Networking

Appendix D:

Introduction toNetworking

D

OBJECTIVESAfter completing this chapter you will• Be able to differentiate between peer-to-peer and server-based networks.• Be able to identify a network topology.• Understand the different types of network cabling.• Be able to explain the differences between various network access methods.• Understand Ethernet issues.• Identify OSI model layers.• Be able to explain when a specific network protocol is used.• Understand the difference between a MAC address and an IP address.• Be able to correctly apply IP addressing concepts.• Understand the purpose of DHCP, WINS, and DNS.• Be able to properly configure a NIC for network connectivity.• Be able to use common network troubleshooting tools.• Be able to access a network printer.• Understand dial-up networking concepts and define commonly used network terms.• Be able to define and label the basic parts of a wireless network.• Know that wireless networks operate at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model.• Understand the difference between the two main types of wireless networks: ad hoc and

infrastructure.• Know the three types of wireless NICs.• Understand the difference between a BSS and an ESS.• Be able to explain the purpose of an SSID and channel ID.• Know the three non-overlapping channel IDs used by the 802.11b standard.• Understand the purpose of a wireless repeater.• Be able to explain the basic differences between antennas and explain the concept of

attenuation.• Know the difference between dBd and dBi.• Know the purpose and importance of a site survey.• Understand the difference between 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g.• Understand the basics of wireless network security.

D-2 Appendix D: Introduction to Networking

KEY TERMSaccess pointad hoc modeantennaantenna gainapplication layerattenuationauthenticationbackbonebandwidthbasebandbroadbandbroadcast addressbrowserBSSbus topologychannel IDcoaxial cablecrosstalkCSMA/CACSMA/CDdata link layerdBddBidefault gatewayDHCPdirectional antennaDNS serverDUNe-mailencryptionESSEthernetFast EthernetFDDIfiber-optic cableframeFTP

full duplexhalf duplexhost numberHTMLHTTPhubinfraredinfrastructure modeIP addressIPCONFIGIPX/SPXisotropic antennaISPLANloopback addressMAC addressmesh topologymulti-modemodulationNetBEUInetworknetwork layernetwork numbernetwork protocolnetwork topologyNOSNSLOOKUPomnidirectional antennaopen authenticationOSI modelpacketpeer-to-peer networkphysical layerpingplenum cablePOPPPP

presentation layerradiation patternring topologyrouterserver-based networksession layershared key authenticationsingle-modesite surveySMTPSNMPSSIDSSID broadcastingstar topologySTPsubnet maskswitchTCPTCP/IPtelnettokentoken passingToken Ringtracerttransport layertwisted-pair cableUDPUNCURLUTPVPNWANWEPWINIPCFGWINS serverwireless network

Key Terms D-3

A+ Certification Exam Objectivescovered in this chapter (and corresponding page numbers)

Core: Identify the names, purpose, andcharacteristics of system modules. Recognizethese modules by sight or definition.

D-14 to D-17, D-41 to D-43

Core: Identify basic procedures for adding andremoving field-replaceable modules for desktopsystems.

D-24 to D-30, D-40 to D-55,D-58 to D-68

Core: Identify basic procedures for adding andremoving field-replaceable modules forportable systems.

D-24 to D-30, D-40 to D-55,D-58 to D-68

Core: Identify proper procedures for installing andconfiguring common peripheral devices,including access points.

D-24 to D-35, D-42 to 64,D-40 to D-68

Core: Identify the common types of network cables,their characteristics, and connectors.

D-12 to D-17

Core: Identify basic networking concepts includinghow a network works, including wirelessnetworks.

D-5 to D-69

Core: Identify common technologies available forestablishing Internet connectivity and theircharacteristics, including wireless technologies.

D-24 to D-30, D-36 to D-40

OS: Recognize common operation and usabilityproblems and determine how to resolve them.

D-30 to D-35, D-68 to D-69

OS: Identify the networking capabilities of Windows.Given configuration parameters, configure theoperating system to connect to a network.

D-24 to D-30, D-32 to D-34,D-58 to D-68

OS: Identify the basic Internet protocols andterminologies.

D-24, D-36 to D-40


NETWORKING OVERVIEWA network is two or more devices that can communicate with one another and shareresources. A network allows computer users to share files; communicate via e-mail; browsethe Internet; share a printer, modem, or scanner; and access applications and files.Networks can be divided into two major categories—LANs and WANs. A LAN (LocalArea Network) is a group of devices that can share resources in a single area such as aroom or a building. A WAN (Wide Area Network) is communication between LANs. TheInternet is an example of a WAN as are two networks located in two cities.

