New Astronomical, Meteorological andGeological Study of Montefiascone (VT)

Tasselli, D.TS Corporation Srl - Astronomy and Astrophysics Department

Via Rugantino, 71 - 00169 Roma RM - ItalyE-mail:diego.tasselli@tscorporation.org

Ricci, S.TS Corporation Srl - Meteorogical and Climatic Change Department

Via Rugantino, 71 - 00169 Roma RM - ItalyE-mail:stefano.ricci@tscorporation.org

Bianchi, P.TS Corporation Srl - Geology and Geophysics Department

Via Rugantino, 71 - 00169 Roma RM - ItalyE-mail:pamela.bianchi@tscorporation.org

Abstract

In this work that continues the "NGICS - New Italian City Geologi-cal Study" a project of the Department of Climatology and Geology ofTS Corporation Srl, we present the study relating to the Municipality ofMontefiascone (VT). We analyzed 25 years of astronomical, geological,meteorological and climatic data, comparing them to verify the long-termtrend of local variations in temperatures, detections, solar radiation andgeological events, with the ultimate goal of understanding climate andgeological changes a long term in this geographical area. The analysis isperformed using a statistical approach and attention is used to minimizeany effects caused by the error in case of lack of data.

Keyword: atmospheric effects - site testing - earthquake data - geological model -methods: statistical - location: Montefiascone.This paper was prepared with the LATEX

1 Introduction

In this work we present an analysis of theastronomical, geological, meteorologicaland climatic data collected in Montefias-cone (VT), a small town in northern Lazio,located on the southern shore of LakeBosena.

We present an analysis of measurementsobtained from local astronomical, mete-orological and geological data [9] [10][16], compared to verify local variationsin astronomical conditions, climatologicaland geological.

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1.1 Location

Montefiascone is a small town locatednorth of the Tuscan region in Italy. Hereare identifiable altimeter data, the ge-ographic coordinates and seismic data.

Latitudine Longitude Altitude mt s.l.

42◦32′25,08” N 12◦2′13,56” E 590

Geographic Data of Montefiascone

The geological map of the town is shownin Geological and Seismic data section.[8]

Seismic Zone Description

2B Area with medium seis-mic hazard where strongearthquakes can occur.Sub-area 2B indicates avalue of ag <0.20g.

Seismic Data of Motefiascone

2 Annual data analysis

Summers are generally hot, dry and the skyis clear or partly cloudy, while winters arerather harsh and often blow north windsthat can last a long time especially in theperiod between November and December.In winter mornings it is easy to find fogalso due to the proximity of Lake Bolsena.Snow appears about two or three times ayear, sometimes in large quantities. Rainsdominate the autumn and spring seasons.The following table identifies the climaticdata assigned by the President of the Re-public’s Decree n. 412 of 26 August 1993.Characterized by a fairly humid climate,the summer does not record maximumtemperatures higher than the area thanksto the mitigation brought about by LakeBolsena, while in winter there can be sub-stantial variations in temperatures, due tothe winds that blow more in the periodbetween November and January.

Climatic Zone Day Degrees

E 2.467

Climatic Parameter of Montefiascone

3 Meteo-Climatic Parameter

In this section we describe air temperatures(T), Dew Point, Humidity, Pressure, DayTime and Night Time Variation, Rain’sDays and Fog’s Day, obtained by an ac-curate analysis of the meteorological datafrom local data by archive [?]. We ana-lyzed the parameters given in Table 1 and2.Should be noted that the values consideredare related to the last twenty-four-yearaverage and made available for the period1990-2014.

Average Annual Temperature 14,40◦CT average warmest (ago-2003) 39,10◦CT average coldest (feb-1991) −10,00◦CAnnual temperature range 9,87◦CMonths with average T > 20◦C 199Total rainfall 1990-2014 [mm] 37586,20Rain Days 1281Fog Days 923Storm Days 137Rain/Storm Days 490Rain/Snow Days 26Rain/Fog Days 136Rain/Thunder/Fog Days 66Snow Days 36Wind Speed max Km/h (Mar-2001) 100,00Wind Speed min Km/h (Mar-1990) 1,00Rain max mm (Aug-1995) 660,00Rain min mm (May-2006) 2,50Earthquake Min (2011/12/20) 0,2 MwEarthquake Max (1992/07/02) 3,6 MwEarthquake Deep Min (2008/06/03) 0,8 KmEarthquake Deep Max (2010/05/18) 37,3 Km

Parameter of this Study

3.1 Solar Radiation Territory

In the study area the values of solar ra-dioation are increasing. In fact the datairradiation of territory taken from the pa-rameters and the data prepared by theEuropean Union, demonstrate the trend ofirradiation for the municipality, visible innext table:

Month DNI HhJan 3698,40 1905,10Feb 4259,00 2654,60Mar 5544,60 3895,30Apr 6227,20 4860,50May 7634,20 6091,40Jun 8098,30 6528,00Jul 8152,80 6501,70

Aug 7125,50 5580,20Sep 5826,70 4324,20Oct 4606,70 3062,90Nov 3707,40 2088,20Dec 2953,20 1533,50

DNI - Direct Normal Irradiance and Radiationand Hh - Radiation on Orizontal Plan (Wh/m2/day)

The weather data and the graphs showextrapolated for the territory covered bythe study, including a radiation in the rangebetween 1100 and 1200 kWh /1kWp asmap prepared by the European Union [18]and visible in figure 17, characterized inover the months, irradiation presented inthe graph in Figure 18 and 19, which showsthe data of the table above, which showsthe territory of Montefiascone, a total irra-diance Annual of 2067,28 Wh/m2/day.

3.2 Temperature

In this section we describe air temperatures(T) obtained by an accurate analysis of themeteorological data. The study shows anon-constant average in the temperaturesrecorded in the period between 1990 and2014, alternating cold and hot periods, asshown in the following graph.

Relationschip of Year Temperature and Average1990-2014.

The values are calculated considering theentire measurement period (1990-2014),drawing on data from the Annuals pub-

lished by "Il Meteo.it" [?] for the period1990-2014.A comparative analysis in the years 1990-2003 shows that the average monthly tem-peratures were around the average, reach-ing the maximum peak in August and thelowest peak in December. A greater de-viation of the values is highlighted in theperiods ranging from January to March,from June to August and from October toDecember, while the period between thebeginning of March and mid-April remainsstable on the annual average.

Variation of Month Temperature about year 1990-2003 and 2004-2014

The graphs shown in Figures 2 and 3show the performance of the maximumand minimum temperatures proportionalto the average of the period of study (1990-2014). The study shows the followingtrends:

• Minimum temperatures: recordedsignificant variations in the valuesduring the period, always constantlyrising, except in five years (1991,1993, 1996, 2005 and 2010), inwhich they returned strongly be-low the average, which is equal to3,94◦C;

• Maximum temperatures: The maxi-mum temperatures also had a furtherincrease, more evident in the periodafter 1996. In fact, the analysis ofthe data showed that if in the periodbetween 1990 and 1999, the valueswere constantly below the average(except in the period between mid-1993 and early 1994), starting fromthe 2000s temperatures have beenconstantly increasing, except for a

short period of reduction between2008 and 2010), to return to aver-age values in 2014, which is equalto 24.86◦C.

Table 6 shows the trend of the maximumtemperature points forecast in the sum-mer quarter (June-July-August) shown inFigure 13 and the trend of the minimumtemperature points forecast in the winterquarter (January-February-March) and areshown in Figure 14. Studying in particularthe months with the values of minimumtemperature and maximum minors, the fol-lowing is noted:

• the month of August (character-ized by the presence of the highestvalue observed in maximum temper-atures), shows that trends in temper-ature has been getting consistentlybelow average for the period 1990to 2014, while there were two ex-ceedances of this value over theyears 2003 and 2012, in agreementwith what evident from the graph inFigure 12;

• the month of February (characteriza-tion from the the lowest minimumtemperature for the period of study),shows that the trend of temperatureshas always been, in agreement withwhat reported in the graph in Figure13.

3.2.1 Average temperature fluctuation1990-2014

Analyzing the temperature data in the pe-riod 1990-2014, it can be seen as shownin table no. 8 and from the followinggraph, a trend characterized by strongascending and descending steps, witha higher Delta in the quarter March,April and May, the maximum value ofwhich occurs in April (3.04°C), while thelower it was found in December (-0.32°C).

