{g`i
jbnm{` yh d{hai b|pn{bynha|
yhtb{i| lhmm`lynz` t`mjb{` na ba `jjnln`aym~ jalynhanad |yby`!
Nai``i- na ycn| zhmf`- t` p{`|`ay
b |`{n`| hj lcbpy`{| tcnlc r`{~ yc` mhdnl bai p`{jh{fbal` hj yc`
p{`|`ay y{be`lyh{~- hymnanad
zb{nh|m~ cht ny| p{|ny cb| m`i yh i`nai|y{nbmn|bynha #Fhcbf`i.-
p`{|n|y`ay bai a{`fny&
ynadm~ cndc m`z`m| hj a`fpmh~f`ay #Fbgd`ymb.- bai cht ny n|
{aanad p bdbna|y ai`{m~nad
{`|h{l` lha|y{bnay| #_nmmb~- \tnmmnad- Fmm`{.! L`{ybnam~- ny n|
na yc` aby{` hj yc` |hlnbm |ln`al`|
yh p{hzni` l{nynr`| hj yc` `sn|ynad th{mi bdbna|y yc`
nfbdnabynha hj yhpnb| #`z`a nj- b| Zbm`
b{d`| k`mht- l{{`ay |yby` phmnln`| in|lh{bd` |lc akhai`i
ycnagnad.! Cht`z`{- yc` {hm`
hj yc` |hlnbm |ln`al`| n| bm|h yh lhfpb{` sn|ynad {`bmny~
bdbna|y tcby fndcy cbz` k``a- tc`yc`{
jh{ k`yy`{ h{ jh{ th{|`! J{hf ycn| p`{|p`lynz`-
ph|y&bpb{yc`ni \hyc Bj{nlb lba mb~ lmbnf yhcbznad k``a
|hf`ycnad hj b |ll`|| i{nad yc` jn{|y yth i`lbi`| hj i`fhl{bl~! Yc`
p{`|`ay
hylhf` tb| k~ ah f`ba| ba cn|yh{nlbm na`znybknmny~- bai
bllh{inadm~ l{nynl| hj ba nfp`{j`ly
p{`|`ay a``i yh {`lhdan|` ycby fbyy`{| fndcy cbz` y{a`i hy b mhy
th{|`! @z`a |h- ny thmi
|``f ycby yc` jhaibynha| hj ycn| |ll`|| hz`{ yc` |ch{y&y`{f
b{` yhib~ ai`{ yc{`by7 ycby ycn|
fb~ k` c`{bminad b mhad&y`{f i`lmna`7 bai ycby yc`{` n|
|`{nh| {`b|ha jh{ \hyc Bj{nlba| yh k`
th{{n`i bkhy yc` in{`lynha na tcnlc yc`n{ lhay{~ n| c`bi`i! Ycn|
zhmf` n| i`zhy`i yh spmh{&
nad g`~ inf`a|nha| hj ycn| ph||nknmny~7 bai ycn| nay{hilynha yh
|g`ylcnad hy ny| i~abfnl|!
YC@ JHPAIBYNHA HJ \HPYC BJ[NLB\ \CH[Y&Y@[F \PLL@\\
Yc`{` n| b |k|ybaynbm mny`{by{` tcnlc cb| |hdcy yh bii{`|| yc`
aby{` hj \hyc Bj{nlb|
i`fhl{byn|bynha- {badnad j{hf l`m`k{bynha| hj b fn{blm` yc{hdc
yh |cb{p l{nynln|f| hj ba
`mny` y{ba|nynha! \jjnl` ny yh |b~ c`{` ycby tcby- na
{`y{h|p`ly- a``i| `fpcb|n|nad n| cht yc`
phmnynlbm y{ba|nynha #ba bd{``f`ay k~ yc` yc`a tcny` lhay{hmm`i
dhz`{af`ay yh lhal`i` b aha&
{blnbm i`fhl{bl~ kblg`i p k~ b||{bal`| hj yc` `ay{`alcf`ay hj b
lha|ynyynhabm |yby`.
tb| lhfpm`f`ay`i k~ ba `lhahfnl i`bm- mb{d`m~ jh{d`i k`cnai yc`
|l`a`|- na tcnlc k|na`||
knmy phmnynlbm bai `lhahfnl bmmnbal`| tnyc `m`f`ay| hj yc`
nalhfnad BAL `mny` #mby`{ yh k`
jh{fbmn|`i b| Kmblg @lhahfnl @fpht`{f`ay h{ K@@.- tcnm` yc` BAL
lhffnyy`i ny|`mj yh
fb{g`y `lhahfnl| bai bkbaiha`i pmba| jh{ abynhabmn|bynha! Ycn|
cbi yc` fbgnad| hj tcby
\lhyy Yb~mh{ #;??4. y`{f| b {`jh{f lhbmnynha!
Yb~mh{ {`j`{| yh {`jh{f lhbmnynha| b| bmmnbal`| hj pkmnl bai
p{nzby` |`lyh{ nay`{`|y| ycby b{`
jhai na i`z`mhp`i bai i`z`mhpnad lhay`sy| bai tcnlc ybg` ehnay
blynha yh `spmhny b lhfpm`&
f`ayb{ny~ hj nay`{`|y znb `lhahfnl {`jh{f! Yc`~ b{` k`|y
na|ynyynhabmm~ h{dban|`i na jh{f|
tcnlc k{nad k|na`|| bai yc` |yby` yhd`yc`{- bai b{` |ny`| hj
a`dhynbynha bai kb{dbnanad na
tcnlc p{nzby` bai pkmnl pb{ya`{| fb~ k` hj cndcm~ a`rbm
|y{`adyc! Tc`{` yc`~ th{g- yc`~
{`rn{` dnz` bai ybg`- jh{ e|y b| yc` |yby` n| ahy a`l`||b{nm~
lbpbkm` hj ybgnad tn|` i`ln|nha|
bkhy yc` `lhahf~- k|na`|| n| mng`m~ yh k` fh{` lhal`{a`i tnyc
ny| nff`inby` nay`{`|y| ycba
yc` d`a`{bm t`mjb{` hj |hln`y~! [`jh{f lhbmnynha| yc| hll{ tc`a
yc` nay`{`|y| hj k|na`||
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha . hpna`| ycby ny n| ahy by bmm lm`b{ ycby
bmy`{abynz` lhbmnynha| thmi cbz` p{hil`i tni`{
|hlnbm bai `lhahfnl k`a`jny jh{ \hyc Bj{nlb bai p{`z`ay`i tni`{
phmnynlbm na|ybknmny~ i{nad
b z`{~ j{bdnm` p`{nhi !!! K|na`|| bai yc` `f`{d`ay BAL&|yby`
a``i`i`blc hyc`{7 `blc lhaj`{{`i
m`dnynfbl~ pha yc` hyc`{! K{hbim~- yc` lhbmnynha ycby f`{d`i
ai{`i k`lb|` ny lhayna`i
yh p{hzni` ynmny~ yh `nyc`{ |ni`5 p{hjnybknmny~- a`t y{bi`
hpph{yanyn`|- pkmnl&p{nzby` pb{y&
a`{|cnp|- yc` p{`|`{zbynha hj BAL phmnynlbm ihfnabal`- bai ahy
na|ndanjnlbaym~- yc` a{nlcf`ay
hj `{|ytcnm` BAL `mny`| yc{hdc K@@ #Yb~mh{ ;??45 2>?.!
Yb~mh{ blgahtm`id`| ycby naz`|yf`ay bai `fpmh~f`ay m`z`m| bai
hz`{bmm `lhahfnl p`{&
jh{fbal` #mht ky ph|nynz`. t`{` yh jbmm jb{ |ch{y hj a`hmnk`{bm
`sp`lybynha|- bai bifny| yc`
a``i jh{ b tni`{ inbmhd` k`yt``a k|na`|| bai yc` |yby` tcnlc
thmi m`bi yh bihpynha hj b
fh{` lhfp{`c`a|nz` {bad` hj |y{by`dn`| p{hilynz` hj fh{`
|hlnbmm~ nalm|nz` d{htyc!
Aha`yc`m`||- c` na|n|y| ycby k|na`|| {`fbna| nain|p`a|bkm` yh
\hyc Bj{nlb| jy{`- bai
b{d`| ycby b| mhad b| yc` |yby` lba pmblby` mbkh{ bai yc` m`jy-
ny tnmm lhayna` ny| {`mbynha|cnp
tnyc p{`ihfnabaym~ tcny` lbpnybm tcnm` tnya`||nad yc` |y`bi~
`spba|nha hj kmblg `fpht`{&
f`ay lhfpban`| #Yb~mh{ ;??45 2>2.!
Ba nff`inby` l{nynr` hj Yb~mh{ n| ycby c` |~|y`fbynlbmm~
ai`{pmb~| yc` nfph{ybay {hm`
tcnlc h{dban|`i mbkh{ #Lh|by. pmb~`i na jblnmnybynad yc` jh{dnad
bai jalynhanad hj yc`
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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9 A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
{`jh{f lhbmnynha! Aha`yc`m`||- cn| hz`{bmm p{he`lynha hj \hyc
Bj{nlb| mht ky ph|nynz` d{htyc
b| ba hylhf` hj kbmbal` k`yt``a k|na`|| bai yc` |yby` bjy`{
2>>9 n| k{hbim~ lhaznalnad-
ahy m`b|y k`lb|` yc` lhay`{jblybm lbaahy k` i`y`{fna`i! Cht`z`{-
bmychdc ny n| bm|h
b{dbkm` ycby yc` lhainynha| jh{ yc` znbknmny~ hj yc` {`jh{f
lhbmnynha b{` lcbadnad jh{ yc`
th{|`- yh b{d` ycn| n| yh a`l`||nyby` ba spmh{bynha hj yc` tni`{
lhay`sy hj ba~ |lc lhbmnynha!
Ycn|- ny n| p{hph|`i- tb| lha|ynyy`i na \hyc Bj{nlb hj yc{``
fbeh{ inf`a|nha|!
Yc` jn{|y b|p`ly hj ycn| tni`{ lhay`sy tb| bd{``f`ay ahy ham~
ycby yc` dhz`{af`ay thmi
p{|` fb{g`y `lhahfnl|- ky ycby yc` lbpnybm fb{g`y thmi k`
p{hd{`||nz`m~ nay`{abynha&
bmn|`i! Yc` g`~ mny`{by{` pmbl`| c`bz~ fpcb|n| pha yc` fbaa`{ na
tcnlc |ll`||jm d{htyc
lhbmnynha| cbz` l`ay{`i b{hai k|na`||&dhz`{af`ay {`mbynha|
tcnlc lhc`{` b{hai {`jh{f
p{he`ly| `fk{blnad y{bi` mnk`{bmn|bynha- `sph{y&j{n`aim~
phmnln`|- `adbd`f`ay tnyc yc` dmhkbm
`lhahf~ bai fbl{h`lhahfnl phmnln`| tcnlc tnmm byy{bly jh{`nda
lbpnybm bai kblgnad k~ nay`{&
abynhabm jnabalnbm na|ynyynha| |lc b| yc` Nay`{abynhabm Fha`yb{~
Jai #NFJ. bai Th{miKbag #TK.! Ycn| cb| k``a {`pmnlby`i na fh|y
|{z`~| hj yc` {`jh{f p{he`ly na \hyc Bj{nlb!
Yc| bmychdc ny n| {`lhdan|`i ycby- dnz`a ny| {blnbm p{hjnm`-
in{`ly p{`||{` k~ k|na`|| cbi
lhay{binlyh{~ `jj`ly|- yc` BAL m`bi`{|cnp k`lbf` `sph|`i yh b
tni` zb{n`y~ hj nay`{abynhabm
bai ihf`|ynl najm`al`| tcnlc p|c`i ny yhtb{i| yc` bihpynha hj
lha|`{zbynz` f`b|{`|
i`|nda`i yh |ch{` p mhlbm bai nay`{abynhabm k|na`|| lhajni`al`!
Ny tb| ahy e|y ycby yc` BAL
`mny` k`lbf` lhaznal`i hj yc` a``i yh bllhffhiby` yc`
nay`{abynhabm naz`|yf`ay fb{g`y-
ky bm|h ycby ny cbi yh ih |h na yc` jbl` hj yc` in|fbm {`lh{i hj
lhahfnl dhz`{abal` m|`tc`{`
ha yc` lhayna`ay! Na b ph|y&Lhmi Tb{ th{mi- yc`{` bpp`b{`i
yh k` j`t bmy`{abynz`| yh yc` jn|lbm
{`lynyi` bai hyc`{ phmnln`| `aih{|`i k~ Tb|cnadyha #Cbaim`~
;??05 ;;;.!Yc` |`lhai inf`a|nha tb| yc` BAL| i`y`{fnabynha-
sp{`||`i by ny| Fhpban |ffny tnyc
kmblg k|na`|| na Hlyhk`{ 2>>>- yc` pb{b|ybybm|
ihfnaby`i k~ yc` knd
jh{ #Y{ba|a`y- @|ghf- Y`mghf bai I`a`m. bllhay`i jh{ b{hai 20
p`{ l`ay hj DI_- 3:
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha 0
p`{ l`ay hj |yby`&hta`i `ay`{p{n|` #\H@. y{ahz`{- >9 p`{
l`ay hj \H@ nalhf`- bai 44 p`{
l`ay hj \H@ `fpmh~f`ay! Cn|yh{nlbmm~- yc`~ cbi k``a |`i k~ yc`
A_ yh p{hfhy` Bj{ngba`{
`fpht`{f`ay- bai aht yc`~ t`{` yh k`lhf` pmbyjh{f| jh{ kmblg
`fpht`{f`ay7 jn{|y- b| b
f`ba| jh{ nal{`b|nad in{`ly kmblg lhay{hm hz`{ yc` `lhahf~7
|`lhai- b| b y{bnanad d{hai jh{
kmblg| tch t`{` mby`{ yh |cnjy yh yc` p{nzby` |`lyh{! Na
{`y{h|p`ly- ny n| |lb{l`m~ |{p{n|nad ycby
bmychdc D@B[ jh{fbmm~ `|ph|`i a`hmnk`{bm fbay{b|- yc`
p{nzbyn|bynha ycby yhhg pmbl` lha&
l`{a`i mb{d`m~ aha&lh{` b||`y| hj yc` pb{b|ybybm| #tnyc
yc`n{ |bm` k`nad |`i yh p{hfhy`
`fpht`{f`ay z`ay{`|.! Yc`{` tb|- yh k` |{`- b {byc`{ in|b|y{h|
`sl`pynha na yc` jh{f hj
yc` pb{ynbm p{nzbyn|bynha hj Y`mghf na 2>>4- tcnlc k~
;??< cbi m`i yh b fbeh{ `fpht`{f`ay
d{hp mh|nad |k|ybaynbm bfhay| hj lbpnybm bjy`{ b lhmmbp|` na yc`
|cb{` p{nl`! Ky hz`{bmm-
i`|pny` yc` aihky`i lhffnyf`ay hj yc` dhz`{af`ay yh
lhff`{lnbmn|nad yc` pkmnl |`lyh{-
ny| `ayc|nb|f jh{ |`mmnad ny hjj tb| in|ynalym~ fy`i! Nai``i- k~
yc` ynf` hj yc` ;??9 `m`lynha-
yc` dhz`{af`ay cbi i{bta kblg j{hf ba~ |`{nh| ybmg bkhy
p{nzbyn|bynha- bai cbi lhffnyy`iny|`mj {byc`{ yh yc` {`|y{ly{nad hj
yc` fbeh{ \H@| |h ycby yc`~ lhmi |`{z` i`z`mhpf`aybm
p{ph|`| #Lb||nf ;??:7 \hycbmm ;??4.!
Yc` ycn{i fbeh{ |pph{y hj yc` {`jh{f lhbmnynha tb| yc` b||fpynha
ycby yc` BAL b|
dhz`{af`ay thmi p{hzni` jh{ yc` |hlnbm bai phmnynlbm lhainynha|
na tcnlc p{nzby` lbpnybm
lhmi hp`{by`! Bjy`{ bmm- ny tb| yc` |y`bi~ `{h|nha hj yc`
lbpblny~ hj yc` A_ dhz`{af`ay yh
fbnaybna lhay{hm hz`{ yc` |kh{inaby`i kmblg fbeh{ny~ hj yc`
phpmbynha j{hf yc` fni&2>4?|
tcnlc cbi m`i yh yc` `rbmm~ |y`bi~ tnyci{btbm hj yc` |pph{y hj
mb{d`&|lbm` lbpnybm jh{ lha&
yna`i tcny` {m` j{hf yc` `b{m~ 2>3?| #b| nainlby`i nay`{ bmnb
k~ yc` |ll`||nha hj f``ynad|-
|hf` hj yc`f lmbai`|yna`- k`yt``a k|na`|| m`bi`{| bai yc` snm`i
BAL na b zb{n`y~ hj jh{`ndamhlbynha|.! Na k{hbi y`{f|-
mb{d`&|lbm` k|na`|| ai`{t{hy` yc` phmnynlbm y{ba|nynha k`lb|`
ny
lbf` yh {`lhdan|` ycby ham~ yc` BAL #tcnlc i{nad yc` 2>3?|
cbi lbmm`i jh{ \hyc Bj{nlb yh
k` {`ai`{`i adhz`{abkm`. cbi yc` phpmb{ m`dnynfbl~ tcnlc lhmi
p{hzni` jh{ b {`|yh{bynha
hj phmnynlbm |ybknmny~7 bai ham~ b i`fhl{bynl |`yym`f`ay lhmi
p{hzni` ycby phmnynlbm |ybknmny~-
tcnlc k~ yc` `b{m~ 2>>?|- cbi ny|`mj k`lhf` b
p{`&lhainynha jh{ `lhahfnl mnk`{bmn|bynha! Ycn|
n| ahy yh |b~ ycby mb{d`&|lbm` k|na`|| cbi flc jbnyc na yc`
bknmny~ hj yc` BAL yh {a yc`
bjjbn{| hj |yby` `sy`ainad k`~hai `lhahfnl phmnl~ yc{hdc yh yc`
{aanad hj yc` `ilbynha-
c`bmyc- m`dbm- phmnlnad bai i`j`al` |~|y`f| `y l`y`{b
`jjnln`aym~! #Ycn| tb| yh k` nainlby`i k~
yc` sy`ay yh tcnlc k`yy`{ hjj tcny`| ahybkm~ yc` lh{ph{by`
lhffany~ tnyci{`t nayh p{n&
zbyn|`i |pc`{`| hj |hlnbm mnj`- j{hf p{nzby` c`bmyclb{` yc{hdc
yh dby`i lhffanyn`|.!
