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Section A: A brief introduction to BIM technology and the extent of which BIM has been implemented in the construction industry locally and globally.
1.0 Introduction to Building Information Modelling (BIM) Technology.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one of the recently emerging technologies. BIM
applies in the design, construction and facility management in which a digital
representation of the building is being made to facilitate the exchange and
interoperability of information in digital format. It is a modelling technology and
associated set of process to produce, communicate and analyse digital information
model for construction life cycle. The principal communicating implements in the
construction process such as structured approaches have been utilized in most
advanced countries to ascertain that their industry players systematically adopt the
utilization of BIM. In terms of cost, quality and performance (time) the projects that are
planned, designed and constructed utilizing BIM have proven to fully the client’s
requirement.
Figure 1.1: The connections of BIM
BIM concept has been introduced since 1970 by Professor Charles M. Eastman. In
mid-year of 2000, Architecture, Engineering and Construction industries have
commenced to execute BIM in construction projects. The United States of America
(USA) is the first country to implement BIM. Nowadays, BIM has been implemented
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in many countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Hong Kong,
Denmark, Norway, Finland and Singapore. In Malaysia, the concept to execute BIM
was introduced by the Director of Public Works Department (PWD) in 2007. This step
was a result of the government’s awareness of the potential of BIM to reduce
construction cost and avoid design problems in planning phase. Moreover, BIM also
has been seen as a concerted action to ensure collaboration between construction
players such as architects, engineers, project managers and contractors.
PWD committee was established by the government on 27 August 2007 to choose
the right BIM platform. The purpose of establishing the committee was to identify
construction project processes that involved BIM implementation. Moreover, the
committee also prepared a BIM standard manual documentation for PWD as a
guideline for construction team reference. The committee also provides BIM training
and advisory assistance to project teams in using BIM tools. The first project in
Malaysia that involved the implementation of BIM is Multipurpose Hall of Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in the Southern region of Malaysia. Other BIM
projects in Malaysia are National Cancer Institute of Malaysia, which is expected to
be completed on 31 August 2013, Educity Sports Complex in Nusajaya, Johor and
Ancasa Hotel in Pekan, Pahang (Fathi, 2013)
Revit building design software is categorically built for BIM, empowering design and
construction professionals to bring conceptions from concept to construction with a
coordinated and consistent model-predicated approach. Revit is a single application
that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and
construction.
In Malaysia, BIM’s adoption is progressing well, driven primarily by the private
sectors that have already realised the significant benefits to be derived from
intelligent adoption of BIM although the country is still progression is at the Pre-BIM
stage. Pre-BIM is more focus at Stage 1 that is developing the competency of object
based modelling. At this stage, the operation is authoring 3D model, extracting and
setting up the template of the drawings and entering the data relevant to the building.
On its part, CIDB will complement the efforts of the private sector by sustaining
environments where BIM will survive and thrive. Several efforts have been taken by
CIDB including awareness programs, industry workshops and also creating some
regulations using BIM within the construction industry.
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According to research, 48% of organisations in the construction industry are now
seeing a requirement to deliver projects using Building Information Modelling (BIM).
BIM model with the Government Construction Strategy bringing BIM into even
sharper focus for contractors there is increasing recognition of the need to better
understand the benefits of BIM and how to efficiently take advantage of it in a wide
range of projects. Successful BIM delivery in construction sector is not about
software, it is about processes and understanding.
Figure 1.2: BIM tools software
Our latest BIM SmartMarket Report, "The Business Value of BIM for Construction in
Global Markets," focuses specifically on BIM usage by construction companies in nine
major global markets. Findings from the report, released last month, include the
following:
The percentage of their project work that involves BIM, both current and forecast
Return on investment (ROI) on their BIM program
Benefits they are receiving from BIM in three categories: internal, project and
process
Which investments they are planning to make to grow their BIM programs
What business processes and policies they are adopting to support BIM (Jones
2014)
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Although different organisations and projects will see different benefits from BIM, but the
different return on investment (37% reported over 25% ROI) is majority having a postive
feeback, particularly over time. However, the key benefits include:
Improved initial design data
Better communication/collaboration
Increased productivity
Reduced rework
Reduced cycle time in many workflows
Improved service to client
Reduced risk
More accurate and earlier cost certainty
Reduced waste
Improved design and construction sequence understanding
Other than that, not only in Malaysia implies Building Information Modelling (BIM) but
other countries as well. Other countries including Finland, Singapore, Denmark and
Norway have also adopted BIM (Wong et al, 2009).
In Australia, most of the universities are exposing to the education of BIM through the
syllabus in classes. It can provide the students with knowledges of Building
Information Modeling from the basic input and realizing the importance of this new
development in the construction industry. Three universities (University of South
Australia, University of Newcastle and University of Technology, Sydney) are
currently involved in a project supported by the Australian Government Office for
Learning and Teaching (OLT) called CodeBIM (Collaborative Building Design
Education using BIM) (Rooney 2014).