Variation of average temperatures ∆ in the munici-pal area of Montefiascone - VT

3.3 Dew pointIn this session we describe the dew pointobtained from an accurate analysis of thedetails referring to the municipal area.The average identified in the study period1990-2014 shows at an annual level thatin 14 years out of the 25 total studies, thevalues were above the average (equal to8.91◦C) as shown in figure 9 at the endof this article, while at a monthly levelthere are 6 months with values above theaverage, precisely in the period from Mayto October (see next image):

Dew Point for months from 1990 to 2014.

3.4 HumidityAs regards humidity, the study shows anannual value of 66.63% calculated with thefollowing formula::

avam

(1)

av = annual value, am = average moisture 1990-

2014

The graph in Figure 8 shows the trendat the annual level while in the followinggraph it shows it at a monthly level.

Humidity Months from 1990 to 2014.

The following graph, which highlightsthe monthly values, again referring tothe 1990-2014 study period, highlightsvalues above the average in the periodbetween January and April, and after abelow average summer quarter, return torise above average again in the periodOctober-December.The annual study (figure 7 at the end of thedocument), highlights 13 years above theaverage, with the maximum value reachedin 2002, and the remaining 12 years withvalues below the average, the lowest valueof which is highlighted in 2012.

3.5 Pressure

The analysis of the data relating to pressurereports an average value in the period ofthe following study, equal to 1014.25 hPa.The following graph shows at a monthlylevel that January, June, July, August andOctober have values above the average,while the remaining months are positionedbelow the average, with March showingthe lowest value.:

Pressure Months from 1990 to 2014.

Analyzing the data on an annual basis,as shown in Figure 8 at the end of thedocument, we note:

• an increase in atmospheric pressurefrom the annual average in the pe-riod: 1990-1992, 1998-2000, 2002and 2005-2008;

• a reduction in pressure from the an-nual average in the period: 1993-1997, 2001, 2003-2004, 2009-2014,with the lowest value reached in2012.

3.6 Day time and night timevariation

An accurate analysis of the daily ∆T varia-tion of the temperature values between dayand night is highlighted in this section andreported in Table 2. The calculated valueof 9,87◦C relating to the years 1990-2014clearly evident in the following graph high-lights 4 periods that are quite distinct fromeach other in the values of the temperaturesfound and precisely:

• an above average presence over theyears: from 1990 to early 1994,from early 2000 to early 2008, withthe greatest difference recorded inmid-2003, and in the period 2011and mid-2012;

• values below the average from thesecond half of 1994 until the end of1999, from the beginning of 2008and the end of 2010, with the low-est value recorded in mid-2009 andagain from mid-2012 until the endof 2014.

Day time and night time variations (solid line) andAverage Day time and Night time variations 1990-2014 (dotted line)

3.7 RainThe analysis of the pluviometric data inthe study period showed an average annualrainfall of 1503.45 mm in the munici-pal area, and an accumulation value forthe period 1990-2014 equal to 37586.20mm. Furthermore, an increase in intenseand short-term rains emerged as clearlyshown in figure 15 at the end of the doc-ument, which shows the rainfall trendsfor each month of the year referring tothe values between 1990 and 2014. Thefollowing graph at a monthly level shows

that all months have recorded an increasein the level of rainfall, with a maximumrecorded in April and a minimum in July.

Days Rain for Month from 1990 to 2014.

These lead to an increase in hydro-geological risk as well as flash-food, rapidflooding of a morphologically limited area,due to the rapid “saturation” of the sur-face soil which is no longer able to absorbrain. Such episodes of intense precipi-tation can also determine phenomena ofsurface runoff of rainwater with a possibleincrease in flooding, but also risk of waterpollution (pollutants from agricultural androad runoff).The study period showed an abnormalincrease in rainfall. The pie chart belowshows the ratio between the total mm ofrainfall measured in a year and the totalrainfall measured in the period 1990-2014,according to this formula:

TotalRain =ab

x100 (2)

a = annual rainfall value, b = total value of the rain

period

% of Rain for this study.

In Figures 4 and 5 at the end of the doc-ument, we can see the total rainfall/yearrelating to this study, the values of whichare shown in table 3. The next pie charthighlights the type of phenomena foundfor this study.

Type of Rain for this study.

The study highlighted annually:

• a considerable increase in rainfall inthe years 2013 and 2014;

• 10 years out of 25 study totals, inwhich rainfall was above average,with the highest value recorded in2014;

• 15 years in which rainfall was be-low average, with the lowest valuerecorded in 2001.

monthly:

• the month of April being the wettest.

in terms of number of rainy days per year:

• 15 years out of 25 in total in whichthe daily values exceeded the aver-age of 85.44 mm, with the highestvalue reached in 2008;

• 10 years out of 25 total in whichthe daily values were below the av-erage, with the lowest value reachedin 1999.

3.8 SnowIn the municipal area the presence of snowis not a rare event. The nearby Vulsinimountains in fact determine a greater pres-ence of snowy days and the municipal areaunder study clearly shows this being themunicipality with the highest elevation onthe southern shore of Lake Bolsena.An essential element is obviously that thereis the presence of the "wet flow" event thatoccurs when humid winds coming from the

Tyrrhenian Sea flow over the coldest layeron the ground with winds coming fromeast-north-east. The Vulsini mountains areable to contain greater humidity in certainareas depending on the type of greater ven-tilation, favoring more rain and/or snow.Obviously also the lake of Bolsena with itsgreater humidity present according to thewinds, can generate the effect called "lakeeffect storm" which in particular cases be-comes "lake effect snow".The analysis of the data shows, as shownin the graph in figure 19, the number ofsnow days at an annual level, the averageof the territory equal to 2 cm and the peri-ods with the greatest snowfall that occurredin the years 1995-1996, 2001 and 2005 ,with an average of 4 cm, while the lowervalues occurred in the remaining yearsof the present study (1990, 1998-2000,2006, 2011, 2014), interspersed with yearsin which no snow events occurred (1993-1994 , 1997, 2003-2004, 2007, 2009). Thegreatest snow accumulations, the averageof which is equal to 32.72 cm and the to-tal recorded is equal to 588.9 cm, wererecorded in the years 1991-1992, 2006,2010, 2011-2012 and 2013 with the high-est values recorded nn 115 cm in theyears 2012 and 2013. The minimum valuerecorded in 1990 equal to 5 cm, as shownin table 7 and in figure n. 20 at the end ofthe document.

3.9 FogThe analysis of the data showed that inthe study period the average value of thedays of the year with the presence of fog isequal to 36.92 as presented in the graph offigure 6, from which it can be verified thatthe values have to decrease in the periodbetween 1995 and 2011, finding in 2011the year with the lowest number of days offog in the municipal area (18 days), whilethe years between 1990 and 1994 recordedthe highest values , with 1992 holding thehighest value (78 days). Analyzing thedata at a monthly level, we can verify ascan be seen from the following graph, that

the average of the days of fog is equal to3.08, the months with the greatest numberof fog days are October and November,while those with the lowest values areJune and July. The analysis, as mentioned,showed a significant decrease in foggydays and associated with this, it is foundthat the fogs rarely manage to resist untilthe central hours of the day. In fact, thevalues confirm the national trend in whichthe winter seasons are increasingly mild,with less cold nights which obviously leadto a deficit of cold and humidity, essentialelements for the formation of fogs.In the municipal area there is also, espe-cially in winter and often at night, thephenomenon of "humidification fog", ie adense mist due to the contrast between thecolder air that blows on the surface of thelake and the temperature of the lake itself.

Foggy month days from 1990 to 2014

3.10 Wind speed

The municipality of Montefiascone objectof this study, being in the southern part ofLake Bolsena, the largest volcanic lake inEurope, is obviously affected by the cicro-climate that the lake itself creates.

• At night the climate of Montefias-cone is decidedly milder, being lo-cated on the southern part of LakeBolsena, but often the mistral, thenorth wind and the north wind blowmore intensely, reaching 80-100km/h, albeit mitigating the climateand / or by stopping the thermaldrop, the sensation of cold due tothe increased ventilation is clearlyevident.

• During the day the microclimate of-fered by the lake affects the wind,generating what in the area is called"Vattuta", a lake breeze coming fromthe north that keeps the southernshores of the lake and the territoriestherein cool, but this phenomenonoccurs mainly in summer.

The ventilation of the territory can beviewed in the following figure generatedby the Atlas of the Wind [11], where thewind speed reached in the territory at 25meters above sea level is highlighted.In the municipal area, the study showed aconstant decrease in wind speed over theyears between 1990 and 2014.Graph n.10 at the end of the documentpresents the minimum and maximum windspeed recorded in the municipal area. Thedata recorded a sharp decrease in the mini-mum values in the period between Januaryand October, with the first quarter wellbelow the average of 6.74 km / h. Themaximum values also recorded a belowaverage trend, equal to 44.16 km / h inthe month of January and in the periodbetween March and October, while inNovember the most intense winds wererecorded.In table no. 4 you can view the daily windvalues reported in the following study,while in table 8 and in the monthly windimages relating to each single year of thisstudy, they are visible in figure 21 (whileon a daily level it is visible in figure 22) atthe end of the document.

