New A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia · 2020. 10. 8. · 2. Endemic Species An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that region and nowhere else in the world

The Journal of Zoology Studies

Vol. 3 No. 4 2016 Journalofzoology.com

Page 109

The Journal of Zoology Studies 2016; 3(4): 109-133

ISSN 2348-5914

JOZS 2016; 3(4): 109-133

JOZS © 2016

Received: 19-07-2016

Accepted: 20-08-2016

Weldemariam Tesfahunegny

Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute,

Animal Biodiversity Directorate,

P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia

Corresponding Author:

Weldemariam Tesfahunegny

Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute,

Animal Biodiversity Directorate,

P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia

A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia

Author: Weldemariam Tesfahunegny

Abstract

In modern sense birds can be used to provide early warning of environmental problems. Tout of

the total 926 checklists, 24 endemic bird of Ethiopia explores the current status and distribution

with a brief description and information on habitat, distribution, habits and breeding.

Furthermore, threats and IUCN category are covered. Moreover, a complete list of all known

localities is added for each species. Ornithologists and conservation biologists need to develop

plans using an interdisciplinary approach on the quality, beautiful landscapes and iconic species

to ensure conservation activities address the diversity of biological and socio-economic issues

that face on 3E birds of Ethiopia. In reality, conservation issues are complex and highly context-

specific and this catalogue helps conservationist to impasses on endemic birds of Ethiopia.

Research has shown that species richness in overall biodiversity as vital for the health and

functioning of ecosystems, which provide services such as crop pollination; flood prevention,

carbon storage, fisheries, tourism, increased soil, air and water quality upon which Ethiopia

economy depends.

Keywords: Aves, Endangered, Endemics, Ethiopia, Iconic species, IUCN

1. Introduction

Ethiopia is the largest landlocked country in Africa with an area of 1.13 million km² of which

1.12 million km² are land that is located in the northeast of Africa between 030 40

’ and 15

0 N

latitude and 330 and 48

0 E longitude. Ethiopia is one of the top 25 biodiversity-rich countries in

the world, and hosts two of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely; the Eastern

Afromontane and the horn of Africa hotspots EBI [6]

. The altitudinal difference with the highest

peak at Ras Dashen (4620 m above sea level) and the minimum 126 m below sea level in the

Afar depression is the main reason that makes Ethiopia as one of the very few countries that is

rich in biodiversity. Ethiopia is a country where major habitat block is contained within political

boundaries with high degree of endemicity quality of its beautiful landscapes and iconic species

in both fauna and flora. Often called the roof of Africa, this fasinatic country (471775 sq

mi/1221897 sq km) has two vast areas of mountain and plateau split by the rift valley and a

great vartiety of vegetation and endemic wildlife EBI [6]

.

There are over 10,000 various species of birds (class Aves), grouped to 29 Orders and 181

families currently inhabits the earth, across the world BLI [4]

out of which, a staggering 1,313

(13%) are threatened under extinction. As the recent data by the IUCN states, around 197

species are considered critically endangered, and 389 are listed as endangered. The rest are

categorized under vulnerable BLI [3]

. However, in Africa 2355 species, 245 globally threatened

with extinction.



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The wildlife biodiversity of Ethiopia supporting more

than 2970 species of animals and 7,000 of higher plant

species with 12% endemics, among the fauna 320 are

mammals with 36 endemics, 926 birds with 24

endemics, 1,249 arthropods with 11 endemics, 200 fish

with 40 endemics, 202 reptiles with 17 endemics and

73 amphibians with 30 endemics EBI [6]

; Weldemariam [9]

. Birds of Ethiopia (926), 24 species are endemic.

Today birds are the most successful of all terrestrial

vertebrates. Ethiopia has 320 (36) known endemic

species of mammals, 926 (23) birds, 240 (15) reptiles,

320 (36) amphibians and 150 (6) fish species. In Africa

it ranks the fourth, surpassed by Madagascar, Zaire,

Cameroon and South Africa WCMC [10], [11]

; EBI [6]

;

Weldemariam [9]

.

Birds’ classification presents thumbnail sketches of the

34 orders (29 living, 5 fossil) and 185 bfamilies (150

living, 35 fossil) in to which scientists currently group

the some 9,600 known species (8,700 living, 900

fossil) of birds in the world. The economic benefits of

biodiversity are significant as well. Economists

estimate that humans derive trillions of dollars’ worth

of ecosystem services from viable populations of plant

and animal species, clean water and air, productive

soils, functioning wetlands, and recreational

opportunities. Globally, overexploitation is one of the

main threats driving birds towards extinction globally

BLI [3]

.

2. Endemic Species

An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that

region and nowhere else in the world. As such they are

of conservation concern because they are not

widespread and may be confined to only one or two

protected areas. Although more endemic species of

birds have been added to the country but until now a

total of 24 endemic species of bird are registered

Weldemariam [9]

. This list combines with the status of

IUCN and distribution of the species for serious

conservation concern IUCN and UNEP-WCMC [7]

. The Catalogue of the endemic birds species in

Ethiopia is a monumental work published in this time.

Its aim was not only to document in our Museum bird

collection, but to discuss all then-known "species" of

living birds for best conservation purpose.

3. Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata)

Wing 325-380 mm

3.1 Brief description: A dark ibis usually in flocks. In

flight, makes loud raucous "kowrr-kowrr-kowrr" calls,

audible over long distances. Shows a white patch on

the upper surface of the wing and a throat wattle. These

two features, plus a large size and no white line on

cheek, distinguish this ibis from the close relative

Hadada Ibis B. hagedash.

Fig 1: Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata)

The tendency to nest in colonies in cliffs rather than

alone in trees jointly with the territorial occupation by

female indicates that this species may be much more

like Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita than Bostrychia,

despite its physical appearance and different jizz.

Therefore, this species could be a link between

Bostrychia, as typified by Hadada, and Geronticus

Vivero Pol [8]

.

3.2 Voice: Have a Loud, raucous "haa-haa-haa-haa"

call.

3.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Nechisar

National Park, Mago NP, Awash NP, Abijata-Shalia

NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP,

Yangudi Rassa NP, Kuni-Muktar, Debre Birham, Gosh

Meda, Wondo Genet, Gefferssa Reservoir, Tefki

wetland, Lake Awasa, Choke Mountain, Sululta Plains,

Ankober, Langano, Mount Zuquala, Lake Ashenge,

Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest. One noteworthy

place to see good flocks is the Slaughtering in Addis

Ababa city.

3.4 Habitat: They may occur all over Ethiopian

highlands at altitudes ranging from 1500 m to the

highest moorlands at 4100 m. It prefers meadows and

highland river courses. It is often found in rocky places

and cliffs and olive tree (Olea africana) and juniper

(Juniperus procera) mixed forests. It has also become

well adapted to anthropic landscapes and conditions;

during the rainy season it can be seen in the hotel

lawns of downtown Addis Ababa. The wattled ibis is

common to abundant Because of its loud, raucous

"haa-haa-haa-haa" call, the Wattled Ibis is easily

recognized even from some distance away. A flock of

these ibises rising or flying overhead becomes

especially noisy and obvious. In flight a white patch

shows on the upper surface of the ibis' wing, and at

close range its tliroat wattle is visible. These two



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diagnostic features distinguish the Wattled Ibis from

the closely related Hadada

Ibis (Bostrychiahagedavli), which also occurs in

Ethiopia.

3.5 Breeding habits: Usually nests in small to large

colonies on rocky cliffs, over bushes hanging in the

walls; although also reported to nest singly on top of

trees or ledges of buildings. Few colonies known above

3,000 m; and those in trees found only at lower

elevations (1,800-2,000 m) in Lake Awasa. In Bale

Mountains, there are nesting colonies of 500 and more.

The courtship and brooding behaviour has not yet been

described. Nest is a platform of branches and sticks,

lined with grass stems and strips of bark; sometimes

located to east for maximum exposure to sun in early

hours of day which are very cold at high altitudes.

Seems to breed along a broad period: March-July and

occasionally in December, during the dry season. Lays

two-three rough shelled and dirty white eggs.

3.6 Threats: No reduction in numbers nor any obvious

threat reported. Therefore, it is not considered to be of

conservation concern, since the population is rather

large.

3.7 Status: Least Concer (IUCN 3.1).

3.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed

include the protection of all over Ethiopian highlands

especially open habitat and forests. More information

is needed on this species' distribution, population status

and natural history. Population monitoring is also

needed in view of the recent status.

3.9 Distribution: The Wattled Ibis occurs throughout

the Ethiopian plateau from about 1500 meters (5000

feet) to the highest moorlands; it is most common

along highland river courses with rocky, cliff-like

edges but is found also in open country and ill olive,

juniper, podocarpus, hagenia, St. Johin'swort and giant

heath forests and occasionally in eucalyptus stands.

The ibis is gregarious, often flocking in groups of 50 to

100; rarely is it found alone. Small flocks of ibis can

often be seen in Addis Ababa, flying between the old

Palace and Trinity Cathedral grounds and in the area

surrounding the National Palace. The birds normally

roost on cliff-edges; in the early morning, they fly and

call noisily while following the river courses to their

feeding areas, which are usually in open country. With

their long downward-curved beaks they probe the

ground, searching for insects and other small

invertebrates.

4. Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera)

Wing 325-376 mm

4.1 Brief description: A medium-size, thick-necked

goose, with brownish ash mantle and short legs; also

with pale blue wing-patch not particularly striking at

distance. In flight shows white underwing-coverts.

Sexes are alike, but female is slightly smaller.

Fig 2: Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera)

Stands and walks with the head almost resting on the

back and the feathers fluffed out round it. Cannot be

confused with any other duck in its restricted range.

Taxonomically treated as a sheld-goose with only very

distant relatives in Peru and Bolivia, the Andean Goose

Chloephaga melanoptera, which frequents similar

streamside leys. One of the rarest and most localised of

all geese (Vivero Pol, 2001) [8]

.

4.2 Voice: A rapidly repeated soft, barely audible

whistle, a "wnee-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu".

The blue-winged goose is a quiet species, but both

sexes may give a soft whistle; it does not honk or

cackle likes the true geese.