Moreover, in Canada they also practice the education system exactly like the
Australian while in construction industr, Canada has been using BIM software for
some time althoough the drafting is still in 2D CAD. The country also has the
production of its own graduates from the universities and colleges which can
operates BIM more proficient. The results of the 2013 BIM Survey show that 96% of
respondents were aware of BIM and 64% are currently using BIM (Rooney 2014).
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Section B: Benefits of BIM to Clients and Contractors
2.0 Benefits of BIM to Clients
As we all know Building Information Modelling (BIM) gives benefits to many parties
such as the contractors, architects, engineers, suppliers and also the clients. This is
because through BIM, it will ease the work of the engineers to explain to the clients
anything regarding to the building as it contains many information like the spaces and
geometry, costs, specifications, programming and other information types. By using
BIM, the clients could confirm the properties of structure that presence in that
particular building. Otherwise, if there are some changes to the structure of the
building, the engineers could change the structures at any time and other matters such
as the pricing cost, scheduling at that particular period and other relevant issue will
also be changed consequently with the presence of new information of collaborations
from the other parties in that construction project.
Other than that, BIM is also the alternative to avoid small complication matters happen
before the actual construction starts. This can be determined through the clash
detection software that present in BIM which can detect if there are any complications
to the constructions works. So, at the end, the project can be completed without
problems and can satisfy the clients’ wish to operate the building at the exact time
being promised to finish. Building Information Modelling also responsible provide the
estimated price for the whole project other than the cost of construction can be saved.
It should enable clients to be clearer on what will actually be built into their facility at
the earliest stage (Lorimer, n.d.)1. Moreover, clients do not have to worry about the
quality of the building. This is because the 3D building in BIM is already compile with
the durability level which after the engineers have entered the value of information
needed, the data will be interpreted and produce the result on level of its durability.
The BIM can trace the optimal performance and comfort of the building also by the 3D
drawings at any particular sections from the building. Thus, the use of BIM can avoid
the misunderstanding between the clients and other parties in the construction project.
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3.0 Benefits of BIM to Contractor
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is just not develops the technology itself but it is
transforms the process of design and build. BIM has long utilized by architects and
engineers to design buildings virtually. It is an incorporated process that consent
professionals in our industry to discover project’s key physical and functional features
digitally before it is built. Apart from being a powerful data application, BIM technology
has the possibility to empower fundamental changes in project delivery, encouraging
more incorporated and efficient process. As highly collaborative, data-rich background,
BIM has the integral ability to condense cost and promote efficiencies in the manners.
3.1 Time and Cost Consuming
By utilizing BIM can preserve the time consuming and cost of the design and
assist from earlier access of construction market and also assist eliminate
costly downtime and material reorganizes in the field. Approaches of BIM
helps contractors meet tight deadlines and avoid extension of time in the
construction process. General contractors are as well able to retrieve BIM
information quickly to determine issues that arise with other contractors at the
project site.
Figure 3.1: Allplan & iTWO Software
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3.2 Improve productivity and efficiency
As for contractor around the world, BIM avail them to amend work
productivity, quality, safety and efficiency. The technology is turning up in
construction site trailers where contractors has commenced utilizing it for
work schedule and material orders. General contractors and sub-consultants
use BIM to manage plumbing and mechanical of building that under
construction. There are many types of software contribute to BIM that
contractor can use.
Figure 3.2: Example of Bentley AECOsim Building Designer
3.3 Information sharing
General contractors can put their construction works into the model to visually
perceive a project's progress and make modifications, if needed. This
functionality helps the general contractor phase a project by defining more
accurately when to, for instance, open a section of a remodelled building or
close a corridor to allow work to proceed. And by having the virtual
presentation of a project in a device, the contractors can share the
information with clients and make necessary alterations on the spot.
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3.4 Ability to enhance collaboration
Contractors with well-established BIM are visually perceiving a positive return
on their investment in BIM from project benefits like reduced errors and
omissions, to process developments like the ability to boost collaboration, and
internal business benefits such as enhancing their company’s image.
(McGraw Hill Press, January 8, 2014).
3.5 Profit on BIM investment
Over few years, contractors expect the percentage of their work that connects
to BIM will increase. Given the fact that contractors which more engaged with
BIM accomplish more benefits and realize a stronger profit on their BIM
investments than those less engaged, these results position of BIM for great
development in all these markets in the next few years.
3.6 Avoidance of clash
Capability to view all of a building’s combined components assists eliminate
clashes, reduce amendment of orders and retain the project within the
assigned budget. Throughout the construction procedure, it is not unusual for
wall and ceiling contractors to be asked to eliminate or relocate partitions
because of client or architect started design changes or to accommodate
unexpected interruptions by other trades. Nevertheless, through the usage of
BIM and component-specific attachments, building professionals can virtually
detect clashes and design the required changes before the contractor sets
labor on the job.
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Section C: BIM in Building Services-Facility Management
4.0 BIM Relating Facility Management
Facility management in BIM includes building systems analysis which is measuring
how a building's actual performance compares to design model predictions. The
analysis usually focuses on mechanical systems and building energy use, but it can
also include, lighting analysis.
Tracking performance data from the building systems and comparing these values to
design model predictions enables facility managers to ensure that the building is
operating to specified design and sustainable standards. It also identifies the
opportunities to modify operations other than to improve system performance.