Wind Speed Atlant of Montefiascone - VT [11]

4 Geological and Earth-quake data

In this section we describe the Geologicaland Earthquake data.

Distribution of the main neogenic and quaternary basins

of the Northern Apennines. 1=main overlapping fronts;

2=main faults at the edges of the basins; 3=transverse

tectonic lines; 4=minor faults at the edge of the basins

(BOSSIO et all. 1992). [8]

4.1 Morphological Lines

Morphological characteristics and struc-ture of the survey area were strongly in-fluenced both by the nature of the outcrop-ping rocks and by the exogenous and en-dogenous processes that have followed andalternated in the last millions of years.Predominant are the landscapes resultingfrom the spreading outcrop of volcanicrocks belonging mainly to the Vulsino Vol-canic District, which have in fact condi-tioned the topography of the area, charac-terizing it with a series of hilly reliefs (max-imum altitudes around 600-700m abovesea level) that are more emission centers,and which alternate with large volcano-tectonic depressions, the largest of whichis occupied by Lake Bolsena. The pos-itive forms are represented by numerousscoria and ash cones (for example Monte-fiascone and Valentano), while the mostevident negative forms are the large ellipti-cal or sub-circular calderas of Latera andMontefiascone.Rather steep slopes, in correspondencewith the most recent volcano-tectonic struc-tures (edges of calderas, faults and frac-tures) and of the outcrop of lithoid rocks(lava flows), alternate with softer slopes,

in correspondence with the lithotypes lessresistant to erosion (less coherent pyroclas-tic products) and large structural surfaces(plateauxignimbritici).The action of running waters and the pro-cesses connected with the eustaticowur-mian uplift, have affected generally narrowand deep valleys, subsequently remodeledand partially covered by alluvial deposits.

4.2 Geological CharacteristicsAs already mentioned, volcanic and pyro-clastic rocks are the most widespread onesin the area under examination within whicheven those belonging to the sedimentarysubstrate emerge, albeit marginally.The following description is therefore pro-portionate to the outcrop extension and theimportance that both play for the purposesof this study.

4.3 Volcanic FormationsThe geological-deformation history of thestudy area of this article is closely con-nected with that of the Lazio volcanicregion which must be framed within thecontext of the tectonic-dynamic evolutionof central Italy.The geological evolution of this area is theresult of the geodynamic processes and theextension tectonics of the belt between theApennine chain and the Tyrrhenian coast,following the Apennine orogeny and activein the period between the upper Plioceneup to just under 50,000 Years ago.Starting from the Pliocene, an intense mag-matic activity begins that involves, alongthe Apennine route, a vast range fromMonte Amiata to the Campania region.The volcanoes of Lazio, present in thearea of the present study, belong to twoclearly distinct magmatic series: the firstincludes the acid, rhyolithic and riodaciticvolcanism of the Cimini Mountains, theTolfa Mountains and the Ceriti Moun-tains and has an older age ( betweenabout 2 and 1 Ma); the second seriesincludes the Vulsino, Vicano, Sabatino

and Colli Albani groups, and shows adistinctly alkaline-potassium characterand began its active state 0.8 Ma ago,continuing up to the present time. Thefollowing figure identifies this division.

Main volcanic complexes of northern Lazio. Legend: 1:

rocks of the metamorphosed base; 2: sediments from the

Lazio-Abruzzo platform; 3: sediments of the Umbrian

Marche basin; 4: allochthonous sediments of the Lig-

urian and subligur complex; 5: flyschoid allochthonous

sediments; 6: neo-autochthonous sandy-clayey-gravelly

sediments; 7: volcanic districts with acid to intermediate

chemism; 8: volcanic districts with a potassic to highly

potassic character (PB: Paleobolsena volcanic complex;

B: Bolsena volcanic complex; M: Montefiascone volcanic

complex; L: Latera volcanic complex; SW: western sector

activity; SS: activity of the northern sector; BS: Sacrofano-

Baccano complex; TR-SN: pyroclastic flow of red tuff with

black slag) - (modified from Italian Geological Society,

1993).

4.3.1 Vulsino Volcanic District

The district to which this study belongsfalls within the Vulsini District whose ac-tivity, in accordance with Beccaluva etalii (1991) [4], can be linked to the partialfusion and heterogeneous enrichment of asource that can be localized in the mantle.The Vulsino Volcanic District is the north-ernmost of the volcanic districts of Lazioand occupies an area of about 2200km2

extending between the Fiora River and theTevere River. The area sees the prevalenceof sub-area activity mainly of an explosive

nature, and is located at the intersectionof a complex system of faults in the Apen-nine and anti-Apennine directions. Thisapparatus was the protagonist of the mostimpressive and extensive volcanic eventsin the region.During its activity there was the emissionof a great variety of volcanic products (ig-nimbrites, lavas, pyroclasticites of variouskinds) attesting an activity that began inthe Pleistocene, lasted until very recenttimes and is still in progress in the formhydrothermal and sulfataric.The sedimentary substrate is made up ofneo-autochthonous post-orogenetic de-posits of the upper Miocene and the Pleis-tocene, which cover the flyschoid unitsand the Mesozoic carbonate sequencesof the Tuscan and Umbrian-Marche do-mains [27]. Within the evolution of theVulsino Volcanic District, five areas or vol-canic complexes have been distinguished:Paleobolsena, Bolsena, Montefiascone,Latera and Neobolsena [27] [28] [29]),with multiple mechanisms and eruptivescenarios: the spectrum of explosive activi-ties, which includes those of the Hawaiian,Strombolian, Plinian, hydromagmatic andsurtseyan types is in fact almost complete.The deposits related to these eruptivemechanisms are represented by weldedslag, slag cones, layers of pumice, ign-imbrites, surges, lapilliaccretionals, etc.Also the products of the effusive activ-ity are well represented and reflect abroad compositional spectrum, rangingfrom the series leucitic to shoshonitic.The most differentiated products arepresent in the areas of Paleobolsena andBolsena, while the area of Montefias-cone, in correspondence with which themagma chamber is located in the upperpart of the carbonate base, is character-ized by less differentiated products. Thisstudy examines the area of Montefiascone.

Schematic geological map of the Vulsini area -

source:https://www.alexstrekeisen.it/provincie/vulsini.php

4.4 Volcanic area of Montefias-cone

The initial activity of the Montefiasconecomplex is mainly identified with the Os-pedaletto eruption [27], characterized by aPlinian eruptive column about 20 km high[26] which gave rise to deposits of pumicecovering a very large area in the easternand southern sectors.The eruptive scenarios of the Montefias-cone volcanic area were influenced by thestructure of the carbonate base. NNO-SSEfractures have in fact determined an intensepre and post-calderic effusive activity inthe central band; in the southern one, itwas an O-E fault that represented the sup-ply route for scoria cones and vast lavaflows.The explosive activity in the Montefias-cone area was very intense and mainly ofthe hydromagmatic type.The Montefiascone Ignimbrite and the for-mation of the relative caldera are con-nected to the eruption richer in energy[24].The basal ignimbrite, which crops out inthe southern and eastern sector, appears asa massive deposit from light gray to darkgray.A second central explosive eruption de-termines the formation of Lava Drop Ign-imbrite. A further collapse of a part of thenorthern sector of the caldera itself, while

a resumption of activity with hydromag-matic phases, gave rise to the chaotic col-lapse of the eastern sector[24].Among the lava products of the Montefi-ascone complex there is a prevalence ofleucitites, tephra and basanites.

4.5 The Sedimentary Units

Geological diagram of the Province of Viterbo. Legend: 1:

undifferentiated continental and marine deposits, Quater-

nary. Volcanic units-2a: undersaturated volcanites; 2ac:

in hydromagmatic facies, middle-upper Pleistocene; 2b:

intermediate vulcanites; 2bc: in hydromagmatic facies,

middle-upper Pleistocene; 3: acid volcanites, lower Pleis-

tocene. Postorogenic unit-4: marine terrigenous units,

Pliocene – Lower Pleistocene; 5: Unit of Poggio Terzolo,

Messinian; 5a: “Bismantova Group”, Lower Miocene

– Middle Miocene. Internal Ligurian and Australoalpine

Units-6a: S. Fiora Formation, Upper Cretaceous – Eocene;

6b: Flysch of the Tolfa, Late Cretaceous – Eocene; 7: For-

mation of clays with Palombine limestones and ophiolites,

Lower Cretaceous. Tuscan Units - 8a: Macigno Auct., Up-

per Oligocene - Miocene; 8b: flint limestone and marl with

radiolarians, Liassic - Miocene. Non-metamorphic Tus-

can Roof Units - 9: massive limestone, red ammonite, flint

limestone, jasper, polychrome schist, Jurassic - Eocene.