4.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Important

concentrations occur on the Sululta Plains area during

the rains and post-rain period, with up to 350 birds

seen in 1992. Gefersa Reservoir frequently holds year-

round populations of up to 200 individuals, as well as

in Web Valley marshes. In Hosaina, a concentration of

over 500 was recorded in 1994. Also in Ankober,

Debre Birhan, Bale Mountains NP, Mount Zuquala,

Fincha & Chomen swamps, Akaki Wetlands, Sentara

Plains, Wadla Delanta area, Jemmu Valley and several

mountains of Arsi Range (Chilalo, Kecha).

4.4 Habitat: The Blue-winged Goose inhabits plateau

marshes, streams and damp grasslands from about

1800 meters (6000 feet) upward. Pairs or small parties



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of three to five of these geese are common and easily

seen at high elevations in small stream valleys and in

pools and marshes in the moorlands where giant

lobelia, alchemilla and tussock grass predominate and

where they nest in March, April, June and September.

During the big rains of July, August and September

Blue-winged Geese flock in groups that may include

50 to 100 or more individuals which at this time

probably undergo molt, losing the flight feathers. In the

big rains the flocks also move to lower elevations of

the plateau: for example, in one day in August 165

Individuals were counted at Gafersa Reservoir, some

20 kilometers west of Addis Ababa.

4.5 Breeding habits: Pairs remain constantly together,

and are probably territorial. Nest is exclusively

constructed by female, lying four-nine cream-coloured

eggs between March-June and September-December.

In the wild, it breeds during the dry season. Incubation

is undertaken by female only; but both parents seen

defending young in captivity.

4.6 Threats: The reason for the species' limited range

is clear, since it is a grazer on short grass and

permanent grassland of this kind is found practically

nowhere else in Africa. Not threatened by hunting as

not eaten for religious reasons. The population is

apparently stable, being estimated between 5,000-

15,000, and there has been no evidence of any changes

in distribution or decline in numbers. It is almost

certainly now under pressure from the rapidly

expanding human population and resulting degradation

of grasslands and increased levels of disturbance.

Agricultural intensification and droughts are also

possible threats. Important breeding areas in Bale

Mountains national park are protected.

4.7 Status: This species is evaluated as

vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). It is threatened by habitat loss.

Formerly classified as a Near Threatened species on

the IUCN Red List, new research has shown it to be

rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it is up listed

to vulnerable status in 2008.


include the protection of all over Ethiopian open

habitat in highlands (plateau marshes, streams and

damp grasslands). More information is needed on this

species distribution, population status and natural

history of the species. Population monitoring is also

needed in view of recent status.

4.9 Distribution: The goose has a peculiar habit,

whether standing or walking, of resting its neck on its

back. Indeed, this posture together with the

comparatively dull body color and bluish wing-patches

are useful marks for identifying the species. Another

characteristic habit of the goose can be observed during

pair formation when the male struts around the female,

his head bent over his back, and his bill pointed

skywards or even behind him, exposing his blue wing

patch and uttering a rapidly repeated soft, barely

audible whistle, a "wnee-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-

whu-whu". Parties of this goose, like other geese,

station sentinels at the periphery of the flock. An

alarmed goose produces a soft "whew-whu-whu-wliu"

and, when forced into flight, a rather nasal bark, a

"penk, penk-penk", uttered at take-off but not in flight.

5. Harwood's francolin (Francolinus harwoodi)

Wing 180-190 m

Fig 3: Harwood's francolin (Francolinus harwoodi)

5.1 Brief description: First discovered in 1898. Has a

distinctive U-shaped pattern on the black-and-white

breast feathers. The female, not described until 1978, is

very similar to male. Forms a super species with F.

bicalcaratus, F. clappertoni and F. icterorhynchus.

Within its range may be confused with Erckel's

Francolin F. erckelii which is much larger, has black

face and yellow legs, whereas Hardwood's has red

ones. Also with Clapperton's Francolin F. clappertoni

which has similar call, occurs in the same area and

shares the red eye-patch of Hardwood's; but

Clapperton's has pure white throat and much heavier

black underparts Vivero Pol [8]

). Voice: Loud, raucous,

crowing koree in early morning. Hints Best-known

locality is bridge over Blue Nile in Jemma valley

(Ethiopia).

5.2 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Extremely

restricted range, probably less than 10,000 km2 in the

highlands of Ethiopia, in some gorges of Blue Nile,

notably the Jemmu valley. Reported in Aheafeg,

Bichana, Kalo Ford, Muger river, Gibe Gorge and

Dembidollo.



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5.3 Habitat: Harwood's Francolin has been reported

from only three localities along about 160 kilometers

of valleys and gorges within the upper Blue Nile

system extending to the east and north of the Addis

Ababa-Debre Marcos-Dejen Bridge; this francolin is a

very poorly known Ethiopian endemic birds. It was

first recorded for science in 1898 at Ahiyafej, then

again in 1927 at Bichana, and in 1930 at Kalo Ford

along the banks of the Blue Nile "below Zemie". No

other record of this species has been published

although recent reports suggest that it is more widely

distributed than previously thought.

5.4 Breeding habits: Nest and eggs undescribed, with

a recorded 3 clutch-size, and possible breeding period

between December and February.

5.5 Threats: Because of the large number of people

who depend on the resources of its area, its habitat is

severely threatened, modified and degraded throughout

its range, what constitutes the main threat to its

survival. These Typha habitats are continuously

reduced to be transformed into crop fields, or to

provide material for hatching, mats and fencing; or is

simply cleared to reduce populations of crop pests,

particularly Quelea and rodents. Hunting for food,

since it seems to be considered as an excellent table

bird, as well as having medicinal values; collection of

eggs, habitat destruction, disturbance at breeding and

feeding sites can be considered as major causes of

declining, with natural enemies and lack of awareness

worsening the situation. Apart from this, the numbers

seem to be significant for such a restricted species.

5.6 Status: This species evaluated as

vulnerable (IUCN 3.1).


include the protection of the highlands of central

Ethiopia around the Abbay (Blue Nile) river and its

tributaries habitats from subsistence exploitation. More

information is needed on this species' distribution,

population status, natural history. Population

monitoring is also needed in view of recent declines.

Taxonomic research is needed to elucidate the the

identities of members of this very poorly known

Ethiopian endemic francolin.

5.8 Distribution: Francolinus harwoodi is restricted to

the highlands of central Ethiopia around the Abbay

(Blue Nile) river and its tributaries. According to local

reports its range extends northwards into Southern

Wello and north-west into Eastern Gojam

Administrative Zones. Research in 1996 found it

locally abundant in the Jemma and Jara valleys and the

adjacent valleys and river catchments of North Showa

Zone, with an estimated maximum density of 92 birds

per km2 at Jemma valley. It is not known if birds move

between adjacent valleys but, if not, it is probable that

some subpopulations number more than 1,000

individuals (P. Robertson in litt. 1999). Surveys in

1998 found it at a number of new sites within its

known range. It is now believed to occupy a range of

200,000 km2 within the Abbay Basin, and is most

abundant in the high and middle courses of the river.

Interviews with local people suggest that the species

has declined.

6. Rouget's rail (Ralbus rougetii)

Wing 125-135 mm

Fig 4: Rouget's rail (Ralbus rougetii)

6.1 Brief description: A monotypic genus with a

unique taxonomic position among the rails, reflected in

its rather un-rail-like behaviour. May be easily

identified by the combination of unstreaked olive-

brown upperparts, cinnamon-rufous underparts and

upward tail and striking moving white undertail

coverts. All these feature distinguish the species from

all other African rails. Male and female are alike

Vivero Pol [8]

.

6.2 Voice: The loud, ringing, repeated ‘wreee-

creeeuw’ call of the Rouget’s rail is most often heard in

the morning and evening, and it also has a shrill,

piercing ‘dideet’ or ‘di-dii’ alarm call. It has two calls

which are useful in identification: one, a piercing alarm

note, a "dideet" or "a di-dii", and the other, a display

call, "wreeeee-creeuw-wreeeee-creeliw".

6.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Gefersa

reservoir, Awash river valley, Awi zone, Lake Tana,

Bale Mountains NP, Dessa'a Forest, Fincha & Chomen

swamps, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Sululta Plains, Lake

Ashenge, Guasa, Debre Birhan, Arsi region, Addis

Ababa region and Sof Omar.



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6.4 Habitat: The Rouget's Rail is common on the

western and southeastern highlands, but its presence is

notas obvious as that of some other endemics. Once

one is able to recognize the bird's calls, one well

appreciates how common this rail is.

6.5 Breeding habits: Monogamous, apparently with a

permanent pair bond; and solitary nester. Permanent

territoriality. Pairs are formed in March and they nest

closely to other pairs. Nest is a pad or shallow cup of

dead rushes or grass placed on wet ground among

rushes or tussocks. Nests from April through October,

laying up to 8 white, ivory eggs per clutch. The

incubation is undertaken by both parents, and

immatures remain in the parental territory for a long

period after breeding.

6.6 Threats: The great increase in grazing pressure in

marshlands and along streams have so depleted the

vegetative cover that much of the habitat has become

unsuitable, even though it can survive in overgrazed,

disturbed wet pastures. This has a negative effect over

its populations. Moreover, many grassland habitats are

being ploughed up for cereal growing. Not molested by

local people, whose religion beliefs encourage the

protection of birds, but traditional beliefs are declining.

However, in 1996-97, still widespread and locally

common in highland wetlands and even in Addis

Ababa.

6.7 Status: This species is evaluated as near threatened

species on the IUCN Red List 2007.


include the protection of open habitat in highlands,

montane grassland and moorland habitats from

subsistence exploitation. More information is needed

on this species' distribution, population status and

natural history.

6.9 Distribution: This Rail mainly lives at higher

elevations of up to 4,100 meters (13,500 feet) where it

inhabits small pockets of grass tussock and wet

hollows with plenty of cover; it is a characteristic bird

of the moorlands of Ethiopia. Rouget’s rail inhabits

marshy areas in montane grassland and moorland

where it is found in lush grass, reeds and bushes

besides pools and streams and in bogs, between 1,500

and 4,100 metres above sea level. It can also be found

on dry ground and in human-modified habitats such as

parks and gardens.

7. Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus)

Wing 234-240 mm

Fig 5: Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus)

7.1 Brief description: A beautifully-marked, medium-

large plover with black crown and throat, small yellow

wattles in front of eye, short yellow legs, and

distinctive spotted breast. Inhabits different habitats

from other Lapwings, but likely to overlap with Black-

winged Lapwing V. melanopterus, with no wattles and

unspotted breast; and Spur-winged Lapwing V.

spinosus, with white face and black underparts. Sexes

are alike in plumage and probably also in size Vivero

Pol [8]

.