Building designers can also use this data to validate and refine their prediction
models and evaluate the impact of proposed materials and system changes to
improve performance.
87u76
Figure 4.1: Revit model of GSA space
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Figure 4.2: Autodesk FMDesktop reads DWF files published from the Revit application
4.1 Acceptance of BIM for Building Services - Facilities Management
With the increase of BIM for design, the owner/operator’s use of that building
information for facilities management is becoming more commonplace and
more anticipated. Consider these examples:
Government agencies such as the U.S. GSA now require the delivery of
spatial program information from building information models for major
projects that are receiving design funding in Fiscal Year 2007 and beyond
(http://www.gsa.gov/bim).
To facilitate life-cycle building process integration and sharing digital
datasets, the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) formed a
committee in early 2006 to create a National Building Information Model
Standard to provide a common model for describing facility information
(http://www.nibs.org/newsstory1.html#).
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is considering how to modify
their contract documents to codify the transfer of a building information
model (http://www.aia.org/nwsltr_tap.cfm?pagename=tap_a_documents);
putting in place an agreement structure whereby the building information
model and the intellectual property it represents can flow naturally from
the architect to the owner/operator, who can then get better data to
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manage a building from the most appropriate source of that data: the
architect who designed the building.
4.2 BIM Solutions to Building Services - Facilities Management
Further than being documentation and drawing tools, BIM offers a platform for
improved interdisciplinary collaboration the capability to manage conversion
and the capability to extend information support throughout the building life-
cycle. The utilization of BIM begins at the conceptual stage of a facility. It is
then used over all the phases of design and construction impeccably. It has
made the job of planned decision making much smoother and more
systematic, both at the conception and the execution phases. Furthermore,
BIM has the authentic potential to take it a step further, and play an important
role in the maintenance and keep of a facility over its entire life cycle, till its
final demolition. These developments involve significant implications for the
facilities management industry. Building projects regularly undertake various
changes during the construction stage as project teams respond to required
changes and unforeseen conditions.
Thus, BIM models must be up to dated continuously throughout the
construction stage to integrate and capture changes introduced through
RFI’s, as-built conditions, etc. Upon substantial completion, the design team
should integrate an as-built BIM for handoff to the facility owners and
operators as part of the commissioning process. The benefits of using BIM
during building design have been well-publicized and are fueling its adoption
rate among architects worldwide - transforming their drawing-based
processes to model-based processes. The benefits of using information from
a building model for facilities management are likewise compelling - fueling
the discussion surrounding building lifecycle management and nudging
facilities management towards model-based processes. Facility managers
using Autodesk FMDesktop can now take advantage of the reliable building
information being created by Revit Architecture - immediately realizing
several significant benefits. Using room data from the Revit design model
dramatically reduces costs associated with the manual creation of polylines.
DWF technology minimizes the frustration of cobbling together disparate
building data from multiple design sources. But most importantly, facility
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managers can rest easy - confident in their use of the coordinated, consistent,
reliable data being delivered from the building information model.
Building services are the operations of what the building facilitates to the
occupants that presence in the building. They include the heating and air
conditioning, escalators and lifts, ventilations and refrigeration, fire detection
and protection and others. All services provide one main objective that is to
provide the comfort such as the good lighting, comfortable space
temperature, humidity and air quality, sufficient power and others. But, when it
relates to the facility management in building services through Building
Information Modelling (BIM), it tells that the maintenance corresponding to the
operations of the building along the lifespan of the building. This is because
the facility management only happens when the project is completed. In BIM,
facility management software is programmed to document the modeling,
model maintenance and coordinate the model for the buildings’ maintenance
scheduling. One of the applications involving Building Information Modelling is
that it could inform and track the lifecycle of building structures. This
maintenance can be accomplished in the preventative maintenance
scheduling. Preventive maintenance scheduling enables facility managers to
organize the maintenance activities proactively and appropriately for the
suitable staff, as well as reducing maintenance problems and emergency
maintenance repairs (Autodesk BIM Curriculum 2013).
4.3 BIM in Building Services - Facility Management
Facility Managers(FM) will faced the challenge of improving and standardizing
the quality of the information they have at their proposal because Facility
Managers need to use many type of applications to fit the purpose. But, by
using an emerging technology, Building Information Modelling, it is just a
simple tasks to be done before obtaining an impressive outputs.Asset and
facilities management have primarily relied on data-centric applications for
their information support tasks. Graphic capabilities in CAFM and IWMS
applications for their information have primarily focued on space
management. Rework is often required to make CAD file delivered from
project contruction documents useful for facilities management. Not being
inherently graphic, FM application are often not seamless in managing
changes, requiring tedious synchronization when building configurations anf
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affiliated data attributes change.BIM provides digital repository of all building
component, and as a full 3D model, it is capable of displaying view with a
clarity that are typically eludes not schooled in intrepreting standard 2D
building drawings. The application’s capability to attach an infinite range of
data to components of the model, either within the application or in an
external database such Oracle, creates a potential data repository that is
useful beyong construction documentation. For example BIM space
components can be supplemented to track information such as room
numbers, area calculations, and occupant censuses.
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