Umbrian-Marche units-9a: bisciaro, scaglia, marl with

fucoids Auct., Lower Cretaceous - Lower Miocene; 9b:

flint and marl limestones, Lower Cretaceous – Middle

Liassic; 9c: pelagic limestones, middle-upper Jurassic; 9d:

platform limestones and dolomites, Triassic. Unit of the

metamorphic base - 10: Unit of Boccheggiano, Permiano

(from the National Research Council, 1987; modified by

Chiocchini and Madonna, 2004).

Sedimentary rocks emerge in isolatedstrips, interspersed with volcanites, gener-ally in correspondence with tectonic cul-minations and fluvial incisions and moreextensively, in the south-eastern sector ofthe area studied, on the edge of volcanicrocks. The geological reconstruction ofthe units referable to the sedimentary sub-strate was carried out with reference tothe available bibliography. They are es-sentially attributable to infacies of flysch,allochthonous deposits (Upper Cretaceous-Oligocene) and marine deposits of the post-orogenic cycle (Pliocene-Pleistocene).The flyschoid units are made up of marl,clay, marly limestone and sandstone fromthe Late Cretaceous to Oligocene.In the study area they are represented bythe "Flysch della Tolfa" sensu Chiocchinie Madonna, 2003[6] which according toBuonasorte et alii (1988)[5] belongs tothe internal Austroalpine domain, whileAbbate e Sagri (1970)[1] place it in theLigurian domain.The Tolfa Flysch has been framed as aSeries or Comprehensive Succession, agedbetween the Late Cretaceous and the Mid-dle Eocene, by Alberti et alii (1970)[2]and by Bertini et alii (1971).According to Civitelli e Corda (1993)[7]the succession consists of three members:one clayey-calcareous, one calcareous-marly (with interspersed varicoloredargillites, pietraforte and red marl) andone arenaceous.Post-orogenic units comprise three groupsof sequences:

• the first includes units aged be-tween the Messinian and the lowerPliocene base;

• the second includes units of thePliocene;

• the third includes Quaternary units,widely represented on the marginsof the Lazio volcanic blanket andinside it, in correspondence with val-ley engravings.

Their deposition is connected to a predom-inantly marine sedimentary cycle that af-fected the Tyrrhenian side of the central-northern Apennines from the Messinian tothe Quaternary.The Pliocene units emerging in the studyarea, sometimes rich in fossil fauna, be-long to the Units of the Tarquinia basin(Chiocchini e Madonna, 2003[6]). Albertiet alii (1970)[2] recognize a successioncomposed at the base of pelites and con-glomerates of the lower-middle Plioceneage, on which sands and conglomeratesof the middle-upper Pliocene rest. Theseunits are part of the mainly marine neo-autochthonous cycle and are found in stripssouth of Tuscania and in the Monte Ro-mano area, overlapping the Flysch dellaTolfa. Quaternary units are also repre-sented in the study area, consisting ofcontinental travertine deposits (from thePleistocene-Holocene age), which emergein the areas of Bullicame and Bagnaccio(west of Viterbo) and in LaRocca, and fromHolocene alluvial and lake deposits. , out-cropping in the valley engravings of therivers and along the edges of Lake Bolsena.

4.6 Geochemistry of Vulsianrocks

The chemical compositions of vulsinerocks are characterized by a high concen-tration of K, Rb, Th, U and other rare el-ements. An easy way to show the chem-ical composition of rocks is by using so-called spider diagrams, in which the con-centrations of the individual elements ofthe rocks are divided by the concentrationsof the same elements of a reference mate-rial, such as the average composition of theEarth or that of chondritic meteorites.This method provides different curves forthe various rocks that show in a very ef-fective visual way the difference betweenthe composition of the rocks themselvescompared to the average of the Earth, forthe various chemical elements.When using this method for vulsine rocks,

it is noted that the concentrations of ra-dioactive elements (K, Rb, Th, U) are threeorders of magnitude higher than the Earth’saverages. The comparison with other ter-restrial rocks such as oceanic basalts (themost abundant igneous rocks on Earth) andlimestones, better highlight the geochemi-cal anomalies of Vulsian volcanism.This means that the natural radioactivity inthe Vulsini is much higher than in the re-gions of the planet where there are normalbasalts or even other types of rock such aslimestone or sandstone. Other chemicalelements, such as fluorine (F) and arsenic(As), are also highly enriched in Vulsianrocks. This has important effects on thewater quality of this region, as the highconcentration in the rocks of these poten-tially toxic elements is transmitted to thewaters.For example, it should be remembered thatthe upper limit of the concentration of F indrinking water is only 3 parts per million(3 milligrams / liter).One of the main problems of Vulsin mag-matism is to understand the causes of thestrong enrichment in K, Rb, Th, U, andother rare elements. According to the mostrecent hypotheses, this is the effect of twoprocesses:

• one that occurs inside the earth’smantle where magmas are gener-ated;

• the other concerns the magmas dur-ing their ascent to the surface, whenthey remain for more or less longtimes inside the magma chambersbelow the volcano.

According to the theory of plate tectonics,the earth’s crust and part of the upper man-tle (the lithosphere) form rigid blocks thatmove reciprocally with a relative speedof a few cm per year. Most of the mag-mas erupted on the planet are generated inthe upper mantle. Magmatism is concen-trated either in areas of diverging plates(e.g. mid-ocean ridges) where the platesmove away from each other, or in areas

of convergent plates where the plates ap-proach and underflow with respect to eachother (lithospheric subduction ). A smallnumber of volcanoes (for example thoseof Hawaii) are located in areas inside thelithospheric plates, in correspondence withthermally and / or compositionally anoma-lous points, called "hot spots" (Figure 15).The upper mantle is composed almost en-tirely of solid materials. However, in areasof lithospheric divergence or in areas ofconvergence above the subduction zones,the upper mantle can locally melt, creatinglarge quantities of magmas. The composi-tion of magmas strongly depends on thatof the rocky mantle from which they weregenerated. The upper mantle generallycontains low amounts of K, Rb, Th, U, etc.However, these elements are present inhigher anomalous concentrations in the up-per mantle areas above the subduction ar-eas. Consequently, the magmas producedin these areas have a higher concentrationof K, Rb, Th, U, etc. than those gener-ated along the boundaries of the divergingplates.The enrichment of chemical elements inthe mantle above the subduction areasis due to the introduction through thesubducting plate of sediments or othermaterials of the crust that contain highconcentrations of K, Rb, Th, U, etc.It is generally accepted that the magmaerupted in the Vulsini and other volcanoesof central and southern Italy formed inthe upper mantle above a subduction zone.In this case, the subducting plate is madeup of the Adriatic lithosphere which con-verges towards the Italian peninsula andplunges under the Apennine chain.The crust material transported by the Adri-atic plate produces an enrichment of theupper mantle in K, Rb, Th, U and in otherelements such as F and Cl (chlorine) andCO2 (carbon dioxide). The fusion of thischemically anomalous mantle gave riseto the magmas of the Vulsini and othervolcanoes of central Italy.A second process of geochemical enrich-ment of magmas occurs when they are

stationed in the magma chambers presentunder many Italian volcanoes at a depth ofa few kilometers.In these reservoirs the magmas derivedfrom the mantle lose heat and partiallycrystallize, the residual liquids becomevery rich in K, Rb, Th, U, etc.

Chemical composition diagram of rocks in the study area.

Image from: http://www.orviamm.com/medias/files/peccerillo-

geologia-e-origine-dei-vulcani-vulsini.pdf [31]

4.7 Earthquake and SeismicResponse Spectrum

The municiplay of Montefiascone is char-acterized by a territory with medium-hightseismicity,

Seismic Hazard Map (MPS) of Lazio. The acceleration val-

ues refer to a return of 475 years (INGV2004). The city of

Montefiascone is highlighted in black on the map. [19]

in fact in table A attached to the Decreeof 01/14/2008 draw up by the Ministryof Infrastructures, the seismic hazard esti-mates are highlighted and from these theresponse spectrum was determined elastic(horizontal and vertical) of the seismicactions highlighted in the following graph.