Aha`yc`m`||- yc`{` tb| hz`{bmm {`lhdanynha k~ mb{d` |lbm`
k|na`|| ycby phmnynlbm |ybknmny~ lhmi
ham~ k` byybna`i k~ yc` p{h|p`ly hj b y{npm` y{ba|nynha- ycby
n|- yc` jh{fbm `sy`a|nha hj |hlnbm
b| t`mm b| lhahfnl bai phmnynlbm lnynu`a|cnp {ndcy| yh kmblg| b|
t`mm b| yh tcny`| #T`k|y`{ bai
Hfb{ ;??
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: A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
YC@ LHAY[BINLYNHA\ HJ NAY@[ABYNHABMN\BYNHA
Yc` l`ay{bm b{df`ay hj ihf`|ynl k|na`||- jh{`nda naz`|yh{|- yc`
nay`{abynhabm jnabalnbm na|yn&
yynha| bai yc` fbeh{ jh{`nda dhz`{af`ay| #ahybkm~ yc` P\ bai PG.
kblgnad yc` phmnynlbm
y{ba|nynha tb| ycby yc` m`z`m hj `lhahfnl d{htyc {`rn{`i k~
ph|y&bpb{yc`ni \hyc Bj{nlb
lhmi ham~ k` byybna`i yc{hdc `adbd`f`ay tnyc yc` dmhkbm `lhahf~
bai yc` bll`|| ycn| thmi
dnz` yh lhaynabmm~ bizbalnad cndc y`lcahmhd~ #Cbknk `y
bm2>>35 2?:.! ^ y yc` {`bmny~ n| ycby
yc` hp`anad p hj yc` `lhahf~ cb| cbi cndcm~ lhay{binlyh{~
hylhf`|7 jn{|y- yc` `lhahf~
cb| k`lhf` jb{ fh{` |ke`ly yh |ch{y&y`{f dmhkbm jnabalnbm
najm`al`| tnychy7 |`lhai- ba
bllhfpba~nad m`z`m hj inz`{|njnlbynha7 ycn{i- tcnm` bll`|| yh
a`t y`lcahmhd~ cb| nfp{hz`i-
\hyc Bj{nlb| y`lcahmhdnlbm bizbal` n| |cbg~7 bai jh{yc-
l{nynlbmm~- yc` in|bpphnaynadm~ mht
m`z`m hj `lhahfnl d{htyc tcnlc cb| k``a blcn`z`i cb| k``a
d{h||m~ na|jjnln`ay na p{hzninad
jh{ yc` `fpmh~f`ay a``i| hj yc` lhay{~ tcnm` k`nad bllhfpban`i
k~ cndc m`z`m| hj na`rbmny~!Yc`|` b{` bmm na yc`f|`mz`| cd` yhpnl|-
ky k{n`jm~5
Yc` nay`{abynhabmn|bynha bai jnabalnbmn|bynha hj \hyc Bj{nlba
lbpnybm
Ny n| t`mm&gahta ycby yc` bpb{yc`ni `{b p{hzni`i yc`
lhainynha| jh{ yc` lhal`ay{bynha bai lha&
|hmnibynha hj lbpnybm- b| yc` fbeh{ fnanad ch|`| inz`{|njn`i
nayh fbajbly{nad- b| jnabal`
lbpnybm inz`{|njn`i nayh khyc- bai b| @admn|c&|p`bgnad bai
Bj{ngba`{ lbpnybm |y`binm~ f`{d`i
yc`n{ nay`{`|y| tnyc `blc hyc`{ bai jh{`nda lbpnybm! B j{yc`{
i`z`mhpf`ay tb| b d{`by`{ nay`{&
p`a`y{bynha hj p{nzby` lbpnybm bai yc` pb{b|ybybm|! K~ 2>32-
hz`{ 4? p`{ l`ay hj yc` yhybm b||`y|
hj yc` yhp 2395 03.! ^ y d{`by`{ lhal`ay{bynha tb| yh lhf` b|-
tnyc yc` fhaynad
phmnynlbm l{n|n|- jh{`nda lhfpban`| in|naz`|y`i bai |hmi yc`n{
b||`y| mhlbmm~! K~ 2>>?- e|y yc{``
lhadmhf`{by`| Badmh&Bf`{nlba- \bambf bai Hmi Fybm lhay{hmm`i
b fb||nz` 40 p`{ l`ay
#[9;0ka. hj yc` yhybm lbpnybmn|bynha #[0:4ka. hj yc` Ehcbaa`|k{d
\yhlg @slcbad` #E\@.
#FlD{`dh{ `y bm;??>.! Cht`z`{- b i{bfbynl lcbad` tb| yh |t``p
yc{hdc yc` lbpnybm fb{g`y
yc`{`bjy`{! Jn{|y- yc` lhadmhf`{by`| lch|` yh {`bmn|`
|cb{`chmi`{ zbm` k~ ba `sy`a|nz` p{hl`||
hj akaimnad7 |`lhai- yc` hp`anad p hj yc` `lhahf~ `alh{bd`i
fbeh{ \hyc Bj{nlba
lh{ph{bynha| yh dh dmhkbm bmhad|ni` b #mnfny`i. najmht hj
jh{`nda lbpnybm #|`` Fhcbf`i k`mht.!
Yc` ph|y&2>>9 mnk`{bmn|bynha hj yc` lhahf~ tb|
l{nynlbm! K~ I`l`fk`{ ;??3- bmychdc yc`
fb{g`y lbpnybmn|bynha hj yc` knd yc{`` cbi nal{`b|`i yh [2!2
y{nmmnha- ycn| {`p{`|`ay`i ah fh{`
ycba ;9!9 p`{ l`ay hj yc` yhybm lbpnybmn|bynha hj yc` E\@!
Pabkm` yh naz`|y tni`m~ bk{hbi ai`{
bpb{yc`ni- yc` lhadmhf`{by`| cbi naz`|y`i yc`n{ `sl`|| lbpnybm
k~ k~nad mhlbm b||`y| tcnlc
t`{` hjy`a jb{ in|ybay j{hf yc`n{ lh{` k|na`||! Ky j{hf yc`
`b{m~ 2>>?| yc`~ cbi {`|phai`i
yh mhkk~nad k~ yc`n{ hta |cb{`chmi`{| yh akaim` k~ |`mmnad yc`n{
aha&lh{` b||`y|!
Yc`n{ aha&lh{` b||`y| t`{` mb{d`m~ ybg`a p k~ na|ynyynhabm
naz`|yh{|- khyc pkmnl #jh{
`sbfpm` yc` _kmnl Naz`|yf`ay Lh{ph{bynha. h{ p{nzby` #p`a|nha
jai|.- b| t`mm b| k~ a`t
K@@ pmb~`{| tch t`{`- na y{a- kblg`i k~ yc` kbag| bai yc`
na|ynyynhabm naz`|yh{| yc`f|`mz`|!;
F`batcnm`- akaimnad cbi b fbeh{ `jj`ly pha yc` knd yc{`` #bai
yc` hyc`{ jh{f`{ lha&
dmhf`{by`|. yc`f|`mz`|! Na 2>>?- \bambf lhay{hmm`i
|nsy~&jh{ E\@ mn|y`i lhfpban`| tnyc
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha 4
nay`{`|y| bl{h|| jhhi- lmhycnad- fnanad bai lha|y{lynha! K~
;??3- ny cbi |mnff`i ihta yh
k`lhf` b jnabalnbm |`{znl`| lhfpba~- cbznad na `sl`|| hj ;0 p`{
l`ay hta`{|cnp na ham~ jh{
lhfpban`| ha yc` E\@! \nfnmb{m~- tc`{`b| na 2>>? Hmi Fybm
cbi b lhay{hmmnad |ybg` na |`z`ay~&
jh{ E\@&mn|y`i lhfpban`|- k~ ;??3 ny cbi |ybg`| sl``inad ;0
p`{ l`ay na ham~ yth lhfpban`|
#A`ikbag bai Fybm * J`i`{bm.! ^`y yc` fh|y {`fb{gbkm`
y{ba|jh{fbynha yhhg pmbl` by
Badmh&Bf`{nlba! Na 2>>;- Badmh lhay{hmm`i |hf`
`ndcy~&|ns E\@&mn|y`i lhfpban`| tcnlc cbi
nay`{`|y| bl{h|| yc` `lhahf~- ~`y k~ ;??3 ny cbi k`lhf` b fh{`
jhl|`i fna`{ tnyc chminad|
hj fh{` ycba ;0 p`{ l`ay na ham~ jh{ E\@ lhfpban`|5 BadmhDhmi
B|cbayn- Badmh_mbynaf-
Gfkb bai Yhadbby Cm`yy #FlD{`dh{ `y bm;??>.!
Pakaimnad tb| bllhfpban`i k~ {bpni nay`{abynhabmn|bynha! Fbeh{
\hyc Bj{nlba lh{ph{b&
ynha| cbi naz`|y`i hz`{|`b| `z`a ai`{ bpb{yc`ni #yc{hdc khyc
m`dbm bai nmm`dbm f`ba|.- ~`y
yc`~ cbi jbl`i f~{nbi {`|y{nlynha| bai lhay{hm| na ihnad |h!
J{hf 2>>9- cht`z`{- yc` |nybynha
`b|`i lha|ni`{bkm~- ahybkm~ k~ yc` |l{bppnad hj yc` Jnabalnbm
[bai- yc` d{bay k~ dhz`{af`ayhj slcbad` lhay{hm s`fpynha| yh fbeh{
lh{ph{bynha|- bai b {`ilynha na lhay{hm| ha yc` hy&
tb{i jmht hj lbpnybm! Fh|y pb{ynlmb{m~- j{hf 2>>4- yc`
dhz`{af`ay d{bay`i p`{fn||nha jh{ |hf`
hj yc` mb{d`|y \hyc Bj{nlba lhfpban`| ahybkm~ Knmmnyha- \hyc
Bj{nlba K{`t`{n`|- Badmh&
Bf`{nlba- Hmi Fybm bai Mnk`{y~ Mnj` yh fhz` yc`n{ p{nfb{~
mn|ynad| j{hf yc` E\@ yh Mhaiha-
yc`{`k~ jblnmnybynad yc`n{ `zhmynha nayh fbeh{ fmynabynhabm|!
Ycn| i`z`mhpf`ay tb| bllhfpb&
an`i k~ b fb||nz` hyjmht hj \hyc Bj{nlba naz`|yf`ay lbpnybm
#FlD{`dh{ `y bm;??>.! Na |ch{y-
yc` y{ba|nynha p{hzni`i yc` lhainynha| ai`{ tcnlc |ndanjnlbay
|`df`ay| hj ihf`|ynl lbpnybm
lhmi sny \hyc Bj{nlb bai jh{`nda lbpnybm thmi lhf` na-
jblnmnyby`i k~ Ehcbaa`|k{d| {bpnim~
fhznad yh k`lhf` yc` lhayna`ay| p{nfb{~ jnabalnbm l`ay{` jh{
dmhkbm lbpnybm!!Flc cb| k``a fbi` hj yc` `sy`ay yh tcnlc \hyc
Bj{nlba lbpnybm cb| fhz`i nayh yc` tni`{
lhayna`ay |nal` yc` `b{m~ 2>>?|- bai nai``i ycn| n|
{`fb{gbkm`- ahy m`b|y k`lb|` ny cb| k``a b
fhz`f`ay tcnlc cb| k``a |h k{hbi&kb|`i- bl{h|| zn{ybmm~
`z`{~ |`lyh{ hj nai|y{~- bai k`lb|`
\hyc Bj{nlb cb| k`lhf` yc` jh{`fh|y |h{l` hj a`t jh{`nda
naz`|yf`ay na Bj{nlb! @z`a |h- na
;??:- Bj{nlb bk|h{k`i ham~ :!9 p`{ l`ay hj \hyc Bj{nlb| hytb{i
jh{`nda naz`|yf`ay- lhfpb{`i
yh @{hp tcnlc yhhg :: p`{ l`ay #[3;!90ka. bai yc Bf`{nlb| ;9 p`{
l`ay #[;>!:;ka. {`|p`lynz`m~
#Iban`m bai Kc`ad ;??>5 29;.! Cht`z`{- tcnm|y ihf`|ynl
lbpnybm cb| fhz`i hy- jh{`nda naz`|yh{|
cbz` fhz`i na yh p{lcb|` b||`y| j{hf yc` akaimnad lhadmhf`{by`|5
jh{ na|ybal`- Yh~hyb- Jn{|y
Kht{nad bai \B Fhyh{ Lh{ph{bynha j{hf Badmh- Y{`g _`y{hm`f bai
Fhknm Hnm- Lb{myha _bp`{
bai D`alh{ #aht KC_ Knmmnyha. bai Km` Ln{lm` j{hf \bambf! `y yc`
d{hp ycby cb| dbna`i fh|y
j{hf yc`| akaimnad| n| lhfph|`i hj baha~fh| naz`|yh{|
{`p{`|`ay`i k~ na|ynyynhabm naz`|yh{|
dni`i k~ jai fbabd`{|! Nai``i- k~ yc` ai hj ;??4- jh{`nda
|cb{`chmi`{| c`mi 90 p`{ l`ay hj yc`
E\@| n||`i |cb{`|- p j{hf e|y 23!> p`{ l`ay b ~`b{ `b{mn`{
#Cb|`aj| ;??>.!
Hz`{bmm- yc`|` zb{nh| i`z`mhpf`ay| bii p yh yc` fb||nz`m~
nal{`b|`i `sph|{` hj yc`
`lhahf~ yh dmhkbm fb{g`y |`aynf`ay! B| b{d`i k~ Bibf `y
bm#2>>45 2:;&93 n| aht nff`inby`m~ p`abmn|`i k~ l{{`al~
jmlybynha|- cndc`{ nay`{`|y
{by`| ha mhba| h{ lbpnybm hyjmht| bai {`j|bm hj naz`|yf`ay| !!!
yc` BAL cb| yh p{hz`
lha|ybaym~ ycby ny n| th{yc~ hj hy|ni` |pph{y !!!
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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3 A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
Yh k` jbn{- \hyc Bj{nlb bzhni`i yc` nff`inby` jj`ly| hj yc`
jnabalnbm f`myihta tcnlc bjjmnly`i
yc` dmhkbm `lhahf~- fh|y ahynl`bkm~ na yc` T`|y- j{hf ;??3! B
jh{ynyh| lhfknabynha hj yc`
bpb{yc`ni m`dbl~ hj lhay{hm bai ph|y&bpb{yc`ni fbl{h`lhahfnl
|y{nad`al~ cbi `a|{`i ycby
yc` jnabalnbm |`lyh{ cbi {`fbna`i rny` yndcym~ {`dmby`i! C`al`
yc` `sl`||`| hj i`{`dmbynha
bai hz`{&m`ainad ycby k{hdcy fba~ fbeh{ jnabalnbm
na|ynyynha| yh yc`n{ ga``| na yc` T`|y
t`{` ahy {`p`by`i na \hyc Bj{nlb! Ah kbag| lhmmbp|`i! Pamng`
tcby cbpp`a`i na yc` Pany`i
\yby`|- yc` Pany`i Gnadihf bai m|`tc`{`- yc` jnabalnbm |`lyh{
{`l`nz`i ah |ii`a bai fbeh{
nae`lynha hj pkmnl fha`~ yh |ybz` hjj b ihtatb{i |pn{bm!
Aha`yc`m ||- b| Fhcbf`i nainlby`|-
\hyc Bj{nlb cb| k`lhf` i{bfbynlbmm~ sph|`i yh nay`{abynhabm
l{{`al~ jmht|- b| chy fha`~
fhz`| na h{ hy hj yc` `lhahf~! [bpni hyjmht| hj jh{`nda l{{`al~
#b| na ;??2. m`bi yh i`p{`&
lnbynha hj yc` {bai bdbna|y fbeh{ dmhkbm l{{`aln`|- b {n|` na
najmbynha- bai cng`| na nay`{`|y
{by`|7 {`y{anad najmht| hj l{{`al~ #b| i{nad ;??9;??:. {bn|` yc`
zbm` hj yc` {bai nay`{&
abynhabmm~- gahlg `sph{y|- nal{`b|` nfph{y| bai m`bi yh l{{`ay
bllhay i`jnlny| bai kbmbal`hj pb~f`ay| injjnlmyn`|! Na |ch{y- \hyc
Bj{nlb| nal{`b|`i dmhkbm `sph|{` cb| fbi` dhz`{a&
f`ay phmnl~ k`lhf` nal{`b|nadm~ {`|pha|nz` yh yc` |ch{y&y`{f
i`fbai| hj tcby Y{`zh{
Fba`m hal` y`{f`i yc` bfh{pch| fb{g`y {byc`{ ycba k`nad bkm` yh
p{|` mhad&y`{f
|y{by`dn`| hj i`z`mhpf`ay! Ycn| n| na lha|ni`{bkm` pb{y k`lb|`
nay`{abynhabmn|bynha bai jnaba&
lnbmn|bynha cbz` y`ai`i yh {`najh{l` yc` lhffhiny~ kb|n| hj yc`
`lhahf~!
