New Generation Toilet vs.

Water Security and Health Risk in South-East Asia

Chongrak Polprasert Atitaya Panuvatvanich Nawatch Surinkul Hung Nguyen Viet Thammarat Koottatep

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

• The eight international development goals that were officially established following the Millennium

Summit of the United Nations in 2000.

• It has been agreed to achieve these goals by the year

2015

2

http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/files/2013/03/mdg-badge.gif

Introduction

Increase in the economic growth rate

Increase in per Capita Gross

Domestic Product (GDP)

Three 3 main economic structures

• Agriculture based • Industrial based • Service based

Economic Structure of ASEAN

6/2/2013 4

More economic growth More pollutions

Deforestation http://www.gapyear.com/images/content/Images/11_09_29-mjs_ft_rainforest-conservation_14551432.jpg

Natural Resources and Biodiversity loss

http://biodiversity1.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/biodiversity01.jpg

Air Emissions http://whatifpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/smog.jpg

Water Pollution http://www.ecolatin.org/sites/default/files/Water-Pollution-in-China-polluted-chinese-pond.jpg

Ideal Sanitation System

5

http://sewertreatment.net/wp-content/uploads/septic-system-diagram.jpg

1. Onsite sanitation

http://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/images/sewage/separate.jpg

2.Centralized sanitation system

6

Riv

er/W

ater

bo

die

s

Water Pollution

Indonesia: 54% of the 33 rivers monitored are

heavily polluted in 2008

Vietnam: BOD level in rivers exceed national

standards by 2-3.8 times

Philippines: 14-28% of rivers has exceeded the BOD discharge limit in

2008

Thailand: 32% of river with poor quality in 2012

as compared to 29% in 2005

(www.pcd.go.th)

• over 60,000 million Baht has been invested in building about 100 wastewater treatment plants and sewerage systems

• but less than 50% of them are in operation.

Bangkok City

• Wastewater production = 4.5 million m3/day

• Existing 7 wastewater treatment plants treating about 25% of wastewater flow

• Operation costs = 240 million Baht/year

Class 4 Surface water quality

Thailand’s Effort on WW Management

Chao Phraya River

8

Use excreta as fertilizer for growing rice in Vietnam

• Current practice: excreta storage vault in latrine during 3-6 months before using. • Some of the famers do not use protective measure: glove, boot, mask…

• 58% households have unhygienic latrine (most of them are single vault latrine) • No compost with most of excreta

Specificities of Sanitation Deficiencies

• Under-estimation of health and environmental costs

10

http://www.globalpressinstitute.org/sites/default/files/styles/520x265/public/GPINews_Cameroon_CM_defecation.jpg

Open defecation

Disposal of untreated faecal sludge

Unimproved sanitation

41%

37%

22%

Types of Toilet system

Pour Flush Pour Squat Flush Tank

Note: The data gain from the in-depth interview in 178 urban poor households

Toilet coverage, Types of Toilet & DEWAT systems in Thailand

Approximately 92% of DEWAT systems are unimproved sanitary

system. .

(Opened bottom Open infection)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1980 1990 2000 2010

Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f to

ilet

cove

rage

in T

hai

lan

d

Year

•Toilet coverage in Thailand > 99%

One Cesspool

Two Cesspool

Commercial Package

Three Cesspool

Pour Flush Toilet

Pour Squat Toilet

Flush Tank Toilet

No More Squat Toilet within 2016 in Thailand

• The Department of Health plans to encourage 50% of households to switch to sitting toilets by the

end of this year.

• It wants this figure to rise to 75% by next year and 100% by

2016

• to mitigate the number of people suffering from

• squat-related arthritis.

13

Is that a right

solution?

Change the toilet..

DEWAT system ???

14

• Latrine-based unsewered • In more than 90% of the cities in developing countries

• Have a very heterogeneous urban infrastructure

• Often lack financial and human resources for sanitation development and upgrading

• Cities are partially sewered • Existing business centres exhibit a high water consumption.

• Wastewater treatment plants are inefficient .

• Wastewater discharged (untreated) into natural water bodies and open canals.

• Open nutrient loop!

Open Bottom Open Infection The relevant infections: General disease

classification

15

• Diarrheal infections and dysenteries: - Rotaviruses - Cholera - Giardia - Amoebic dysentery - Shigellosis • Typhus, paratyphus • Hepatitis A • Polio • Scabies • Conjunctivitis, trachoma • Flue • Measles • Aids • …….

Excreted infections

• Roundworm (Ascaris) • Whipworm (Trichuris) • Hookworm (Anquilostoma)

• Bilharzia • Pork and beef

tapeworm (Taenia)

• ……. • Guinea worm • Malaria • Filariasis • Yellow fever • …….

• Appendicitis • Heart diseases • Diabetes • Arthritis • …….