The spectra indicate the calculated shaking values for 11

spectral periods, ranging from 0 to 2 seconds. The PGA

corresponds to the period of 0 seconds. The graph re-

lates to the median estimates (50th percentile) proposed by

hazard model. The different spectra in the graph relate

to different probabilities of overflow (PoE) over 50 years.

[20] [33]

In next figure we can see the numberof Earthquake in Montefiascone, and tableevidence the number of Earthquake eventby year.

Number of Earthquake for 1990 to 2014

Year N. of Events Year N. of Events

2014 6 2013 2

2012 1 2011 4

2010 0 2009 1

2008 0 2007 0

2006 2 2005 1

2004 0 2003 0

2002 1 2001 0

2000 3 1999 0

1998 0 1997 0

1996 0 1995 0

1994 1 1993 2

1992 1 1991 0

1990 0

Number of Earthquake in Montefiascone by Year

The study evidence that the major numberof Earthquake are production on deep from5 to 10 Km. Next graphics evidence this.

Magnitudo/Deep for 1990 to 2014

5 Conclusion

We presented for the first time an analy-sis of geological and longterm temperaturedata directly obtained from Montefiasconelocal meteorological site, inside urban con-centration and well above the inversionlayer.The data analysis above all those relatedto annual rainfall, to their regimen and thechange of these indices over time indicatesthat the area is recorded increase the con-tribution of rainfall and its concentrationin the most rainy periods.The extremes of this trend over time if con-firmed, would lead to a radical change inclimate of the area that would no longerbe characterized by the absence of the dryseason, but rather by a rainy season withheavy and often heavy rainfall and a dryseason with characteristics similar to thoseof the dry seasons of the Mediterraneanclimate.The inversion of Montefiascone arousescontrasting effects among citizens, as it isa phenomenon particularly popular in themiddle of a hot summer when at least inthe early morning you are able to get muchlower temperatures and refreshing, whilein winter it is seen as a phenomenon in-convenient dates the low temperatures andpossible fog and frost that usually occur inparallel.Given the geology structure of the rocksand the territory, and highlighted theamount of railfallin the period presentedin this study (highlighted in section 3.7and in Table 3), it is recommended further

attention in the monitorng of climatic phe-nomena, in order to prepare the necessaryand appropriate measure to protect the pop-ulation and existing infrastructure.

6 AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Dr.ssa FilomenaBarra for her helpful suggestions and sup-port to made the paper more complete. Theconstructive comments are highly appreci-ated.

