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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study
Language is fundamentally an instrument of communication. Being able to
communicate effectively in English means being proficient in the various languge
skills involved in the communication process. English is very important for its
position as the language of sciences in the global era of science and technology and it
places important for information, communication and interaction in teaching learning
process. We learn language especially English for the purpose of communication and
we take a great deal of pleasure from or in learning and speaking English.
Language is a means that people use to communicate with others. Language is
the most powerful, convenient and permanent form of communication. All language
in this world help people to make a good relationship with other. It is through
language that humans can epress their though, opinion, desire, emotions and feeling.
!hen, through language we can store and transfer knowledge, transmit messages from
one person to another and from one generation to another. "o, in other word,
language take the important role in human#s life, because without language human
would be difficult to interact with other.
As an international language, English has become important language to be
learned by people who want to use English in communication. $owdays, English is
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the best language which is chosen by many countries for eample &alaysia,
"ingapore, !hailand and even Indonesia. English is an international language that can
be used to all people to communicate with others from other countries in the world.
English takes an important role in term of science and technology. We cannot close
our eyes to the fact that whether we like English or not, we certainly have to learn it.
&any countries in the world use English as an obligatory sub'ect in their schools. In
Indonesia, English is studied by primary students until university students.
English in Indonesia is a foreign language. "o, most of Indonesian students
have some problems in learning English. (ne of them is about processes. As the
university students in English )epartement of *+I -&"-, the researcher also finds
some difficulties in understanding about processes. !he difficulties in understanding
processes will hamper the students to get knowledge about English. rocesses are
studied by sith semester students in )iscourse Analysis "ub'ect. rocesses are
central of transitivity. A process refers to activity done which is euivalent to verb in
traditional terminology. rocesses are reali/ed by verb. !raditionally verb have been
defined as 0doing word1, but some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather epress
states of being or having. rocesses are specifically categori/ed into seven types,
namely &aterial, &ental, 2elational, Behavioral, 3erbal, Eistential and
&eteorological rocesses. 4owever, in this thesis, the researcher only researchs
Behavioural and 3erbal rocesses.
English is not only used in spoken form but also in written form. $ewspaper
is one of the English using in written form. $ewspaper is a written media of a
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communication that has function to convey information in human life. $ewspaper is a
publication of news, stories, picture and other information. !here are many
$ewspapers that circulate in our country. (ne of them is 6akarta ost. It is English
newspaper that is published every day. It is a newspaper that contains some important
news. It is about Economics, olitics, 4ealth, "ociety and also "port. !he newspaper
are read by indonesian people and sometimes read by students as their reading
materials besides book. !he students use the newspaper to improve their reading
fluency and accuracy. "o that they can learn English and also they can get news.
Based on the description above, the researcher wants to research Behavioural
and 3erbal rocesses used in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost because the
researcher wants to give more information about Behavioural and 3erbal rocesses to
people especially the university students, so it will help them to understand
Behavioural and 3erbal rocesses easily. !he researcher hopes that after reading this
thesis, the students can differentiate between 3erbs which are Behavioural rocesses
and 3erbs which are 3erbal rocesses from sentences in a tet. !he writer is more
interested to research in "port columns, because many people like to read sport
columns than other news columns. !he researcher uses 6akarta ost in this research
because 6akarta ost is (ne of English newspapers, which is popular in Indonesia.
B. Identification of The Pro!e"
!he problems of this research will be identified as the following aspects7
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%. the use of behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he
6akarta ost
5. the most dominant processes between behavioural and verbal processes in the
sport columns of !he 6akarta ost
C. #co$e and %i"itation
Based on the problems, this study will be focused on identifying of
behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost. !he
researcher will analy/e ten editions of the sport columns in !he 6akarta ost, which
are published on, *ebruary, &arch and April 599:.