Networks are vital to businesses today. They can even be found in many homes. Atechnician must have a basic understanding of the devices that make up networks (com-puters, printers, modems, etc.) and then learn network devices. You cannot bypasscomputer repair and go straight into networking.

TYPES OF LOCAL AREA NETWORKSThere are two basic types of LANs, a server-based network and a peer-to-peer network.With a server-based network, computer users login to a main computer called a serverwhere they are authenticated (authorized to use the network). The server is a morepowerful computer than a normal workstation. The server contains information about whois allowed to connect to the network, and to what network resources (files, printer, andapplications) the network user is allowed access. A peer-to-peer network does not havea central server. Instead, each computer is its own server. The computer user sets up pass-words to allow others access to the resources. A user uses the network to access the remotefiles, printer, applications, and so forth, from their own workstation. Server-based networksare more common in businesses, whereas peer-to-peer networks are more common in homesand very small businesses. A server-based network can consist of 10 or more computers;in contrast, a peer-to-peer network usually has fewer than 10 computers.

A server-based network is more secure than a peer-to-peer network. This is becausethe server is normally located in a locked network room or wiring closet. Also, the networkusers and what they are allowed to do (their network rights and permissions) are config-ured and stored on the network server. Servers have a special operating system loaded onthem called a NOS (Network Operating System). Examples of network operating systemsare Novell’s NetWare, Microsoft’s NT Server, 2000 Server, and 2003 Server. A networkoperating system has utilities that allow computer user management (who is allowed ontothe network), resource management (what network applications, files, printers, etc. a usercan use), and security management (what a user is allowed to do with a resource such asread, write, read and write, etc.). One userid and password is all a remote user needs toaccess many network resources located throughout the business organization. A networkuser can sit down at any computer in the organization, logon to the server, and start work-ing with the network resources.

Network Figure #1 shows how a server-based network can be configured. The net-work has one server in the center, four workstations, and two laser printers labeled LP1

Types of Local Area Networks D-5

and LP2. The server has a database of users, CSchmidt, RDevoid, and MElkins, and theirassociated passwords. The server also has three applications loaded—Microsoft Excel,Microsoft Project, and Microsoft Word. These applications and associated documents arestored on the server. Whether or not the users can access these applications and documentsand what they can do within each document is also stored on the server. In the Permissioncolumn of the table located in Network Figure #1 is either R for Read or R/W for Read/Write. This is an indication of what the user can do in a particular application. For example,user CSchmidt has read and write access to Excel, Project, and Word. User MElkins canonly read Excel and Word documents, but she can read and write Microsoft Project docu-ments. User CSchmidt can print to either of the laser printers, but user RDevoid printsonly to the LP1 laser printer.

Another benefit of server-based networks is that a user can sit down at any workstation,login to the server with his or her userid and password, and have access to all of thenetwork resources. For example in Network Figure #1, computer user RDevoid can sitdown at any workstation and have access to her Excel and Word documents and print tolaser printer LP1.

Network Figure 1: Server-Based Network


A peer-to-peer network is not as expensive, nor as secure as a server-based network.A server is more expensive than a regular workstation plus it requires a network operatingsystem. Since peer-to-peer networks do not use a dedicated server, costs are reduced. Insteadof a network operating system, each workstation uses a regular operating system such asWindows 95, 98, NT Workstation, 2000 Professional, or XP. A peer-to-peer network is notas secure as a server-based network because each computer must be configured with indi-vidual userids and passwords. Network Figure #2 shows how a peer-to-peer network isconfigured.

In Network Figure #2, there are three workstations labeled Workstation 1, 2, and 3.Workstation 2 has a shared printer. A shared printer is a printer connected to the computerthat has been configured so that other network users can print to it. There are three peoplein this company, Raina Devoid, Cheryl Schmidt, and Melodie Elkins. Raina Devoid normallyworks at Workstation 1 and Raina has shared a folder on the hard drive called WORDDOCSthat has a password of Stealth2. Cheryl and Melodie can access the documents located inWORDDOCS from their own workstations as long as they know the password is Stealth2.If Raina (who is sitting at Workstation 1) wants to access Melodie’s WAN folder, Rainamust know and remember that the password is Tech2001. If Melodie changes the pass-word on the WAN folder, Melodie must remember to tell the new password to anyone whoneeds access. The password is only used when accessing the WAN folder documents.