Figure 1: Identification of Montefiascone in Viterbo’s province

Table 1: Comparison of temperature on decadal scale from Jannary to DecemberY

ear

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

2014

-2,0

016

,00

1,00

20,0

0-

21,0

04,

0022

,00

6,00

26,0

010

,00

34,0

014

,00

33,0

014

,00

31,0

012

,00

28,0

06,

0027

,00

2,00

20,0

0-2

,00

19,0

020

13-2

,00

16,0

0-3

,00

15,0

0-3

,00

19,0

04,

0026

,00

6,00

24,0

011

,00

34,0

014

,00

35,0

016

,00

38,0

010

,00

32,0

010

,00

24,0

0-1

,00

22,0

0-2

,00

14,0

020

12-5

,00

15,0

0-7

,00

18,0

02,

0024

,00

1,00

26,0

06,

0028

,00

12,0

035

,00

17,0

037

,00

16,0

038

,00

10,0

032

,00

1,00

27,0

03,

0019

,00

-5,0

014

,00

2011

-4,0

016

,00

-1,0

019

,00

-4,0

019

,00

2,00

25,0

07,

0030

,00

14,0

033

,00

12,0

035

,00

14,0

036

,00

-33

,00

5,00

28,0

01,

0020

,00

-1,0

019

,00

2010

-3,0

013

,00

-3,0

016

,00

-2,0

018

,00

3,00

23,0

06,

0025

,00

10,0

030

,00

-35

,00

13,0

034

,00

9,00

28,0

04,

0025

,00

-1,0

023

,00

-7,0

017

,00

2009

-3,0

013

,00

-4,0

015

,00

-19

,00

6,00

23,0

010

,00

32,0

013

,00

32,0

016

,00

35,0

017

,00

35,0

012

,00

31,0

01,

0026

,00

3,00

21,0

0-5

,00

17,0

020

08-2

,00

19,1

0-6

,00

--0

,80

19,5

01,

2021

,10

6,40

29,5

012

,00

32,0

016

,00

34,0

016

,00

35,0

07,

0035

,00

4,00

26,0

01,

0022

,00

-1,0

014

,00

2007

-2,0

018

,50

-1,4

021

,00

0,80

21,2

05,

0026

,70

8,20

31,9

012

,00

35,1

011

,80

36,9

013

,60

36,9

09,

0030

,10

4,20

30,0

0-0

,80

19,7

0-3

,40

15,3

020

06-5

,30

15,5

0-4

,40

18,1

0-2

,40

20,0

03,

0023

,70

6,20

29,3

07,

6034

,70

13,6

038

,00

13,8

033

,70

11,6

032

,70

5,80

28,5

0-1

,00

20,3

01,

0019

,50

2005

-3,8

014

,90

-4,0

015

,70

-6,6

020

,70

2,40

26,5

07,

4031

,30

5,20

36,9

012

,40

39,0

010

,80

33,7

011

,00

32,7

06,

8023

,10

3,50

20,0

0-4

,80

14,1

020

04-5

,40

16,1

0-2

,00

17,5

0-2

,30

20,7

02,

8023

,00

3,80

25,0

09,

4033

,10

11,4

037

,70

12,8

034

,70

9,40

33,7

08,

8026

,50

-2,0

025

,30

-2,4

018

,90

2003

-4,0

017

,90

-4,2

016

,70

-1,4

020

,10

-5,4

027

,90

8,40

32,3

014

,40

36,7

015

,00

38,1

016

,00

39,1

010

,40

31,0

03,

6026

,90

0,60

19,1

0-3

,80

17,0

020

02-7

,00

15,0

0-1

,00

16,3

0-0

,80

25,3

01,

0026

,80

6,40

27,3

010

,60

37,1

011

,80

34,5

010

,40

32,5

07,

8026

,50

6,20

23,0

00,

8021

,70

-0,2

014

,90

2001

1,20

15,7

0-4

,80

16,3

01,

0022

,10

-2,0

024

,30

9,00

28,5

08,

0034

,30

13,6

034

,50

15,2

035

,70

7,80

28,5

05,

4026

,70

-1,4

021

,10

-4,2

015

,30

2000

-5,0

013

,00

1,00

16,0

0-1

,00

18,0

03,

0025

,00

10,6

027

,00

11,6

031

,70

10,0

036

,10

12,8

038

,10

9,00

29,9

08,

0027

,90

3,00

20,3

0-1

,00

17,3

019

99-5

,00

16,0

0-4

,00

15,0

01,

0021

,00

2,00

21,0

010

,00

29,0

015

,00

29,0

014

,00

32,0

016

,00

36,0

014

,00

29,0

06,

0025

,00

1,00

21,0

0-3

,00

17,0

019

98-3

,00

15,0

00,

8018

,00

-2,0

019

,00

2,00

23,0

09,

0027

,00

10,0

034

,00

15,0

036

,00

11,0

037

,00

10,0

030

,00

6,00

21,0

0-1

,00

21,0

0-5

,00

13,0

019

97-2

,20

15,0

0-2

,20

15,0

00,

2020

,00

-1,4

020

,00

4,00

27,0

011

,00

30,0

011

,00

33,0

012

,00

33,0

09,

0032

,00

3,00

26,0

02,

0018

,00

1,00

16,0

019

96-3

,00

14,0

0-4

,00

13,0

0-6

,00

15,0

01,

0021

,00

6,00

26,0

0-

33,0

011

,00

35,0

013

,00

33,0

07,

0024

,00

4,00

21,0

01,

0020

,00

-10,

0015

,00

1995

-4,0

015

,00

-2,6

016

,00

-1,2

017

,00

-3,0

021

,00

4,00

26,0

07,

0030

,00

15,0

035

,00

9,00

32,0

06,

0027

,00

4,00

24,0

0-5

,00

20,0

0-1

,00

15,0

019

94-1

,00

18,0

0-3

,60

16,0

00,

4024

,00

-1,0

023

,00

4,00

27,0

010

,00

31,0

015

,00

34,0

015

,00

38,0

09,

0033

,00

2,00

23,0

02,

0023

,00

3,00

21,0

019

93-5

,00

14,0

0-5

,00

16,0

0-2

,20

22,0

03,

0025

,00

8,00

28,0

010

,00

31,0

010

,00

33,0

010

,00

37,0

08,

0030

,00

5,00

26,0

0-3

,00

16,0

0-2

,00

17,0

019

92-3

,80

14,0

0-5

,00

16,0

0-1

,20

20,0

02,

0023

,00

5,00

28,0

010

,00

29,0

012

,00

35,0

014

,00

36,0

08,

0030

,00

5,00

25,0

02,

0020

,00

-1,8

015

,00

1991

-5,0

013

,00

-10,

0019

,00

0,80

25,0

0-1

,00

19,0

01,

0023

,00

8,00

30,0

010

,00

34,0

012

,00

33,0

011

,00

28,0

03,

0024

,00

-3,2

017

,00

-4,0

017

,00

1990

-4,0

015

,00

-1,6

017

,00

-2,6

019

,00

1,00

17,0

06,

0026

,00

7,00

32,0

013

,00

34,0

013

,00

32,0

08,

0027

,00

5,00

27,0

0-2

,20

21,0

0-5

,00

13,0

0Av

erag

e19

90-2

014

-3,5

315

,35

-3,2

416

,06

-1,3

320

,38

1,42

23,3

26,

5827

,76

9,95

32,7

412

,58

35,1

913

,46

35,1

49,

0430

,16

4,91

25,5

00,

1720

,46

-2,7

816

,21

Table 2: Day Time and Night Time VariationYear Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec2014 6,32 7,21 9,48 9,27 10,03 11,27 9,52 10,97 9,43 9,61 7,53 6,032013 6,90 7,39 7,35 9,33 8,61 11,03 11,84 12,26 11,07 8,26 6,10 7,612012 9,24 8,26 12,26 8,87 10,13 12,55 13,35 14,10 9,03 9,42 6,73 7,132011 6,87 9,32 8,13 9,93 11,65 10,93 10,68 12,88 11,81 10,19 9,63 7,742010 5,48 5,68 8,87 10,16 8,20 9,74 12,50 11,97 10,00 8,61 6,74 5,372009 5,68 7,86 8,42 8,07 10,16 8,03 10,00 11,26 9,47 9,45 8,57 5,452008 7,52 9,70 9,26 9,85 10,43 7,93 10,39 12,61 9,80 9,39 7,53 5,482007 8,78 9,54 9,64 12,77 12,53 12,01 15,22 12,77 12,18 10,45 9,01 7,882006 8,54 9,25 8,72 10,68 12,81 13,82 14,38 11,43 10,97 10,50 10,04 8,182005 8,21 8,71 10,90 10,84 13,37 13,80 14,37 12,55 11,04 9,30 9,76 7,752004 7,40 8,31 9,23 9,73 11,83 12,94 14,67 13,62 12,42 9,37 7,33 6,502003 7,51 9,81 12,58 12,55 14,76 15,25 15,68 14,91 12,29 8,60 7,65 7,252002 9,82 9,34 12,19 13,16 12,02 14,09 13,16 11,34 10,21 10,46 7,07 5,522001 5,93 8,66 7,78 10,99 10,61 13,77 13,57 13,92 10,90 10,95 8,51 7,652000 7,94 8,37 8,23 7,77 9,93 14,69 14,29 15,50 12,13 8,72 7,10 7,301999 8,47 8,24 8,68 8,60 8,94 10,03 9,74 11,61 9,43 8,10 6,91 5,631998 6,91 8,73 9,29 8,45 9,23 10,68 11,13 12,20 9,29 7,77 5,57 6,751997 6,88 7,75 10,86 9,39 11,96 10,29 13,42 12,45 11,45 9,10 5,84 6,091996 6,50 7,82 8,90 10,10 10,45 11,93 8,43 11,55 10,03 8,43 7,30 5,301995 7,64 8,31 9,75 9,79 11,45 12,80 13,32 11,10 10,37 11,06 7,91 5,651994 6,54 7,11 11,97 9,18 11,03 11,03 12,77 13,68 10,39 8,55 6,19 7,231993 8,18 11,83 10,57 10,57 12,61 12,93 13,73 14,24 10,10 7,28 6,21 7,881992 8,59 10,37 9,52 8,97 12,16 10,20 12,48 13,61 12,57 6,97 8,00 6,811991 8,50 8,44 9,36 10,47 10,48 12,07 13,61 13,87 10,87 8,71 7,53 9,301990 9,24 10,36 10,42 8,52 11,24 13,44 13,81 12,87 11,10 8,13 7,93 6,20

Average 1990-2014 7,58 8,66 9,69 9,92 11,07 11,89 12,64 12,77 10,73 9,10 7,55 6,79

Table 3: Rain/Year [mm]Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dec Tot %Year

2014 550,00 580,00 235,00 245,00 105,00 585,00 250,00 25,00 290,00 55,00 420,00 280,00 3620,00 9,63%2013 420,00 220,00 250,00 190,00 215,00 240,00 405,00 30,00 215,00 415,00 220,00 50,00 2870,00 7,64%2012 - 135,00 20,00 115,00 155,00 5,00 5,00 15,00 285,00 255,00 120,00 100,00 1210,00 3,22%2011 50,00 60,00 395,00 90,00 250,00 165,00 195,00 25,00 20,00 30,00 45,00 70,00 1395,00 3,71%2010 160,00 345,00 105,00 110,00 420,00 135,00 30,00 60,00 10,00 140,00 450,00 115,00 2080,00 5,53%2009 41,80 82,70 63,90 55,90 17,30 203,80 68,50 46,10 75,00 35,00 55,00 95,00 840,00 2,23%2008 69,00 50,60 95,90 104,30 108,30 98,20 35,90 5,00 128,70 60,40 161,90 235,60 1153,80 3,07%2007 58,30 70,30 116,20 30,30 64,40 37,10 15,00 147,00 50,10 26,10 23,30 39,10 677,20 1,80%2006 277,30 118,70 108,50 45,80 2,50 17,90 68,00 88,10 138,90 39,30 26,10 63,10 994,20 2,65%2005 48,40 41,20 77,80 90,70 47,50 92,80 7,60 101,30 191,70 180,40 59,30 168,00 1106,70 2,94%2004 43,70 112,50 78,10 132,90 115,70 23,10 2,50 16,10 52,30 124,60 82,40 251,10 1035,00 2,75%2003 86,40 11,70 23,70 30,30 83,50 133,30 14,90 42,00 104,30 80,10 134,00 44,90 789,10 2,10%2002 32,00 37,70 15,40 40,50 65,20 43,10 88,20 132,90 138,30 21,20 82,90 123,20 820,60 2,18%2001 142,20 44,90 84,30 76,20 35,30 17,00 15,60 5,00 31,50 11,60 62,60 14,30 540,50 1,44%2000 30,00 25,00 105,00 150,00 145,00 62,60 61,00 82,20 26,00 127,80 108,80 86,60 1010,00 2,69%1999 20,00 20,00 335,00 170,00 180,00 320,00 230,00 125,00 190,00 110,00 290,00 165,00 2155,00 5,73%1998 30,00 55,00 45,00 205,00 25,00 170,00 5,00 120,00 195,00 190,00 85,00 90,00 1215,00 3,23%1997 270,00 30,00 35,00 165,00 10,00 60,00 25,00 40,00 15,00 175,00 205,00 65,00 1095,00 2,91%1996 120,00 165,00 40,00 275,00 110,00 95,00 80,00 155,00 305,00 175,00 450,00 275,00 2245,00 5,97%1995 65,00 95,00 145,00 325,00 100,00 25,00 75,00 660,00 185,00 15,00 55,00 155,00 1900,00 5,06%1994 45,00 75,00 5,00 345,00 35,00 210,00 95,00 15,00 70,00 110,00 130,00 155,00 1290,00 3,43%1993 10,00 5,00 55,00 325,00 400,00 40,00 - 54,10 150,00 125,00 215,00 230,00 1609,10 4,28%1992 100,00 20,00 150,00 190,00 180,00 215,00 105,00 50,00 210,00 510,00 60,00 455,00 2245,00 5,97%1991 15,00 200,00 180,00 390,00 260,00 35,00 160,00 30,00 285,00 215,00 220,00 5,00 1995,00 5,31%1990 45,00 65,00 60,00 405,00 95,00 50,00 125,00 145,00 60,00 270,00 235,00 140,00 1695,00 4,51%

Average 1990-2014 109,16 106,61 112,95 172,08 128,99 123,16 86,49 88,59 136,87 139,86 159,85 138,84 37586,20Year Average 1503,45

Table 4: Wind Average[1990-2014]/Year on Km/hDay Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Min Max