D. &or"u!ation of the Pro!e"
!he problems of this research will be formulated as the following7
%. Are the behavioural and verbal processes used in the sport columns of !he
6akarta ost;
5. What is the most dominant processes between behavioural and verbal
processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost;
E. O'ecti(e of the Research
!he ob'ective of the research are7
%. to identify behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he
6akarta ost
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5. to find out the most dominant processes between behavioural and verbal
processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost
&. #ignificance of the Research
!he findings of the research will be epected to be useful for those especially
the university students in *+I -&"- who want to improve their ability in
identifying behavioural and verbal processes and for those who want to know the use
of behavioural and verbal processes in the sport columns of !he 6akarta ost.
!he finding of the analysis epected to be useful for7
a. !he research , to sharpen and measure her knowledge in identifying
behavioural and verbal processes field in article of 6akarta ost newspaper.
b. !he readers in general and the students of English )epartment in identifying
behavioural and verbal processes particular who were interested in linguistic
especially in article of 6akarta ost.
c. !he teacher of English who would give information or knowledge for their
students in identifying behavioural and verbal processes.
d. !he lecturer of English who would give learning especially behavioural and
verbal processes.
e. 6akarta ost readers at &uhammadiyah -niversity (f $orth "umatra
=-&"-> library.
?
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CHAPTER II
RE)IE* O& %ITERATURE
A. Theoretica! &ra"e+ork
,. Descri$tion of Transiti(ity
!ransitivity was introduced by 4alliday =%:: which is part of
functional grammar. *unctional grammar refers to an approach to language on the
principle of roles or functions played by language. Amrin =599 said that
functional grammar refers to an approach to language with reference to roles or
functions played by language or rather function given by human beings to language in
their lives as social beings.
According to 4alliday =%::, 0our most powerful impression of
eperience is that it consists of goingson# Chappening, doing, sensing,
meaning, and being and becoming. All these goingson are sorted out inthe grammar of the clause. !hus as well as being a mode of action, of
giving and demanding goodsDservices and information, the clause is
also a mode of reflection, of imposing order on the endless variation andflow of events. !he gramatical system by which this is achieved is
!2A$"I!I3I!. !he transitivity system construes the world of
eperience into a manageable set of 2(FE"" !E"1.
!he concept of transitivity in 4alliday#s grammatical system is a powerful
tool in the analysis of the meanings epressed in clauses. !he term transitivity has a
broader and narrower meaning. !he narrower meaning = found in traditional
grammatical description > involves the verb#s relationship to dependent elements of
structure. In traditional definition, !ransitivity is understood as the grammatical
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feature which indicates if a verbtakes a direct ob'ect. !ransitive verbs take a direct
ob'ect and intransitive verbs do not. "tated differently, the action of the verb etends
to another entity in a transitive clause, but not in an intransitive clause. *or eample,
the difference between 0!he tiger =Actor> pounced =rocess>1 and 0!he tiger =Actor>
ate =rocess> the deer =Goal>1 is that the action 0eat1 etends to 0the deer.1 In the
broader meaning =as proposed by 4alliday >, the system of transitivity consists of the
various types of processes together with the structures that reali/e these processes.
!ransitivity generally refers to how meaning is represented in the clause. It
plays a role in showing how speakers encode in language their mental picture of
reality and how they account for their eperience of the world around them. "ince
transitivity is concerned with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within
the realm of the ideational function of language.
!ransitivity is part of the ideational function of language and is a fundamental
and powerful semantic concept in 4alliday, an essential tool in the analysis of
representation. A central insight of 4alliday is that transitivity is the foundation of
representationH it is the way the clause is used to analyse events and situations as
being of certain types.
!hompson =%::@7 J> said that transitivity refers to a system for describing
the whole clause, rather than 'ust the verb and its ob'ect. While Angela )owning
=%::?7 %%9> said that transitivity is a fundamental proverty of language that it enables
us to conceptuali/e and describe our eperience, whether of the phenomena of the
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eternal world or of the internal world of our though, feeling and perception in a
clause.