Infectious Diseases Non-Infectious

Diseases

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

NON-COMMUNICABLE

DISEASES

16 Source: http://www.waterhealth.com/improved-health

Health Problems

Global Scenario of Diseases Related to poor quality of water and unhygienic sanitation, 1998

Diseases Morbidity

(episodes/year) Mortality

(deaths/year)

Diarrhoeal Diseases 1 billion 3.3 million

Infection with Intestinal Helminthes

1.5 billion 0.1 million

Schistosomiasis 200 billion 0.2 million

Poliomyelitis 0.1 billion

17 Source: http://www.who.int

http://www.pbase.com/image/57336298

http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/sth_burden.html

http://www.thiswormyworld.org/sites/www.thiswormyworld.org/files/images/pages/sick_child2.page.png

18

Impact on public health Main Death Reasons in

http://blog.ace4it.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/disease.png http://www.topnews.in/health/diseases/water-disease

http://media.monstersandcritics.com/galleries/2487156_25701/0231769855085.jpg

http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_50730.html

ERI transmission

19

Hygiene Habits Sanitation pattern Exposure Dietary Habits

No transmission

Transmission and symptomless

infection

Transmission and infection with

manifest sickness Ho

st s

usc

ep

tib

ility

an

d r

esp

on

se

Hands

Insects

Water

Crops

Soil

Hands

Food

Cattle/Poultry

ERI transmission Survival (die-off) of excreted pathogens

20

Average Survival Time in Wet Faecal Sludge at

Ambient Temperature 1

Organismin temperate climate (10-15 °C)

[days]in tropical climate (20-30 °C)

[days]

• Viruses < 100 < 20

• Bacteria:

- Salmonellae

- Vibrio cholerae

- Faecal

coliforms2

< 100

< 30

< 150

< 30

< 5

< 50

• Protozoa:

- Amoebic

cysts< 30 < 15

• Helminths:

- Ascaris eggs

- Tapeworm

eggs

2-3 years

12 months10-12 months

6 months

1 When exposed to the drying sun, the survival periods are much shorter

2 Faecal coliforms are commensal bacteria of the human intestines and used as indicator organisms for excreted pathogens

ERI transmission Environmental characteristics of ERI

21

OrganismCommon

representativeLatency

(1)Infectious

doseNo. of organismsper g of faeces ofinfected person

Survival periodin faecal sludge

at 20-30 °C

• VirusesRotaviruses

Hepatitis A virus 0 < 102 106 - 107 < 20 days

• BacteriaSalmonella typhi

Vibrio cholerae0 > 106

> 106108

107

< 30 days

< 5 days

• ProtozoaEntamoebahistolytica

0 < 102 105 < 15 days

• Helmintheggs

Ascarislumbricoides

(roundworm)

weeks < 102 104 10-12 months

1 Latency = The duration from the infectious agent being shed in the excreta to attaining the potential to infect a newhost

HACCP Approach in Fecal Sludge management “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points” in FSM

22

2. Pit emptying

• Various strategic and technical measures to replace manaual by mechanical emptying + to render mech. emptying affordable

• Good personal and domestic hygiene of emptiers

4 Soil conditioning / fertilization

• Crop restriction

• Good personal and domestic hygiene of farmer

1. Prevent indiscriminate dumping !

• Provide FS treatment, appropriate FS management planning and cost recovery procedure (= a strategic planning task !).

3. Treatment

• Proper design, operation + maintenance

• Good personal and domestic hygiene of FSTP operators

23

WHAT SHOULD BE A SOLUTION??

Three goals of

Re-inventing Toilets

→ Pathogen and Odor free

→ Solid reduction

→ Ready to reuse products

02/06/56 24

Prevent indiscriminate dumping !

• Provide FS treatment, appropriate FS management planning and cost recovery procedure with some novel technologies

2 June 2013

Liquid treatment

unit

Microwave Chamber (Handling

solid feces)

Solid liquid separation Top view

Side view

Front view

Microwave toilet

Bio-char

MICROBIAL FUEL CELL (MFC)

26

Figure 1 principle of Microbial fuel cell

MFC technology utilizes available

microorganisms present in

wastewater to oxidize organic

contents through biochemical

processes which generate electricity.

ANODE: C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e-

CATHODE: 24H+ + 24e- + 6O2 12H2O

27

Reactor configurations

ē ē

Single Chamber

MFC Toilet

ē ē

Double Chamber

FS

FS

H+

H+

Anode Anode

Cathode

Cathode

28

Thermal Septic Tank

Energy Source: Solar Collector

29

Solid-liquid separation

Spiral separator Hydro-cyclone

Overall Market Size

Country

Factors

Thailand Cambodia Vietnam Total

Market size :

(number of

household)

18.23 2.41 9.5 30.14

Market size x

DEWAT price = Market volume

18.23 million

x USD250

=USD4,558

2.41 million x

USD250

= USD602.5

9.5 million x

USD250

=USD2,375 USD7,535.5

30

(Unit : Million)

Table 3 Overall market size of Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam

Biogas for electricity

Generation

Recovery and Reuse of Fecal Sludge

31

Biogas production

Soil conditioning / fertilization

Thongtawil Service Company, Rayong., THAILAND

Ready to sell to the gardeners, Nonthaburi City Municipality

Send to temple branch for their plantation, Suan Kaew Temple

Thank you

32