New Ideas and New Art Chapter 17, Section 2, page 618

New Ideas and New Art

Chapter 17, Section 2, page 618

Chapter 17, Section 2 Objectives

• After this lesson, students will be able to:– explain how humanists studied the Greeks and Romans,

and the printing press spread humanist ideas.– describe how Renaissance art and ideas spread from

Italy to Northern Europe.

Renaissance Humanism – page 619

• humanism – the belief that the individual and human society are important

• Petrarch – famous scholar of ancient Roman writers

Changes in Literature – page 620

• use of Latin declined, replaced by the vernacular (the everyday language that people speak in an area)

• Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy (story of the main character’s trip from heaven to hell)

• Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

The Printing Press Spread Ideas – page 620

• Johannes Gutenburg – developed a printing press with movable metal type– books became more

common = ideas spread more quickly

– most works were religious in nature

How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

• curiosity• Leonardo da Vinci –

(Italian) one of the best scientists and artists of the Renaissance– amazing mind who was

truly ahead of his time




Artists in Renaissance Italy – page 623

• religious works• perspective – method that makes a drawing or

painting look three dimensional• chiaroscuro – artistic technique using light and

shadows to soften edges

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

• three most famous painters of the Renaissance:– Leonardo da Vinci– Michelangelo Buonarroti– Raphael Sanzio






• William Shakespeare – English playwright who wrote comedies and tragedies– Julius Caesar– A Midsummer Night’s

Dream– Romeo and Juliet– Hamlet– MacBeth

The Reformation Begins


Calls for Church Reform – page 634

• the Reformation – movement to reform the Catholic Church; led to the creation of Protestantism

• Why?– the Church’s focus on wealth (palaces and fine art)– nepotism among high-ranking Church officials– selling of indulgences (a pardon from the Church for a

person’s sins)• more appropriately – the more complete payment of the debt owed

to God– other reasons

The Church Upsets Reformers – page 634

• the selling of indulgences– money needed to repair the church of St. Peter’s in

Rome– payment depended on your station in life– Johann Tetzel

Who was Martin Luther? – page 635

• Martin Luther – young monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church– legend of his youth– internal religious conflict leads to intense prayer– problems: good works vs. faith, indulgences– Ninety-Five Theses on the church door

• 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.

• 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon.

Who was Martin Luther? – page 635

Revolt Leads to New Churches – page 636

• Church did not take Luther seriously at first• later Luther was excommunicated• creation of a new denomination (organized

branch of Christianity) – Lutheranism (first Protestant denomination)– Lutheranism – • faith in Jesus, not good works, brings salvation• Bible is final source for truth about God• the church consists of all members (no pastoral

mediation)

Peasant Revolts – page 636

• abhorrent working conditions• following example?• Nobles brutally crushed peasant revolts of the

1520s.

Politics and Lutheranism – page 639

• One reason Protestantism survived because some of Europe’s kings supported it to further their own agendas.– Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) vs. The German

kingdoms (various princes)– some princes chose Lutheranism to undermine Charles

V– Charles V couldn’t subdue them– Peace of Augsburg: choices

Calvin and Calvinism – page 640

• John Calvin – founder of Calvinism– similarities to Lutheranism– belief in predestination –

belief that the outcome of people’s lives are already determined by God

– belief that people should choose their own church leaders

Catholics and Protestants


Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to:– explain how Catholics and Protestants fought each

other.– explain how Henry VIII created a Protestant church in

England.

Counter-Reformation – page 643

• Counter-Reformation – Catholic attempt to convince people to return to the Catholic Church– Council of Trent• rules on the behavior of Church officials• establishment of a seminary – a special school for training

and educating priests

Religious Wars in France – page 644

• Catholics vs. Protestants• 1562 – civil war erupts• Huguenots = French Protestants led by Henry of

Navarre, head of the Bourbon family (Henry IV)• Henry IV agreed to become Catholic to rule France• Edict of Nantes = Catholicism was France’s official

religion, but gave Huguenots freedom

What Was the Thirty Years’ War? – page 645

• Thirty Years’ War – considered worst religious war of the Reformation era.– Holy Roman Empire– Protestant revolt in Bohemia– England, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands join in on the

side of the Protestants; Spain and the H.R.E. for Catholics

– Spain weakened; France empowered

The English Reformation – page 648

• Henry VIII – married six queens, imprisoned and beheaded people, founded the Church of England (Anglican Church).– Henry and his first wife,

Catherine of Aragon– no male heir– Henry vs. the Church– Henry made his own church– Henry and his women

Who Was Bloody Mary? – page 649

• Edward VI• Mary I– Catholic– daughter of Catherine of

Aragon– tried to return England to

Catholicism – failed

• Elizabeth I – Protestant queen who became one of the greatest rulers in English history

Documents

New Ideas and New Art Chapter 17, Section 2, page 618