[`najh{lnad yc` fna`{bm|&`a`{d~ lhfpm`s
\hyc Bj{nlb| `lhahfnl y{be`lyh{~ j{hf yc` mby` ana`y``ayc l`ay{~
|bt b |cnjy btb~ j{hf ba
bd{b{nba yh b fna`{bm|&`sph{ynad lhay{~! @z`a ychdc yc`
`spba|nha hj fnanad |ynfmby`itni`{ nai|y{nbmn|bynha j{hf yc`
k`dnaanad hj ycn| y{ba|jh{fbynha7 `z`a ychdc j{hf yc` 2>;?|
hatb{i|- abynhabmn|y dhz`{af`ay| nfpm`f`ay`i p{hy`lynz`
|y{by`dn`| tcnlc `alh{bd`i fba&
jbly{nad7 bai `z`a ychdc k~ yc` 2>:?| yc` fbeh{ fnanad ch|`|
cbi fhz`i k`~hai yc`n{
kb|` na dhmi- inbfhai|- lhbm h{ tcby`z`{ yh k`lhf` cd`
lhadmhf`{by`| |pbaanad jnabal` bai
nai|y{~ b| t`mm b| fna`{bm|- yc` `lhahf~ {`fbna`i ihfnaby`i k~
tcby Jna` bai [|yhfe``
#2>>:. cbz` ni`aynjn`i b| yc` fna`{bm|&`a`{d~ lhfpm`s
#F@L.! Yh k` |{`- yc` in{`ly lhay{nk&
ynha hj fnanad yh DI_ i`lmna`i j{hf 2;!2 p`{ l`ay na 2>02 yh
>!0 p`{ l`ay na ;??3! Na lhay{b|y-
ycby hj fbajbly{nad {`fbna`i |ybynl #23!2 p`{ l`ay na 2>02 yh
23!3 p`{ l`ay na ;??3.- tcnm|y
ycby hj jnabal` d{`t j{hf >!< p`{ l`ay yh ;2!4 p`{ l`ay
#\BN[[ ;??3&?>5 2.! Aha`yc`m`||-
bmychdc \hyc Bj{nlba nai|y{~ cb| blcn`z`i lha|ni`{bkm` lbpblny~
bai |ll`||- yc` `lhahf~
lhayna`| yh k`b{ yc` c`bz~ nfp{nay hj yc` F@L! Fh|y nfph{ybaym~-
k{hbi |`lyh{| hj fbajbl&
y{nad- `a`{d~ |ppm~- lha|y{lynha bai y{ba|ph{y {`fbna naynfby`m~
lhaa`ly`i tnyc- nj ahy
i`p`ai`ay pha- fnanad bai |`{znlnad ny| a``i|5 y`lcanlbm
mnagbd`| k`yt``a yc` yth k{hbi |`l&
yh{| cbz` k``a |ndanjnlbay bai bllhay jh{ b |k|ybaynbm
p{hph{ynha hj aha&F@L fbajbly{nad
#Jna` bai [|yhfe`` 2>>:5 ;90.! J{yc`{- b| Abyy{b||
#2>325 ;:>. {`fb{g`i a`b{m~ yc{`` i`lbi`|
bdh- \hyc Bj{nlb {`fbna| c`bznm~ i`p`ai`ay pha yc` |ll`||jm
`sph{y hj {`mbynz`m~ j`t ny`f|
bai yc` lhfph|nynha hj c`{ `sph{y| mb{d`m~ {`jm`ly| c`{ aby{bm
{`|h{l` `aihtf`ay! K~ 2>>?-
fbajbly{nad bllhay`i jh{ 3?!; p`{ l`ay hj `sph{y| bai >:!4
p`{ l`ay hj nfph{y|- tcnm` fnanad
bllhay`i jh{ 20!< p`{ l`ay hj `sph{y| bai e|y 2!:9 p`{ l`ay
hj nfph{y|! Cht`z`{- k~ ;??3-
fbajbly{nad bllhay`i jh{ ham~ 03!< p`{ l`ay hj `sph{y| bai
43!; p`{ l`ay hj nfph{y|- tcnm`
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha >
fnanad bllhay`i jh{ p`{ l`ay hj `sph{y| bai ;?!< p`{ l`ay hj
nfph{y| #yc` mbyy`{ jnd{`
hkznh|m~ nalminad hnm. #\BN[[ ;??3(?>5 2.! \jjnl` ny yh |b~
c`{` ycby dmhkbmn|bynha thmi
|``f yh cbz` `acbal`i \hyc Bj{nlb| i`p`ai`al` pha yc` F@L {byc`{
ycba `alh{bd`i b
tni`{ inz`{|njnlbynha hj yc` lhahf~! Ycn| fndcy ahy fbyy`{ |h
flc sl`py ycby yc` mhad&y`{f
y{`ai n| jh{ yc` F@L yh k`lhf` nal{`b|nadm~ lbpnybm nay`a|nz`
bai yh p{hzni` i`lmnanad hpph{&
yanyn`| jh{ `fpmh~f`ay!
F`batcnm`- yc` mnk`{bmn|bynha hj yc` `lhahf~ fb~ t`mm cbz`
nay`a|njn`i i`p`ai`al` pha
jh{`nda gahtm`id` p{hilynha {byc`{ ycba bizbalnad ny
ihf`|ynlbmm~- jh{ yc` nay`{abynhabmn&
|bynha hj \hyc Bj{nlba nai|y{~ cb| p{hkbkm~ {`ai`{`i ny fh{`
j`b|nkm` jh{ jn{f| yh i{bt ha
gahtm`id` bai {`|`b{lc j{hf dmhkbm |ppm~ lcbna| #tcnlc fb~
yc`f|`mz`| hjy`a k` fk`ii`i
na fmynabynhabm lhfpba~ |y{ly{`|. #Mh{`ayuha ;??:5 2>0.!
Tcnm` yc`{` n| ahycnad t{had
tnyc `spmhnynad jh{`nda |h{l`| hj gahtm`id`- yc`{` n| pm`ay~
t{had nj ycn| n| ahy knmy pha
k~ b lhal`{y`i abynhabm |~|y`f jh{ nai|y{nbm naahzbynha! \lc b
|~|y`f na \hyc Bj{nlb{`fbna| na ny| najbal~- i` na lha|ni`{bkm`
pb{y- bllh{inad yh |hf` bych{|- yh yc` lhay{~|
mblg hj ba nay`d{by`i nai|y{nbm phmnl~ #Fh{{n| `y bm;??:.!
@fpmh~f`ay- a`fpmh~f`ay bai na`rbmny~
Yc`{` n| mnyym` phnay na k`mbkh{nad yc` t`mm gahta jbly ycby yc`
ph|y&bpb{yc`ni `lhahf~ n|
lcb{bly`{n|`i k~ b l{n|n| hj a`fpmh~f`ay! I`kby` lhayna`| bkhy
yc` lhay{nkynha fbi`
yhtb{i| ycn| k~ yc` ph|y&bpb{yc`ni mbkh{ {`dnf`- tcnlc
yc{hdc yc` Mbkh{ [`mbynha| Bly hj
2>>0 bai yc` Kb|nl Lhainynha| hj @fpmh~f`ay Bly hj
2>>4 p{hzni`| |ndanjnlbay p{hy`lynha|
jh{ jh{fbmm~ fpmh~`i mbkh{! Lhal`||nha yh ycn| {`dnf` tb| l{lnbm
yh nalh{ph{bynad Lh|bynayh yc` y{ba|nynhabm i`bm- ky b |ybaib{i
l{nynln|f hj fba~ lhff`aybyh{| n| ycby ny cb| aim~
p{nznm`d`i h{dban|`i mbkh{- bly| b| b fbeh{ in|nal`aynz` yh
fpmh~f`ay l{`bynha #pb{ynlmb{m~
k~ |fbmm k|na`||. bai cb| alh{bd`i fpmh~`{| yh ilg {`dmbynha k~
|cnjynad yhtb{i| jm`s&
nkm` `fpmh~f`ay pbyy`{a|! @z`a |h- i``p`{ |y{ly{bm bai
y`lcahmhdnlbm lcbad`| cbz` `alh{&
bd`i d{`by`{ lbpnybm nay`a|ny~ tcnlc- na lhfknabynha tnyc yc`
m`dbl~ hj bpb{yc`ni phmnln`| na
`ilbynha #bai b jbnm{` yh bii{`|| ny.- cb| jh{d`i b mbkh{ fb{g`y
tcnlc {`fbna| c`bznm~ |`d&
f`ay`i bmhad {blnbm mna`| bai tcnlc in|pmb~| |hlnbmm~ in|b|y{h|
m`z`m| hj a`fpmh~f`ay!
Pa`fpmh~f`ay n| pb{ynlmb{m~ cndc bfhad|y yc` a|gnmm`i- bai
in|p{hph{ynhaby`m~ bjj`ly| yc`
Bj{nlba phpmbynha #FlLh{i bai Kch{by ;??
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2? A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
|ns p`hpm`! ^`y `z`a ycn| |l`ab{nh {`|y| pha byybnaf`ay hj ba
bz`{bd` : p`{ l`ay d{htyc {by`
k`yt``a ;??9 bai ;?29- b dhbm tcnlc n| cndcm~ amng`m~ yh k`
blcn`z`i! Fh{` mng`m~ b{` mht`{
d{htyc |l`ab{nh| tcnlc tnmm |`` b {n|` na yc` p{hph{ynha hj yc`
th{gnad phh{ bai ych|` mnznad
na phz`{y~!
Na fba~ Bj{nlba lhay{n`|- yc` phh{ bai a`fpmh~`i lba i{bt |pph{y
j{hf bd{nlmy{`!
Na \hyc Bj{nlb- cht`z`{- Bj{nlba p`b|bay p{hilynha tb| mhad bdh
i`|y{h~`i k~ yc` bpp`yny`|
hj yc` fna`| jh{ mbkh{ bai hj |`yym`{ bd{nlmy{` jh{ mbai- bai
yhib~ yc` jh{f`{ chf`mbai b{`b|
b{` bd{nlmy{bmm~ i`zb|yby`i- mbai {`jh{f cb| |ybmm`i< bai
{{bm Bj{nlba lhffanyn`| b{` c`bznm~
{`mnbay ha jnabalnbm napy| j{hf {kba b{`b|! Na p{blynl`- ycn|
cb| |k|ybaynbmm~ nal{`b|`i p{`||{`
ha yc` ph|y&bpb{yc`ni |yby` yh `spbai ny| jnabalnbm |pph{y
ahy f`{`m~ jh{ yc` a`fpmh~`i ky
jh{ yc` phh{ d`a`{bmm~ yc{hdc ba b{{b~ hj |hlnbm k`a`jny|
{badnad j{hf hmi bd` p`a|nha| yh in|&
bknmny~ d{bay|! B| b {`|my- tcnm` yc` b|pn{bynha| hj \hyc Bj{nlb
yh k`lhf` b t`mjb{` |yby`- nalm&
|nz` hj lhay`fph{b{~ p{hph|bm| jh{ b abynhabm c`bmyc |~|y`f
#[`~ahmi| k`mht.- b{` fh{bmm~lhff`aibkm`- yc`{` b{` af`{h| r`|ynha|
{`db{inad yc` `sy`ay yh tcnlc yc`~ b{` bjjh{ibkm`
hz`{ yc` mhad&y`{f!9 L{nynl| phnay hy ycby yc` d{htyc na
afk`{| hj d{bay {`lnpn`ay| #2 fnm&
mnha na ;?2? {n|nad yh |nsy``a fnmmnha k~ ;?2
l`ay e|y2!: p`{ l`ay #[\B ;??>5 ;;.! Yc`|` p{hph{ynha| cbz`
ahy lcbad`i |ndanjnlbaym~ |nal`
yc` b{m~ 2>>?|- i`|pny` |hf` fhi`|y |cnjy hj yc` hz`{bmm
p{hph{ynha hj abynhabm nalhf` dhnad
yh kmblg|-0 i`fha|y{bynad yc` i``pm~ |y{ly{bm aby{` ahy e|y hj
phz`{y~ ky hj yc` na`rbmny~
hj in|y{nkynha! _hmnynlbmm~- ny| nfpbly n| |`z`{`m~ th{|`a`i k~
yc{`` j`by{`| hj yc` lhay`fph&
{b{~ |l`a`7 jn{|y- yc` bmbl{ny~ tnyc tcnlc lh{ph{by` s`lynz`| na
khyc yc` p{nzby` bai pb{b|ybybm
|`lyh{| cbz` jb|y`a`i ha yh dmhkbm y{`ai| na yhp p`hpm`|
{`fa`{bynha- lmbnfnad fb||nz`
k`a`jny| na y`{f| hj |cb{` hpynha|- {`ybna`{|- kha|`| bai
{`|y{bnay hj y{bi` bd{``f`ay| ha
yhp hj cd` |bmb{n`|7 |`lhai- yc` bppb{`aym~ na|bynbkm` d{``i hj
`m`f`ay| hj yc` a`t kmblg mny`-
bai yc` `ay{`alcf`ay hj b lmy{` hj `aynym`f`ay kb|`i pha lh{{py
bll`|| yh |yby` y`ai`{|7
bai ycn{i- yc` p{`j`{`al` hj \hyc Bj{nlba mny`| jh{ cndcm~
lha|pnlh| lha|fpynha na y`{f|
hj `sy{bzbdbay mnj`|y~m`|- lmhycnad- lb{|- fba|nha| bai kmnad
#bmm hj tcnlc n| |yhg`i k~ yc`
phpmb{ f`inb| hk|`||nha tnyc l`m`k{ny~.!
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha 22
KMBLG @F_HT@[F@AY5 _hmnynlbmm~ a`l`||b{~- ky `lhahfnlbmm~
lh|ym~8
K@@ cb| nal{`b|nadm~ lhf` yh cbz` b kbi abf`- {`jm`lynad tcby
K|na`|| [`ph{y#0 J`k{b{~
;?2?. {`lh{i| b| yc` lhay{~| i``p in|`alcbayf`ay tnyc yc`
`fpht`{f`ay p{hl`||- tcnlc
cb| lhf` yh k` |``a b| b f`ba| hj na|ybay t`bmyc jh{ p`hpm` tnyc
phmnynlbm lhaa`lynha| bai
najm`al`- tcnm` h{inab{~ p`hpm` cbz` mb{d`m~ lhayna`i yh mnz` na
phz`{y~! D`a`{bmm~ |p`bgnad-
K@@ n| ybg`a b| cbznad l{`by`i b |fbmm d{hp hj
K@@&mmnhabn{`| tnychy cbznad cbi b |ndanj&
nlbay nfpbly ha yc` tcny` ihfnabynha hj nai|y{~! Ycn| |yh{~ n|
zb{nh|m~ p{`|`ay`i- ky
ahybkm~ b| tcny` lbpnybm cbznad |hdcy |`mj p{hy`lynha k~ jh{dnad
i`bm| tnyc yc` nalhfnad
BAL `mny`- hj yc` phmnynlbmm~ lhaa`ly`i dbnanad p{`j`{`aynbm
bll`|| yh |yby` y`ai`{|- bai hj
kmblg| j{haynad jh{ tcny` lhfpban`| yh hkybna lhay{bly| j{hf
dhz`{af`ay #Kb||`yy ;??3.!
F`batcnm`- i`|pny` c`bz~ `fpcb|n| ha yc` `spba|nha hj b kmblg
fniim` lmb||- yc`{` n| tni`&
|p{`bi ||pnlnha zhnl`i k~ yc` fh{` b||`{ynz` K@@ p{hybdhan|y|
ycby yc` `fpht`{f`ay p{hl`||lhayna`| yh k` ai`{fna`i k~ tcny`
{`|n|ybal` yh kmblg ptb{i fhknmny~ yc{hdchy flc
hj nai|y{~ bai yc` p{hj`||nha|!
Yc` {`bmny~ n| ycby yc` p{hd{`|| #h{ hyc`{tn|`. hj K@@ na
nai|y{~ n| cndcm~ lhfpmnlby`i
bai fmyninf`a|nhabm- ny| nay`{p{`ybynha {`ai`{`i injjnlmy k~ b
pblny~ hj {`mnbkm` ibyb! Ha
yc` ha` cbai- yhh mnyym` n| fbi` hj |hf` hj yc` blcn`z`f`ay| hj
K@@! Jh{ b |yb{y- jh{ bmm yc`
mnfnybynha| hj yc` p{hl`||- kmblg na{hbi| cbz` k``a fbi` nayh
hta`{|cnp bai fbabd`f`ay hj
nai|y{~ i`|pny` b d`a`{bm mblg hj kmblg lbpnybm bai hj ilbynha
bai y{bnanad! Yc`{` b{` yhib~
b |fbmm afk`{ hj kmblg fbeh{ny~&hta`i fbeh{ lhfpban`| #jh{
na|ybal`- \cbaigb bai
Fz`mbpcbaib.- fh{` |fbmm`{ |lc lhfpban`| #hj tcnlc t` gaht
{byc`{ mnyym`.- bai hz`{bmm i`p`ainad pha k{hbi`{ fb{g`y lhainynha|
lha|ni`{bkm` ptb{i fhf`ayf na yc` afk`{
hj K@@ i`bm|! Mng`tn|`- bmychdc tcny` jbl`| lhayna` yh
p{`ihfnaby` na yc` khb{i{hhf bai
fbabd`f`ay- yc` afk`{ hj kmblg| na |`anh{ lh{ph{by` ph|nynha| n|
|y`binm~ nal{`b|nad!
