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![Page 1: New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations · W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç. W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç](https://reader033.pdfslide.us/reader033/viewer/2022060518/604c44a40e16d956d55a2a1d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations
Brian Weeden, Ph.D.Director of Program Planning
Secure World Foundation
![Page 2: New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations · W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç. W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç](https://reader033.pdfslide.us/reader033/viewer/2022060518/604c44a40e16d956d55a2a1d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Who We Are
• Secure World Foundation (SWF) is a private operating foundationthat promotes cooperative solutions for space sustainability
• Our vision: the secure, sustainable, and peaceful uses of outer space that contribute to global stability on Earth
• Our mission: Secure World Foundation works with governments, industry, international organizations, and civil society to develop and promote ideas and actions to achieve the secure, sustainable, and peaceful uses of outer space benefiting Earth and all its peoples
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Our Methods
• Informing: SWF generates research and analysis for decision-makers to promote creation of sound policy and raise awareness of key issues that may threaten the security, sustainability, and utility of outer space
• Facilitating: SWF convenes timely public and private meetings with stakeholders on key issues to encourage discussion and constructive dialog for next steps in support of its mission
• Promoting: When viable solutions or next steps become apparent, SWF formulates and disseminates policy positions that are aligned with its vision and mission in order to move them from idea to implementation
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Key Focus Areas
• Space Sustainability: Ensuring that all of humanity can continue to use outer space for peaceful purposes and socioeconomic benefit over the long term
• Space Policy and Law Development: Promoting and assisting in the development of international and national norms, laws, and policies to foster responsible behavior by States and private sector actors
• Human and Environmental Security: Promoting improved governance and international cooperation in the delivery of information derived from space systems, and promoting cooperative efforts for the protection of our planet from the threat of near-Earth objects (NEOs)
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
5
NEED FOR SPACE SUSTAINABILITY
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
UN Sustainable Development Goals
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Monitoring illegal fishing
7
Source: Global Fishing Watch
![Page 8: New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations · W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç. W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç](https://reader033.pdfslide.us/reader033/viewer/2022060518/604c44a40e16d956d55a2a1d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Human trafficking
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Source: The Telegraph
![Page 9: New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations · W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç. W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç](https://reader033.pdfslide.us/reader033/viewer/2022060518/604c44a40e16d956d55a2a1d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Trends in space
• Space is becoming more globalized– Growing access to space technology– Growing interest by many countries in utilizing space for national
benefits (socioeconomic development, prestige, national security)
• Space is becoming more commercialized– Space began as part of competition between governments (US and
USSR)– Influx of technology, talent, and capital from other sectors (IT)
9
How do we manage the influx of new actors and growth in space activities to ensure long-term sustainability of space?
![Page 10: New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations · W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç. W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç](https://reader033.pdfslide.us/reader033/viewer/2022060518/604c44a40e16d956d55a2a1d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Human-generated space objects
Larger than 10 cm ~21,000 Sources of new debris
Between 1 and 10 cm ~500,000 Can cause major damage
Smaller than 1 cm Many millions Can cause minor damage
Active Satellites
Space Debris
Total number of operating satellites: 1,738
United States: 803 Russia: 142 China: 204 Other: 589
LEO: 1,071 MEO: 97 Elliptical: 39 GEO: 531
Current through 8/31/2017Data from the Union of Concerned Scientists
Data compiled from U.S. Strategic Command, NASA, and ESA.
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Long-term growth in space objects
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Number of objects Mass of objects
Graphs from Jonathan’s Space Page https://www.planet4589.org/space/log/stats1.html
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Space is becoming more international
Adapted from IDA Global Trends in Civil and Commercial Space Study
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Increased private sector investment in space
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Source: Bryce Start-Up Space (2018)
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Surge in small satellites
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Source: Bryce Smallsats by the Numbers (2018)
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Key challenges
• Will all these new actors experience the same “learning curve” as the legacy actors?– Will they make the same mistakes, or just new ones?
• How do new spacefaring countries develop national space policy and law?
• How do we help maximize the benefits from new actors entering the space domain while minimizing potential sustainability challenges?