A peer-to-peer network password is only effective across the network. The passwordis not effective if someone sits down at the workstation. For example, if a summer intern,Ken Tinker, sits down at Workstation 3, Ken has full access to the Inventory folder anddocuments. Even though the folder is passworded for the peer-to-peer network, Ken is notusing the network to access the folder so the password is useless.

Management of network resources is much harder to control on a peer-to-peer net-work than on a server-based network. Each user is required to manage the network resources

Network Figure 2: Peer-to-Peer Network

Types of Local Area Networks D-7

on one computer and password management can become a nightmare. Remember withpeer-to-peer networks, anyone who has the password can access the folder across the net-work. Server-based networks are normally more secure because (1) passwords are man-aged centrally at the server and (2) the server is normally locked in a wiring closet.

The problem of having access to a workstation and all its resources simply by sittingdown at a computer is not as much of a threat today because of the newer operatingsystems’ features. NT Workstation and 2000 Professional cannot be accessed without auserid and password.

In order to have a network, the following are required: network adapters (NICs), networkcabling, and an operating system with network options enabled. The following sectionsexplore these concepts.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIESNetwork topology is how network devices connect together. The three major types ofnetwork topologies are star, ring, and bus. Keep in mind that a large business may havecombinations of these topologies. A topology that combines other topologies is known asa hybrid topology.

The most common network topology used today is the star topology because it isused with Ethernet networks. Ethernet networks are the most common type of network.Ethernet technology was developed in the 1970s by Xerox Corp. Each network deviceconnects to a central device, normally a hub or a switch. Both the hub and the switchcontain two or more RJ-45 network jacks. The hub is not as intelligent as a switch. Theswitch takes a look at each data frame as it comes through the switch. The hub is not ableto do this. Network Figure #3 illustrates a hub or switch.

In a star topology, each network device has a cable that connects between the deviceand the hub or switch. If one computer or cable fails, all other devices continue to func-tion. However, if the hub or switch fails, the network goes down. The hub or switch isnormally located in a central location such as a network wiring closet. Network Figure #4shows how a star topology is cabled. By looking at how each device connects to a centrallocation, you can easily see why it is called a star.

Network Figure 3: Hub/Switch


More cable is used in wiring a star topology than with the bus topology, but the typeof cable used is cheap and this is not an issue for today’s network managers. Star topolo-gies are easy to troubleshoot. If one network device goes down, the problem is in thedevice, cable, or port on the hub/switch. If a group of network devices goes down, theproblem is most likely in the device that connects them together (hub or switch). Lookback to Network Figure #4. If Workstation 1, Workstation 2, Workstation 3, Workstation4, and Workstation 5 cannot communicate with one another, the problem is the switch inthe middle. If only Workstation 3 cannot communicate with the other network devices, theproblem is in Workstation 3, the cable that connects Workstation 3, or in port 13 on theswitch.

The ring topology is physically wired (cabled) like a star, but operates differently. Thering topology is used in Token Ring networks. Token Ring is a technology developed byIBM Corp. A token (a special network packet) passes from one network device to the nextin a continuous fashion. Token Ring networks are wired like a star, but they operate likea logical ring. Network Figure #5 shows how the Token Ring network appears to be a ring.

Network Figure 4: Star Topology

Network Topologies D-9

The token passes from one workstation to another in a continuous loop. When thetoken does not contain data, it is known as a free token. As the free token is passed aroundthe ring, any workstation wishing to transmit data takes the token and adds data. The datais sent around the ring until it reaches its destination. No other workstation can accept thedata except for the destination network device. Once the data has been transmitted, a freetoken is placed on the ring again. No workstation can transmit until the free token comesback around the ring.

The bus topology is one of the oldest network topologies. All network devices con-nect to a single cable. If the cable has a break, the entire network is down. Bus topologiesare also difficult to troubleshoot when there is a network problem. Network Figure #6depicts a bus topology.

Network Figure 5: Logical Ring Topology


A mesh topology is not as common as other topologies, but it is used when all net-work devices connect to each other. Mesh topology is more likely to be used in a WAN(Wide Area Network) rather than a LAN (Local Area Network). Mesh topologies take alot of cabling, but if a cable breaks, the network still continues to function.

An example of a mesh topology is a college that has three main campuses—North,South, and West. Each campus has a connection to the other two campuses. For example,the North campus has a connection to the South and the West campuses. Each campus hasimportant servers to which the other campuses need access. If the North campus to Southcampus connection breaks, the North campus can still reach the South campus by goingthrough the West campus. Whenever a network can still function after a cable break, thenetwork is said to be fault tolerant. A mesh topology provides the most fault tolerance ofany network topology. Network Table #1 summarizes network topologies.