Bllh{inad yh yc` _{`|ni`al~- yc` yhybm zbm` hj K@@ y{ba|blynha|
b| b p`{l`aybd` hj yhybm
f`{d`{| i`lmna`i k`yt``a 2>>: bai ;??; bai {h|` |cb{pm~
j{hf 0!2 p`{ l`ay na ;??; yh
!0 p`{ l`ay na ;??3! Ycn| nainlby`| p{hd{`|| na `fk{blnad bai
{`|phainad yh yc` p{nalnpm`| hj
yc` K{hbi Kb|`i @lhahfnl @fpht`{f`ay Knmm Ah! 0< hj ;??b5
24.! \nfnmb{m~- yc`
_{`|ni`al~ {`ph{y| ycby yc` afk`{ hj kmblg |`anh{ bai yhp
fbabd`{| na p{nzby` nai|y{~
nal{`b|`i j{hf 23!0 p`{ l`ay na ;??? yh >9! Ycn| tb| khyc b
phmnynlbm
a`l`||ny~ nj yc` y{ba|nynha tb| yh k` ai`{pnaa`i k~ zn|nkm`
y{ba|jh{fbynha bai b i`fhd{bpcnl
ha` dnz`a yc` mnfny`i |ppm~ hj tcny` |gnmm| bai yc` tb|ybd` hj
kmblg ybm`ay ai`{ bpb{yc`ni!
Aha`yc`m`||- yc`{` b{` |k|ybaynbm d{hai| jh{ j`b{nad ycby fba~
K@@ dbna| b{` chmmht!
Jh{ b |yb{y- yc` lhffnyf`ay hj k|na`|| cb| k``a r`|ynhabkm`- yc`
dhz`{af`ay cbznad
|~|y`fbynlbmm~ bpp`b|`i mb{d`&|lbm` lbpnybm k~ fbgnad fbeh{
lhal`||nha| hz`{ K@@ yb{d`y| bai
lhfpmnbal` na p{|ny hj `lhahfnl d{htyc #Ybad{n bai \hycbmm
;??3.! \`lhai- `z`a m`bznad
b|ni` yc` ||pnlnha ycby #ba agahta. p{hph{ynha hj i`bm| b{` yc`
p{hily hj phmnynlbmm~ lha&
a`ly`i y`ai`{p{`a`{|cnp {byc`{ ycba hj T`k`{nba&|y~m`
`ay`{p{n|` bai {n|g ybgnad- K@@ i`bm|
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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2; A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
cbz` hz`{tc`mfnadm~ k``a jai`i k~ i`ky! Ycn|- hj lh{|`- n| jb{
j{hf a|bm na f`{d`{ bai
blrn|nynha| blynzny~ ky ny cb| lha|n|y`aym~ f`bay ycby K@@ jn{f|
cbz` k``a pb{ynlmb{m~
`sph|`i tc`a yc`~ cbz` `alhay`{`i injjnlmy fb{g`y lhainynha|- b|
hll{{`i fh|y ahyh{n&
h|m~ na 2>>4 #tc`a fba~ kmblg naz`|yh{| j`mm jhm hj ycby
~`b{| pmad` na |cb{` p{nl`|. ky
fh{` p`{yna`aym~ b| b {`|my hj yc` l{{`ay dmhkbm l{n|n|- tnyc
fpht`{f`ay babm~|y| {`ph{ynad
ycby kmblg naz`|yh{| na K@@ i`bm| cbz` k``a m`jy tnyc b cd` i`ky
k{i`a- bai ycby yc` i`bm|
b{` cbznad yh k` {`|y{ly{`i k~ yc` kbag| na h{i`{ yh |bz` yc`f
j{hf lhmmbp|` #K|na`|| [`ph{y-
: Ebab{~ ;?2?.! F`batcnm`- bmychdc l{nynln|f hj `|ybkmn|c`i
jn{f| ihnad fbeh{ i`bm| ham~
tnyc b |fbmm afk`{ hj |bm ||p`ly| cb| fhz`i yc`f yhtb{i| fh{`
k{hbim~ kb|`i |cb{`&
chminad|- yc` mb{d` fbeh{ny~ hj K@@ i`bm| nazhmz` \hyc Bj{nlba
lhfpban`| ham~- tnyc fmyn&
abynhabm naz`|yh{| chminad kblg5 yc| na ;??>- ham~ jh{ hy hj
yt`ay~ K@@ i`bm| na yc` fnanad
|`lyh{ t`{` nanynby`i k~ jh{`nda naz`|yh{| #nkni.! Yth #bmk`ny
y`aybynz`. lhalm|nha| thmi |``f
yh jhmmht5 jn{|y- dnz`a yc` p`{nm| jh{ kmblg naz`|yh{| hj
naz`|yf`ay ha yc` hp`a fb{g`y- yc`bizbaybd`| hj |``gnad i`bm| tnyc
yc` |yby` tcnlc hjj`{ phmnynlbm p{hy`lynha j{hf fb{g`y jml&
ybynha| b{` mng`m~ yh k` `acbal`i! \`lhai- dnz`a yc` nal{`b|nad
i`p`ai`al` hj \hyc Bj{nlb
pha jh{`nda naz`|yf`ay bai yc` nal{`b|`i t`ndcy hj jh{`nda jn{f|
ha yc` E\@- yc` dhz`{af`ay
fb~ jnai ny a`l`||b{~ yh {`mbs j{yc`{ yc` lhainynha| bai
nfpm`f`aybynha hj K@@!
F`batcnm`- p{|ny hj kmblg `fpht`{f`ay cb| `sbl`{kby`i b d{htnad
l{n|n| tnycna yc`
pb{b|ybybm|! Jh{ yc` BAL- yc` |yby` hta`i `ay`{p{n|`| #\H@|.
cbz` b znybm {hm` yh pmb~ na p{h&
fhynad d{htyc bai b{` zn`t`i b| g`~ na|y{f`ay| hj b
i`z`mhpf`aybm |yby`! Jh{fbmm~- yc`~
b{` dhz`{a`i k~ khb{i| tcnlc- bmychdc bpphnay`i k~ yc`
dhz`{af`ay b| yc` |cb{`chmi`{-
hp`{by` by b{f| m`adyc bai b{` {`mbynz`m~ byhahfh| j{hf
phmnynlbm bych{ny~! Na p{blynl`-yc` kbmbal` k`yt``a yc` dhz`{af`ay
|`yynad k{hbi pb{bf`y`{| z`{|| nay`{z`aynha jh{ phmnynlbm
{`b|ha| cb| p{hz`i injjnlmy yh blcn`z`! Yc` fh|y ahybkm`
na|ybal` cb| k``a yc` dhz`{af`ay|
ndah{nad hj biznl` na yc` mby` 2>>?| ycby yc` lhay{~
a``i`i fh{` pht`{ |ybynha|- tcnlc lm&
fnaby`i na b fbeh{ pht`{ l{n|n| na ;??3- tni`|p{`bi pht`{
|ch{ybd`| bai yc` fnanad nai|y{~
cbznad yh ly p{hilynha yh th{g tnyc {bynha`i |ppm~! Ny n|
injjnlmy yh bzhni yc` lhalm|nha
ycby yc` t`mlhf` ptb{i fhknmny~ hj kmblg| tnycna yc` pb{b|ybybm|
cb| k``a aim~ phmnynln|`i
yc{hdc yc` p`a`y{bynha hj phmnynlbm najm`al`| nayh tcby |chmi
fh{` p{hp`{m~ k` nay`{abm
cfba {`|h{l`| p{hl`||`|- yc` ||pnlnha k`nad ycby tch hkybna|
|`anh{ ph|nynha| fb~ najm&
`al` yc` bmmhlbynha hj y`ai`{| yh `sy`{abm blyh{| #Tnmmnbf|
;?2?.!
Yc` hylhf` cb| k``a b pb{b|ybybm |`lyh{ tcnlc n| lha|ybaym~
cbznad yh k` kbnm`i hy tnyc
akid`y`i pkmnl jainad- cb| b{a`i ba a`aznbkm` {`pybynha jh{
na`jjnln`al~- bai n| hjy`a
c`mi ch|ybd` yh phmnynlbm jh{ya`! [`l`ay nainlbyh{| cbz` k``a
fbeh{ lhay{hz`{|n`| b{hai ||&
p`a|nha|- in|fn||bm| bai {`|ndabynha| hj L@H| bai b|pn{bay| yh
yc`n{ ehk| j{hf fh|y fbeh{
pb{b|ybybm|- bai j`{hlnh| kbyym`| b{hai yc`n{ m`bi`{|cnp b|
injj`{`ay jblynha| tnycna yc` BAL
cbz` mhkkn`i cb{i jh{ yc` bpphnayf`ay hj yc`n{ jbzh{`i
lbainiby`| yh yhp ph|nynha|- : ycn|
bppb{`aym~ mnag`i yh a`yth{g| hj y`ai`{p{`a`{|cnp d`b{`i yh
|`l{nad lhay{bly| j{hf |yby`
khin`|! K~ `b{m~ ;?2?- Y{ba|a`y- \BB- @|ghf- B{f|lh{ bai b g`~
|`lynha hj I`a`m bai \bbk
B`{h|y{ly{`|- t`{` bmm k`nad m`i k~ blynad L@H|- tnyc yc`
bych{ny~ hj yc` a`t fnan|y`{ hj
pkmnl `ay`{p{n|`|- Kb{kb{b Chdba- ai`{fna`i k~ BAL najndcynad
#@a|h{ ;?2?.! \lc phmn&
ynlbm lhay`|ybynha cb| na`znybkm~ nay{i`i pha mhad&y`{f
|y{by`dnl pmbaanad- tnyc @|ghf- jh{
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha 2 bdbna i`fha|y{by`i ny| lbpblny~ yh tna `m`lynha|
ha b pmb~nad d{hai tcnlc- tcnm|y
ynpp`i na ny| jbzh{ #ahybkm~ k~ ny| bll`|| yh fb||nz` jnabalnbm
{`|h{l`|.- aha`yc`m`|| bmmht|
bfpm` |lhp` jh{ hpph|nynha pb{y~ fhknmn|bynha! Cht`z`{- yc`{`
b{` af`{h| nainlbynha| ycbyyc` BAL| c`d`fhanl chmi hz`{ ny|
h{ndnabm mnk`{bynha lha|yny`al~ n| i`lmnanad5 bpb{y j{hf
ny| mh|| hj yc` T`|y`{a Lbp` p{hznalnbm `m`lynha yh yc`
I`fhl{bynl Bmmnbal` bai yc` i`lmna` hj
ny| p{hph{ynha hj yc` zhy` na bmm p{hznal`| `sl`py
GtbUm&Abybm- yc` ;??> `m`lynha| lhayna`i
b lha|ybay y{`ai tc`{`k~ yc` {mnad pb{y~ n| |ynmm tnaanad
`m`lynha| ky tnyc yc` |pph{y hj b
i`lmnanad p{hph{ynha hj `mndnkm` zhy`{|- bai ny| |pph{y n|
nal{`b|nadm~ i{bta j{hf Bj{nlba|
#Iban`m bai \hycbmm ;??>.! B| Kym`{ phnay| hy k`mht- ycn| n|
bdbna|y b kblgd{hai hj i`lmna&
nad phpmb{ y{|y na g`~ phmnynlbm na|ynyynha|! Yc` lhaz`{|` n|
yc` BAL| i`lmnanad lbpblny~ yh
|cbp` bai lhay{hm |hln`y~! Yc{`` b|p`ly| b{` cndcmndcy`i c`{`5
inzn|nha bai in||`ay tnycna yc`
{mnad pb{y~ ny|`mj7 yc` l{n|n| na `ilbynha7 bai phpmb{ p{hy`|y|
by p`{l`nz`i jbnm{`| na i`mnz`{~
k~ p{hznalnbm bai mhlbm dhz`{af`ay!
Inzn|nha tnycna yc` BAL
Kym`{ hymna`| cht yc` inzn|nha| tnycna yc` BAL tcnlc `{py`i na
yc` h|ynad hj Fk`gn b|
BAL p{`|ni`ay bai yc` `m`lynha hj Ufb by _hmhgtba` na I`l`fk`{
;??4 cbz` lhayna`i
nayh yc` Ufb dhz`{af`ay! Pamng` ai`{ Fk`gn- injj`{`al`| tnycna
yc` pb{y~ b{` nal{`b|nadm~
hp`a- ~`y lhay`|ybynha n| hjy`a nmm&fbaa`{`i- |pph|`i i`kby`
bkhy phmnln`| n| hjy`a {`bmm~
bkhy p`{|habm bai jblynhabm bizbaybd`- bai yc` pb{y~ n|
nal{`b|nadm~ {nz`a k~ |y{ddm`| jh{
hjjnl`- pby{habd` bai {`|h{l`|- tnyc Ufb kbmbalnad ha` jblynha
hjj bdbna|y bahyc`{ tcnm`-
|nfmyba`h|m~- Sch|b| b{` {`pmbl`i k~ Um| na g`~ mhlbynha|-
ahybkm~ yc` nay`mmnd`al` |`{znl`|!
\h i`|p`{by` n| ycn| |y{ddm` ycby na |hf` p{hznal`| bai
fanlnpbmnyn`| ny n| tbd`i tnyc znhm`al`-
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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29 A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
gnmmnad| bai b||b||nabynha! [`j`{`al cb| bm{`bi~ k``a fbi` yh
cht BAL phmnynl| cbz` p`a`&
y{by`i yc` pb{b|ybybm|- ky jblynhabm |y{ddm` cb| bm|h `ay`{`i
yc` pkmnl |`{znl`- bai zb{nh|
fnan|y{n`| cbz` k`lhf` ch|y yh phmnynlbm a`yth{g| tcnlc |``g
inz`{|nha hj pkmnl {`|h{l`| yh
p{nzby` phlg`y|! B| Chbd i`fha|y{by`| k`mht tnyc {`db{i yh b
|nadm` i`pb{yf`ay- Chf`
Bjjbn{|- ycn| bifnan|y{bynz` in|h{i`{ {`|my| na `a`{zbynha-
j`b{- lh{{pynha bai lhfjh{ybkm`
ai`{p`{jh{fbal`! Ycn| `aibad`{| p{he`ly| hj na|ynyynhabm {`jh{f-
bai ai`{ Ufb- n|
tni`m~ p`{l`nz`i yh cbz` {`ai`{`i yc` dhz`{af`ay {ii`{m`||!
F`batcnm`- bmychdc mbk`m| hj
{ndcy bai m`jy b{` hj iknh| ynmny~ #Emn| Fbm`fb hj yc` BAL hyc
M`bd` pay| abynhabm&
n|bynha hj yc` fna`| tcnm` yc` \hyc Bj{nlba Lhffan|y _b{y~
{`e`ly| ny.- Ufb| hpynad jh{
k{hbi lhaynany~ na jn|lbm phmnl~ ai`{ yc` jnabal` fnan|y`{-
_{bzna Dh{icba- cb| bmn`aby`i
Lh|by bai yc` \BL_ bai pmbl`i fbeh{ |y{bna ha yc` lhbmnynha hj
|pph{y tcnlc k{hdcy cnf
yh pht`{! Nai``i- pb{ym~ {`|mynad j{hf cn| hta p`{|habm
nain|l{`ynha| tcnlc cbz` lb|`i yc`
pb{y~ bly` fkb{{b||f`ay- ky fh{` pb{ynlmb{m~ k`lb|` c` bpp`b{|
yh k` in|ybalnad cnf|`mjj{hf yc` h{dban|`i m`jy- Ufb| hta ph|nynha
cb| aht k`lhf` b fbyy`{ hj i`kby`- bai yc`
pb{y~ fb~ t`mm k` pmad`i nayh b |ll`||nha |y{ddm` t`mm k`jh{` c`
n| {`rn{`i yh |``g
{`&`m`lynha b| m`bi`{ by yc` pb{y~| a`sy |lc`im`i abynhabm
lhaj`{`al` na ;?2;!
Ufb| b|l`aibal~ yh yc` p{`|ni`al~ cb| k``a tni`m~ nay`{p{`y`i b|
cbznad p{`|`ay`i b
yc{`by yh lha|ynyynhabmn|f! Yc` i`ln|nha k~ yc` Abynhabm
_{h|`lynad Bych{ny~ #A_B. yh
i{hp yc` lh{{pynha lcb{d`| bdbna|y Ufb k`jh{` yc` ;??>
`m`lynha7 yc` bkhmnynha hj yc`
\lh{pnha|- yc` p{h|`lynad bych{ny~ tnycna yc` A_B tcnlc tb|
p{`||nad lcb{d`| bdbna|y cnf7
yc` bpphnayf`ay hj ba bppb{`ay Ufb mh~bmn|y b| abynhabm
p{h|`lyh{7 bai b |`{n`| hj einlnbm
bpphnayf`ay| tcnlc cbz` k``a flc l{nynln|`i tnycna yc` m`dbm
j{by`{any~ cbz` bmm k``a tni`m~{`p{`|`ay`i b| b yc{`by yh einlnbm
nai`p`ai`al` bai yc` |`pb{bynha hj pht`{| tcnlc n| jh{fbmm~
`fk`ii`i na yc` lha|ynyynha! Fh{` tni`m~- yc` p`a`y{bynha hj BAL
phmnynlbm kbyym`| nayh yc`
pkmnl |`{znl` p{`|`ay| b fbeh{ mhad y`{f&yc{`by yh lbpblny~
b| t`mm b| yh yc` {m` hj mbt!
