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PRESENTATION ON

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Presented By

Subrat 166Vaibhav 176Shivesh 162 Avisekh 131Rohit 153Dipanjan 134

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

HISTORYTHEORY OF EGO STATESJOHARI WINDOW

STROKESPSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES

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I NTRODUCTI ON

In an age when Emo tio nal Qu o tient ( E Q) has taken overIntelligence Qu o tient (IQ), Transactional Analysis is a toolto understand ourselves better and enrich our personality,to meet the demands that thisever-changing world presents.

Transacti o nal Analysis ( TA) is a theory of behaviour. Thistheory was formulated by D r E ric Berne in 1958 based onhis own clinical experience.

A transaction is an exchange of communication (verbal ornon-verbal) between two people or within oneself.

An analysis of these transactions, gives us clues to ourpersonality, and helps us change ourselves.

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HI STORY

When people interact in assertive or non-assertive waysthere is a social transaction in which one person respondsto another. The study of these social transactions betweenpeople is called transactional analysis .

Transactional analysis was developed by Eric Berne forpsychotherapy in the 1950 s .Its application to ordinaryinteractions soon was apparent and was popularized byBerne s Book Games People Play (1964) and by Harris,Jongeward, and others .

The objective of transactional analysis is to provide betterunderstanding of how people relate to one another, sothat they may develop improved communication andhuman relationships.

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THEORY OF EGO-STATES

According to Berne, the personality can beexplained in terms of three ego states. This model

is roughly based on the Freudian Ego. An ego statecan be explained in terms of the individual's stateof mind at any given point of time. It reflects one sway of thinking feeling and behaving at any given

time.

The three ego states are:

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3 EGO STATES I NSI DE AN PERSON

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Ch ild E go State :

All feelings, behaviours, attitudes related tochildhood - the basic sad, mad, bad, gladfeelings are attributed to the child ego state.When a person is feeling extremely elated, heis in his child ego state. Also, when he issulking, angry or cowering with fear he is in

the child ego state. In such a state, thinkingbecomes muddled and our decision-makingability sinks to a very low level.

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Adult E go State :

All feelings, behaviors, attitudes related to thehere and now - data processing, organizinginformation and non-judgemental feedback are

attributed to the adult ego state. This is learntbehavior, that is behavior which we learn as wegrow up. Even for something as simple ascrossing a road, we need to be in our adult egostate. We need all our data processing skills tocarry out this simple activity. It all happens sofast that the mind is not even aware, that it istaking an adult decision.

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Parent E go State :

Feelings, attitudes, values, prejudices andbehaviors imbibed from significant parentalfigures are attributed to the Parent Ego state.This is copied behavior; copied from ourparents in early childhood. A person reactingfrom this ego state will either be too judgmental, critical or nurturing andpatronizing in most situations. In such a state,thinking is always colored. We tend to bebiased and prejudiced in our decisions.

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T ransactional Analysis Teaches the individualto live in the here and now. It is not okay to stayon any one ego state all the time. Our personalityhas to be a blend of all the three ego states.

A person who is always in the adult ego state, willnot be able to relate emotionally to others, as heis unable to express his feelings.

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A person in the child ego state or in the

parent ego state feels uncomfortable insituations which demand adult functions likedata processing or decision making.

Thus communication is impaired andinterpersonal relationships are affected.The idea is to display the right emotionaccording to the situation, and to live in thehere and now.

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STROKES

Strokes are the recognition, attention orresponsiveness that one person gives another.Strokes can be positive (nicknamed "warmfuzzies") or negative ("cold pricklies"). A key ideais that people hunger for recognition, and thatlacking positive strokes, will seek whatever kind

they can, even if it is recognition of a negativekind. We test out as children what strategies andbehaviours seem to get us strokes, of whateverkind we can get.

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People often create pressure in (or experiencepressure from) others to communicate in a waythat matches their style, so that a boss who talksto his staff as a controlling parent will oftenengender self-abasement or other childlikeresponses. Those employees who resist may getremoved or labeled as "trouble".

Transactions can be experienced as positive ornegative depending on the nature of the strokeswithin them. However, a negative transaction ispreferred to no transaction at all, because of afundamental hunger for strokes.

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POSITIVE STROKES :

A stroke that makes one feel OK and createspleasant feelings , is a positive one.

Words of praise and appreciation , affection ,a pat on the back are some examples of positive strokes.

An individual requires positive strokes or inother words he wants direct , appropriate andcomplimentary transactions which reassureshim about his personal worth.

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NEGATIV E STROKES

The stroke that makes one feel as NOT OK andcreates unpleasant feelings , is a negative one .

Criticism , hating and scolding are examples of negative strokes.

Some individual obtain negative stokes while

engaging in maladaptive behavior.

Eg.In an organisation a manager says Get lost!Don t show me your face again!

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J OHARI WI NDOW

The Johari Window is a communicationmodel that can be used to improveunderstanding between individuals.

Individuals can build trust betweenthemselves by disclosing information aboutthemselves.

They can learn about themselves and cometo terms with personal issues with the help of feedback from others.

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FOUR QUADRANTS OF J WI NDOW:

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Self-disclosure is the process by which peopleexpand the Open Area vertically. Feedback isthe process by which people expand this area

horizontally.

By encouraging healthy self-disclosure andsensitive feedback, you can build a strongerand more effective team.

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PSYCHOLOGI CAL GAMES

A game is a series of transactions that iscomplementary (reciprocal), ulterior, andproceeds towards a predictable outcome.

Games are often characterized by a switch inroles of players towards the end.

Games are usually played by Parent , Adultand Child ego states, and games usually havea fixed number of players; however, anindividual's role can shift, and people can play

multiple roles.

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One important aspect of a game is its numberof players. Games may be two handed (thatis, played by two players), three handed (thatis, played by three players), or many handed.

Three other quantitative variables are oftenuseful to consider for games:

T enacity : The persistence with which peopleplay and stick to their games and their

resistance to breaking it.

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Fl exibi

l ity : The ability of the players to changethe currency of the game (that is, the tools

they use to play it). In a flexible game, playersmay shift from words, to money, to parts of

the body.

Intensity : Easy games are games played in a

relaxed way. Hard games are games played ina tense and aggressive way.

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Karpman s Drama Triangle

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSI ONTA can give employees fresh insights into their ownpersonalities.

It improves the interpersonal communication.

TA is useful in sales and other areas where successdepends on customer relations.

TA helps in developing social control.

TA has its basic objective to help individuals tounderstand the Moods & Modes of behavior of self as well as those of others in a better fashion.

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