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
SWF Handbook for New Actors in Space
• Goal: Create a publication that provides an overview fundamental principles, laws, norms, and best practices for safe, predictable, and responsible activities in space
• Two specific audiences:– Countries developing space programs
and/or having to oversee and regulate their first satellites
– Universities and start-up companies that are developing/operating satellites
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Handbook Content
• Chapter 1 – International Framework for Space– International treaties, agreements and principles– Multilateral fora and initiatives
• Chapter 2 – National Policy and Administration– Public policy rationale, objectives, principles– Administrative structures and coordination– Licensing and regulations
• Chapter 3 – Responsible Space Operations– Pre-launch licensing and testing– Launch safety, deployment, on-orbit operations– Post-mission disposal
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Next steps
• The Handbook was officially released in February 2017
• Electronic copies are available through the SWF website, free of charge: www.swfound.org/handbook
• Printed copies are also be available
• SWF plans to curate an electronic library of resources to accompany the Handbook
– Looking for interested partners to help with sponsorship or contributions
• Companies
• Governments
• NGOs
• Universities
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
BUILDING A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY
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![Page 20: New Actors in Space and Space Policy Considerations · W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç. W } u } ] v P } } ] À ^ } o µ ] } v ( } ^ ^ µ ] v ] o ] Ç](https://reader033.pdfslide.us/reader033/viewer/2022060518/604c44a40e16d956d55a2a1d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Public policy and administration
• Public Policy– How, why, and to what effect governments pursue particular courses
of action (or inaction)
• Public Administration– Implementation of policy through the organization of government
bureaucracy
• National space policy and law can be broken down into both of these elements
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Drivers for National Space Policy
• The United Arab Emirates– Diversify economy beyond oil and gas– Foster STEM education and workforce
• The Philippines– 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff with China– 2013 Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda
• The United Kingdom– Economic dependence on global satellite navigation systems (GNSS)– Economic growth
• Canada– Increase coordination between federal agencies– Provide rationale for increased space budget
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Why National Space Policy
• Provides the rationale for why a state chooses to engage in space activities – Commercial, civil, and/or national security– National interpretations of space law principles– Boost national pollical support for space funding and resources
• Provides objectives for national space activities– General, such as enhancing national prestige– Specific, such as achieving a goal in set period of time
• Defines principles by which a state will conduct its space activities– Reaffirm adherence to international agreements– Outline national historical, cultural, or ideological principles
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Example: UAE Mars Mission
23
Source: Emirates 24/7
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Why National Space Policy (2)
• Define and delineate roles and responsibilities between government agencies– Assign to one agencies or several– Coordination between multiple different agencies
• Link space to broader science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy– Investment in basic science and R&D– Foster STEM education and workforce development
• Foster international cooperation – Multilateral, regional, or bilateral– Which agencies do the engagement, and on what topics?
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Canada’s Space Policy Framework
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Source: Canadian Government
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Why National Space Policy (3)
• Export control and technology transfer– Balance proliferation of militarily-sensitive technologies with
commercial development and innovation– Support national industrial base– Comply with international export control restrictions
• Government relationship with the private sector– What role(s) will the government play in relation to private sector?
• Regulator• Customer • Supplier (technology, resources)• Collaborator• Competitor
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
UK Satellite Applications Catapult
27
Source: Adapted from Satellite Applications Catapult Peterborough Industry Day Presentation, Feb 2015
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
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U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Administration and National Oversight
• Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty:
“States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty. The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty.”
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Administrative Functions
• National registries of space objects• Radiofrequency administration• Space debris mitigation standards• Export controls and technology transfer• Licensing of private sector space activities• Space situational awareness and space traffic management
• How to organize?– Put it all under one agency (Ex: UAE Space Agency)– Divide it between multiple agencies (Ex: United States)
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
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U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Current US Organization for Space
30
Oversight of Government Space Activities
National Space Council
Vice President of the United States
Oversight of Private Sector Space Activities
Space Situational Awareness
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
swfound.org@SWFoundation
U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Future US Organization for Space?
31
Oversight of Government Space Activities
National Space Council
Vice President of the United States
Oversight of Private Sector Space Activities
Space Situational Awareness
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
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U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
Process Example – The Philippines
32
Source: Dr. Rogel Mari Sese (2017)
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Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space Sustainability
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U.S.-Vietnam Civil Maritime Domain Awareness Workshop May 8-11, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam
33
QUESTIONS?THANK YOU!
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