Yc` l{n|n| na `ilbynha
Yc`{` n| b k{hbi lha|`a|| ycby \hyc Bj{nlb| pkmnl `ilbynhabm
|~|y`f n| |nfpm~ ahy th{gnad
bai ycby ycn| biz`{|`m~ `jj`ly| yc` |ppm~ hj |gnmm| a``i`i k~
yc` `lhahf~ #Kmhlc ;??>.! I`|pny`
b fb||nz` nal{`b|` na `sp`ainy{` ha `ilbynha |nal` 2>>9
#|h ycby- yhib~- yc` m`z`m hj pkmnl
`sp`ainy{` ha `ilbynha fbylc`| nj ahy `sl``i| ycby hj m`binad
nai|y{nbmn|`i |yby`|.- 4 yc`
{`|my| {`fbna in|fbm! Yc` pb|| {by` jh{ jnabm ~`b{ by cndc
|lchhm cb| i{hpp`i jh{ jnz` lha|`l&
ynz` ~`b{|- jbmmnad j{hf 4 #\BN[[ ;??3(?>5 9;?7
\`{{bh- ;?2?. bai b mb{d` p`{l`aybd` hj |lchhm| mblg bi`rby`
|ybjjnad- jblnmnyn`| bai `rnp&
f`ay!3 Yc` `ay{~ hj na|jjnln`aym~ p{`pb{`i |yi`ay| nayh
anz`{|nyn`| bai hyc`{ na|ynyynha|
hj cndc`{ `ilbynha cb| m`i yh b in|fbmm~ mht lhfpm`ynha {by`
#ham~ 20 p`{ l`ay hj |yi`ay|
tch `ay`{`i cndc`{ `ilbynha na ;??; d{biby`i na yc` a`sy jnz`
~`b{|.! Yc` p`{jh{fbal` hj
yc` lhay{~| |yi`ay| na g`~ b{`b| |lc b| fbyc`fbynl| bai yc`
|ln`al`| n| pb{ynlmb{m~ phh{5
tc`{`b| ham~ 94 p`{ l`ay hj jn{|y ~`b{ |yi`ay| `ay`{nad
anz`{|ny~ na ;??> t`{` jhai yh k`
blbi`fnlbmm~ mny`{by`- e|y ;0 p`{ l`ay t`{` jhai yh k`
rbaynybynz`m~ mny`{by`- bai b f`{` 4
p`{ l`ay t`{` jhai yh k` p{hjnln`ay na fbyc| #\BN[[
;??3&?>5
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Nay{hiplynha 20
{`jm`ly yc` bpb{yc`ni {blnbm cn`{b{lc~- tnyc |yi`ay| j{hf
fnah{ny~ {blnbm lhffanyn`| #ahybkm~
tcny`| bai Nainba|. {`dmb{m~ hyp`{jh{fnad lhmh{`i| bai Bj{nlba|
na g`~ b{`b| |lc b| adn&
a``{nad bai yc` pc~|nlbm |ln`al`| #|`` M`tna| k`mht.! Ahy
|{p{n|nadm~- yc` `ilbynha i`jnlny
y{ba|mby`| nayh b mblg hj `adna``{|- y`lcanlnba| bai hyc`{
|gnmm`i p`{|haa`m- tnyc `fpmh~`{|
lha|n|y`aym~ lhfpmbnanad bkhy yc` ilbynhabm m`z`m| hj fba~ hj
ych|` tch cbz` |ll`||jmm~
d{biby`i j{hf yc` anz`{|nyn`| #K`aebfna ;?2?.!
_`{cbp| `z`a fh{` bmb{fnad n| yc` cndc i{hphy {by` j{hf |lchhm|
tcnlc {`jm`ly| yc`
i~abfnl| hj lmb|| b| t`mm b| {bl`! B| fba~ b| 03 p`{ l`ay hj
lcnmi{`a tch `ay`{`i yc` |lchhm
|~|y`f na 2>>3 cbi i{hpp`i hy k~ yc` ynf` ycby yc`n{
j`mmht| cbi {`blc`i D{bi` 2; na tcnlc
yc`~ yhhg yc` fby{nl `sbf na ;??>7 hz`{tc`mfnadm~- yc`
fbeh{ny~ hj yc`|` tnmm k` Bj{nlba|
tch tnmm na bmm p{hkbknmny~ jbl` b mnj` hj a`fpmh~f`ay-
F`batcnm`- pb{`ay| tnyc fha`~ b{`
nal{`b|nadm~ y{anad yh p{nzby` `ilbynha! Jh{ bmm ycby yc`
dhz`{af`ay n| |y{hadm~ lhffnyy`i
yh bii{`||nad kblgmhd| bai phh{ hylhf`|- ny| lbpblny~ yh ih |h
bpp`b{| mnfny`i! Ahy m`b|y hjny| p{hkm`f|- bllh{inad yh najh{f`i
lhff`aybyh{|- n| b i`fh{bmn|`i bai nmm&in|lnpmna`i
y`blc&
nad p{hj`||nha #ahybkm~ na |lchhm| |`{znad phh{ kmblg
lhffanyn`|.- bai yc` hz`{tc`mfnad
i`y`{fnabynha hj yc` \hyc Bj{nlba I`fhl{bynl Y`blc`{| Panha- yc`
mb{d`|y y`blc`{ y{bi`
anha- yh p{hy ly y`blc`{ nay`{`|y| by yc` `sp`a|` hj b fh{`
{hai`i lhffnyf`ay yh yc` i&
lbynhabm |~|y`f!
_{hy`|y by nalbpblny~
[`l`ay ~`b{| cbz` k``a lcb{bly`{n|`i k~ af`{h| bai cndcm~
pkmnln|`i p{hy`|y blynha|
bdbna|y dhz`{af`ay| by p{hznalnbm bai mhlbm m`z`m|-
lch{`hd{bpc`i na flc hj yc` f`inb b|p{hy`|y| bdbna|y mblg hj
|`{znl` i`mnz`{~! Jb{ yhh hjy`a jh{ lhfjh{y- yc`|` cbz` k`lhf`
nay`{&
mbl`i tnyc hyk{|y| hj phpmb{ znhm`al` bdbna|y p`{l`nz`i lhffany~
hy|ni`{|- |bmm~ lcb{&
bly`{n|`i b| s`ahpchknb! Na fba~ |lc lb|`|- znhm`al` bdbna|y
p`{|ha| n| lhfphai`i tnyc
znhm`al` bdbna|y p{hp`{y~- hjy`a pkmnl jblnmnyn`| |lc b|
|lchhm|- mnk{b{n`| h{ fanlnpbm hjjnl`|!
_{hy`|y n| yc`{`jh{` hjy`a in|fn||`i k~ hjjnlnbmihf b| |yhg`i k~
fbmlhay`ay| tch cbz` hpph&
|nynhabm phmnynlbm fhynz`|- h{ k~ tni`{ |hln`y~ b| n{{bynhabm
bai p{nfnynz`! \hlnbm p{hy`|y n|-
cht`z`{- b cndcm~ lhfpm`s pc`ahf`aha! Bfhad|y yc` jblyh{| ycby
thmi |``f yh k` nazhmz`i
b{` j``mnad| hj {`mbynz` i`p{nzbynha- cndc m`z`m| hj na`rbmny~
tnycna ba nal{`b|nadm~ lha|f`{n|y
|hln`y~- yc` jbnm{`| hj yc` `ilbynhabm |~|y`f- cndc a`fpmh~f`ay
bfhad kmblg| #ahybkm~
~had f`a.- b mblg hj `ay{`p{ a`{|cnp bai lbpnybm bfhad \hyc
Bj{nlba kmblg {kba it`mm`{|
tcnlc n| hjy`a zn|nkm~ `sph|`i k~ fh{` |ll`||jm jh{`nda
fnd{bay|- {`|`ayf`ay| bdbna|y p`{&
l`nz`i lh{{pynha na dhz`{af`ay- bai yc` mblg hj bllhaybknmny~ hj
phmnynlnba| bai b{{hdbal`
hj hjjnlnbm|! Mblg hj {`db{i jh{ yc` mbt #na |ndanjnlbay pb{y ba
nac`{nybal` hj bpb{yc`ni. lhf&
kna`i tnyc nabi`rby` mbt ajh{l`f`ay l{`by`| b lhay`sy na tcnlc
p{hy`|y| hjy`a y{a znhm`ay-
b y`ai`al~ j`mm`i k~ {`|h{y yh znhm`ay f`ychi| hj l{hti lhay{hm
k~ yc` phmnl`! Na y{a- znhm`ay
p{hy`|y| b{` yc`f|`mz`| b lhmm`lynz` fbanj`|ybynha hj yc` tni`{
znhm`al` na \hyc Bj{nlba |hln&
`y~- {`jm`lynz` hj yc` mblg hj |hlnbm lhc`{`al` na b |hln`y~
|ynmm cndcm~ inzni`i bmhad mna`| hj lmb||-
{bl`- `ycanlny~- d`ai`{ bai d`hd{bpc~ #K{l` k`mht7 [\B
;??>k.!
Ybm`| bkhy yc` jbnm{`| hj p{hznalnbm dhz`{af`ay| bai
fanlnpbmnyn`| yh i`mnz`{ |`{znl`| bai
hj b i`lmna` na |ybaib{i| b{` m`dnha- bai b{` hjy`a nay`{|p`{|`i
tnyc nainlbynha| hj lha|ni`{bkm`
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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2: A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
lh{{pynha bai l{ha~n|f! \lc ab{{bynz`| {`p{`|`ay fh{` ycba
ph|y&lhmhanbm f`mbalchm~- jh{
yc`{` n| `zni`al` `ahdc ycby bmm n| ahy b| ny |chmi k`5 jh{
na|ybal`- p{hznalnbm bai fanlnpbm
i`mnz`{~ jbnm{` n| hjy`a fbylc`i k~ nabknmny~ yh |p`ai baabm
kid`y|! Af`{h| fanlnpbmnyn`|-
nalminad |hf` f`y{h|- b{` `jj`lynz`m~ kbag{py bai na yhybm
jnabalnbm in|b{{b~! Aha`yc`m`||-
bmychdc yc`{` n| |k|ybaynbm nainlbynha hj nalhfp`y`al` bai
nalbpblny~ by m`z`m| hj dhz`{af`ay
tcnlc fh|y nff`inby`m~ bjj`ly h{inab{~ lnynu`a|- yc`{` n|
|nfmyba`h|m~ lm`b{ `zni`al` hj |k&
|ybaynbm nfp{hz`f`ay| na yc` bll`|| hj phh{`{ lhffanyn`| bai
ch|`chmi| yh |`{znl`| {badnad
j{hf ch|nad yh {aanad tby`{ bai `m`ly{nlny~! Na biinynha- yc{hdc
ny| |hlnbm d{bay| a`yth{g-
yc` dhz`{af`ay aht lhay{nky`| yc` d{`by`|y |nadm` |h{l` hj
nalhf` yh b ycn{i hj bmm Bj{nlba
ch|`chmi|- tcnm` b| flc b| b rb{y`{ hj yc` phpmbynha {`l`nz`|
fhaycm~ d{bay| j{hf yc`
|yby` #L{hae` ;??>.! \h tc~- t` fb~ b|g- b{` yc` phh{ |h
ibfa`i ad{by`jm8
Yc` ba|t`{ n| k`~hai in|bdd{`dbynha c`{`! Cht`z`{- tcby ny bii|
p yh n| b |y{ngnad mh|| hj
yc` BAL| bych{ny~ bai lhay{hm hz`{ |hln`y~ `|p`lnbmm~ hz`{ yc`
th{gnad lmb|| bai ba`f`{d`ay ai`{lmb|| hj i`p{nz`i bai a`fpmh~`i
\hyc Bj{nlba|!
Cnyc`{yh- yc` {`zhmy hj yc` ai`{p{nznm`d`i cb| ahy ybg`a b
lhc`{`ay phmnynlbm jh{f
#bmychdc Ufb| {n|` yh pht`{- kblg`i k~ fbeh{ny~ `m`f`ay| tnycna
Lh|by bai yc` \BL_-
aihky`im~ cbi b |ndanjnlbay lmb|| inf`a|nha.! Cht`z`{-
n{hanlbmm~- babm~|y| hj khyc yc` m`jy
#_nmmb~ ;??>. bai yc` {ndcy #L{hae` ;??>. lhfkna` na
p{he`lynad b |y{had ph||nknmny~ hj d{htnad
m`z`m| hj p{hy`|y m`binad yh Lh|by bai yc` \BL_ k{`bgnad tnyc
yc` Bmmnbal` bai mnagnad p
tnyc |hlnbm fhz`f`ay| yh yc{`by`a yc` BAL| phmnynlbm c`d`fha~!
Ycn| n| |lb{l`m~ yc` p{h|p`ly
`azn|bd`i k~ tcny` lbpnybm na 2>>9! Ah{ n| ba~ {`|mynad
|l`ab{nh ba {h|nha hj dhz`{af`aybm
lhay{hm hj yc` yhta|cnp| bgna yh yc` A_| `sp`{n`al` na yc`
2>3?|7 d{htnad bayn&lbpnybmn|yp{hy`|y bai lmb|| tb{jb{`
lmfnabynad na ba m`lyh{bm znlyh{~ hj b a`t m`jy pb{y~ hz`{ yc`
BAL7
h{ lhaynanad {m` k~ yc` BAL- ky tnyc {`il`i fh{bm bai phmnynlbm
bych{ny~ bai d{`by`{
{`mnbal` ha pby{habd` bai lh`{lnha p{hfn|nad yh yc` lhayna`i
|{znzbm hj b {`jh{f kb{dbna-
`|p`lnbmm~ ha` nal{`b|nadm~ {`mnbay pha naj|nha| hj jh{`nda
naz`|yf`ay!
\MNI@ YHTB[I\ F@INHL[NY^8
Yc`{` n| a``i yh fbnaybna p`{|p`lynz`! Bllh{inad yh yc` Th{mi
@lhahfnl Jh{f| Dmhkbm
Lhfp`ynynz`a`|| Nai`s jh{ ;??>(2?- \hyc Bj{nlb p`{jh{f`i
{`mbynz`m~ t`mm na b lhay`sy hj dmhkbm
`lhahfnl l{n|n|!> \hyc Bj{nlb tb| {by`i yc` 90yc fh|y
lhfp`ynynz` lhay{~ hy hj 2
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Nay{hiplynha 24
Hz`{bmm- yc`{`jh{`- ny thmi k` bk|{i yh |dd`|y ycby \hyc Bj{nlb
n| bkhy yh ai`{dh ba
bphlbm~pynl i`lmna`! Cht`z`{- ny lba k` b{d`i ycby yc` lhay{~
lhmi k` ha yc` z`{d` hj b
mhad&y`{f i`|l`ay yhtb{i| f`inhl{ny~- mb{d`m~ k`lb|` hj
n||`| hj dhz`{abal` #phmnynlbm bai
`lhahfnl. bai cfba i`z`mhpf`ay! Th{{~nadm~- \hyc Bj{nlb n|
|mnppnad na y`{f| hj nay`{&
abynhabm {bagnad| lhal`{anad lh{{pynha #00yc hy hj 23? {by`i k~
yc` T@J na ;??>- ha`
pmbl` mht`{ ycba b ~`b{ `b{mn`{.2? bai tb| {bag`i >?yc na
y`{f| hj mbkh{ fb{g`y `jjnln`al~
bai 2;2|y na y`{f| hj mbkh{&`fpmh~`` {`mbynha|! \hyc Bj{nlb
bm|h ini `sl`pynhabmm~ kbim~
tnyc {`db{i yh p`{l`pynha| hj yc` c`bmyc hj ny| th{gjh{l`
#2;4yc.- bai yc` k|na`|| lh|y| hj
l{nf` bai znhm`al` #2
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23 A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
`fpmh~f`ay! \nfnmb{m~- mbai {`jh{f- cnyc`{yh p{`yy~ flc b in|fbm
jbnm{`- n| ham~ mng`m~ yh k`
fbi` yh th{g yc{hdc yc` jh{dnad hj b d`ana` pb{ya`{|cnp k`yt``a
dhz`{af`ay bai lhf&
f`{lnbm bd{nlmy{` nj yc` ibad`{| hj Unfkbkt`ban|bynha b{` yh k`
bz`{y`i #Bygna|ha k`mht.!
\`lhai- yc`{` n| {d`ay a``i jh{ mb{d`&|lbm` lbpnybm yh ehna
tnyc dhz`{af`ay- mbkh{ bai
lnznm |hln`y~ na bii{`||nad yc` bppbmmnad m`z`m| hj |hlnbm
na`rbmny~! Ny fb~ t`mm k` ycby yc` |yb{y&
nad phnay jh{ |lc b |hln`ybm lhffnyf`ay tnmm lhf` j{hf bpp`bm yh
lhffha |`a|`- yc` ahynha
ycby yc` |hlnbm lhainynha| jh{ p{hilynha- nalm|nz` hj |bj`y~ hj
p`{|ha| bai p{hp`{y~- lbaahy
k` |`l{`i am`|| yc` i{njy yh tni`anad na`rbmny~ n| {`z`{|`i!
