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New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

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Page 1: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

New friends, old friends?World Bank and Africa when the

Chinese are coming 

dr Dominik KopińskiUniversity of Wrocław 

andPolish Center for African Studies

Page 2: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Roadmap 

• What is my motivation? • What are my reservations?• World Bank vs. China/Chinese policy banks  • Conclusion

Page 3: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

What is my motivation? 1/2 • China Development Bank and China Export-Import Bank

signed loans of at least $110bn to other developing country governments and companies in 2009 and 2010. The World Bank made loan commitments of $100.3bn from mid-2008 to mid-2010 

– Financial Times Research Team

• China Export-Import Bank extended $12.5 billion more in loans to sub-Saharan Africa in the past decade than the World Bank. EXIM bank lent about $67.2 billion to the world’s poorest region between 2001 and 2010 compared with the World Bank’s $54.7 billion

- Fitch Rating

Page 4: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

What is my motivation? 2/2• Finance: China is countering the financial power of the World Bank and challenges its position as a preferred creditor in Africa

• Knowledge: Chinese financial leverage in Africa is undermining credibility of the World Bank’s advice and expertise 

• Ideology: China is undercutting policy reforms and development strategies prescribed by the World Bank (good governance, human rights, environmental sustainability); „Beijing Consensus” vs. „Washington Consensus”?       

Page 5: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

What are my reservations? • Comparing the World Bank with Chinese policy banks 

(EXIM Bank and China Development Bank) is a bit like counting „apples and lychees” (D. Brautigam)

   

• What volume of financial flows/aid from China we are actually talking about? How many lychees? 

• Even if figures are correct (apples are lychees?!) – does it really matter for development/poverty reduction? 

Page 6: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Programme vs. project support• World Bank uses both modalities - programmes (development policy lending) and projects (investment loans) 

• China does not sponsor programmes or budget support or balance of payment support and offer only project-type of aid

• Projects are easier to implement, especially in countries lacking good governence  

• … but projects are falling out of grace in the aid community because of the aid prolifaration problem (too many projects, duplication, lack of coordination, blame-sharing)  

Page 7: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Investing in infrastructure• Desperate state of African infrastructure (see the last report by WB Africa’s Infrastructure. A Time for Transformation)

• World Bank and other Western-driven aid agencies have long ago moved to financing “soft” expenditures 

• China chooses to finance „hard” development (not so original by the way – e.g. World Bank in 1950s and 60s) 

• Example: infrastructure is the core of China Exim Bank’s concessional lending - approximately 80 percent of projects approved have involved infrastructural development

Page 8: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

No strings attached vs. conditionality and ownership

• Non-interference principle: China does not interfere in domestic affairs and responds to needs articulated by recipient governments 

• Quite ironically, China may be a champion of ownership principle (?) enshrined in the Paris Declaration, which states that aid recipients forge their own national development strategies with their parliaments and electorates (although, China does not believe in cash aid)

• China: a demand-driven approach, whereas in Bank… both (supply and demand interplay with different outcomes)   

• World Bank: PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) and country ownership; World Bank as a vintriloquist

Page 9: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Fast-tack implementation, lack of bureaucracy 

Page 10: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Issue of corruption• China's ties with Africa have been a magnet for critics

worried about corruption• However, most of Chinese aid/loans seems to be 

corruption-neutral. Why? • With projects financed by China (policy banks) usually 

recipient government does not even see the money (there are exceptions though) + grants are „in kind” 

• World Bank usually issues aid funds to bank accounts controlled by the government 

• „Donors are still giving on agarage of 68 percent of their aid to countries ranked at the bottom of the corruption scale”

• The picture is more murky with Chinese companies; Chinese saying: „if the water is too clear,you don’t catch any fish”, corruption in bidding for tenders   

Page 11: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Structure of Concessional Loans by China EXIM Bank

Signing agreementSigning agreement SSubmitubmittingting an application to  an application to China EXIM BankChina EXIM Bank

Signing Signing a project a project loan agreement loan agreement with the EXIM with the EXIM Bank Bank 

SSubmitubmittingting the  the invoice and invoice and progress progress reportreport

SubmittingSubmitting a drawing  a drawing application, invoice application, invoice and progress reportand progress report

M. Davies, How China is influencing Africa’s development, Background Paper for the Perspectives on Global Development 2010 Shifting Wealth, OECD, Paris, April 2010

Page 12: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Conclusion • China has been challenging the World Bank position as a preferred creditor in Africa (finacially, ideologically and knowledge-wise)

• Cooperation? – Memorandum of Understanding signed between the World Bank and China EXIM Bank in 2007

• Competition?– The World Bank in 2011 launched a new instrument called Programme-for-Results Lending which would allow countries to sidestep “dozens of tough, and expensive, social and environmental safeguards which recipients of World Bank loans must normally meet”. 

Page 13: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Cooperation or competition?

Page 14: New friends, old friends? World Bank and Africa when the Chinese are coming dr Dominik Kopiński University of Wrocław and Polish Center for African Studies

Thank you!