1 23,68 21,54 19,95 21,33 15,12 18,66 16,93 18,78 21,02 14,69 18,85 22,68 19,44 14,69 23,682 18,82 19,62 21,64 18,73 16,57 16,90 17,82 18,75 19,21 15,70 18,89 19,30 18,50 15,70 21,643 22,05 17,88 21,00 18,08 19,80 17,23 18,13 18,78 18,15 15,77 17,57 20,89 18,78 15,77 22,054 22,18 19,70 22,20 20,48 19,90 17,39 17,98 19,15 19,54 18,13 19,72 17,33 19,47 17,33 22,205 19,09 20,06 23,24 21,88 15,89 17,70 17,91 20,00 19,33 18,13 18,59 17,13 19,08 15,89 23,246 17,73 20,44 20,05 18,38 18,02 17,25 17,76 20,21 17,19 16,42 17,30 20,83 18,46 16,42 20,837 15,66 18,64 21,73 20,38 17,14 17,39 19,67 17,55 18,85 19,17 21,04 21,76 19,08 15,66 21,768 16,16 21,18 23,14 16,87 15,38 18,00 20,15 19,18 18,73 17,27 19,35 20,74 18,85 15,38 23,149 14,48 20,68 20,81 19,89 16,36 18,43 17,54 17,73 19,77 16,98 17,72 22,89 18,61 14,48 22,89

10 14,36 20,10 21,40 21,09 15,20 17,60 17,61 20,29 17,93 16,81 19,22 22,41 18,67 14,36 22,4111 17,61 20,38 20,69 20,93 13,98 17,71 19,09 19,57 18,00 16,52 20,79 17,89 18,60 13,98 20,9312 19,24 18,70 17,52 20,80 16,68 17,25 17,91 20,42 21,09 17,17 18,48 17,70 18,58 16,68 21,0913 17,73 18,26 18,91 19,91 16,18 16,13 17,63 17,71 18,52 17,75 18,52 19,52 18,06 16,13 19,9114 18,83 17,78 16,25 18,98 17,28 16,45 17,57 19,11 20,48 18,65 20,77 21,34 18,62 16,25 21,3415 20,85 21,73 17,20 18,46 17,36 17,70 18,91 18,17 17,89 19,08 21,45 20,98 19,15 17,20 21,7316 18,87 23,35 19,11 20,52 16,90 16,98 18,77 17,96 18,17 18,13 25,20 19,15 19,43 16,90 25,2017 18,89 21,08 19,43 19,07 17,64 17,26 18,98 18,00 17,15 18,83 21,32 19,52 18,93 17,15 21,3218 17,59 21,40 19,75 19,35 19,30 16,82 17,87 16,71 16,95 17,26 19,48 17,57 18,34 16,71 21,4019 18,70 20,34 20,78 18,37 20,40 17,64 18,43 17,40 16,11 18,57 18,84 17,59 18,60 16,11 20,7820 17,91 18,54 18,74 16,72 18,83 18,61 18,33 17,37 18,77 18,15 20,77 19,39 18,51 16,72 20,7721 20,16 17,06 19,57 19,57 17,52 16,70 19,13 18,72 19,13 21,54 20,09 19,26 19,04 16,70 21,5422 20,93 18,60 19,89 17,02 16,90 19,57 18,72 17,52 15,85 17,46 17,95 19,89 18,36 15,85 20,9323 21,46 21,94 20,09 16,84 18,05 17,67 18,74 18,04 18,50 19,09 17,84 23,20 19,29 16,84 23,2024 24,02 19,58 19,46 16,43 18,23 16,83 21,80 16,80 18,08 18,13 17,29 22,50 19,10 16,43 24,0225 24,26 18,88 21,11 17,83 17,88 18,09 18,38 17,61 19,04 17,57 16,55 22,14 19,11 16,55 24,2626 22,17 19,02 20,94 17,65 16,90 17,00 17,93 16,41 21,19 17,83 18,07 23,04 19,01 16,41 23,0427 19,04 18,75 22,42 16,98 17,08 17,42 17,87 18,50 19,08 16,67 18,05 19,78 18,47 16,67 22,4228 17,52 22,00 20,27 14,48 16,83 18,43 18,13 19,55 17,69 17,46 18,57 21,00 18,49 14,48 22,0029 21,02 16,40 19,69 16,21 19,88 18,09 18,09 19,76 17,65 18,23 18,18 19,83 18,58 16,21 21,0230 21,48 20,15 15,88 17,18 17,65 18,39 20,24 17,67 18,09 19,07 18,70 18,59 15,88 21,4831 21,17 22,44 16,43 19,64 20,59 20,50 21,82 20,37 16,43 22,44

Average 19,47 19,78 20,31 18,64 17,32 17,55 18,45 18,60 18,56 17,80 19,18 20,25 Average 16,06 22,09Min 14,36 16,40 16,25 14,48 13,98 16,13 16,93 16,41 15,85 14,69 16,55 17,13 15,76Max 24,26 23,35 23,24 21,88 20,40 19,57 21,80 20,59 21,19 21,54 25,20 23,20 22,19

Table 5: Trend of Temperature of Montefiascone in Jan-Feb-Mar and Jun-Jul-AugYear Jan Feb Mar Jun Jul Aug2014 18,00 19,00 21,00 24,00 19,00 17,002013 18,00 18,00 22,00 23,00 21,00 22,002012 20,00 25,00 22,00 23,00 20,00 22,002011 20,00 20,00 23,00 19,00 23,00 22,002010 16,00 19,00 20,00 20,00 35,00 21,002009 16,00 19,00 19,00 19,00 19,00 18,002008 21,10 6,00 20,30 20,00 18,00 19,002007 20,50 22,40 20,40 23,10 25,10 23,302006 20,80 22,50 22,40 27,10 24,40 19,902005 18,70 19,70 27,30 31,70 26,60 22,902004 21,50 19,50 23,00 23,70 26,30 21,902003 21,90 20,90 21,50 22,30 23,10 23,102002 22,00 17,30 26,10 26,50 22,70 22,102001 14,50 21,10 21,10 26,30 20,90 20,502000 18,00 15,00 19,00 20,10 26,10 25,301999 21,00 19,00 20,00 14,00 18,00 20,001998 18,00 17,20 21,00 24,00 21,00 26,001997 17,20 17,20 19,80 19,00 22,00 21,001996 17,00 17,00 21,00 33,00 24,00 20,001995 19,00 18,60 18,20 23,00 20,00 23,001994 19,00 19,60 23,60 21,00 19,00 23,001993 19,00 21,00 24,20 21,00 23,00 27,001992 17,80 21,00 21,20 19,00 23,00 22,001991 18,00 29,00 24,20 22,00 24,00 21,001990 19,00 18,60 21,60 25,00 21,00 19,00

Average 1990-2014 18,88 19,30 21,72 22,79 22,61 21,68

Table 6: Snow in Montefiascone - VTYears Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dec Tot gg 1990-2014 Average 1990-2014 Cm2014 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 25.002013 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 115,002012 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 115,002011 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 25,002010 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 45,002009 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2008 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 2 6,102007 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2006 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 36,102005 3 - - - - - - - - - - 1 4 17,002004 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2003 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2002 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 4,902001 - - - 1 - - - - - - - 3 4 4,802000 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 20,001999 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 10,001998 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 20,001997 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1996 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 4 25,001995 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 25,001994 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1993 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1992 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 50,001991 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 40,001990 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 5,00

Average 1990-2014 1,56 1,25 1,00 1,00 - - - - - - 1,00 1,67 36 2,00 588,90Years Average 0,08

Figure 2: Maximum Temperature (dotted line) and Average Temperature Variations1990-2014 (solid line)