_{bdfbynlbmm~- yc`{` n| flc
ycby lhmi k` iha`! Bjy`{ bmm- nj \hyc Bj{nlb n| b| {`mbynz`m~
byy{blynz` yh nay`{abynhabm naz`|y&
f`ay b| yc` dmhkbm lhfp`ynynz`a`|| {bynad| lny`i bkhz` nainlby`-
yc`{` thmi |``f yh k` lha&
|ni`{bkm` |lhp` jh{ dhz`{af`ay yh i{nz` cb{i`{ kb{dbna| tnyc
k|na`|| yh p{hfhy`
`fpmh~f`ay5 nj k|na`|| thay cn{` fh{` p`hpm` in{`lym~- yc`a
lh{ph{bynha| lba lhdc p
fh{` yh `abkm` dhz`{af`ay ny|`mj yh mbalc `fpmh~f`ay |lc`f`|
bai- na y{a- ycn| fb~{`rn{` yc` anha fhz`f`ay yh {`&ycnag ny|
hpph|nynha yh d{`by`{ mbkh{ fb{g`y jm`snknmny~!
#Dh{icba| ;?2? kid`y fbi` b |`jm |yb{y c`{` tnyc p{hph|bm| jh{
mht`{ pbni y`fph{b{~
`fpmh~f`ay jh{ jn{|y ynf` ehk |``g`{|!. `y fh{` ycba p{bdfbyn|f
n| {`rn{`i- jh{ yc` in|ph&
|nynha yh bifn{` bai bmfh|y yh th{|cnp- yc` {nlc bai yc`
pht`{jm- bai yh i`|pn|`- h{- by m`b|y-
yh a`dm`ly p`{|ha| hj phh{ bai f`ba lhainynha !!! n| !!! yc`
d{`by bai fh|y anz`{|bm lb|` hj
yc` lh{{pynha hj h{ fh{bm |`aynf`ay|! Yc`|` th{i| hj Bibf \fnyc
#lny`i k~ Eiy ;?2?.
nainlby` yc` a``i jh{ b zndh{h| lhmm`lynz` lhffnyf`ay yh
{`bmn|nad yc` fh{bm- b| t`mm b| yc`
`lhahfnl- zbm` hj |hlnbm e|ynl`! Yc` |hlnbm lhc`{`al` ycby \hyc
Bj{nlb mblg| jmht| mynfby`m~
j{hf phh{`{ lnynu`a| |`a|` hj |hlnbm `slm|nha j{hf yc` j{ny| hj
i`fhl{bynl |hln`y~!Blcn`znad d{`by`{ |hlnbm `rbmny~ tnmm {`rn{`-
ycn{i- b fhz` btb~ j{hf yc` phmnynlbm lhahf~
hj `aynym`f`ay bai `b|~ fha`~! Yc` i`kby` bkhy `aynym`f`ay cb|
cnyc`{yh jhl|`i bmfh|y
`ayn{`m~ pha yc` ahynha ycby- k`lb|` hj yc` {blnbm na`rbmny~
`fk`ii`i na \hyc Bj{nlb|
pb|y- #fba~. kmblg| j``m `aynym`i yh lhfpba~ hta`{|cnp- cndc
|bmb{n`|- dhhi ehk|- bai pkmnl
b||`y|- tnyc |lc j``mnad| p{hfhy`i k~ phmnln`| hj i`fhd{bpcnl
{`p{`|`aynzny~#Ehca|ha ;??>.!
Cht`z`{- yc` i`kby` bkhy `aynym`f`ay a``i| yh k` |`{nh|m~
tni`a`i! Ahycnad cb| k``a fh{`
ibfbdnad yh lbpnybm| {`pybynha ycba yc` {`z`mbynha| hj yc`
hk|l`a` |bmb{n`| bai k`a`jny|
lmbnf`i k~ L@H|- |pph|`im~ e|ynjn`i k~ yc`n{ fb{g`y th{yc-
bmhad|ni` `sph|{` hj fb{g`y
lhmm|nha k~ lhfpban`| na bayn&lhfp`ynynz` p{blynl`| ycby
{bfp p p{nl`| jh{ yc` phh{! ^`y
`rbmm~ ibfbdnad yh yc` lb|` hj i`fhl{bynl phmnynl| cb| k``a yc`
|`a|` hj `aynym`f`ay tcnlc
af`{h| phmnynlnba| cbz` `scnkny`i k~ pmai`{ hj pkmnl jai|
lhfphai`i k~ in|pmb~| hj
b{{hdbal` yh yc` p`hpm` tch cbz` `m`ly`i yc`f! Flc n| fbi`
#bmychdc bppb{`aym~ mnyym`
blcn`z`i. na lhay`fph{b{~ \hyc Bj{nlb hj fbgnad khyc k|na`|| bai
dhz`{af`ay fh{`
bllhaybkm`! Jh{yaby`m~- yc`{` b{` |hf` |nda| ycby pkmnl in|d|y
tnyc `sl`|| n| lb|nad lha&
|yny`aln`| na khyc |`lyh{| yh {`&ycnag! Ky by {hhy n| yc`
jb{- jb{ fh{` injjnlmy s`{ln|` hj lcbm&
m`adnad yc` k{hbi`{ pb{bindf tc`{`k~ t` mnz`!
Yc` pbyc p{|`i k~ \hyc Bj{nlba |nal` 2>>9 cb| k``a ba
ab|cbf`im~ lbpnybmn|y ha`
tcnlc cb| rby`i d{htyc tnyc i`z`mhpf`ay- |k|ynyy`i
i`{blnbmn|bynha jh{ d{`by`{ |hlnbm
rbmny~- bai jh|y`{`i p{nzby` lha|fpynha hz`{ pkmnl t`mjb{`! Na
ycn|- \hyc Bj{nlb cb| jhm&
mht`i nay`{abynhabm a`hmnk`{bm y{`ai| jb{ fh{` ycba yc` |hlnbmm~
`dbmnyb{nba `ych| tcnlc n| by
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha 2>
yc` c`b{y hj yc` cn|yh{nlbm fn||nha hj yc` BAL! @z`{ fh{`- yc`
hylhf`| mhhg in|b|y{h|! B|
b{d`i c`{`- yc` lhay{~| nanynbm |ll`|| n| kb|`i ha |cbg~
jhaibynha| bai- nal{`b|nadm~-
yc`{` n| `zni`al` ycby yc` p{`|`ay y{be`lyh{~ n| k`lhfnad
a||ybnabkm`! Fh|y hkznh|m~- ycn|
{`mby`| yh yc` lb{`m`|| in|{`db{i tcnlc yc` blynz` m`dbl~ hj yc`
fna`{bm|&`a`{d~ lhfpm`s bai
yc` p{`|`ay d{htyc pbyy`{a cbz` ha yc` `lhahf~! E|y b| yc`
p{`|`ay `sn|ynad jh{f hj dmhkbm
lbpnybmn|f n| {bpnim~ {`blcnad ny| lhmhdnlbm mnfny|- |h \hyc
Bj{nlb| jbnm{` yh {`na na yc` fnanad
nai|y{~| bk|` hj yc` `azn{haf`ay #ahybkm~ yc` lhay{~| mnfny`i
tby`{ {`|h{l`|. bai yh
lhffny |`{nh|m~ yh fhznad btb~ j{hf in{y~ `a`{d~ #@|ghf|
{`lbmlny{bal` lhfphai`i k~
yc` dhz`{af`ay| pb||nzny~. phnay| yh b i`z`mhpnad l{n|n| hj
|{znzbm tch|` pb{bf`y`{| b{`
bmfh|y anfbdnabkm` yh yc` p{`|`ay d`a`{bynha!
Yc` `lhahfnl l{b|c bai yc` dmhkbm `azn{haf`aybm l{n|n| b{` yth
|ni`| hj yc` |bf` lhna-
p{hfpynad d{htnad |y{ddm`| bai i`kby` bkhy yc` jy{` hj
lbpnybmn|f ny|`mj! Tcby`z`{ yc`
jy{`- \hyc Bj{nlb| kni yh bibpy yh lcbadnad dmhkbm a`l`||nyn`|
bai phpmb{ i`fbai|{`rn{`| ba nfbdnabynz` {`|pha|`! \hyc Bj{nlb fbi`
ha` |lc m`bp na 2>>95 lba ny fbg`
bahyc`{ na yc` a`b{ jy{`8
AHY@\
2 I`jna`i k~ yc` nay`{abynhabm f`b|{` hj mnznad ha m`|| ycba
P\)2 b ib~!
; Yc|- jh{ na|ybal`- \bambf dbz` kn{yc yh yc{`` |ndanjnlbay K@@
d{hp|- tnyc _bfhiun ybgnad hz {
j{hf tcby tb| J`ijhhi- [h~bm Kbjhg`ad j{hf Nfpbmb _mbynaf- bai
Y|`kh Hy|h{lnad j{hf
J`inl|! Yhg~h \`stbm`| Fz`mbpcbaib tb| yh k~ b mb{d` |ybg` na
Hmi Fybm| K`ad`mb Lhal`|&
|nha|- tcnm` K{nf|yha` #b Lbp` kb|`i `fpht`{f`ay lhfpba~. aht
hta| lmhycnad jn{f [`s
Y{`jh{f! Badmh| akaimnad cb| p{hzni`i b kb|n| jh{ zb{nh|
`fpht`{f`ay i`bm| tnyc- jh{
na|ybal`- L~{nm [bfbpch|b| \cbaigb aht cbznad b 0 p`{ l`ay |ybg`
na Badmh| \lbt F`ybm|!
< Ky |`` Gb{ngn k`mht jh{ ba hpynfn|ynl p`{|p`lynz` ha
p{`|`ay i`z`mhpf`ay|!
9 Bllh{inad yh yc` Baabm \{z`~| hj yc` \hyc Bj{nlba Na|ynyy` hj
[bl` [`mbynha| #\BN[[.- #2>>9&>05
9??7 ;??3&?>5 2::.- yc` p{hph{ynha hj yc` kid`y |p`ay ha
|hlnbm |`l{ny~ bai t`mjb{` tb| :!> p`{
l`ay na 2>>?&>2 bai >!< p`{ l`ay na
2>>0&>0! K~ lhay{b|y- yc` Abynhabm Y{`b|{~ `|ynfby`|
ycby
|hlnbm p{hy`lynha tnmm bfhay yh 20!> p`{ l`ay hj kid`y
`sp`ainy{` na ;?2?! Bmychdc yc`|`
jnd{`| fb~ ahy k` in{`lym~ lhfpb{bkm`- yc` |cb{p ptb{i y{`ai n|
afn|ybg`bkm`!
0 Baabm yhybm in|ph|bkm` nalhf` jh{ tcny`| i{hpp`i j{hf 99!<
p`{ l`ay hj yc` yhybm na 2>>3 yh 9?!5 ;33.!
: Yc` p{nalnpbm `sbfpm`| na ;??> t`{` cndcm~ pkmnln|`i
kbyym`| hz`{ yc` ||p`a|nha jh{ bmm`d`i in|&
lnpmnab{~ hjj`al`| k~ yc` Y{ba|a`y khb{i hj \n~bkhadb Dbfb- yc`
c`bi hj Y{ba|a`y J{`ndcy [bnm-
tch {`l`nz`i zndh{h| kblgnad j{hf `m`f`ay| tnycna yc` BAL bai
Lh|by na cn| kni yh k`lhf`
L@H hj Y{ba|a`y- bai yc` jh{l`i {`|ndabynha hj Eblhk Fb{hdb b|
L@H hj @|ghf- tch |nfnmb{m~ cbi
|y{had |pph{y j{hf tnycna yc` BAL- na b f`||~ kbyym` tcnlc
lmfnaby`i na yc` |k|`r`ay
{`|ndabynha hj Khkk~ Dhi|`mm- jh{f`{ L@H hj Badmh&Dhmi
B|cbayn- b| lcbn{fba hj yc` khb{i
jhmmhtnad- bppb{`aym~- mblg hj kblgnad k~ _{`|ni`ay Eblhk
Ufb!
4 _kmnl `sp`ainy{` b| b p{hph{ynha hj DI_ bai b| b p{hph{ynha hj
yhybm dhz`{af`ay `sp`ainy{`
jh{ \hyc Bj{nlb na ;??4 tb| 0!9 p`{ l`ay bai 24!90! Lhfpb{bynz`
jnd{`| jh{ D`{fba~ t`{`
9!0 p`{ l`ay bai >!4 p`{ l`ay! Jh{ yc` PG yc`~ t`{` 0!0 p`{
l`ay bai 2;!0 p`{ l`ay! Jh{ yc` P\5 0!4
p`{ l`ay bai 25 .!
3 B j`t kb|nl |ybyn|ynl| lba nmm|y{by` yc` p{hkm`f|5 na ;??:- 9
p`{ l`ay hj pkmnl |lchhm| cbi ah yhnm`y
jblnmnyn`| tcby|h`z`{- bai ham~
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;? A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
|ppm~7 ham~ ;
29!4 p`{ l`ay cbi ah `m`ly{nlny~ |ppm~7 bai ham~ ;
ch{{njnlbmm~- ham~ ;2!2 p`{ l`ay cbi b mnk{b{~ #\BN[[
;??3(?>5 9?4&920 lnynad jnd{`| j{hf yc`
I`pb{yf`ay hj @ilbynha| Abynhabm @ilbynha Naj{b|y{ly{`
Fbabd`f`ay \~|y`f.!
> Yc` Nai`s n| lhaily`i k~ yc` Th{mi @lhahfnl Jh{f na
pb{ya`{|cnp tnyc m`binad blbi`fnl|bai b dmhkbm a`yth{g hj {`|`b{lc
na|ynyy`| bai lbmlmby`| ny| {bagnad| j{hf pkmnlm~ bzbnmbkm`
ibyb bai ba baabm phmm hj hz`{ 2; ??? k|na`|| m`bi`{| th{mitni`!
\`` cyyp5((ttt!|hycbj{nlb!
najh(k|na`|(`lhahf~(lhfp`ynynz`a`||;??>!cyf!
2? Th{mi Kbag Dhz`{abal` Nainlbyh{| |bt \hyc Bj{nlb| lhay{hm hj
lh{{pynha i`lmna` j{hf 40!4
hy hj 2?? na 2>>: yh ::!4 na ;??4 #\BN[[ ;??3&?>5
4;:.!
[@J@[@AL@\
Bk`inba N #;??>. Th{f| na yc` ki hj ph|y&bpb{yc`ni khhf!
K|na`|| [`ph{y- 23 Ebab{~!
Bibf C- J zba U~m \mbkk`{y bai J Fhhim`~ #2>>4. Lhf{bi`|
na K|na`||5 _h|y&mnk`{bynha _hmnynl| na\hyc Bj{nlb! Lbp` Yhta5
Ybj`mk`{d!
B|cyha D #;?2?. @|ghf n| ba `a`f~ hj p{hd{`||! Yc` \yb{- ;>
Ebab{~!
Kb||`yy L #;??3. \hyc Bj{nlb5 [`zn|nynad lbpnybm| Jh{fbynz`
Blynha- [`zn`t hj Bj{nlba _hmnynlbm @lha&
hf~. Yc` Yhsnl Fns5 Tcby| T{had tnyc \hyc Bj{nlb| \lchhm| bai
Cht Yh Jns Ny! Lbp` Yhta5
Ybj`mk`{d!
K{byndbf I- M [bga`{ bai \ Yb~mh{ #;??;. K|na`|| b||hlnbynha|
bai d{htyc lhbmnynha| na |k&\bcb{ba
Bj{nlb! Yc` Eh{abm hj Fhi`{a Bj{nlba \yin`| 9? #9.5
02>093!
Lb||nf [ #;??:. \hyc Bj{nlb| jn{|y tbz` hj `lhahfnl {`jh{f|! Na
_bib~blc`` Z #@i. Yc` I`z`mhpf`ay
I`lbi`8 @lhahfnl bai \hlnbm Lcbad` na \hyc Bj{nlb-
2>>9&;??9! Lbp` Yhta5 C\[L _{`||5 0030!L{hae` J #;??>.
Cht \hyc Bj{nlb| p{hy`|y fhz`f`ay fb~ i`z`mhp!
cyyp5((|bn{{!h{d!ub(|bn{{&
yhib~(a`t|Xny`f!;??>&?4&;
Iban`m E bai A Kc`ad #;??>. \hyc Bj{nlb na Bj{nlb5 \ynmm b
jh{fnibkm` pmb~`{! Na \hycbmm [ bai C
F`mk`{ #@i|. B A`t \l{bfkm` jh{ Bj{nlb8 Nfp`{nbmn|f- Naz`|yf`ay
bai I`z`mhpf`ay! _n`y`{fb{&
nyuk{d5 PGUA _{`||5 2&2:9!
Iban`m E bai [ \hycbmm #;??>. Yc` abynhabm bai p{hznalnbm
m`lyh{bm hylhf`5 Lhaynany~ tnyc lcbad`! Na
\hycbmm [ bai E Iban`mUabfn" Yc` ;??> \hyc Bj{nlba @m`lynha|!
Ehcbaa`|k{d5 Eblbab5 ;!
Ibzn`| [- I HF`b{b bai \ Imbfnan #2>39. Yc` \y{ddm` jh{ \hyc
Bj{nlb5 B [`j`{`al` Dni` yh Fhz`&
f`ay|- H{dbanubynha| bai Na|ynyynha|! Mhaiha5 U`i Khhg|!
