New PPB techniques exploit X-Ray emission, improve trace-element determination! There's no real question of the feasibility of doing PPB techniques with x-ray emission. For petroleum, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy or other process industries — General Electric XRD equipment delivers analyses in the parts-per-billion range — with precision and consistent reproducibility. The petroleum application cited here (see chart) demonstrates a repeatability in the range of 5 to 50 PPB, for copper, iron, nickel and vanadium. Still another chemical processor uses XRD equipment for analyses of lighter elements — Al through Ti — over a range from ten to a few hundred PPM. General Electric supplies XRD with widely diverse applications to perform PPB studies with flexibility and minimum detect- ability 1} High wattage characteristics with up to 100-ma sample excitation give minimum percentage quantities U Choice of six tube targets offers selective excitation T| Thin x-ray tube window (.010" Be) provides long wave length output for light element analyses H Twin counter tubes with ultra-thin windows for widest spectral range efficiency U Samples up to 2 1 / £" square or 3" diameter and iy 2 " thick can be conveniently presented If And, all these advantages can be obtained on programmed equipment. For further details on applications, and methods already proven in use, write Room UU-74, X-Ray Department, General Electric Co., Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin. CONCENTRATION RANGES AND REPEATABILITY OF METHOD Element Concn. range (PPM) Standard Deviations* Copper 0.003-0.03 0.03 -0.1 + 0.003 ±0.011 Iron 0.04 -0.4 0.4 -5.0 -f-0.033 ±0.51 Nickel 0.01 -0.1 0.1 -0.5 ±0.005 ±0.011 Vanadium 0.01 -0.1 0.1 -0.5 ±0.006 ±0.010 *Based on in respect samples in differences between the two values ve duplicate determinations on 10 each concentration range. For the high range, relative accuracy at Pure Oil Company in determining the amount present varies approximately 2%—in the lowest range up to 50%. General Electric XRD equipment at Pure Oil Company Re- search Center (Crystal Lake, III.) analyzes refinery feedstocks for trace-metal concentrations from 0.003 to 5.0 PPM. Thigress Is Our Most Important Product GENERAL ELECTRIC Circle No. 57 on Readers' Service Card 1 1 8 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY BORAX TO BORANES With preface by PROFESSOR THOMAS WARTIK Pennsylvania State University This is a collection of 27 papers given at two ACS symposia (1958 and 1959) on the production of boron hydrides from borax, and on the chemistry of the boranes. Five papers are included on the fundamental chemistry of boron, and one on the history of this element. Among the applications of boron and the boranes discussed in this definitive monograph are those to nuclear reactors, "exotic" jet engine and rocket fuels, and semiconductors. Boron is, because of its electronic structure, an extremely versatile element and forms a great variety of compounds of potential but unrealized usefulness. Boron chemistry is one of the new frontiers in organo-inorganic chemistry. This volume is of interest and importance to chemists in any of the fundamental fields, as well as to specialists in the theory of valency, crystal structure, metallocarbon compounds, the chemistry of explosion, and the history of chemistry. 244 pp. Paper bound. Price $5.00 Order from: Special Issues Sales, American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. No. ^jlh in the ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES

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New PPB techniques exploit X-Ray emission, improve

trace-element determination! There's no real question of the feasibility of doing PPB techniques with x-ray emission. For petroleum, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy or other process industries — General Electric X RD equipment delivers analyses in the parts-per-billion range — with precision and consistent reproducibility. The petroleum application cited here (see chart) demonstrates a repeatability in the range of 5 to 50 PPB, for copper, iron, nickel and vanadium. Still another chemical processor uses XRD equipment for analyses of lighter elements — Al through Ti — over a range from ten to a few hundred PPM.

General Electric supplies XRD with widely diverse applications to perform PPB studies with flexibility and minimum detect-ability 1} High wattage characteristics with up to 100-ma sample excitation give minimum percentage quantities U Choice of six tube targets offers selective excitation T| Thin x-ray tube window (.010" Be) provides long wave length output for light element analyses H Twin counter tubes with ultra-thin windows for widest spectral range efficiency U Samples up to 21

/£" square or 3" diameter and iy2" thick can be conveniently presented If And, all these advantages can be obtained on programmed equipment.

For further details on applications, and methods already proven in use, write Room UU-74, X-Ray Department, General Electric Co., Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin.

CONCENTRATION RANGES AND REPEATABILITY OF METHOD

Element Concn. range (PPM)

Standard Deviations*

Copper 0.003-0.03 0.03 -0.1

+ 0.003 ± 0 . 0 1 1

Iron 0.04 -0.4 0.4 -5.0

-f-0.033 ± 0 . 5 1

Nickel 0.01 -0.1 0.1 -0.5

± 0 . 0 0 5 ± 0 . 0 1 1

Vanad ium 0.01 -0.1 0.1 -0.5

± 0 . 0 0 6 ± 0 . 0 1 0

*Based on in respect samples in

differences between the two values ve duplicate determinations on 10 each concentration range.

For the high range, relative accuracy at Pure Oil Company in determining the amount present varies approximately 2%—in the lowest range up to 50%.

General Electric XRD equipment at Pure Oil Company Research Center (Crystal Lake, III.) analyzes refinery feedstocks for trace-metal concentrations from 0.003 to 5.0 PPM.

Thigress Is Our Most Important Product

GENERAL ELECTRIC Circle No. 57 on Readers' Service Card

1 1 8 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

BORAX TO BORANES With preface by

P R O F E S S O R T H O M A S WARTIK Pennsylvania State University

This is a collection of 27 papers given at two ACS symposia (1958 and 1959) on the production of boron hydrides from borax, and on the chemistry of the boranes. Five papers are included on the fundamental chemistry of boron, and one on the history of this element.

Among the applications of boron and the boranes discussed in this definitive monograph are those to nuclear reactors, "exot ic" jet engine and rocket fuels, and semiconductors. Boron is, because of its electronic structure, an extremely versatile element and forms a great variety of compounds of potential but unrealized usefulness.

Boron chemistry is one of the new frontiers in organo-inorganic chemistry. This volume is of interest and importance to chemists in any of the fundamental fields, as well as to specialists in the theory of valency, crystal structure, metallocarbon compounds, the chemistry of explosion, and the history of chemistry.

244 pp. Paper bound. Price $5.00

Order from:

Special Issues Sales, American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C.

No. ^jlh in the

ADVANCES IN

CHEMISTRY

SERIES