7.2 Voice: When calling, it produces a "kree-kree-kre-

krep-kreep-kreep", a "kueeeep-kueep" and the cry

"pewit-pewit".

7.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale

Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto Natural

Park, Choke Mountain, Guasa, Sululta Plains,

Ankober, Debre Birhan, Gosh Meda, Arsi Plateau and

Jemmu Valley.

7.4 Habitat: The Spot-breasted Plover is an endemic

usually found above 3050 meters (10,000 feet) in

marshy grasslands and moorlands with giant health,

giant lobelia and alchemilla and tussock grass in both

the western and southeastern highlands. Widely

distributed and locally common, the plover usually is

seen in pairs or in small parties or in the non-breeding

season in small flocks of up to 30-40 individuals. Its

behavior has been compared with that of the

Lapwing (Vanellusvanellus) of Europe; it is a relatively

tame, noisy bird with a swerving flight; on the ground

it makes short runs and sudden stops. It is

distinguished from other plovers by having fleshy

wattles in front of the eyes and by the breast spotted

with black. Hardly anything is known about this

plover. For example, the nest and eggs have only

recently been described; the nest a shallow scrape

within a patch of grass and moss in the giant lobelia

moorlands with small lakes, contained four eggs that



Page 115

were brownish-blue to smoke-grey and heavily marked

with black. The plover is known to breed in April in

the Bale Mountains and in August in Shoa Region.

Other aspects of its life history are unrecorded.

Although locally common, it is one of the least studied

plovers in the world.

7.5 Breeding habits: The first known nest was not

discovered until 1971, and was a shallow scrape in

patch of grass and moss in a moorland pool at high

altitude. Reported to breed in April (Bale Mountains

NP) and August in Shoa district.

7.6 Threats: Not threats recorded, but recently

reported to be evenly found at places where common

before, probably due to climatological changes.

7.7 Status: IUCN Red list concern species


include the protection of marshy grasslands and

moorlands with giant health, giant lobelia, and

alchemilla and tussock grass in both the western and

southeastern open habitat in highlands from


on this species' distribution, population status, natural

history.

7.9 Distribution: Widely distributedin the Bale

Mountains and Shoa region.

8. White-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques)

Wing 212-234 mm

28–31 cm; male 292 g, female 262 g. General colour

slate grey; primary coverts white, forming a patch on

spread wing; secondary wing-coverts with some black

chequering.

Fig 6: White-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques)

8.1 Brief description: Uniform slaty sooty greyish

colour, with a sharply defined white collar patch and

white on wings in flight. Crown and hind neck are

darker grey in contrast to other body plumage. Folded

wings have irregular dark spots. The male and female

are alike in appearance. Despite its abundance in the

highlands and villages, where it is the dominant

pigeon, little else is known about its life history

Baptista et al., [2]

; Vivero Pol

[8].

8.2 Voice: Has a soft coo-oo, but rarely heard in wild

and probably largely silent.

8.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Addis

Ababa region, Sululta Plains, Ankober, Debre Zeit,

Lalibela, Shashemene, Gosh Meda, Bale Mountains

NP, Simien Mountains NP, Choke Mountain, Entoto

Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Debre Birhan, North

Omo and Tissisat Falls. Flocks of 50-200 commonly

occurs in the centre of Addis Ababa.

8.4 Habitat: The White-collared Pigeon -

unmistakable with its uniform greyish color, white

collar patch and in flight, white on the wings is the

dominant pigeon on the plateau above 2,400 meters

(8,000 feet). It mainly inhabits rugged areas of the

western and southeastern highlands, especially cliffs

and escarpments, but it is also a common feature of

many plateau villages and towns where it lives in

association with churches and other large buildings. It

also frequents bridges on the highways and roads of the

plateau. A regular occurrence on the plateau in the

morning is the movement of White-collared Pigeons

from their roosting sites on the cliffs to grain fields

where they feed; occasionally a flock of several

hundred individuals may visit these fields. In the Bale

Mountains the pigeons roost at the higher elevations of

up to 3,800 (12,500 feet) in flocks and in meters the

morning fly to lower elevations to feed. In the Semien

Mountains they roost usually on the lower levels of the

cliffs at about 2100 meters (7,000 feet) and every

morning slowly spiral up to the tops of the cliffs at

3,200-4,400 meters (10,500-14,500 feet) before

moving inland to feed. In late afternoon they either

remain inland and roost in trees, or they return to the

cliffs where they hurtle themselves over the edge and,

passing within a few meters of the cliff-face, fly at very

high speeds to their roosting sites hundreds of feet

below.

8.5 Breeding habits: Solitary nester, monogamous.

Nest is like most pigeons' nests, made largely of grass

stalks and small sticks. Nest is sited mainly on

sheltered ledges of buildings, also inside buildings and

dark natural rock crevices and caves. Nests throughout



Page 116

the year on ledges, cliffs, bridges and houses. Lays two

creamy white eggs.

8.6 Threats: No threats identified.

8.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern;

not globally threatened. Restricted range, but within

this species is often abundant.


include the protection of open habitat in highlands,

cliffs, escarpments, plateau villages and towns which

lives in association with churches and other large

buildings from subsistence disterbance. More


population status, natural history.

8.9 Distribution: Highlands of Ethiopia. Despite this

pigeon's abundance and its occurrence in large areas of

the plateau, including cities like Addis Ababa little else

is known about its life history.

9. Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons)

Wing 160-188 mm

This bird has about 28 centimeters (11 in) long and is

mostly green with the upper parts being a darker green,

the tail being olive-brown, and the legs a dark grey-

brown.

Fig 7: Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons)

9.1 Brief description: A bright green parrot with

crown extensively yellow (olive in immature), eyes

orange red, bill with blackish upper mandible and

greyish white lower one. Sexes are alike. Within its

range, overlaps with Orange-bellied Parrot P.

rufiventris in Rift Valley and southeast, and with

Meyer's Parrot P. meyeri in the north; distinguished

from both by yellow on head. Besides the nominate

race, P. flavifrons aurantiiceps is dubiously considered

as well, differing from the former in having forehead,

crown, cheeks and ear-coverts orange yellow. Found at

the Masango area and Gila river in West Wellega.

Clearly, further investigation and field work needs to

be done into this possible subspecies Vivero Pol [8]

.

9.2 Voice: They are most frequently spotted by

listening for their loud, squeaky calls and “unmusical

shrill whistles.”

9.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Arsi,

Hararghe, Akobo-Baro plains, Wondo Genet, Addis-

Ababa region (Menagesha Forest, Wuchacha

Mountain), Abijatta-Shala NP, Lake Langano, Adaba,

Zegea Peninsula (Lake Tana), Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest,

Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest, Lake Awasa, Bale

Mountains NP and Addis Ababa city, in the old airport

area and British Embassy compound.

9.4 Habitat: The Yellow-fronted Parrot occurs in

Ethiopia from approximately 600 to 3,350 meters

(2,000-1 1,000 feet) in the western and southeastern

highlands, the Rift Valley and the western lowlands in

forests and woodlands varying from St. John's wort and

hagenia to olive, podocarpus and juniper to fig and

acacia. It is an uncommon but regular visitor on the

Armed Force Hospital grounds near the old airport in

Addis Ababa. One's attention is usually first attracted

to the presence of this species by its loud squeaky calls

and unmusical shrill whistles. Typically, one then sees

the greenish parrots with yellowish heads in a small

flock of three to eight individuals, high up in a tree

where they are probably feeding. Their food is thought

to be fruit, including baobab if available, sorghum,

maize and seeds. Although this parrot is frequent to

locally common and widely distributed in the country,

little is known of its habits: the time of nesting is not

known: the nest and eggs are undescribed. In fact, this

parrot is so poorly known that practically any

information an observer discovers about it will be new

to science.

9.5 Breeding habits: Nest is a hole, reported in

Juniperus, with male and female alternatively feeding

the chickens.

9.6 Threats: Not considered neither rare nor

endangered, despite decrease in its range. Besides, it

may be threatened by illegal trade for cage birds, but

the Government of Ethiopia has highly restricted this

trade, if not banned.

9.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least

concern (IUCN 3.1).


include the protection of forest and woodlands, western



Page 117

and southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and the

western lowlands in forests and woodlands from



history and the potential effects on its habits.

Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent

status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of

nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.

9.9 Distribution: The yellow-fronted parrot occurs in

the western and southeastern Ethiopian highlands,

western lowland forests and woodlands and in the Rift

Valley from approximately 600 to 3,350 meters.

10. Black-winged lovebird (Agapornis taranta)

Wing 95-110 mm

The black-winged lovebird, with a length of about 16–

16.5 cm (6.25–6.5 inches), is the largest of all the

lovebirds.

Fig 8: Black-winged lovebird (Agapornis taranta)

10.1 Brief description: Green, with red face and bill,

green rump and blackish remiges, and feet black.

Female lacks the red forehead. Red-headed Lovebird

A. pullaria, which overlaps with Black-winged in

southwestern Ethiopia, differs in having a blue rump

and totally green remiges, and it inhabits only grossy

savannah Vivero Pol [8]

.

10.2 Voice: It has a shrill twittering call and, in flight,

a sharp whistle.

10.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Omo NP,

Abijatta-Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien

Mountains NP, Awash NP, Addis Ababa region, Kuni-

Muktar, Lalibela, Wondo Genet, Debre Libanos, Lake

Tana, Entoto Natural Park, Koka Dam, Lake Ziway,

Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest, Lake Langano,

Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Menagesha Forest, Mount

Zuquala and Lake Awasa.

10.4 Habitat: The Black-winged Lovebird is the

common, small green parrot of the Ethiopian plateau. It

is widely distributed from about 1,500-3,200m. (5,000-

10,500 feet) in the western and southeastern highlands

and in the Rift Valley in forests and woodlands of

hagenia, juniper, podocarpus, olive, acacia, candelabra

euphorbia, combretum and fig. It commonly visits

gardens, especially with seeding trees in Addis Ababa.

