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Types of NEW Reproductive Technology
There are many new types of reproductive technology such as:
CloningSynthetic cellsIPS (Induced pluripotent stem
cell)Parthenogenesis
Cloning Cloning is the creation of an
organism that is an exact copy of other organism
Every single part of their organisms are exactly the same between them
There are two types of cloning, such as artificial embryo twining and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Artificial Embryo Twining
Click in the image to see how cloning works
Natural cloning occurs after fertilization in an egg cell and a sperm cell, by the other hand artificial embryo twining does the same but in a petri dish.In artificial cloning the embryo needs to be separated manually.
somatic cell nuclear transferThis uses a different
process than Artificial Embryo Twinning, but the results will be the same
This was the method used to clone Dolly the sheep
To understand Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer we first need to understand what does it means.
Click in image to see how it works
Example of Somatic Cell Transfer
Dolly the sheep was a cloned sheep that was created between 1996 and 1997 (but cloning technologies exist from before)
Synthetic Cell
This provides a basis of creating organisms from scratch
Dan Gibson and Craig Venter were the creators of this cell
“The aim of the project is to be able to carry all the information required for making life in a memory stick”
How was it possible to achieve thisFor the past 15 years the
genomes of many organisms were sequenced and deposited in databases (A genome is a series of “instructions” that the cell have on how to develop that’s what make us humans)
Since 2008 they are trying to generate synthetic life by transferring bacterial genomes into a host
"If we can really get cells to do the production that we want, they could help wean us off oil and reverse some of the damage to the environment by capturing carbon dioxide.“-Craig Venter
IPSC (Included Pluporient Stem Cell)
These cells are adult cells that can be genetically reprogrammed
In 2006 and 2007 they found that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (Fibroblasts are cells that contribute to the formation of connective tissue)
Uses and limitations of IPSCIPSC are going to be useful tools
for drug development and modeling diseases
They hope to use them in transplantation medicine
In animal studies the viruses used to introduce the stem cell factors sometimes causes cancer. (there are currently making researches to avoid these)
The tissue delivered from this process will be almost identical match to the cell donor and will probably avoid rejection of the immune system
Parthenogenesis or “Virgin Birth”Parthenogenesis can be
considerated as another way of asexual reproduction
This is a process in witch a female egg is capable to reproduce with out the need of a male (sperm or any male cells)
This process will be between two females and the product will be a female
Parthenogenesis or “Virgin Birth”Few plants and bacteria are
capable of self reproduction with out the need of a male
In mammals there should be needed a male and a female in order to the embryo have a proper development
In the process of creating Kaguya a similar thing of having male and female cells ocured
Example of Parthenogenesis Kaguya is an example of
parthenogenesis2 Female cells where needed, one
of them should have been matureThe “young” cell was tricked to
believe it was a male cell (they imprinted it)
Kaguya was one of only two mice out of 457 eggs to survive
bibliography http://
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,629387,00.html http://
www.yourgenome.org/dgg/general/genomes/genomes_1.shtml http://
www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1557369.php/Scientists-create-first-synthetic-cell
http://studyrank.com/human-cloning-will-the-childrens-be-damaged/
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18942-immaculate-creation-birth-of-the-first-synthetic-cell.html
http://studyrank.com/human-cloning-will-the-childrens-be-damaged/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10132762 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fibroblast http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2008/0929stem_cells.shtml http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics10.asp http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-definition/Parthenogenesis/ http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Technology/story?id=118237&page
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