@a|h{ M #;?2?. _b{b|ybybm|5 Chdba| |y{`|| y`|y! K|na`|| Ib~- ;2
Ebab{~!
Cbknk B- I _nmmb~ bai B I`|bn #2>>3. \hyc Bj{nlb bai yc`
dmhkbm h{i`{5 Yc` |y{ly{bm lhainynhanad
hj b y{ba|nynha yh i`fhl{bl~!Eh{abm hj Lhay`fph{b{~ Bj{nlba
\yin`| 2: #2.5 >0220!
Cbaim`~ B #;??0. K|na`||- dhz`{af`ay bai `lhahfnl phmnl~fbgnad
na yc` a`t \hyc Bj{nlb! Yc`
Eh{abm hj Fhi`{a Bj{nlba \yin`| 9< #;.5 ;22;9?!
Cb|`aj| F #;??>. E\@ na jh{`nda cbai|!
cyyp5((ttt!jna;9!lhf(b{ynlm`|(i`jbmy(in|pmb~Xb{ynlm`!b|ps8
B{ynlm`Ni62023&;9X;;>33. \hyc Bj{nlb| K{bz` A`t Th{mi5
Yc` K`mhz`i Lhay{~ \nal` yc` @ai hj Bpb{yc`ni! Mhaiha5
Bmm`a Mba`!
Eiy Y #;?2?. Tcby n| mnznad bai tcby n| i`bi na |hlnbm
i`fhl{bl~8 A`t h{g [`zn`t- 29 Ebab{~!
Mh{`ayu`a E #;??:. Yc` ahm`id` hj afk`{|5 \*Y- [*I bai
naahzbynha nainlbyh{| na \hyc Bj{nlb! Na
_bib~blc`` Z #@i. Yc` I`z`mhpf`ay I`lbi`8 @lhahfnl bai \hlnbm
Lcbad` na \hyc Bj{nlb- 2>>9&
;??9! Lbp` Yhta5 C\[L _{`||5 23!
FlD{`dh{ B- [ [h|` bai \ L{ba|yha #;??>. _ht`{&|cnjy!
Jnabalnbm Fbnm- ;< Ebab{~!
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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Nay{hiplynha ;2
Fh{{n| F- D [hkkna| bai E Kb{a`| #;??:. Yc` {hm` hj dhz`{af`ay
na jh|y`{nad lm|y`{|5 yc` \hyc
Bj{nlba byhfhynz` |`lyh{! Na _bib~blc`` Z #@i. Yc` I`z`mhpf`ay
I`lbi`8 @lhahfnl bai \hlnbm
Lcbad` na \hyc Bj{nlb- 2>>9&;??9! Lbp` Yhta5 C\[L
_{`||5 ;?2;;
Abyy{b|| E #2>32. Yc` \hyc Bj{nlba @lhahf~5 Ny| D{htyc bai
Lcbad`! Lbp` Yhta5 Hsjh{i Panz`{|ny~ _{`||!
_nmmb~ I #;??>. LH\BYP- yc` \BL_ bai yc` BAL
_h|y&_hmhgtba`5 Mhhgnad M`jy ky ih`| ny j``m [ndcy8Mbkh{-
Lbpnybm bai \hln`y~92#;.5 9b. I`z`mhpf`ay Nainlbyh{| ;??>!
cyyp5((ttt!najh!dhz!ub(hyc`{&
ihl| ;??>(i`z`mhpf`aynainlbyh{|;??>!
[\B #;??>k. _b{mnbf`ay hj yc` [`pkmnl hj \hyc Bj{nlb5 B
[`ph{y ha yc` L{{`ay \`{znl` I`mnz`{~
_{hy`|y| na \hyc Bj{nlb! Lhffn||nha`i k~ yc` Ch|` Lcbn{p`{|ha
Lhffnyy``|- Hz`{|ndcy bai NLY!
\`{{bh B #;?2?. \B| y{nmmnha {bai `ilbynha |lbaibm! Yc` \yb{-
;< J`k{b{~!
\hyc Bj{nlba Na|ynyy` hj [bl` [`mbynha| \hyc Bj{nlb \{z`~!
Zb{nh| ^`b{|! Ehcbaa`|k{d5 \hyc
Bj{nlba Na|ynyy` hj [bl` [`mbynha|!
\hycbmm [ #;??9. Yc` BAL bai kmblg lbpnybmn|f na \hyc Bj{nlb!
[`zn`t hj Bj{nlba _hmnynlbm @lhahf~
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cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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2@LHAHF^- @LHMHD^BAI \P\YBNABKNMNY^
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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\hyc Bj{nlb cb| k``a |`z`{`m~ bjj`ly`i k~ yc` dmhkbm jnabalnbm
l{n|n|! I`|pny` b {`y{a yh d{htyc
na ;?2?- yc` l{n|n| tnmm lhf` kblg b| mhad b| ny| jaibf`aybm
{hhy| b{` ahy bii{`||`i! Nai``i- t`
a``i yh b|g tc`yc`{ yc` l{n|n| n| b p{`m~ jnabalnbm ha`- h{
fmyninf`a|nhabm! N| ny hj {`l`ay
h{ndna- h{ |hf`ycnad ycby k`dba tnyc yc` fb{g`y mnk`{bmn|bynha
hj yc` mby` 2>4?| h{ ih`| ny dh
{ndcy kblg yh yc` h{ndna| hj lbpnybmn|f b| b th{mi |~|y`f- hj
tcnlc \hyc Bj{nlb n| b fnl{hlh|f8
I`|pny` yc` jbly ycby \B| jnabalnbm |`lyh{ tb| flc k`yy`{ {`dmby
i ycba by yc` l`ay{`| hj
yc` dmhkbm |~|y`f- yc` jnabalnbm l{n|n| cb| i``p`a`i ba bm{`bi~
|`z`{` |hlnh&`lhahfnl l{n|n|! B|
yc` lcbpy`{| ycby jhmmht |cht- ny bll`m`{by`i i`lmnanad
fbajbly{nad hypy h{ yc` i`nai|y{n&
bmn|bynha hj yc` `lhahf~- pb{ym~ k`lb|` hj b i`lmna` na dmhkbm
i`fbai bai pb{ym~ k`lb|` hj
yc` {bai| {n|` bdbna|y yc` K{nyn|c phai bai P\ ihmmb{! Fh|y
|`z`{`m~- p yh ha` fnmmnha ehk|
t`{` mh|y na ;??>- na b lhay`sy hj fb||nz` a`fpmh~f`ay
#ahjjnlnbmm~ lmh|` yh 9? p`{ l`ay hj
`lhahfnlbmm~ blynz` lnynu`a|.- {n|nad |hlnbm na`rbmny~ bai
p`{|n|y`ay phz`{y~! Yh ybg` yth y`mmnad
nainl`|5 hz`{ ha`&ycn{i hj yc` phpmbynha n| jhhi na|`l{`-
bai b rb{y`{ hj lcnmi{`a ai`{ |ns
~`b{| hj bd` n| fbmah{n|c`i #Cfba \ln`al`| [`|`b{lc Lhalnm-
lny`i na Bai{`t| ;??3.!
By b jaibf`aybm m`z`m- yc`{` b{` nal{`b|nad nainlbynha| ycby yc`
lhay{~| d{htyc y{be`lyh{~
jbl`| b l{n|n| hj ||ybnabknmny~ na khyc |`a|`| hj yc` th{i
||ybnabkm` d{htyc ycby l{`by`|
i`l`ay ehk| bai {n|nad mnznad |ybaib{i| jh{ bmm- b| t`mm b|
||ybnabkm` d{htyc ycby p{hy`ly| yc`
aby{bm `azn{haf`ay bai m`bz`| yc` `b{yc tnyc |jjnln`ay {`|h{l`|
jh{ jy{` d`a`{bynha|!
NAY[HIPLYNHA
\hyc Bj{nlb bai yc` `lh&mhdnlhj yc` dmhkbm lbpnybmn|y
l{n|n|
I`zba _nmmb~
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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\hyc Bj{nlb bai yc` `lh&mhdnl hj yc` dmhkbm lbpnybmn|y
l{n|n| ;0
Ycn| l{n|n| n| {hhy`i na yc` |y{ly{` hj yc` \hyc Bj{nlba lhahf~-
tcnlc tb| nac`{ny`i j{hf
yc` lhmhanbm pb|y!
Na \hyc Bj{nlb- {blnbm lbpnybmn|f `f`{d`i b| b {`|my hj b
fna`{bm|&`a`{d~ lhfpm`s #Jna`
bai [|yhfe`` 2>>:. b |~a`{d~ k`yt``a yc` fnanad nai|y{~
bai jh||nm `a`{d~ |~|y`f| ycby
||ybna ny- b| t`mm b| b jnabalnbm |`lyh{ ycby d{`t hy hj ny!
Ycn| fna`{bm|&`a`{d~&jnabalnbm lhf&
pm`s {`fbna| l`ay{bm yh \hyc Bj{nlba lbpnybmn|f- |kh{inabynad
bmm hyc`{ lhahfnl blynznyn`|-
nalminad fbajbly{nad! Ny {`|y| ha yc` spmhnybynha hj jh||nm j`m|
bai {n|g~ fnanad hp`{bynha|
ycby cbz` |``a yc` i`byc hj y`a| hj ych|bai| hj p`hpm` hz`{ yc`
mb|y l`ay{~! B |mhtm~ i`{b&
lnbmn|nad fnah{ny~ `sp`{n`al`| yc` ham~ ybadnkm` k`a`jny|-
tcnm|y yc` #fbnam~ kmblg. fbeh{ny~
mnz` na lhainynha| hj ai`{i`z`mhpf`ay na yc` p{`ihfnabaym~ {{bm
jh{f`{ chf`mbai|- h{ na
phmmy`i |mf| bai yhta|cnp| na yc` {kba b{`b|!
@jjh{y| yh fhz` hy hj ycn| i`p`ai`al` cbz` k``a
cbmj&c`b{y`i! Yc` ham~ |y{by`d~ yc` |yby`
cb| |h jb{ `fkb{g`i ha n| b lhfknabynha hj mnfny`i {`in|y{nkynha
#fbnam~ phz`{y~ bmm`znbynhayc{hdc d{bay|.- ba nalhc`{`ay mbai
{`in|y{nkynha p{hd{bff`- |ch{y&y`{f pkmnl th{g| p{h&
d{bff`|- {`p`by`i byy`fpy| by ba nai|y{nbm phmnl~ bai b d{bibmm~
zn|nkm` ky cnyc`{yh mbf`
||ybnabkm` i`z`mhpf`ay `jjh{y! Yc`|` b{` ai`{fna`i k~ b mhdnl hj
bllfmbynha ycby fbna&
ybna| by ny| l`ay{` yc` fna`{bm|&`a`{d~&jnabalnbm
lhfpm`s b| t`mm b| b lmy{` hj lha|f`{n|f
ycby {`|y| ha `z`{&`spbainad- a||ybnabkm` tbay|- j`mm`i k~ b
|bm`| `jjh{y #yc` biz`{yn|nad(f`inb
nai|y{~. ycby n| `||`aynbm yh yc` p{hilynha(bllfmbynha
p{hl`||!
Ycn| mhdnl hj a`z`a #h{ `almbz`. lbpnybmn|y i`z`mhpf`ay n|- na
fba~ tb~|- b fnl{hlh|fnl
`sp{`||nha hj dmhkbm lbpnybmn|y i`z`mhpf`ay! Yc` l{n|n| hj
||ybnabknmny~ n| nay`d{bmm~ mnag`i yh
yc` dmhkbm `lhahfnl(`lhmhdnlbm l{n|n|- bai lba ham~ k` jmm~
ai`{|yhhi na {`mbynha yh yc`dmhkbm lhay`sy! Ycn| lhay{nkynha
in|l||`| yc` inf`a|nha| hj yc` phm~&l{n|n| na cn|yh{nlbm
p`{&
|p`lynz`- bai b|g| tc`yc`{ lbpnybmn|f cb| {`blc`i khyc ny|
aby{bm bai ny| |hlnbm mnfny|! N| yc`
ba|t`{ b d{``a lbpnybmn|f #h{ jh{ |hf` b d{``a a`t i`bm. h{ ih`|
lbpnybmn|f a``i yh k`
lhfpm`y`m~ y{ba|l`ai`i #b jh{f hj `lh&|hlnbmn|f.8 Ny `ai|
tnyc b lha|ni`{bynha hj \hyc
Bj{nlba {`|pha|`| yh yc` l{n|n|- b| in|l||`i na yc` lcbpy`{|
ycby jhmmht- b| t`mm b| hyc`{
{`|pha|`| tnycna dhz`{af`ay bai lnznm |hln`y~!
YC@ DMHKBM _HM^&L[N\N\
Yc` ahynha hj l{n|n| lba ybg` ha injj`{`ay f`banad|- i`p`ainad
ha tcnlc in|lnpmna` ha` n|
mhlby`i na! Ny |``f| bpp{hp{nby`- yc`{`jh{`- yh k`dna tnyc b
lhffhapmbl` i`jnanynha! Bllh{inad
yh yc` Lcbfk`{| ;2|y L`ay{~ Inlynhab{~#2>>>.- b l{n|n|
n| `nyc`{- ha yc` ha` cbai- b ynf` hj
injjnlmy~ h{ |y{`|| #h{ ba `f`{d`al~.7 h{- ha yc` hyc`{- b
y{anad phnay #b l{lnbm h{ i`ln&
|nz` fhf`ay.! Na yc` jn{|y |`a|`- b l{n|n| lba lhf` bai dh-
m`bznad yc` |~|y`f mb{d`m~ naybly! Na
yc` |`lhai |`a|`- b l{n|n| lba i{bfbynlbmm~ bmy`{- z`a
hz`{yc{ht- yc` |~|y`f- k{nadnad jh{yc b
jaibf`aybmm~ bmy`{`i |yby` hj k`nad! Na `nyc`{ lb|` b l{n|n| lba
k` |ch{y&y`{f bai i{bfbynl-
h{ mhad&y`{f bai d{bibm- tnyc i{bfbynl `{pynha| j{hf ynf` yh
ynf`!
B l{n|n| n| |bmm~ i``f`i b l{n|n| k~ ych|` na yc` fni|y hj ny-
`sp`{n`alnad ny| `jj`ly|! Yc`
phh{- cad{~ bai `spmhny`i fbeh{ny~ hj yc` th{mi| #bai \hyc
Bj{nlb|. phpmbynha- ny lhmi
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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;: A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
k` b{d`i- cbz` k``a na l{n|n| jh{ flc hj yc` yt`ayn`yc l`ay{~
|y{npp`i hj yc`n{ mbai bai
f`ba| hj |k|n|y`al`- bai jh{l`i yh |`mm yc`n{ mbkh{ #nj yc`~ b{`
mlg~. h{ k`d bai |y`bm yh `g`
hy ba `sn|y`al`- hjy`a na c`bmyc&yc{`by`anad th{gnad bai
mnznad `azn{haf`ay| i`mnk`{by`m~
pmbl`i lmh|` yh yc` phmmynad tb|y` hj nai|y{~! J{hf ba
`lhmhdnlbm p`{|p`lynz`- yc` aby{bm
th{mi h{ `lh|~|y`f #nalminad hyc`{ mnznad l{`by{`|. cb| k``a na
zb{nh| |ybd`| hj l{n|`| b|
nai|y{nbm i`z`mhpf`ay l{hti| hy aha&cfba banfbm|- jh{lnad
yc`f nayh j`al`i&hjj pb{g|
bai uhh|- cay`i bai |hdcy jh{ y{hpcn`|- tcnm` yc` i`|y{lynha hj
jh{`|y|- phmmynha bai `fn|&
|nha| yc{`by`a yc` z`{~ `sn|y`al` hj `b{yc b| t` gaht ny! Yc`
mbyy`{ cb| ham~ k`lhf` b lhal`{a
jh{ yc` p{nznm`d`i bai pht`{jm tc`a ny yc{`by`a`i yc`n{ hta
|~|y`f hj p{hilynha bai lha&
|fpynha ky ham~ d{idnadm~- bai pb{ynbmm~! Fba~ b{` |ynmm na
i`anbm!
Cht`z`{- tc`a yc`{` n| b l{n|n| hj p{hjnybknmny~- |lc ycby yc`
t`bmyc hj yc` {nlc bai pht`{jm
n| in{`lym~ yc{`by`a`i- ham~ yc`a n| b l{n|n| y{m~ p{hlmbnf`i!
Ycn| n| `z`a fh{` |h tc`a yc`
{nlc bai pht`{jm by yc` l`ay{` hj dmhkbm lbpnybmn|f na Ah{yc
Bf`{nlb bai T`|y`{a @{hp` b{` bjj`ly`i- tcnlc n| yc` lb|`
yhib~!
Yc` jnabalnbm l{n|n| cb| cbi b in{`ly nfpbly ha yc` {`bm lhahf~-
tnyc mht lha|f`{ i`fbai
m`binad yh b l{n|n| na fbajbly{nad- bai fnmmnha| hj ehk mh||`|
yc{hdchy yc` th{mi! Ycn| l{n|n|-
tcnlc k`dba na ;??4 bai cb| d{bkk`i yc` c`bimna`| |nal` yc`a-
{bpnim~ in|pmbl`i yc` `lhmhdnlbm
l{n|n| d{nppnad yc` th{mi b j`t fhayc| p{`znh|m~ #pb{ynlmb{m~
tc`a hnm p{nl`| k`dba yh
bpp{hblc yc` P\);?? b kb{{`m m`z`m.! Yc` {a&p yh- bai
bjy`{fbyc hj- yc` I`l`fk`{ ;??>
Lhp`acbd`a lhaj`{`al` ha lmnfby` lcbad` y`fph{b{nm~ py yc`
aby{bm mnfny| yh d{htyc kblg
ha yc` dmhkbm bd`aib- ky tnyc {`mbynz`m~ mht hnm p{nl`| #b{hai
P\)4? b kb{{`m.- yc` fnai| hj
yc` th{mi| dhz`{af`ay| t`{` na|jjnln`aym~ jhl||`i yh p{hil` b
knainad lhffnyf`ay yhmht`{nad lb{kha `fn||nha| bai fhz` i`ln|nz`m~
yhtb{i| b aha&alm`b{ {`a`tbkm` `a`{d~ {`dnf`!
