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COMMUNICATION CHANNELAkashdeep SinghID-B12002024Electronics & CommunicationChitkara UniversityChandigarh, [email protected]
Amit MakhijaID-B12002024Electronics & CommunicationChitkara UniversityChandigarh, [email protected]
Ginni ShyamID-B12002024Electronics & CommunicationChitkara UniversityChandigarh, [email protected]
Kartik KohliID-B12002024Electronics & CommunicationChitkara UniversityChandigarh, [email protected]
Abstract--In training, we got intense understanding of communication concepts like calling, multimedia services, SMS service, broadband and wireless network.
Keywords—GSM, MSC, BSC, BTC, HLR, VLR
I. INTRODUCTIONo GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) is a standard developed to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.
o The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony.
II. METHODOLOGY USED
A. Technology UsedGSM, 2G, 3G
B. Comparison with other technologiesThese technologies are much faster & smarter than their predecessors.
III. PURPOSE OF PROJECTOur main purpose is to understand our basic knowledge of communication channel. To understand the way a signal reaches from one person’s handset to another.
IV. THEORYA. MSC (Mobile Switching
Centre)The primary node in a GSM network is the MSC. It is the node, which controls calls both to MS’s and from MS’s. The primary functions of an MSC include the following:• Switching and call routing:
A MSC controls call set-up, supervision and release and may interact with other nodes to successfully establish a call. This includes routing of calls from MS’s to other networks such as a PSTN.• Communication with HLR:The primary occasion on which an MSC and HLR communicate is during the set-up of a call to an MS, when the HLR requests some routing information from the MSC1.Communication with the VLR:
Associated with each MSC is a VLR, with which it communicates for subscription information, especially during call set-up and release.• Communication with other MSC’s:It may be necessary for two MSC’s to communicate with each other during call setup or handovers between cells belonging to different MSC’s.
B. BSC(Base Station Controller)The BSC controls a major part of the radio network. Its most important task is to ensure the highest possible utilization of the radio resources. The main functional areas of the BSC are:• Radio Network Management• Transmission Network Management• Internal BSC Operation and Maintenance• Handling of MS connections
C. BTS (Base Transceiver Station)o A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece
of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network.
o UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, and computers with wireless Internet connectivity.
o The network can be that of any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi, WiMAX or other wide area network (WAN) technology.
D. HLR (Home Location Register)The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a person's subscription information until that subscription is cancelled. The information stored includes: • Subscriber identity (i.e. IMSI, MSISDN)• Subscriber supplementary services• Subscriber location information (i.e. MSC service area)• Subscriber authentication information
E. VLR (Visitor Location Register)The visitor location is a database of the subscribers who have roamed into the jurisdiction of the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) which it serves. Each main base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR (One BTS may be served by many MSCs in case of MSC in pool), hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
V. IMPLEMENTATION Mobile communication Internet Usage Broad study of communication branch
VI. ONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPEWe can conclude that communication is of utmost importance in our daily life.In future, a lot can be improved in communication.More reliable and more efficient communication is being developed.
4G is already been conquered & 5G is under development
VII. REFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://www.teletopix.org/gsm/what-is-hlr-and-vlr-and-its-function-in-gsm/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem
