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Aims
Review main cellular action of neuromodulators actions through G-coupled receptors role of NO
Describe the basic neural circuits for repetitive action
Describe effects of neuromodulation on neural systems simple behaviour: molluscan swimming and
feeding complex behaviour: insect ecdysis
Neuromodulators
Amines and peptide 5-HT, dopamine, Adrenaline,
acetylcholine… Oxytocin, vasopressin, CCAP
Steroids ecdysone, oestrogen
Eicosanoids leukotrienes, prostaglandins
NO
NO Nitric oxide - a gas! synthesised from L-arginine by NOS
neurons (nNOS, epithelium eNOS) depends on Ca concentration
COO-
C
(CH2)3
NH
C
H2N
H
NH2+
Arginine
NOS
NADPH
+ O2
NAD+
COO-
C
(CH2)3
NH
C
H+H3N
N+
H2NH
OH
N-w-Hydroxyarginine
COO-
C
(CH2)3
NH
H+H3N + NO
NOS
C
O NH2
Citrulline
NO signalling
NO diffuses freely though cell membranes but not very far!
half life from 3-5s
soluble guanylyl cyclase activated by NO elevates cGMP
relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels via PKG and an effect on IK(Ca)
important for heart-disease nitrate (nitroglycerin) used to reduce angina
Viagra
selective for phosphodiesterase - type 5 [of 11] so maintains level of cGMP
type 6 PDE, only in photoreceptors, gives “blue flash”
affects penile, vaginal, clitoral smooth muscle
Multi hormone control
vaginal smooth muscle vaginal epithelial
cell
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
P2Y receptors for ATP
Modulation of single cells
Single cells can be rhythmic R15 in Aplysia sino-atrial node of vertebrate heart Purkinje fibres of heart
Modulation of heart rate by If
If – hyperpolarization activated Na+ current ACh slows rhythm Adrenaline accelerates
activation curve:100% of If channels open here
iso = isoproterenol = isoprenaline
Summary
NO – local transmission as gas; no vesicles
heart: single cell rhythm modulated in different ways to give same
effect
Clione
Clione - a free swimming sea mollusc
swimming rhythm
alternation of up and down stroke of wings
Half centre model
Brown (1914) evidence from tadpoles
I then E due to mixed synapse probably at basis of most vertebrate
locomotory systems
Molluscan feeding
Serotonin as modulator local neural release (CGC) hormonal signal in blood
What does it target? How does it act?
CG
bg
Target 3: sensory neurons
sense organ in one bathganglion in anotherStretch evokes twitches
add 5-HT to sense organ
use low Ca to show this effect is not due to action on ganglion
Target 4: interneurons
B4 is a motoneuronB35 an interneuron in CPG
control + 5-HT
fasterbigger EPSPquicker decline of EPSP
Summary
NO – local transmission as gas; no vesicles heart: single cell rhythm
modulated in different ways to give same effect
Serotonin: Action on all points of network Coordinated effect
some cells inhibited Similar data exist for dopamine,
octopamine, myomodulin, FMRFamide…
Insect ecdysis
Hard exoskeleton must be shed periodically
Fundamental to growth and development 20-hydroxy-ecdysone juvenile hormone
Manduca sexta ligature, extirpation,
transplantation, injection,
Moulting
weakening of old cuticle formation of new cuticle emergence
separation of old /new by air bubble (pre-ecdysis)
peristaltic waves to move forward out of old cuticle (ecdysis)
expansion : compression, intake of air (post-ecdysis)
Ecdysis triggering hormone
ETH 26 aa peptide in Manduca 2 peptides in flies secreted by Inka cells in response to drop
in ecdysone
Eclosion hormone (EH)
In Manduca, EH released from 2 cells in brain in response to ETH positive feedback to Inka cells (which
release more ETH …) In Drosophila, EH thought to play lesser
role; ecdysis delayed by 4 min similar role may be played by corazonin
FMRFamide
4 aa peptide secreted from Tv
neurons first cells to be
activated by ETH strengthen muscle
contractions Tv-KO is not lethal
CCAP
CCAP from 5 pairs of SOG cells and 2 pairs/segment in abdomen
In Manduca, CCAP turns off pre-ecdysis and starts ecdysis (abdominal waves)
In Drosophila, CCAP-KO do not start contractions or evert head
Bursicon
140 aa (dimer with pBurs)
important in tanning released from a subset
of CCAP-cells
Bursicon CCAP