Cndc hnm p{nl`|- yc` yc{`by hj i`pm`y`i jh||nm j`m| #pb{ynlmb{m~
hnm. yh {a yc` fhi`{a `lha&
hf~- hnm |pnmm|- yc` i`|y{lynha hj {bna jh{`|y|- yc`
in|pmbl`f`ay hj fnmmnha| hj {{bm it`mm`{|
jh{ yc` knminad hj ibf| yh |ppm~ nai|y{~- yc` {bpni i`lmna` hj
knhinz`{|ny~- {bfpbay lb{kha
`fn||nha| bai phmmynha |lc b| blni {bna bai blni fna` i{bnabd`
#tcnlc aibad`{ yc` c`bmyc
hj khyc cfba| bai yc` `lh&|~|y`f. bai aby{bm in|b|y`{| lb|`i
k~ lmnfby` lcbad` bmm hj
yc`|` bai fba~ hyc`{ `lhmhdnlbm in|b|y`{| b{` {b{`m~ h{ t`bgm~
mnag`i yh yc` `lhahfnl(jnabalnbm
l{n|n|- bai yc` |hlnh&phmnynlbm lha|`r`al`| hj khyc!
Na hyc`{ th{i|- tc`a t` |p`bg hj b dmhkbm l{n|n|- ny n|
a`l`||b{~ yh lhal`pybmn|` yc` nay`{&
lhaa`ly`i lhahfnl- lhmhdnlbm bai |hlnh&phmnynlbm l{n|`|- b|
t`mm b| b mhhfnad jhhi l{n|n| ycby
b{n|`| hy hj yc`f #[hk`{y| ;??3.! Nai``i- b| Jh|y`{
#2>>>5 2>0. hk|`{z`|- yc` th{i `lhmhd~-
lhna`i k~ @{a|y Cb`lg`m na 23::- cb| yc` |bf` D{``g {hhy hngh|
jh{ ch|`chmi- hy hj tcnlc
d{`t yc` th{i `lhahf~! A`hlmb||nlbm `lhahfnl|- b| Gb{m _hmba~n
#2>99. b{d`i- cbz` |hdcy
yh in|&`fk`i `lhahfnl| j{hf |hln`y~- b| t`mm b| aby{`- yh
p{hil` tcby yc` phmnynlbm `lhah&
fn|y K`a Jna`2 cb| lbmm`i `lhahfnl| nfp`{nbmn|f yc` |kh{inabynha
hj |hln`y~ bai aby{`
yh b ab{{ht- fbyc`fbyn|`i bai in|fbm p|`ih&|ln`al`! Yc`
phm~&l{n|n| phnay| yh yc` a`l`||ny~
yh {`&`fk`i bai |kh{inaby` yc` `lhahf~ yh |hln`y~ bai
aby{`!
Yc`|` l{n|`| b{` {hhy`i na b l`ay{n`|&mhad p{hl`|| hj tcby
Ibzni Cb{z`~ #;??0.- jhmmhtnad
[h|b Ms`fkh{d- lbmm| bllfmbynha k~ in|ph||`||nha yc`
in|ph||`||nha hj p`hpm`| mbai
bai mnz`mnchhi|- hj yc` lhffha|- hj yc` aby{bm `azn{haf`ay! T`
b{` tnya`||nad- na \hyc
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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\hyc Bj{nlb bai yc` `lh&mhdnl hj yc` dmhkbm lbpnybmn|y
l{n|n| ;4
Bj{nlb bai dmhkbmm~- yc` lhffhinjnlbynha hj bmm ycby n| zbm`i-
tc`{` t`bmyc n| f`b|{`i ahy na
y`{f| hj yc` nay{na|nl zbm` hj ycnad| bai {`mbynha|cnp|- h{ jh{
Gb{m Fb{s yc`n{ |`&zbm`- ky
na y`{f| hj yc`n{ `slcbad` zbm` #tcby yc`~ lba k` khdcy bai |hmi
jh{ ycby n|- jh{ fha`~.!
Ycn| p{hl`|| k`dba b| f`{lcbay lbpnybmn|f na jh{y``ayc l`ay{~
f`in`zbm @{hp`
#Fn`mbay| ;??4. bai- yc{hdc yc` in|ph||`||nha bai pmai`{ hj
p`hpm` bai {`|h{l | na Bj{nlb-
yc` Bf`{nlb| bai B|nb- t`bmyc tb| bllfmby`i na T`|y`{a @{hp`-
p{hzninad yc` lbpnybm jh{
yc` nai|y{nbm {`zhmynha hj yc` |`z`ay``ayc l`ay{~! Ycn|- hj
lh{|`- {`rn{`i j{yc`{ tbz`|
hj lhmhanbm pmai`{ bai in|ph||`||nha na yc` |`b{lc jh{ lc`bp
mbkh{- {`|h{l`| bai fb{g`y|
jh{ ba `z`{&`spbainad dmhkbm {`dnf` hj bllfmbynha!
Lbpnybmn|f- na hyc`{ th{i|- n| lcb{bly`{n|`i ahy f`{`m~ k~ yc`
fb{z`m| hj naahzbynha- `ay{`&
p{`a`{|cnp- fhi`{an|bynha- cndc`{ |ybaib{i| hj mnznad bai
nal{`b|nad lha|f`{ lchnl`! Ycn|
n| ham~ ha` |ni` hj yc` lhna- tcnlc yc` na|ni`{| #mng` {`bi`{|
hj ycn| zhmf`. aeh~! Fh{ bll&
{by`m~- lbpnybmn|f n| b |~|y`f hj a`z`a h{ `almbz` i`z`mhpf`ay
abf`m~ b th{mi |~|y`f lhf&p{n|nad n|mbai| hj p{nznm`d` bai
pht`{- |{{hai`i k~ |`b| hj bmn`aby`i phz`{y~- phmmynha bai
pmai`{`i {`|h{l`|! Yc` p{hfn|` hj fhi`{an|bynha bai ny|
a`hmnk`{bm h{ j{`` fb{g`y zb{n&
bay- ycby `spbai`i d{htyc tnmm `z`aybmm~ k{nad i`z`mhpf`ay yh
bmm yc` th{mi| phpmbynha-
cb| p{hz`a yh k` fh{` f~yc ycba {`bmny~! Na|y`bi- phz`{y~ bai
na`rbmny~ k`yt``a bai tnycna
abynha| cb| nal{`b|`i |ndanjnlbaym~ #Kn`m`{ `y bm;??3.!
Lbpnybmn|f- b| Fb{s hal` |bni- i`z`mhp|
baii`|y{h~|! Ny |nfmyba`h|m~ `a{nlc`| #yc` j`t.- bai
nfphz`{n|c`| #yc` fba~.! Yc` i`z`m&
hpf`ay hj @{hp` bai mby`{ Ah{yc Bf`{nlb #yc` lh{` lhay{n`|.
{`|y`i yh b |ndanjnlbay `sy`ay
ha yc` ai`{i`z`mhpf`ay hj yc` {`|y hj yc` lhmhan|`i th{mi #yc`
p`{npc`{bm h{ |`fn&p`{npc`{bm
lhay{n`|. #Tbmm`{|y`na 2>4>7 J{bag 2>::.!Yc` l{{`ay
lbpnybmn|y l{n|n| cb| `zhg`i b zb{n`y~ hj {`|pha|`|5 j{hf yc` z`{~
ab{{ht- ha`
inf`a|nhabm bpp{hblc`| #j{`` fb{g`y bai G`~a`|nba&mny`.
tcnlc |`` yc` l{n|n| p{`m~ b| b
jnabalnbm ha`- yh k{hbi`{ Fb{sn|y #bai G`~a`|nba&Fb{sn|y.
bpp{hblc`| tcnlc lhal`pybmn|`
yc` l{n|n| b| `lhahfnl- {hhy`i na yc` |ybdabynha hj yc` {`bm
`lhahf~ #pb{ynlmb{m~ yc` fba&
jbly{nad jbmmnad {by` hj p{hjny.- yh yc` z`{~ k{hbi-
fmyninf`a|nhabm `lh&Fb{sn|y bpp{hblc`|
tcnlc |`` yc` l{n|n| b| b lhfpm`s nay`{blynha k`yt``a `lhahfnl-
`lhmhdnlbm bai |hlnbm l{n|`|
ycby cb| ny| {hhy| na b pbyy`{a hj nai|y{nbmn|bynha ycby {`mn`|
ha yc` `spmhnybynha hj jh||nm j`m|
tcby Bmyzby`{ #;??:. lbmm| jh||nm lbpnybmn|f!
Na Fb{sn|y y`{f|- ba `lhahfnl l{n|n| {`j`{| yh i``p&|`by`i-
|~|y`f&yc{`by`anad k{`bgihta|
na yc` bllfmbynha p{hl`||! Yc`~ lba k` |ch{y&y`{f #jh{
`sbfpm` yc` B|nba l{n|n| hj 2>>4.
h{ mhad&y`{f #yc` D{`by I`p{`||nha hj yc` 2>7
K{`aa`{ ;??>7 B{{ndcn ;??4.! Ycn| n| i` yh yc` jbmmnad {by`
hj p{hjny- b| b {`|my hj yth ycnad|5
Jn{|ym~- yc` |y{ddm`| hj |kh{inaby lmb||`|- nalminad yc` th{gnad
lmb|| by yc` th{gpmbl`- b| t`mm
b| yc` th{gnad lmb|| bai hyc`{ lmb||`| na |hln`y~ by mb{d`- yh
sy{bly b| flc hj yc` |{pm| p{hil`i
b| ph||nkm`- `nyc`{ in{`lym~ j{hf yc` `fpmh~`{| yc{hdc cndc`{
tbd`| bai k`a`jny|- h{ nain{`lym~
j{hf yc` |yby` yc{hdc cndc`{ ybs`| yh jai b cndc`{ |hlnbm tbd`
#na yc` jh{f hj pkmnl c`bmyc
lb{`- `ilbynha- |k|nin|`i y{ba|ph{y- |k|nin|`i jhhi- t`mjb{`
k`a`jny| bai hyc`{ |hlnbm |`{znl`|.!
Yc` |`lhai jblyh{- lmh|`m~ nay`{{`mby`i yh yc` jn{|y- n|
nay`{&jn{f lhfp`ynynha- khyc by yc`
abynhabm bai yc` nay`{abynhabm m`z`m|! [n|nad lh|y| fbg` jn{f|
alhfp`ynynz` na {`mbynha yh
cn| n| b j{`` `m`ly{hanl lhp~ bai n| ahy nay`ai`i jh{
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;3 A@T \HPYC BJ[NLBA [@ZN@T 2
yc`n{ lhfp`ynyh{|- am`|| yc`~ b{` |ke`ly`i yh yc` |bf` {n|nad
lh|y|! Nal{`b|`i lhfp`ynynha
|p{| ha naahzbynha bai yc` bllfmbynha p{hl`||- dnznad {n|` yh b
l{n|n| hj hz`{&p{hilynha-
tcnlc i{nz`| ihta yc` any p{nl` hj lhffhinyn`|! Ycn| `sbl`{kby`|
yc` l{n|n| hj p{hjnybknmny~-
jh{lnad jn{f| yh ly kblg bai m`binad yh yc` ai`{&ynmn|bynha
hj p{hilynz` lbpblny~! Jn{f|
dh kbag{py- th{g`{| b{` mbni hjj- bai |y{had`{ jn{f| ybg` hz`{
t`bg`{ ha`|- m`binad yh yc`
fhahphmn|bynha hj lbpnybm; #Kb{ba bai \t``u~ 2>:3.!
Ha` tb~ hy hj yc` l~lm` hj i`lmnanad p{hjnybknmny~- by m`b|y
y`fph{b{nm~- n| yh jnai lc`bp`{
|h{l`| hj mbkh{ `m|`tc`{`- lc`bp`{ {bt fby`{nbm| bai a`t fb{g`y|
jh{ `sl`|| p{hily|!
I{btnad ha Ibzni Cb{z`~- K`z`{m~ \nmz`{ #;??9. ni`aynjn`| zb{nh|
jns`| ycby lbpnybmn|f |`|
yh abzndby` ny| tb~ hy hj lhaynah| l{n|`| hj p{hjnybknmny~!
Yc`|` nalmi` yc` |pbynbm jns- tc`{`
lbpnybm fhz`| yh lc`bp`{ bai lc`bp`{ mhlbm`| hj p{hilynha7 yc`
p{hily jns- tc`{` lbpnybm
fhz`| j{hf ha` anlc` p{hily yh bahyc`{- lcb|nad nal{`b|`i
p{hjnybknmny~ #jh{ sbfpm`- j{hf
y`synm`| yh byhfhknm`| yh najh{fbynha y`lcahmhd~.7 bai yc`
y`lcahmhd~ jns- tc`{` yc{hdcnaahzbynha mbkh{&|bznad y`lcahmhd~
nal{`b|`| yc` p{hilynzny~ hj mbkh{! Yc`|` jns`|- cht&
`z`{- ham~ pb{ynbmm~ h{ y`fph{b{nm~ bii{`|| yc` bllfmbynha
l{n|n|!
B| na yc` pb|y- b l{n|n| na p{hjnybknmny~ na fbajbly{nad khh|y|
yc` jnabalnbmn|bynha hj lbpn&
ybmn|f! Ycn| ynf`- cht`z`{- tnyc b fh{` dmhkbmn|`i `lhahf~ bai
a`t lhfpy`{ y`lcahmhd~ by
yc`n{ in|ph|bm- naz`|yf`ay| na jnlynynh| lbpnybm yh nal{`b|`
p{hjny {by`| {bpnim~ hz`{yhhg naz`|y&
f`ay| na yc` {`bm lhahf~! Na yc` P\B- yc` c`b{y hj dmhkbm
lbpnybmn|f- yc` p`{l`aybd` hj jnabalnbm
p{hjny| hz`{ yhybm ihf`|ynl p{hjny| na ;??4 tb| e|y k`mht 9? p`{
l`ay- lhfpb{`i yh t`mm k`mht
;? p`{ l`ay na yc` `b{m~ 2>3?| bai k`mht 20 p`{ l`ay na yc`
2>:?| #Jh|y`{ bai Fbdihjj ;??>5
>:?| yh m`|| ycba 20 p`{ l`ay na ;??0 #Jh|y`{ bai Fbdihjj
;??>5 00.!
Yh ly b mhad bai lhfpm`s |yh{~ |ch{y- yc` jnabalnbmn|bynha hj
lbpnybmn|f n| ahy yc` lb|` hj
yc` lbpnybmn|y l{n|n|- ky tb| ny|`mj b {`|pha|` yh yc` l{n|n| hj
yc` 2>4?| #K{`aa`{ ;??>7 B{{ndcn
;??4.! Ycn| n| tcby K`z`{m~ \nmz`{ #;??9. lbmm| yc` jnabalnbm
jns! Nac`{`aym~ l{n|n|&{nii`a- ycn| jns
|pbta`i b afk`{ hj |ch{y&y`{f l{n|`| na injj`{`ay pb{y| hj
yc` th{mi hz`{ yc` pb|y yth i`lbi`|-
nalminad yc` P\ |bznad| bai mhba l{n|n| #2>3>&>2.-
yc` Ebpba`|` b||`y p{nl` kkkm` lhmmbp|`
#2>>?.- yc` \lbainabznba kbagnad l{n|n| #`b{m~
2>>?|.- yc` @{hp`ba `slcbad` {by` l{n|n| #2>>;&
>9&0. yc` @b|y B|nba l{n|n| #2>>4.- yc` [||nba
l{n|n| #2>>3.- yc`
B{d`aynanba f`myihta #;??2.- bai yc` ihy lhf kkkm` k{|y #;??2.!
Yc` l{{`ay jnabalnbm
l{n|n|- tcnlc cny yc` lh{` i`z`mhp`i lhay{n`| in{`lym~- n| yc`
i``p`|y |nal` yc` D{`by I`p{`||nha!
Jh|y`{ bai Fbdihjj #;??>.- na ba `sy`a|nha hj yc` \t``u~ bai
Kb{ba babm~|n|- lcb{bly`{n|`
yc` a`t |ybd` hj lbpnybmn|f b| fhahphm~&jnabal` lbpnybmn|f!
Ny n| kb|`i ha `z`{&nal{`b|nad lha&
l`ay{bynha| hj lbpnybm- ai`{ yc` {m` hj f`db&jnabalnbm
na|ynyynha| ycby |y{biim` yc` dmhk`-
tc`{` fbajbly{nad jn{f| b{` nay`{f`|c`i tnyc jnabalnbm jn{f| bai
naz`|yf`ay|! I`|pny` yc`
bad`{ bdbna|y yc`|` na|ynyynha| jh{ lb|nad yc` jnabalnbm l{n|n|-
dhz`{af`ay| na yc` P\B bai
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