In conclution, !ransitivity is the representation in language of processes, the
participants therein, and the circumstantial features associated with them. !ransitivity
refers generally to how meaning is represented in the clause. !ransitivity shows how
speakers encode in language their mental picture of reality and how they account for
their eperience of the world around them.
!here are three elements of transitivity. !hey are processes, participants and
circumstances. Each of the three elements is eplained and subdivided in the
following sections.
,., Processes
A process refers to activity done which is euivalent to verb in traditional
terminology. Gerot and Wignell =%:: said that the process
is central part of situation, which is typically reali/ed by the predicator and which
can be a state, an action, an event, a transition or change of state, a climatic
phenomenon, saying, behaving or simply eisting. rocess is the case of
eperience in that it determines the participant !here is no satisfactory general
term to cover that central part of a situation which is typically reali/ed by the
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predicator and which can be a state, an action, an event, and a climatic
phenomenon.
Butt =%::?7 stated that the
process is typically epressed or reali/ed by verbal group in the clause, and is the
central component of the message from the eperiental perspective. In some
cases, the process can be seen as including another constituent apart from the
verbal group proper. !his is clearest with phrasal verbs, where the particle is
usually best analysed as epressing part of the process.
Bloor and Bloor =%::?7 %%9> stated that the process centers on that part of
the clause that is reali/ed by the verbal group, but it can also be regarded as what
going on# are represented in the whole clause.
According to 4alliday =%::, a process consists, in principle, of
three components7
I. !he process itself
II. articipants in the process
III. Fircumstances associated with the process
*or eample7
A big man in brown Beckoned -s !hrough another gate
Partici$ant Process Partici$ant Circu"stance
:
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In conclution, rocess centres on that part of the clause that is reali/ed by
the verbal group, but it can also be regarded as what goingson# are represented
in the whole clause.
rocesses are specifically categori/ed into seven types namely material,
mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, eistential and meteorological processes.
!hese categories are based on semantic or syntactic criteria or both. 4owever, in
this research, the writer 'ust focuses on &aterial and &ental rocesses.
,.,.,. Beha(ioura! Processes
According to Gerot and Wignell =%:: 0Behavioural processes are
processes of physiological and psychological behaviour, like breathing,
dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccuping, looking, watching, listening and
pondering1. !hey are the least distinct of all the si processes types because they
have no clearly defined characteristics of their ownH rather, they are partly like
the material and partly like the mental. !he participant, who is behaving#,
labelled Behaver. It is typically a conscious being. But the process is
grammatically more like one of doing, not sensing. !he usual unmarked present
tense for behavioural processes is present in present, like the material =e.g.
youre dreaming>H however, we also find the simple present in its unmarked
sense =i.e. not meaning habitual>, e.g. Why do you laugh? , alongside why are
%9
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you laughing?=with scarcely any difference between them>, which suggests an
affiliation with the mental.
4alliday =%:: stated that the boundaries of behavioural processes
are indeterminateH but we can recogni/e the following kinds as typical7
%> Knear mental processes of consciousness represented as forms of
behaviour, e.g. look, watch, stare, listen, think, worry, dreamH
5> Knear verbal verbal processes as behaviour, e.g. chatter,
grumble, talkH
8> hysiological processes manifesting states of consciousness, e.g.
cry, laugh, smile, frown, sigh, snarl, whineH
(ther physiological processes, e.g. breathe, cough, faint, shit,
yawn, sleepH
?> Knear material bodily postures and pastimes, e.g. sing, dance, lie
=down>, sit =up, down>.