The lovebird flies in noisy flocks which number

usually five to ten individuals although as many as 50

to 80 individuals may be present. It flies swiftly and

makes sharp turns at high speeds; it moves its wings in

quick, short flaps, the black under the wings being

obvious then. Both sexes have a large bright red bill;

the male has a red forehead, the female and immature

do not.

10.5 Breeding habits: Its behaviour has extensively

been studied in captivity, but nothing under natural

conditions. Probably always monogamous, nesting

solitarily. The pair regularly stands as close together as

possible. Courtship is rather complex, with male

defending the nesting area. Territorial fights between

birds of same sex common in captivity. Nests in a

cavity in a tree trunk or limb lined with small pad of

vegetable material and feathers. Also uses holes in

walls, cliffs and perhaps weavers' nests. Nesting in

cliffs may be an adaptation to the increasingly tree-

impoverished landscape of Ethiopia. Lays five

rounded, white eggs (in captivity three-eight), with

laying dates between March and November, being not

clear whether linked to rains.

10.6 Threats: Numbers are increasing, possibly

benefiting from the reduction in pet trade along

roadsides, due to better enforcement of local laws

protecting the species. Nevertheless, this pet trade is

still seen in several places, mainly in the road between

Addis Ababa-Lake Langano.

10.7 Status: The black-winged lovebird is evaluated as

least concern on the IUCN Red List of threatened

species.


include the protection of open habitat and forests, the

western and southeastern highlands in the Rift Valley

forests and woodlands from subsistence exploitation.

More information is needed on this species'

distribution, population status, natural history and the

potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is

also needed in view of recent status. Research is



Page 118

needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of

nest and eggs of this species.

10.9 Distribution: At higher altitudes are larger, but

not sub specifically recognized.

11. Prince ruspoli's turaco (Turaco ruspolii)

Wing 180-184 mm

This frugivorous turaco measures around 40cm from

beak to tail, and weighs approximately 200-290g.

Fig 9: Prince ruspoli's turaco (Turaco ruspolii)

11.1 Brief description: First described in 1896.

Presents a fresh green cheek, a red bill and a narrow

crimson lined above by a wattled eyelid nicely lobed.

Similar to White-cheeked Turaco T. leucotis but has

the forehead and front part of crest greenish-grey,

followed by a tuft of red feathers on the nape; besides

lacks white patch on side of the neck Vivero Pol [8]

.

11.2 Voice: Its call has been described as a low "chirr-

clia" and short "te".

11.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Found only

in Borena zone, in a few scattered localities around

Arero, next to Neghelli and close to Wadera: Arero

Forest, Genale River, and Mankubsa-Welenso Forest.

Occurs in an area no larger than 8,000 km2, still

reasonably unfragmented.

11.4 Habitat: Prince Ruspoli's Turaco is known in the

literature from two areas in southern Ethiopia in

juniper forests with dense evergreen undergrowth: one

is at Arero and the other 80 kilometers north of

Neghelli: both localities are 1800 meters (6000 feet) in

elevation.

11.5 Breeding habits: Not much has been reported on

breeding records or nesting activities. Just one note in

1996 describing what was presumed to be a ruspoli's

egg: dull white with a very slight bluish tinge. It breeds

in September-October, and perhaps up to February,

unlike T. leucotis. One newly built nest has recently

been found between Bedre and Genale River, being

much similar to Crow’s nest. Clutch-size is predicted

as two, as in all other congeners.

11.6 Threats: Total population over 10,000

individuals. Human activities represent the main threat

for the species, with egg collection, wood cutting and

habitat alteration by growing man's presence in the

area as major ones. Nevertheless, T. ruspolii is a

common visitor near anthropized areas. Fires are

another considerable threat for its habitat, being

reported in March 1994.

11.7 Status: This turaco is considered to be an

endangered species and is included in the "Red Book"

of endangered animals of the world. However, recent

sightings in juniper forests and especially in dry water

courses which include figs, the rubiaceous tree,

Adina, and undergrowth of acacia and Teclea shrubs,

suggest that the species may be more common than

thought and evaluated as vulerable.


include the protection of the juniper forests and

woodlands with dense evergreen undergrowth from







11.9 Distribution: Its restricted range coupled with

infrequent sightings has given the Ruspoli's Turaco a

reputation for being close to the brink of extinction.

However, recent evidence suggests that the species is

not as uncommon as once thought, though its

distribution is very small. The Ruspoli inhabits many

of the same areas as the White-cheeked Turaco (T.

leucotis), but remains distinct by reason of habitat and

temporal segregation. Also present from 1250-1860m,

Ruspoli's Turaco prefers acacia or conifer woodland

and is primarily frugivorous. The typical Ruspoli

measures around 40cm from beak to tail, and weighs

approximately 200-290g. CITES II: Endangered, but

more numerous than once thought and evaluated as

vulerable. Its range is restricted and subject to

deforestation and degradation.

The Prince Ruspoli's Turaco or Touraco De Ruspoli is

listed amongst the fifty rarest birds of the world and is

native Sidamo and Bale provinces of Ethiopia,

preferring subtropical or tropical dry forest habitats.



Page 119

This turaco is related to the white-cheeked turaco and

inhabits much of the same area. Its restricted range,

coupled with infrequent sightings, has given the

Ruspoli's Turaco a reputation for being close to the

brink of extinction. However, recent evidence suggests

that the species is not as uncommon as once thought,

though its distribution is very small.

12. Banded barbet (Lybiusun datus)

Wing 79-84 mm

Fig 10: Banded barbet (Lybiusun datus)

12.1 Brief description: One of the least known

barbets. Easily separated from all other barbets in its

range by black-and-white barred plumage. Sexes are

alike. Red patch on head recalls Red-fronted Barbet

Tricholaema diademata, but latter has streaked

upperparts and spotted white underparts, with no black

on throat. Four subspecies can be considered: a) L.

undatus leucogenys in southwestern and central

Ethiopia; like nominate race but yellower below and

rather narrower barring. This race is subject to partial

albinism in moustachial area, chin and throat (usually

black but often with white marks or patches from

centre of throat to sides of neck). Also to melanism,

with a wholly black specimen reported. b) L. undatus

undatus from northwestern to central Ethiopia, like

leucogenys but throat and hindneck to back black,

supercilium white behind eye, belly barred only

slightly and lacks white-marked throat of leucogenys.

c) L. undatus salvadori in southeastern Ethiopia, like

undatus but base of black throat patch breaking into

wedge-tips and white flecking at rear of supercilium

and on side of neck. d) L. undatus thiogaster in

northeastern Ethiopia, paler than others, underparts

streaked rather than barred, with strong white flecking

on hindneck and wings duller and browner Vivero Pol [8]

.

12.2 Voice: Its call notes are metallic and it produces

also a "gr-gr-grgrgr..." in rising tempo.

12.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Awash NP,

Abijatta-Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Bahir Dar-

Lake Tana, Entoto Natural Park, Wondo Genet,

Lalibela, Jemmu River, Debre Libanos, Debre Zeit, Sof

Omar, Mount Zuquala, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest,

Menagesha Forest, Bonga Forest and Lake Awassa.

12.4 Habitat: The little-known Banded Barbet is very

widely distributed throughout Ethiopia between 300

and 2400 meters (1000-8000 feet). Although the

numbers and abundance of this species have not been

determined, it seems to vary from being uncommon in

the North West and cast to locally common elsewhere

in the country, living singly or in pairs in trees near

water.

12.5 Breeding habit: It has been reported to nest in

holes in branches or stump, with a few feathers lining

bottom of cavity; mostly close to water. Some clues

point as breeding period between March and July. The

author recorded a nest in mid-April. Eggs undescribed.

12.6 Threats: No threats reported.

12.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.


include the protection of occupied forest and

woodland, thorn scrub, Acacia forest and fruiting trees

near water courses trees near water from subsistence

exploitation. More information is needed on this

species' distribution, population status, natural history

and the potential effects on its habits. Population

monitoring is also needed in view of recent status.

Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the

identities of nest and eggs of this species.

12.9 Distribution: Widely distributed in the north west

of Ethiopia.

13. Golden-backed woodpecker (Dendropicos

abyssinicus)

Wing 89-99 mm

13.1 Brief description: Has a red patch on hindcrown

and nape, moustachial stripe, white throat; yellow to

golden back with rump and uppertail-coverts red.

Underparts white with blackish brown streaks, broadest

on breast. The crown and nape of the female are ash

brown, not bright red. The only confusing species in its

limited range with golden green back and bright red

rump is Grey Woodpecker D. goertae. Abyssinian is

smaller with streaked underparts and striped pattern on

face.



Page 120

Fig 11: Golden-backed woodpecker (Dendropicos

abyssinicus)

Also reported similar to some races of Cardinal

Woodpecker D. fuscescens, but the latter has distinct

and larger light spots on wing coverts Vivero Pol [8]

.

13.2 Voice: Has a characteristicrattling-whinnying call.

13.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Awash NP,

Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Awi zone,

Entoto Natural Park, Mount Zuquala, Metu-Gore-Tepi

Forest, Mugo Highlands, Menagesha Forest, Tiro

Boter-Becho Forest, Jemmu River, Debre Libanos and

Wondo Genet.

13.4 Habitat: The Golden-backed Wood pecker is a

very uncommon, not often seen endemic of the

Ethiopian highlands from about 1,500 to 2,400 meters

(5,000-8,000 feet), although it has been seen up to

approximately 3,200 meters (10,500 feet). It lives in

western and southeastern highlands in forests,

woodlands and savannas and seems to be more

uncommon in the northern than in the southern parts of

the country. It has been reported to haunt especially

candelabra euphorbias, junipers and figs. The male

Golden-backed Woodpecker has a green unbarred back

and bright red crown, nape, rump and upper tall

coverts. The crown and nape of the female are ash

brown, not bright red.

13.5 Breeding habits: Reported breeding between

February-May, and in November. One newly pecked

nest has been reported having one very small creamy

egg, in the trunk of Cordia africana between

Shashamene and Dodola.

13.6 Threats: As most of the forest bird species, it is

being severely affected by the progressive clearance

and ongoing depletion of forests and woodland patches

throughout the area. Its numbers have hence fallen in

recent years.



include the protection of western and southeastern

highlands of forests, woodlands and savannas from







13.9 Distribution: It occurs in western and

southeastern highlands in forests, woodlands and

savannas and seems to be more uncommon in the

northern than in the southern parts of Ethiopia.