Table 7: Average wind speed in the period 1990-2014 for Montefiascone - VT

Yea

rJa

nFe

bM

arA

prM

ayJu

nJu

lA

ugSe

pO

ctN

ovD

ecM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

ax20

147,

0046

,00

8,00

50,0

08,

0043

,00

6,00

37,0

08,

0043

,00

11,0

037

,00

8,00

35,0

08,

0037

,00

8,00

100,

007,

0041

,00

7,00

43,0

05,

0048

,00

2013

5,00

41,0

08,

0044

,00

9,00

52,0

08,

0032

,00

7,00

41,0

09,

0030

,00

10,0

065

,00

10,0

070

,00

8,00

41,0

08,

0030

,00

6,00

57,0

08,

0059

,00

2012

--

--

--

--

--

4,00

22,0

0-

-11

,00

32,0

010

,00

43,0

08,

0041

,00

7,00

44,0

08,

0037

,00

2011

3,00

31,0

05,

0036

,00

5,00

33,0

04,

0035

,00

4,00

25,0

07,

0022

,00

7,00

37,0

010

,00

41,0

08,

0039

,00

8,00

46,0

09,

009,

009,

009,

0020

105,

0024

,00

3,00

37,0

04,

0024

,00

4,00

24,0

03,

0022

,00

10,0

030

,00

5,00

30,0

07,

0047

,00

7,00

29,0

05,

0030

,00

4,00

38,0

06,

0031

,00

2009

--

--

8,00

33,0

05,

0033

,00

2,00

21,0

05,

0021

,00

5,00

18,0

06,

0020

,00

4,00

21,0

04,

0033

,00

4,00

31,0

05,

0031

,00

2008

5,00

55,0

06,

0055

,00

8,00

42,0

015

,00

47,0

0-

-5,

0019

,00

14,0

014

,00

10,0

023

,00

6,00

6,00

--

--

--

2007

7,00

63,0

08,

0039

,00

6,00

52,0

08,

0034

,00

11,0

047

,00

9,00

50,0

014

,00

48,0

010

,00

47,0

012

,00

48,0

09,

0055

,00

8,00

48,0

08,

0050

,00

2006

10,0

063

,00

8,00

68,0

010

,00

65,0

06,

0047

,00

9,00

39,0

011

,00

44,0

013

,00

50,0

09,

0041

,00

8,00

35,0

06,

0041

,00

6,00

55,0

06,

0039

,00

2005

1,00

59,0

09,

0061

,00

7,00

41,0

011

,00

47,0

08,

0041

,00

10,0

048

,00

15,0

044

,00

11,0

042

,00

8,00

44,0

07,

0035

,00

7,00

42,0

04,

0054

,00

2004

5,00

55,0

04,

0047

,00

5,00

39,0

07,

0042

,00

5,00

41,0

05,

0034

,00

7,00

35,0

07,

0028

,00

7,00

48,0

02,

0034

,00

4,00

67,0

02,

0047

,00

2003

5,00

59,0

06,

0047

,00

4,00

54,0

05,

0039

,00

10,0

072

,00

12,0

041

,00

13,0

050

,00

11,0

055

,00

10,0

044

,00

8,00

55,0

06,

0047

,00

7,00

68,0

020

024,

0072

,00

8,00

76,0

08,

0079

,00

6,00

54,0

08,

0054

,00

8,00

43,0

06,

0042

,00

7,00

35,0

06,

0034

,00

5,00

37,0

05,

0057

,00

3,00

39,0

020

016,

0057

,00

7,00

68,0

07,

0010

0,00

10,0

068

,00

8,00

58,0

09,

0058

,00

11,0

061

,00

10,0

050

,00

10,0

079

,00

4,00

47,0

06,

0079

,00

9,00

86,0

020

004,

0034

,00

3,00

52,0

06,

0052

,00

5,00

31,0

03,

0028

,00

8,00

29,0

09,

0043

,00

10,0

042

,00

8,00

47,0

03,

0031

,00

5,00

41,0

04,

0054

,00

1999

5,00

55,0

06,

0054

,00

7,00

55,0

08,

0037

,00

8,00

26,0

010

,00

28,0

05,

0041

,00

9,00

34,0

07,

0037

,00

4,00

35,0

07,

0061

,00

6,00

59,0

019

986,

0057

,00

8,00

42,0

07,

0057

,00

8,00

42,0

05,

0034

,00

13,0

025

,00

9,00

34,0

08,

0039

,00

7,00

41,0

05,

0037

,00

6,00

50,0

06,

0048

,00

1997

7,00

50,0

07,

0057

,00

8,00

54,0

07,

0047

,00

8,00

34,0

03,

0048

,00

8,00

35,0

07,

0034

,00

8,00

39,0

07,

0057

,00

6,00

35,0

05,

0041

,00

1996

6,00

41,0

07,

0052

,00

4,00

54,0

04,

0042

,00

6,00

42,0

07,

0052

,00

7,00

52,0

08,

0034

,00

7,00

42,0

07,

0037

,00

9,00

57,0

08,

0065

,00

1995

8,00

61,0

04,

0041

,00

8,00

59,0

06,

0037

,00

4,00

47,0

07,

0031

,00

7,00

31,0

05,

0042

,00

5,00

61,0

04,

0024

,00

6,00

47,0

04,

0044

,00

1994

7,00

44,0

06,

0039

,00

6,00

41,0

06,

0042

,00

5,00

42,0

04,

0029

,00

7,00

37,0

03,

0039

,00

2,00

37,0

05,

0041

,00

4,00

29,0

03,

0041

,00

1993

5,00

55,0

07,

0050

,00

5,00

55,0

06,

0046

,00

5,00

18,0

07,

0018

,00

7,00

31,0

07,

0039

,00

6,00

63,0

08,

0039

,00

4,00

42,0

05,

0047

,00

1992

7,00

50,0

05,

0047

,00

5,00

52,0

07,

0063

,00

7,00

61,0

06,

0029

,00

6,00

28,0

09,

0035

,00

7,00

33,0

08,

0042

,00

7,00

39,0

08,

0067

,00

1991

7,00

58,0

06,

0048

,00

8,00

50,0

08,

0061

,00

7,00

47,0

04,

0029

,00

5,00

47,0

010

,00

37,0

010

,00

41,0

09,

0047

,00

8,00

61,0

010

,00

63,0

019

901,

0042

,00

1,00

61,0

01,

0042

,00

4,00

41,0

02,

0041

,00

3,00

29,0

03,

0041

,00

4,00

42,0

02,

0041

,00

4,00

42,0

010

,00

72,0

07,

0061

,00

Ave

rage

1990

-201

45,

4850

,96

6,09

50,9

16,

4251

,17

6,83

42,8

36,

2240

,17

7,48

33,8

48,

3839

,54

8,28

39,4

07,

2443

,72

6,04

39,8

86,

2947

,96

6,08

49,5

0A

vera

geM

in6,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

746,

74A

vera

geM

ax44

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

44,1

644

,16

Ave

rage

Min

1,00

1,00

1,00

4,00

2,00

3,00

3,00

3,00

2,00

2,00

4,00

2,00

1,00

mar

-90

Ave

rage

Max

72,0

076

,00

100,

0068

,00

72,0

058

,00

65,0

070

,00

100,

0057

,00

79,0

086

,00

100,

00m

ar-0

1

Table 8: ∆ Temperature Average 1990-2014 for Montefiascone - VT

Yea

rJa

nFe

bM

arA

prM

ayJu

nJu

lA

ugSe

pO

ctN

ovD

ecM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axM

inM

axAv

erag

e19

90-2

003

-3,6

315

,04

-3,3

016

,16

-1,0

720

,54

0,09

22,6

46,

5327

,29

9,47

32,0

612

,60

34,5

912

,81

35,1

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Figure 3: Minimum Temperature (dotted line) and Average Temperature Variations1990-2014 (solid line)

Figure 4: Total Days of Rain by Year (solid line) and Average Variations 1990-2014(dotted line)

Figure 5: Total rain [mm] by year (solid line) and Average Variations 1990-2014 (dottedline)

Figure 6: Total day of Fog by year (solid line) and Average Variations 1990-2014 (dottedline)

Figure 7: Umidity (solid line) and Average Umidity Variations 1990-2014 (dotted line)

Figure 8: Pressure (solid line) and Average Pressure Variations 1990-2014 (dotted line)

Figure 9: Dew Point (solid line) and Average Dew Point Variations 1990-2014 (dottedline)

Figure 10: Wind Speed (solid line) and Average Wind Speed Variations 1990-2014(dotted line)

Figure 11: August Temperature (solid line) and Average August Temperature 1990-2014(dotted line)

Figure 12: February Temperature (solid line) and Average February Temperature 1990-2014 (dotted line)

Figure 13: Summer Temperature (solid line) and Average Temperature Variations1990-2014 (dotted line). Jun: blu, Jul: red Aug: green

Figure 14: Winner Temperature (solid line) and Average Temperature Variations 1990-2014 (dotted line) Jan: blu, Feb: red Mar: green

Figure 15: Total Rain (mm) by Month

Figure 16: Solar Irradiation Map

Figure 17: DNI Direct Normal Radiation (Wh/m2/day)

Figure 18: Hh Radiation on Hozizontal Plan (Wh/m2/day)

Figure 19: Days of Snow for years

Figure 20: Cm of Snow for years

Figure 21: Total Wind Km/h by Month (solid line) - Average Min (green) and Max (red)

Figure 22: Total Wind Km/h by Month (solid line) - Average Min (green) and Max (red)

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