*or eample7
"he Lives In the fast lane
4e "nores Loudly
Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess Circu"stance
4e 4eaved A great sigh4e !hrew A tantrum
Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess Range
%%
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Behavioural processes are almost always middleH the most typical pattern
is a clause consisting of Behaver and rocess only, as in the eample below7
$o one Is listening
4e Is always grumbling
Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess
,.,.-. )era! Processes
Gerot and wignell said that verbal processes are processes of saying, or
more accurately of symbolically signalling. 3ery often, these are realised by two
distinct clauses7 the pro'ecting clause encodes a sgnal source =sayer> and a
signalling =verbal process> and the other =pro'ected clauses> realises what was
said. "pecifically, the process includes that of saying, commanding, asking and
offering syntactically the process an pro'ect another clauses. (nly the primary
clause is a verbal process, of course, the other may be a process of any kind.
*or eample7
"he "aid I don#t like the house
"he Answered don#t worry#
4e !old 4er !hat he didn#t take it
#ayer )era!
$rocess
Recei(er
Pro'ecting Pro'ected
-nlike mental processes, verbal processes do not reuire a conscious
participant. !he sayer can be anything that put a signal.
*or eample7
!he guidebook !ells ou Where everything is
!he notice !old -s A big secret
%5
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#ayer )era! $rocess Recei(er )eriage
,.- Partici$ants
Bloor and Bloor =%::?7 %%9> stated that the participants are the entities
involved in the processes. It is determined that the participants are lebeled
according to the process types. !he entities represented by these can be a person,
ob'ects or abstractions. In other word, they are human, animate and inanimate.
Fonseuently, the process itself determines the number of participants bound or
attracted. &ost of these processes are accompanied by one or more inherent
participantsH the nature of the process determines how many and what kind of
participants are involved. !he material process represented by the verb spring
(the lion sprang) for instance, has only one participant, whereas kick (Ted kicked
the ball) typically reuires twoH one participant is the actor who carries out the
action and must be 0animate1 and even typically 0human1H the other is
participant affected by the action of kicking and its not reuired to be human or
event animate.
,.-., Partici$ants in Beha(ioura! Processes
!ypically, behavioural processes have only one participant.it is Behaver.
Behaver is the participant who is behaving. !he behaver is a conscious being.
But in some clauses, there may be another apparent =typically functioning as
%8
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complement>. !his is the 2ange, which is not a real participant but merely adds
specification to the process.
4e "tared In ama/ement
We all Laughed
"he Gave A faint sigh
!he boy Laughed An embarrased laugh
"he Waved 4er hands 4elplessly
Beha(er Beha(ioura! $rocess Range Circu"stance
,.-.- Partici$ants in )era! Processes
!hompson =%::@7 :> state that there is one participant that is involved in
any verbal process. !his is the "ayer. !ypically, of course, the sayer is human,
but messages can be represented as conveyed by other types of sayer. !here are
three further participant functions in addition to the sayer7
%. 2eceiver is the one to whom the saying is directed or the one to whom the
verbali/ation is addressed
5. 2ange M 3erbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said or a name for
the verbali/ation itself. !his may mean one of the two things.
8. target is the entity that is targeted by the process of saying or one acted upon
verbally =insulted, complimented, etc>.
4e !old 6enny A nude 'oke
%
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4e Eplained !o her What it meant
#ayer )era! $rocess Recei(er (eriage
!he report "harply Friticises Lilly#s uality control procedures
#ayer circu"stance )era!
$rocess
Target
,. Circu"stances
A circumstance indicates situation or surrounding in which the process
occurs. !he notion of circumstance is euivalent to adverb in traditional
terminology. !hompson =%::@7 J> said that circumstances are typically reali/ed
by adverbial group or prepositional phrases. Fircumstances are general across
process types = precisely because they are less centrally involved in the process
than participants >. In the clauseMy sisterbought a car yesterday, yesterday is
the circumstance. According to halliday =%:: 0!here are nine types of
circumstances1. !hey are etent, location, manner, cause, contingency,
accompaniment, role, matter and angle. Each of which may be also be delicately
subdivided.
%. Etent
%?