14. White-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis)

Wing 100-105 mm

Fig 12: White-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis)

14.1 Brief description: First described in 1942. A

small blue and white swallow with an almost wholly

white tail. The only other blue and white swallow in

the area is Ethiopian Swallow H. aethiopica, which is

larger and longer-tailed, with white in tail confined to

row of white spots, forehead chesnut, not pure white,

and incomplete blue breast-band. The White-tailed has

the greater part of the tail white, being very

conspicuous in flight. The female has shorter outermost

tail feathers. It is related to the Pied-winged Swallow

H. leucosoma of western Africa and Pearl-breasted

Swallow H. dimidiata of southern Africa Vivero Pol [8]

.

14.2 Voice: The white-tailed swallow has a high-

pitched ‘twittering’ call (3).

14.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Occupies

an area of roughly 10,000 km2 in open country between

Mega and Yavello in Borena region. Frequent to



Page 121

common on 60-km stretch of road between both

localities. As for the other endemic bird of the area, the

Ethiopian Bush-Crow, its restricted distribution has not

been so far well explained, since apparently suitable

habitat occurs elsewhere.

14.4 Habitat: The White-tailed Swallow was first

introduced to science in 1942 when C. W. Bensoii

reported it in southern Ethiopia from Yabelo to Mega

in short grass savana with small acacia thorn bush. This

endemic, related to the Pied-winged

Swallow (Hirundoleucosom a) of western Africa and

the Pearl-breasted Swallow (H. diniidiata) of southern

Africa, is common but restricted to an area of about

4850 square kilometers (3000 square miles) between

1200 and 1350 meters (4000-4500 feet). This

restriction has baffled scientists because there is no

obvious explanation, particularly no natural barriers or

boundaries which mark off the area, for such a limited

distribution. In recent years there have been reports of

the swallow in the Addis Ababa area. Studies of this

species in the future may show that its distribution is

not as limited as thought.

14.5 Breeding habits: Recorded nesting in holes in tall

chimney-stack termitaria, common within its range.

Breeds in the main rainy season April-May, with nests

being found in early May on rafters inside traditional

houses in the Yavello area.

14.6 Threats: Although common within its range,

remains putatively at risk from any development of its

habitat. No population estimate has been made, but

constant densities and slightly larger geographical

ranges have recently been reported, although clearance

of bush and increase in grazing pressure were apparent.

A 2,537 km2 Yavello Sanctuary was "set up" for this

species and the Ethiopian Bush-Crow in 1985, but has

never been gazetted and involves no active

management.


vulnerable (IUCN 3.1).


include the protection of short grass open savana with

small acacia thorn bush and subtropical or tropical

high-altitude shrubland from subsistence exploitation.







14.9 Distribution: The white-tailed

swallow (Hirundomegaensis) is a species of bird in

the Hirundinidae family. It is endemic to Ethiopia. Its

natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-

altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Range - The white-tailed swallow is endemic to

Ethiopia and restricted to a range around the towns of

Mega and Yabello in the south of the country.

15. Abyssinian long-claw (Macronyx flavicollis)

Wing 83-95 mm

15.1 Brief description: A small long-claw with yellow

throat, solid dark necklace, strongly patterned

upperparts and more white in outer portion of tail than

any except Sharpe's Longclaw M. sharpei.

Fig 13: Abyssinian long-claw (Macronyx flavicollis)

No other longclaw occurs within its range but,

nevertheless, it is very similar both in appearance and

behaviour to the Yellow-throated Long-claw M.

croceus of other parts of Africa. Separated from pipits

by longclaw shape, colour of underparts, voice and

behaviour. Sexes are alike. Albinistic examples occur

sometimes Vivero Pol [8]

.

15.2 Voice: It makes "a clear trilling little song from a

perch or on tile wine, and a piping call note".


Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto Natural

Park, Gefersa reservoir, Dilu Meda, Koffe Swamp,

Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Mugo Highlands, Sululta

Plains, Tiro Boter-Becho Forest, Ankober, Debre

Birhan, Gosh Meda, Sof Omar and Addis Ababa area.

15.4 Habitat: The Abyssinian Long-claw - very

similar in both appearance and behavior to the Yellow-

throated Long-claw (Macronyxcroceus) of other parts



Page 122

of Africa is a common grassland bird of the western

and south eastern highlands except in the extreme north

where it does not occur. Like other long-claws, this

Ethiopian endemic inhabits grasslands and has

plumage markings similar to those of meadowlarks of

North and South America (passerine birds that are not

related to long-claws). The Abyssinian Long-claw

occurs largely between 1,200 and 3,050 meters (4,000-

10,000 feet) but occasionally reaches the grassland

moorlands up to 4100 meters (13,500 feet); it is most

common between 1,800 and 2,750 meters (6,000-9,000

feet).

15.5 Breeding habits: Breeds in January-February

(dry season) and between June-August, during rains.

Nest is a cup of dry grass, lined with plant fibres,

rootlets and horsehair; either on the ground or up to 10

cm above it, in grass tuft. It has also once been found

nesting in crops. Lays two-four subelliptical to ovate,

glossy, pale greenish white eggs.

15.6 Threats: It was suggested that their numbers have

been reduced through an increase in cultivated land and

a consequent increase in grazing pressure elsewhere. It

was once considered widespread but at all of the nine

sites at which recorded during a survey in 1996 it was

described as uncommon.

15.7 Status: It is classified as Near Threatened on the

IUCN Red List


include the protection of the open habitats, western and

southeastern Ethiopian highlands from subsistence







15.9 Distribution: Although the Abyssinian longclaw

is a common grassland bird of the western and

southeastern Ethiopian highlands, it is classified as

Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It inhabits

areas between 1,200 and 3,050m, occasionally

reaching grass moorlands of up to 4,100m, but is most

common between 1,800 and 2,750m. It is most

frequently spotted sitting on a rock, mound of dirt,

small bush or fence either in a pair or alone. While

perched, the black “necklace” and saffron throat are

quite visible. The Abyssinian longclaw call is a clear

and thrilling song with a piping call note. They nest in

February and June through August and are considered

to be “tame and friendly” while breeding. The nest is

built on the ground in a cup shape and lined with grass.

16. White-winged cliff-chat (Myrmecocich

lasemirufa)

Wing 106-122 mm

Fig 14: White-winged cliff-chat (Myrmecocich

lasemirufa)

16.1 Brief description: A striking bird of the

highlands, male glossy black with orange belly and

undertail coverts and white patch at base of primaries,

shown conspicuously when wing folded as well as in

flight. Female brownish black, with fine orange-buff

bars on underparts, orange undertail coverts, and same

white patch in wing as male. Mocking Cliff-Chat M.

cinnamomeiventris occurs in same habitat and

altitudes, but males have white shoulders and no white

in primaries; and female has no white in wing at all

Vivero Pol [8]

.

16.2 Voice: It has a "modulated flute-like song".


Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien Mountains NP,

Yavello NP, Addis Ababa region, Entoto Natural Park,

Mount Zuquala, Lake Tana, Lalibela, Debre Libanos,

Jemma Valley gorges, Axum, Debre Birhan, Wondo

Genet, Adwa and Ankober.

16.4 Habitat: The White-winged Cliff-Chat is a bird

which is locally frequent too common in the highlands

of most of Ethiopia where it lives in gorges, on cliffs,

on scrubby mountain-sides and in open country among

rocks and grasslands. The Chat occurs usually above

2000 meters (6500 feet) and rarely below 1500 meters

(5000 feet). Its preferred habitat in the country varies.

For example, in Eritrea the White- winged Cliff-Chat

lives on rocks and in mountain gorges from 1800 to

2400 meters (6000-8000 feet). In the south in Sidamo it

occurs slightly lower between 1500 and 1800 meters

(5000-6000 feet) in hilly downland rather than rocky

country.



Page 123

16.5 Breeding habits: Nest is a compact construction

of grass stems and moss, lined with hair and feathers,

sited in a rock crevice or hole in stone wall. Lays three

glossy, white or greenish white eggs, covered with fine

pale rufous speckling. Nesting during the rains,

between June and August, although reported in

September as well. The species is sometimes

associated with human habitation, nesting in holes in

stone walls.

16.6 Threats: Since occurs around farms and

uncultivated areas, there is no reason to suspect that its

numbers or distribution have changed for the worse in

recent years.



include the protection of the highlands in gorges, on

cliffs, on scrubby mountain-sides, in open country

among rocks and grasslands from subsistence







16.9 Distribution: The white-winged cliff chat

(Thamnolaeasemirufa) is a species of bird in the

Muscicapidae family. It is found in rocky wooded

gorges, among boulders and in road cuttings within the

Ethiopian Highlands. Length 19–21 cm. The male has

a striking chestnut belly which the female lacks.

Juvenile is spotted buff above and below. Both sexes

show striking white secondary in flight. The white

patches in the primaries are diagnostic of this species.

17. Ruppell's chat (Myrmecocichla melaena)

Wing 85-94 mm

Fig 15: Ruppell's chat (Myrmecocichla melaena)

17.1 Brief description: A rare and local species of the

arid western highlands, sometimes locally frequent. A

large wholly black chat, except for inner webs of

primaries and innermost secondaries which are white

and very conspicuous in flight. The short tail is very

characteristic. Larger than the White-fronted Black

Chat M. albifrons, the latter occurs at lower altitudes, is

more arboreal and male has white forehead. Sexes are

alike Vivero Pol [8]

.

17.2 Voice: Has basic song like a musical warbled

thrush like refrain.

17.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Simien

Mountains NP, Mugo Highlands, Ankober-Debre Sina

escarpment, Debre Libanos, Lalibela, Muger Falls and

Jemmu escarpment.

17.4 Habitat: Ruppell's Chat is uncommon to locally

frequent in the western highlands of Shoa, Gojjam,

Gonder, Wollo, Tigre and Eritrea regions. It has not

been recorded in the southeastern highlands or in the

southern portion of the western highlands. This chat,

living singly, in paris or In small parties, inhabits edges

and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare rock

above 1800 meters (6000 feet); it shows a distinct

preference for high elevations of the plateau around

waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous

ravines and cliffs.

17.5 Breeding habits: Nests in cracks in cliff-faces,

being reported in June and December.