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4alliday =%:: elaborates that etent is epressed in term of some unit
of measurement likeyard, laps, rounds, years.!he interrogative form for etent
are how ar? , how long? , how many; , how many time;. !he typical structure is
a nominal group with uantifier, either definite or indefinite. !his occurs either
with or without preposition, the most usual preposition being or. !he category of
etent includes interval =how oten? and at what interval;>. &attiessen =%::?7
5 divides etent into two types, namely spatial etent =distance in space> and
temporal etent =duration in time>.
5. Location
!he general interrrogatives of location are where;, when;. !he typical is an
adverbial group or prepositional phraseH eamples are down, underneath, in !ali,
by the door, long ago, on Wednesday evening. In both spatial and temporal
location, the location may be either absolute, or relative to the here D now# and if
relative, may be either near or remote. In both spatial and temporal location, there
is a distinction between rest and motion, and within motion, between motion
towards and motion away from. !he circumstantial of etent and location form a
fourterm set as shown in the table.
"patial !emporal
Etent
)istance
Walk =for> seven miles
)uration
"tay =for> two hours
%@
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*reuency
+nock three times
Location
lace
Work in the kitchen
!ime
Get up at si o#clock
8. &anner
!he circumstantial element of manner comprises three subcategories7 &eans,
Nuality, and Fomparison.
a. &eans refer to whereby a process take placeH it is typically epressed
by prepositional phrase with the prepositional by or with. !he
interrogative form are how; And what with; . *or eample7 the pig
was be eaten with the stick.
b. Nuality is typically epressed by an adverbial group, with Clyadverbs
as headH the interrogative is how? "r how#?lus appropiate adverb.
*or eample7 it was snowing heavily.
c. Fomparison is typically epressed by prepositional phrase with likeor
unlike, or an adverbial group of similarity or difference. *or eample7
$t went through my head like an earth%uake.
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!he circumstantial element of cause also comprises three subcategories7
2eason, urpose and Behalf.
a. 2eason7 represents the reason for which a process takes placeOwhat
cause it. It typically epressed by a prepositional phrase with through or a
comple preposition such as because o, as result o. *or eample7 die o
starvation.
b. urpose7 represents for which an action takes placeO the intention behind
it. It typically epressed by a prepositional phrase with or or a comple
preposition such as in the hope o, or the purpose o. *or eample7gone
or lunc.
c. Behalf7 represents the entity,typically a person, on whose behalf or for
whose sake the action is undertaken O who it is for. *or eample7 &e did
it or the sake o our riendship.
?. Fontingency
!here are three subtypes7 Fondition, Foncession and default.
a. Fondition is epressed by in case o, in the event o.*or eample7$n
the event o a typhoon, open all windows.
b. Foncession is epressed by in spite o or despite.*or eample7 They
adopted the motion in spite o popular ob'ections
c. )efault is epressed by in the absence o, in deault o. *or eample7
$n the absence o uther evidence, we shall give them the beneit o the
doubt.
%J
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@. Accompaniment
Accompaniment is a form of 'oint participant in the process. It comprises two
subtypes7 Fomitative and additive.
a. Fomitative represents the process as a single instance of a process,
although one in which two entities are involved. *or eample7red came
with Tom.
b. Additive represents the process as two instancesH here both entities clearly
share the same participant function, but one of them is presented
circumstantially for purposes of contrast. *or eample7red came as well
as Tom.
. 2ole
!his category includes the subcategories of Guise and roduct.
a. Guise corresponds to interrogative what as; And contrues the meaning
of be# =attribute or identity> in the form of a circumstance. *or
eample7 he was installed as chancellor.
b. roduct corresponds to the interrogative what into?. with the meaning
of become#, likewise as attribute or identity. *or eample7 arent you
growing into a big girl? (*becoming a big girl)
J. &atter
&atter is related to verbal processes. it is the circumstantial euivalent of the
3erbiage, that which is described, reffered to, narrated, etc#. the interrogative is
%:
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what about?. It is epresssed by prepositions such as about, concerning, with
reerence to and simply o.*or eample7$ worry about his health.