17.6 Threats: No threats recorded.



include the protection of the high elevations of the

plateau around waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of

precipitous ravines and cliffs from subsistence







17.9 Distribution: The Ruppell's Chat is one of the

poorest known of all Ethiopian endemics and

uncommon to locally frequent in the western highlands

of Shoa, Gojjam, Gonder, Wollo and Tigray regions. It

has not been recorded in the southeastern highlands or

in the southern portion of the western highlands. This

Chat, living singly, in pairs or in small parties, inhabits

edges and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare

rock above 1800 meters (6000 feet); it shows a distinct



Page 124

preference for high elevations of the plateau around

waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous

ravines and cliffs. The Ruppell's Chat is a wholly black

bird except for a white patch on the inner surface of the

wing (inner webs of the primaries and innermost

secondaries) which contrasts sharply with the black

when the bird flies. When sitting, the Chat has the habit

of flitting its tail high over its back. Its time of nesting

has not been definitely recorded although in December

a pair was once seen building a nest in a crack on a

cliff face in Eritrea. Details of the nest have not been

recorded nor have the eggs.

18. Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri)

Wing 83-91 mm

Fig 16: Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri)

18.1 Brief description: A taxonomically unique

species, the only member of its genus with unknown

affinities. It is currently grouped with the babblers, and

its shape, size and behaviour is intermediate between

babblers and illadopsises, but used to be considered a

flycatcher. Its melodious song further confuses its

taxonomic status, as it is a cry far from the noisy

cackling of other babblers. General colour sooty grey,

with black spot in front of the eye, forehead dirty

white, lower belly and undertail coverts chesnut. Sexes

are alike Vivero Pol [8]

.

18.2 Voice: Vigorously produces a long clear ringing

song/: the female answers with a churring or purring

note.

18.3 Geographic distribution/Localities: Bale

Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Addis Ababa

region, Awi zone, Entoto Natural Park, Mount

Zuquala, Mugo Highlands, Menagesha Forest, Sululta

Plains, Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest. In Addis

Ababa town is easily seen in the British Embassy

compound.

18.4 Habitat: The Abyssinian Catbird - one of the

finest, if not the finest singer of all the birds of Africa -

is frequent too common in the western and southern

highlands between 1800 and 3500 meters (600-11,500

feet) in giant heath, St. John's wort, highland bamboo,

juniper, podocarpus and olive forests. It lives singly, in

pairs or in parties up to eight often in thickets and vines

that fringe these forests. It is found as far north as the

Semien Mountains. The catbird is a resident garden

bird of plateau cities; for example, it is a regular

inhabitant in Addis Ababa in gardens with large trees,

for instance, embassies, hotels and many private

compounds.The Abyssinian cat bird, or juniper

babbler, (Parophasmagalinieri) is a species of bird in

the Sylviidae family. It is monotypic within the genus

Parophasma. It is endemic to Ethiopia. The catbird's

natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

18.5 Breeding habits: Probably breeding from

February to August. The nest is a small, thin, cup-like

structure of plant stems placed loosely in a tangle of

vines. The two eggs laid are pale flesh-coloured with a

few dark chestnut spots.

18.6 Threats: No threats reported. Seems to be

abundant where the habitat is not heavily damaged.


concern (IUCN 3.1).


include the protection of the subtropical or tropical dry

forests from subsistence exploitation. More


population status, natural history and the potential

effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also

needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to

elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and

eggs of this species.

18.9 Distribution: Perhaps the finest singer of all the

birds in Africa, the Abyssinian catbird is common in

the western and southern highlands between 1,800m to

3,500m. It lives either alone, in pairs or in groups of up

to eight individuals in dense thickets that surround

forests. They are territorial, nesting from February to

July. Their nests are made of plant stems constructed

around vines, each containing two flesh coloured eggs

with dark brown spots. They feed on juniper berries.

During the rainy season, the male and female sing

duets frequently. The male stretches out his neck while

holding his wings out at the bend, producing a long,

clear, ringing sound while the female responds with a

purring note. It is believed that the Abyssinian catbird

is in fact a babbler, whose closest relatives may be the



Page 125

bush blackcap also known as the bush babbler of

eastern South Africa.

19. White-backed black tit (Parus leuconotus)

Wing 71-81 mm

Fig 17: White-backed black tit (Parus leuconotus)

19.1 Brief description: Adult male glossy blue black,

including wings and tail, with mantle buffish white.

Female is duller than male.

19.2 Voice: Calls include buzzing “bee-bzz-bzz”, dry

“tchu-chu-chu” like that of a sparrow (Passer).


Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Kuni Muktar,

Addis Ababa region, Entoto Natural Park, Mount

Zuquala, Bahir Dar-Lake Tana, Debre Libanos and

Washa river.

19.4 Habitat: The White-backed Black Tit, wholly

black with a whitish mantle, is found in woodlands,

thickets and forests in the western and southeastern

highlands from 1800-3500 meters (6000-11,500 feet).

It is locally frequent to occasionally common except in

Eritrea, where it is uncommon. One usually notices

first its typical tit-like call, it is seen in small parties or

in pairs, in trees or bushes especially along small

stream valleys in the wooded areas high up on the

plateau. Its habits have not been recorded. It may nest

in January; its nest and eggs are not described. It is

indeed little known.

19.5 Breeding habits: Possibly in January.

19.6 Threats: No obvious changes in its distribution or

status due to habitat destruction have been reported.


concern (IUCN 3.1).


include the protection of the woodlands, thickets and

forests in the western and southeastern highlands from







19.9 Distribution: The white-backed black tit

(Parusleuconotus), also known as the white-backed tit,

is a species of bird in the Paridae family. It is found in

Eritrea and Ethiopia. Its natural habitat is boreal

forests. Principally in highland Hagenia forests, also

mixed podocarp-juniper-olive (Podocarpus).

20. Yellow-throated seed-eater (Serinus flavigula)

Wing 64-70 mm

Fig 18: Yellow-throated seed-eater (Serinus flavigula)

20.1 Brief description: It belongs to the difficult and

varied group of yellow-rumped serins of Ethiopia and

it is the second taxonomically dubious species of this

book, since it barely appears as independent species,

Serinus xanthopygius. During the 19th century and the

first half of 20th

, it was alternatively considered as a

subspecies or as a species as a such. Thus it was called

as S. atrogularis xanthopygius Ruppell, S. reichenowi

Salvadori, S. atrogularis reichenowi Salvadori, and

finally named with the scientific name of S.

xanthopygius Ruppell. No much recent information is

reported on the species in the most authoritative

references. For instance, Clement et al. [8]

merely

consider it as a subspecies of Yellow-rumped

Seedeater Serinus atrogularis. And other authors

subordinate it to Reichenow's Serin S. reichenowi. A

small yellow-rumped serin, greyer than S. atrogularis,

that generally lacks any streaks on underparts with chin

and throat off-white. S. reichenowi is browner, with a



Page 126

pale forehead and supercilium and brown spots on

breast Vivero Pol [8]

.

20.2 Voice: The voice of the bird is a jumbled chirpy

song and its call is canary like zeee-zsreee.

20.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Only

known from three century-old specimens, most recent

dating from 1886, taken in one small area of 30 km2 at

the foot of the eastern escarpment near Ankober, Shoa

province, namely Kolla di Aigaber, Ambokarra and

Malca-Ghebdu. Rediscovered within this range in

March 1989, when at least seven birds were found in

Aliyu Amba-Dulecha, in the Melka Jebdu River 1,390

m.

20.4 Habitat: The Yellow-throated Seed-eater is

known from a few isolated areas in acacia-grass

savanna in southern and southeastern Ethiopia. It is a

species of questionable taxonomic status since it may

be a hybrid between the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater (S.

atrogularis) and the White-bellied Canary (S.

dorostritus). It has a grey back and is similar in size to

the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater but has streaks on the

back and a long tail like the White-bellied Canary.

Further evidence for considering the Yellow-throated

Seed-eater a hybrid is that it is known only from

localities where both the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater

and the White-bellied Canary would be expected to

occur as well.

20.5 Breeding habits: One nest has been reported on

the rim of Fantalle crater in Awash NP on September

1999. It was a very tiny nest on the top of a small

Acacia, with two white eggs having blue spots. This is

the first nesting record for the species.

20.6 Threats: None is known, except that the range is

likely to be very restricted and, apparently, it is

uncommon within its known range.


endangered (IUCN 3.1).


include the protection of the acacia-grass savanna in

southern and southeastern from subsistence







20.9 Distribution: The yellow-throated seedeater

(Crithagraflavigula) is a species of finch in the

Fringillidae family. It is found only in Ethiopia. Its

natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry

shrubland and subtropical or tropical dry lowland

grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss. The voice of

the bird is a jumbled chirpy song and its call is canary

like zeee-zsreee. The bird favors semi-desert areas with

thick patches of scrub on rocky hill sides, scattered

trees in savannah type areas. It also prefers highlands

rather than low lands. The yellow-throated seedeater

was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but

phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear

DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic.

The genus was therefore split and a number of species

including the yellow-throated seedeater were moved to

the resurrected genus Crithagra.

21. Black-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps)

Wing 74-80 mm

Fig 19: lack-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps)

21.1 Brief description: A distinctive and abundant

finch of the highlands of Ethiopia, first described in

1840. Sexes differ. Male has an all-black head and dull

green upperparts, with bright yellow scapulars

contrasting with dark wings in breeding plumage.

Females are similar but duller, the head dark grey and

they lack bright yellow scapulars. At all ages black on

the head easily separates it from Yellow-crowned

Canary S. canicollis, found in similar habitat; and male

African Citril S. citrinelloides has black restricted to

face only Vivero Pol [8]

.

21.2 Voice: Has very musical, constant metallic twitter

interspersed randomly with chipped notes.


Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Choke

Mountain, Entoto Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Mugo

Highlands, Dessa'a Forest, Sululta Plains, Ankober,

Gefersa reservoir, Gosh Meda and Debre Birhan.

21.4 Habitat: The Black-headed Siskin is common to

locally abundant in tile western and southeastern



Page 127

highlands from 1800-4100 meters (6000-13,500 feet).

Almost always in flocks, this little-known finch

inhabits moorlands with giant lobelia, alchemilla,

tussock grass and giant heath, highland grasslands and

the open areas of montane forests, especially St. John's

wort and hagenia. Flocks are regularly seen alongside

the road to Gefersa Reservoir west of Addis Ababa.