:. Angle
Angle is also like verbal process, but in this case to the sayer. It is like
asP.says#. !he simply preposition used in this function is to, but it is often
epressed by a more comple form such as according to, in the view+ opinion o,
rom the standpoint o. *or eample according to government spokesman order
has now been restored.
-. Descri$tion of /akarta Post
!he 6akarta ost appread for the first time on April 5?, %:J8. !his
newspaper has been published by !. Bina &edia !enggara. !he 6akarta ost
covers the news both from inside and outside the country with many kinds of
information, such as information on health, business, sport, entertainment,
features, etc.
!he ob'ective of the 6akarta ost as one of English newspapers is to
present the news with the highest uality to the public. !hat will provide its
readers with all the news, that does not only fit to print, that will deepen their
insight into very workings of the vast archipelago, its people and its government
as members of the great family of nations.
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!o serve the purpose, !he 6akarta ost is prepared by the best Indonesian
'ournalists and editors in orders in order to be able to provide a newspaper with
International $ewspaper &arketing Association Editors and ublished Award for
the category of public relation printed material, with circulation under ?9.999
copies daily. !he 6akarta ost received two similar awards with different
categories in %::% and %::8.
In %::
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there are four articles of Essay which are taken as data in newspaper =in this case,
6akarta post>.
Generally, as the part of printed media, a newspaper is the same as a
maga/ine but it is different from a tetbook because a tetbook is usually a matter
for a particular sub'ect and its material organi/ation is described in detail.
Whereas maga/ine or newspaper is a kind of mass media which is regularly and
periodically published and it, commonly, contains opinion, news or article and
other information. It, usually, uses popular scientific word, phrases, and
sentences.
B. Conce$tua! &ra"e+ork
!ransitivity is a powerful tool in the analysis of the meanings epressed in
clauses, which consists of three elementsH process, participants and circumstances.
rocesses are central of transitivity. rocesses are reali/ed by verbs. !here are seven
different process types identified by halliday. !hey are &aterial, &ental, 2elational,
Behavioural, 3erbal, Eistential, meteorological process. But in this thesis, the writer
'ust focus on Behavioural and verbal processes.
"port column is a column that contains some news about sport in a
$ewspaper. When reading sport columns especially in !he 6akarta ost, the reader
will find some processes used in the columns. "ome of them are Behavioural and
3erbal rocesses. Behavioural processes are processes of physiological and
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psychological behaviour, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccuping,
looking, watching, listening and pondering. !he process is grammatically more like
one of doing, not sensing. While 3erbal processes are processes of saying, or more
accurately of symbolically signalling. "pecifically, the processes include that of
saying, commanding, asking and offering syntactically the process and pro'ect
another clauses.
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CHAPTER III
0ETHOD O& RE#EARCH.
A. Research Design
!his research was used the descriptive ualitative design. Bogdan and Biklen
=%::57 ?J> say, 0)esign is used in research to refer to the researcher#s plan of how to
proceed1. )escriptive ualitative method is a method to analy/e the data by
considering the phenomenon of the data. Freswell =%::
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C. Techni1ue of Data Co!!ection
!he data was collected as the following ways7
%. "electing ten editions of the sport columns in !he 6akarta ost
5. 2eading each edition of the sport columns in !he 6akarta ost
8. -nderlining the behavioural and verbal processes found in each edition
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Q%99-.
(/ =
$ote 7
R 7 !he percentage of obtained behavioural and verbal processes
* 7 *reuency of behavioural and verbal processes accurences
$ 7 !he total number of all behavioural and verbal processes accurences
E. Research #chedu!e
In conducting this research, the researcher will follow schedule 7
$o Activities
&onth
)ec 6an *eb &arch April &ay 6une
% 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8 < % 5 8