The male Black-headed Siskin is the only yellow finch

with a black head in the highlands of Ethiopia. The

female is similar but her head and neck are dull olive

green with some black present oil the top and sides of

head, chin and throat.

21.5 Breeding habits: Breeds in the higher levels of

the plateau at any month following heavy rains. Nest

reported in low shrubby growth less than one-metre-

high, but also seen in medium trees. The nest is a well-

made deep cup-like structure fitted with moss, lichens,

stems and small roots. The eggs, two-three, are bluish-

white with few brown spots.

21.6 Threats: Although still common and widespread

in highland areas, changes in farming practices have

possibly affected this species adversely.



include the protection of the subtropical or tropical

high-altitude grasslands from subsistence exploitation.







21.9 Distribution: The black-headed siskin is a species

of finch found only in subtropical or tropical high-

altitude grasslands above 2,000 meters. Flocks of 50 to

100 birds can be seen. Black-headed siskins nest in low

bushes or in hanging boughs in a well-made nest

composed of roots and stems with a finer lining. They

lay two to three eggs that are bluish white in colour

with a few brown spots. They breed in May and June

and again in September and October. The black-headed

siskin (Spinusnotata) is a species of finch in the

Fringillidae family.

22. White-billed starling (Onychognathus

albirostris)

Wing 151-165 mm

Fig 20: White-billed starling (Onychognathus

albirostris)

22.1 Brief description: A glossy, blue-black starling,

with darker crown in male and greyish in female; edges

of the wings chestnut, when stretched and in flight the

chestnut gets broader and very distinct. Bill is longer,

slightly decurved and very white. Its squared tail and

white bill distinguish this species from other red-

wing/chesnut-wing starlings Onychognathus spp

Vivero Pol [8]

.

22.2 Voice: Its call is "loud and monotonous".

22.3 Geographic Distribution/ Localities: Debre

Sina, Awash NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto

Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Mount Zuquala, Addis

Ababa region, Lalibela, Debre Libanos, Mekelle and

Jemmu valley.

22.4 Habitat: The White-billed Starling is frequent to

locally abundant in the western and southeastern

highlands, being most common in the north. Widely

distributed in the country, it usually lives in association

with cliffs and gorges near waterfalls. It also inhabits

moorlands with giant lobelia, alchemilla, tussock grass

and giant heath and highland grasslands: it rarely

travels below 1800 meters (6000 feet).

22.5 Breeding habits: It nests in June in Eritrea in

crannies high up on sheer cliffs, sometimes in

association with White-collared Pigeon Columba

albitorques. Seen throwing out White-collared Pigeon's

eggs, so as to use its nest. Also reported nesting in

buildings in Ankober, in October. Close to Lalibela, in

Neacute Leab church they regularly nest in groups.

22.6 Threats: No threats have been recorded.




Page 128


include the protection of rocky habitats the western and

southeastern highlands lives in association with cliffs

and gorges from subsistence exploitation. More


population status, natural history and the potential

effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also

needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to

elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and

eggs of this species.

22.9 Distribution: This species has a very large range,

and hence does not approach the thresholds for

Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of

Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or

fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or

population size and a small number of locations or

severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to

be stable, and hence the species does not approach the

thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend

criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three

generations). The population size has not been

quantified, but it is not believed to approach the

thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size

criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing

decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three

generations, or with a specified population structure).

For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least

Concern.

23. Black headed forest oriole (Oriolus monacha)

Wing 128-145 mm

Fig 21: Black headed forest oriole (Oriolus monacha)

23.2 Brief description: Head and neck black, rest of

upperparts olivaceous golden yellow; wings black with

grey edges to flight feathers, coverts of inner primaries

edged with grey; broad white tips to primary coverts;

rest of underparts golden yellow; dull red bill. Sexes

are alike. The distinction with the other species of

Black-headed Oriole O. larvatus is not very marked,

and field notes are unreliable in the northern areas of

their range whose range overlaps. Two subspecies are

distinguished, O. monacha monacha present from

Eritrea as far south as Shoa. And O. monacha meneliki,

that differs from the nominate race in having a certain

amount of black in the tail, and ranges from northern to

south-western Ethiopia, not present in Eritrea. This

subspecies intergrades with the nominate race between

Lake Tana and Shoa area Vivero Pol [8]

.

23.3 Voice: It has three calls: a rich and loud "li", a

harsh "skaa-skaa" and three or four liquid whistling

notes slurred together/ Song “wocheelywo”,

“cheelowah”, kocheelo”, “wokachilly”.

23.4 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Abijatta-

Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien

Mountains NP (Harena Forest), Entoto Natural Park,

Fincha & Chomen swamps, Menagesha Forest, Lake

Awasa, Wondo Genet, Debre Libanos and Gonder.

23.5 Habitat: The distribution, numbers, time of

nesting and life history of the Black-headed Forest

Oriole are not clearly understood because of the

difficulty of distinguishing it from the Black-headed

Oriole (Orioluslarvatus). The two are separable by the

color of parts of wings feathers, features that are not

easy to see in the field. In the field the two species are

partially separable by habitats, the haunts of each

differing somewhat. The Black-headed Forest Oriole

inhabits evergreen forest (olive, podocarpus) and

juniper woods of the highlands; it is absent in lowland

dry acacia thorn scrub country. The Black-headed

Oriole lives in the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub

country and the juniper woods of the highlands; it does

not inhabit the highland evergreen forest. The Black-

headed Forest Oriole occurs in the western and

southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and southern

Ethiopia from about 1200-3200 meters (4000-10,500

feet). It is frequent in the north, common to abundant in

the south. It breeds in August and possibly July. It has

three calls: a rich and loud "li", a harsh "skaa-skaa" and

three or four liquid whistling notes slurred together.

The nest, eggs and other aspect of its life history have

not been described.

23.6 Breeding habits: Breeds in February and July-

August. No records on nest nor eggs.

23.7 Threats: No threats reported, but since inhabits

mixed forests and woodlands it will definitely

experience habitat reduction, due to the increasing

depletion of forests in the country.


concern (IUCN 3.1).



Page 129


include the protection of the forests throughout the

highlands, the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub country

and the juniper woods of the highlands from







23.10 Distribution: Damp highland forests, mostly

between 950 m and 2000 m, e.g. gallery woodland,

evergreen forests. It inhabits dry tropical forests,

especially acacia and broad-leaved woodlands, and

dense shrubland areas, where it is more often heard

than seen despite the brightness of its plumage. The

voice is a liquid-sounding warble, accompanied by

imitations and whistles. It forages in the canopy,

feeding on small fruit as well as large insects. The

young are fed mostly with caterpillars.

24. Stresemann's bush-crow (Zavattariornis

stresemanni)

Wing 137-150 mm

Fig 22: Stresemann's bush-crow (Zavattariornis

stresemanni)

24.1 Brief description: The Bush-Crow looks

somewhat like a starling, its nest is starling-like,

associates with starlings but several features as the

curved bill and the cobalt-blue bare area around the

eyes definitely assign it to the Corvidae family,

probably related to choughs. It is creamy, off-white in

the upper- and underparts, with a very broad black

stripe crossing the wing (primaries, secondaries and

wing coverts). Black tail and bill. First reported to

science in 1938. This species is quite remarkable both

for its habits (possibly a cooperative breeder) and for

its uncertain affinities (probably a crow, possibly a

starling), what has generated considerable debate

(Vivero Pol, 2001) [8]

.

24.2 Voice: The only reported call of the bush-crow is

a high pitched "chek".

24.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Confined

to 6,000 km2 around Yavello, Mega and Arero, in the

Borana zone. Could easily suffer from habitat

alteration. No population estimate has been made, but

brief surveys in 1989 and 1990 suggested densities had

remained constant through the 1980s. Frequent in this

restricted area, especially around Yavello.

24.4 Habitat: Stresemann's Bush-Crow - reported to

science for the first time in 1938 - is a frequent to

common bird in a restricted area of about 2400 square

kilometers (1500 sq. miles) around Yabelo, Mega and

Arero in southern Ethiopia. This species' distribution to

the north and south is limited probably by elevation

and consequent change in habitat: in the north the land

becomes higher and mountainous, in the south, lower

and more open. The areas to the east and west of its

present distribution are of similar elevation and include

park-land acacia country of the type that it is found in;

yet the bush-crow does not occur in either area. This

phenomenon has fascinated scientists ever since the

species was discovered.

24.5 Breeding habits: A gregarious species, moving in

small flocks 10-30, but nesting in pairs not in colonies.

Builds a globular nest in February-March, on Acacia

trees; though has also been recorded in May-June, and

hence birds may be double brooded. The structure is

about 60 cm diameter with a top entrance through a

tunnel and whose floor is lined with dung and dry

grass. Clutch size is up to six. Normal for three birds to

attend the nest, what may be interpreted as a

cooperative breeding behaviour. Lays up to six eggs,

smooth, glossy and cream coloured.

24.6 Threats: The threats affecting its survival are

destruction of bird's habitat, removal of trees from the

area for charcoal making and firewood; increased

agricultural activities, fires and urbanisation.

Regarding the latter, Bush-Crows seem to well

associate with human settlements. Although land use

changes have taken place in recent years, including

local bush clearing and tree felling, the species seems

to be doing well. The Yavello Sanctuary was set up in

1985 with the primary objective of conserving the

Bush-Crow and the White-tailed Swallow, which

occupies the same area. But this sanctuary involves so

far no active management. The anomalous record of

the species from near Lake Tana has not been

confirmed since.

24.7 Status: This species is evaluated as endangered.



Page 130


include the protection of the open savanna covered

with mature acacia and Commiphora thornbushes from







24.9 Distribution: This species is endemic to central-

southern Ethiopia. It lives in a small area

circumscribed by the towns of Yabelo, Mega, and

Arero in Sidamo Province.Its total range covers about

2,400 square kilometers (930 sq mi).The Stresemann's

bushcrow lives in flat savanna covered with mature

acacia and Commiphora thornbushes. The bird prefers

open short-grass savannas with scattered stands of

these mature thornbushes. The soil must be deep and

rich to support the bushcrow. It is most numerous when

these stands are next to agricultural fields. For many

years it was unknown why the species could be

completely absent from areas of suitable habitat near

seemingly identical but inhabited land. However recent

research has revealed that the bird appears to inhabit an

area with a very precise average temperature extreme,

all of the seemingly suitable but uninhabited

surrounding land actually has a slightly higher average

temperature that appears to prevent the birds from

successfully colonising. It is also not found near the

scattered broadleaf woodland made up of Combretum

and Terminalia. Its habitat is between 1,300 and 1,800

meters (4,300 and 5,900 ft) above sea level.

25. Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris)

Wing 427-472 mm

Fig 23: Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris)

25.1 Brief description: One of the largest of all

corvids, closely-related to the White-necked Raven C.

ruficollis, but isolated from it in the Ethiopian

highlands where their ranges do not overlap. Differs

from the latter in having a considerably longer, wedge-

shaped tail, an even larger, more massive, swollen-

arched bill and the large white nape patch on upper

nape, rather than lower nape as in White-necked.

Range overlaps with Fan-tailed Raven and Pied Crow

but neither likely to be confused. Sexes are alike

Vivero Pol [8]

.

25.2 Voice: Their typical call note, however, is a

throaty "phlurk-phlurk" which has been described also

as harsh and guttural or as a croak, which sounds as if

the bird had "lost its voice" and was suffering from a

"sore throat". Its calls include a harsh nasal croak, a

low wheezy croak, a "raven-raven", and sometimes a

"dink, dink, dink" sound. Like many corvids, the thick-

billed raven is capable of vocal mimicry; however, this

behavior is rare in the wild, and is normally recorded

only in captivity.

25.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Nechisar

NP, Awash NP, Bale Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien

Mountains NP, Yabello sanctuary, Kuni Muktar,

Abijatta-Shalia NP, Yangudi Ressa, Addis Ababa

region, Choke Mountains, Lake Awasa, Arba Minch,

Shashemene, Gosh Meda, Lalibela, Wondo Genet,

Ankober and Lake Langano.

25.4 Habitat: The Thick-billed Raven, closely related

to the White-necked Raven (Corvusalbicollis) of East

and South Africa, is a bird which is common to

abundant from about 1200 to at least 4100 meters

(4000. 13,500 feet). It visits many habitats including

alpine screes, Cliffs and gorges, giant lobelia-chemilla-

tussock grass-glant heath moorlands, highland

grasslands, giant lieath, St. John's wort, bamboo,

juniper, podocarpus, olive and lowland subtropical

humid forests. It is especially abundant at higher

elevations where it is obvious and sometimes bold

around camps, villages and cities including Addis

Ababa.

25.5 Breeding habits: Solitary nester. During

courtship, the male feeds the female. Nest is a large

structure of branches, constructed on a cliff face or in a

tree. Clutch size four. Eggs are turquoise, marked with

pale and reddish brown, mainly to the large end.

Laying period between December to February.

25.6 Threats: No threats identified. Relatively

common over its limited range.

25.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern

species.



Page 131


include the protection of the alpine screes, cliffs and

gorges, giant lobelia-chemilla-tussock grass-glant

heath moorlands, highland grasslands, giant lieath from







25.9 Distribution: Its habitat includes mountains and

high plateau between elevations of 1500 to 3400

meters. This species has a very large range, and hence

does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under

the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000

km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range

size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a

small number of locations or severe fragmentation).

The population trend appears to be stable, and hence

the species does not approach the thresholds for

Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30%

decline over ten years or three generations). The

population size has not been quantified, but it is not

believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable

under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature

individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be

>10% in ten years or three generations, or with a

specified population structure). For these reasons the

species is evaluated as Least Concern.

26. Liben Lark, formerly Sidamo Lark

(Heteromirafra sidamoensis)

Wing: 14 cm; Size Length: 16 – 17 cm; Weight 30 g

Fig 24: Liben Lark, formerly Sidamo Lark

(Heteromirafra sidamoensis)

26.1 Brief description: Not described until 1975. A

small, short-billed, rather short tailed lark with robust,

pale legs and long hind claw, finely-streaked brown

crown with pale median stripe, and richly-patterned

rufescent-brown back. Distinct whitish superciliary

stripe, prominent dark eye, and white underparts with

close, fine and distinct small streaks on sides of breast;

white throat. This third species of Heteromirafra,

though geographically between the two others, the

South African Rudd's H. ruddi and Somali Archer's H.

archeri Long-clawed Larks, is quite distinct Vivero Pol [8]

.

26.2 Voice: Song is short: 3-5 melodious, clipped

whistles, given in high display-flight. Hints Runs very

rapidly on ground to avoid danger. It calls with a series

of melodic, clipped whistles, typically heard as it flies

high in the air.

26.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: This lark

was seen 12 km southeast of Neghelli; and in 1998

around 10 were observed on the Liben plains (IBA

047). Therefore, it is commonly thought to have a

wider distribution around Neghelli and Filtu, and not

previously detected due to its unobtrusive habits and

the fact that previous searches have been adversely

affected by a combination of drought conditions and

military activity.

26.4 Habitat: This species is listed as Critically

Endangered because it has an extremely small range, it

is only confirmed to occur at a single location and its

range size is decreasing. Remaining habitat is rapidly

being degraded, and the number of mature individuals

is decreasing (the total population is now believed to

number fewer than 250 mature individuals). A

potentially skewed sex ratio may mean the effective

population size is even smaller, and there is a very real

possibility that the species will become

26.5 Breeding habits: The bird collected in May 1968

was in breeding plumage. Apart of this, its nest or

habits are not known.

26.6 Threats: Both original localities were found in

1989 to be affected by man, one being under

cultivation, the other being a military training area, and

no birds were seen at that time. In 1994, the military

camp no longer existed, the airstrip was disused and

there was little sign of human activity. However, there

are plans to develop part of the site as a new airport for

Neghelli. The most immediate threat is from new

settlements of Somali refugees; together with large

numbers of cattle and goats. Like the other two larks in

the genus, the range of this species is likely to prove

very much restricted. There is however plenty of

apparently suitable habitat around the type locality.

26.7 Status: Listed as Critically Endangered; is listed

as ‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of

Threatened Species.



Page 132


include the protection of open savanna, the plains of

Borena zone and lowlands of Ethiopia from


on this species distribution, population status, natural





26.9 Distribution: The tiny Lark is only found in the

plains of southern Ethiopia, and it could become

Africa’s first recorded bird extinction (with population:

90-256 individuals). Its population dropped by 40%

between 2007 and 2009, and thanks to habitat loss

that’s chiefly due to agriculture expansion, the lark

may not have long to live.

27. Conclusion

Generally, in Ethiopia the various ecosystems of high

biological importance as far as birds concerned are

threatened by several anthropogenic and natural factors

which needs strong conservation action. The most

important threatening factors are flooding, shrinkage of

lakes and wetlands due to livestock grazing, industrial

and agricultural development, the expansion of

cultivated land, the negative attitude of people in some

areas towards some birds particularly those that

damage crops and burning to control long grasses.

Therefore, dramatic change in outlook and policy to

reverse these threatening factors are urgently required.

Based on the surveyed knowledge in the scientific

literature we recommended the following points:

implementing eco-friendly on the development of

constructions, infrastructures and huge industries. The

status of endemic birds visiting waste disposal sites

should be studied so as to manage their decline from

chemical contamination in the freely cast-off wastes.

As well, the presence of aquatic birds in the dumping

site may have an ecological implication on the

deterioration of wetlands. Thus, further ornithological

survey should be conducted on details of avian

ecology. Unless timely, protective policy intervention

measures put in place, there might be a serious

environmental degradation which ultimately ends up

with a complete collapse of the whole ecosystem.

Policy-makers need to develop policies and practices

that distinguish between situations where conservation

and development goals are compatible and situations

where there may be conflicts. Therefore, seeking an

innovative way of saving the endemic birds of

Ethiopia, autecological and behavioral studies of a

focal bird species attempt to identify the environmental

factors that influence population processes and

behavior, with the global and regional catastrophe that

witnessed the disappearance of ecosystems to inform

policy. The decline in avian species could be

associated with a range of threatening practices halting

the conservation of high biological value sites which

supports Avifauna. Moreover, to our understanding

conservation efforts of avifauna along the livelihood of

the adjacent local community is poorly prioritized.

Therefore, participatory approach of avian

conservation is decisive. Besides, further intensive

study of avian community over different season of the

year could help to notice conservation action of

Avifauna of the biosphere reserve.

28. References

1. Avibase. Avibase – the world bird database.

2014. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from file://

F: \ Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World –

Ethiopia checklist. html.

2. Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM. White-

collared Pigeon (Columba albitorques). In:

delHoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie,

D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds). Handbook of the

Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions,

Barcelona. (Retrieved from

http://www.hbw.com/node/54101 on 12

November 2015).

3. BLI (Bird Life International). Birds are very

useful indicators for other kinds of

biodiversity. Presented as part of the Bird Life

State of the world's birds website. 2013.

Available from:

http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casest

udy/79. Accessed on: 18/04/2016.

4. BLI (Bird Life International). State of the

world’s birds: indicators for our changing

world. Cambridge, UK: Bird Life

International. 2004.

5. Clement P. Black-headed Siskin

(Carduelisnotata). In: DelHoyo, J., Elliott, A.,

Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E.

(eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World

Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved

from http://www.hbw.com/node/61351 on 12

November 2015).

6. Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute. Ethiopia’s

national biodiversity strategy and action plan

2015-2020. 2015.

7. IUCN and UNEP-WCMC. The World

Database on Protected Areas (WDPA),

August 2014. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-

WCMC.

8. Vivero Pol, JL. A guide to endemic birds of

Ethiopia and Eritrea. Shama Books, Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia. 2001.

9. Weldemariam Tesfahunegny Bezabh. A guide

to a complete annotated checklist of the birds



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of Ethiopia. International Journal of Current

Research. 2016; 8(06): 33029-33050.

10. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (cited

as WCMC). Global Biodiversity: Statusof the

Earth's Living Resources. London: Chapman

and Hall. 1992.

11. World Conservation Monitoring Centre

(WCMC). Biodiversity Guide to Ethiopia.

World conservation MonitoringCenter,

Cambridge. 1991; 75pp.

Tesfahunegny W. A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia. Journal of Zoology Studies. 2016; 3(4):109-133.

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Documents

New A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia · 2020. 10. 8. · 2. Endemic Species An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that region and nowhere else in the world