Network Figure 6: Bus Topology

Network Topologies D-11

Network Table 1: Network Topologies

Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Bus Takes less cable (cheaper) Break in the bus,network is down

Mesh Break in the cable, network still works(fault tolerant)

Expensive and complex(hard to reconfigure)

Ring Easy to install Expensive parts

Star Easy to install, most common, break inworkstation cable network still works(fault tolerant)

More expensive than bus

NETWORK CABLINGNetworks require some type of medium to transmit data. This medium is normally sometype of cable or air (when using wireless networking). The most common types of cableare twisted-pair and fiber-optic, although some very old networks have coax cable.

Twisted-pair cable comes in two types, shielded and unshielded. The acronyms usedwith this type of cable are STP for shielded twisted-pair and UTP for unshielded twisted-pair. The most common is UTP. With twisted-pair cable, all network devices connect toone central location such as a patch panel, hub, or switch. If one cable breaks, only the onedevice fails. Most people are familiar with twisted-pair cable because this type of cable isused in homes for telephone wiring. The type used with networking has eight copperwires. The wires are grouped in colored pairs. Each pair is twisted together to preventcrosstalk. Crosstalk occurs when a signal on one wire interferes with the signal on anadjacent wire. The wires are wrapped in a vinyl insulator. Network Figure #7 showsunshielded twisted-pair cable.

Network Figure 7: UTP Cable


UTP cabling is measured in gauges. The most common measurements for UTP cablingare 22,- 24-, or 26-gauge unshielded twisted-pair cables. UTP cables come in differentspecifications called categories. The most common are categories 3, 4, and 5. People usu-ally shorten the name Category 3 to CAT 3, or Category 5 to CAT 5. The categoriesdetermine, in part, how fast the network can run. Category 3 was mainly installed fortelephone systems in many office buildings. CAT 3 is called a voice grade cable, but it hasthe ability to run up to 10Mbps Ethernet or 16Mbps Token Ring topologies. Networks thatrun 10Mbps are known as 10BaseT networks. 100Mbps Ethernet networks are known asFast Ethernet, 100BaseT4, and 100BaseT8. The 100BaseT4 networks use two pairs (fourwires) of the UTP cable whereas the 100BaseT8 networks use all four pairs (8 wires). Themost common type of UTP is CAT 5. Fairly new categories of UTP cable include CAT 5e,which is designed for 100Mbps on UTP and STP; CAT 6, which is designed for 1000Mbpson UTP and STP; and CAT 7, which is designed for 1000Mbps on UTP, STP, and fiber.UTP and STP cable are used in star and ring topologies.

A special type of UTP or STP cable is plenum cable. Plenum is a building’s air cir-culation space for heating and air conditioning systems. Plenum cable is treated withTeflon or other fire retardant materials so it is less of a fire risk. Plenum cable is less smokeproducing and less toxic when burning than regular networking cable; however, plenumcable is more expensive.

In order to avoid extra troubleshooting time, most businesses install their networkcabling according to the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A or 568-B standard. This standard specifieshow far the cable can extend, how to label it, what type of jack to use, and so forth.Network Figure #8 illustrates the common RJ-45 cabling standards used in industry.

Network Cabling D-13

STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair) cable has extra foil shielding that provides more shield-ing. Shielded twisted-pair cable is used in industrial settings where extra shielding is neededto prevent outside interference from interfering with the data on the cable.

Token Ring cabling used IDC (IBM-type Data Connector)/UDC (Universal DataConnector) attachments. Thee types of connectors are both male and female. They aresometimes called hermaphroditic connectors.

When installing network cabling, it is important to insert the UTP cable fully into theRJ-45 jack and to insert the colored wires in the standardized order. One of the mostcommon mistakes that new technicians make when putting an RJ-45 connector on UTPcable is they put the cable into the RJ-45 connector backwards. Network Figure #9 showsthe location of pin 1 on an RJ-45 connector.

Network Figure 8: UTP Wiring Standards

PAIR 1

PAIR 1


Another common mistake is not pushing the wires to the end of the RJ-45 connector.Before crimping the wires into the connector, look at the end of the RJ-45 connector. Youshould see each wire jammed against the end of the RJ-45 connector.

Fiber-optic cable is made of glass or a type of plastic fiber and is used to carry lightpulses. Fiber-optic cable can be used to connect a workstation to another device, but inindustry, the most common use of fiber-optic cable is to connect networks together form-ing the network backbone. Copper cable is used to connect workstations together. Thenfiber cable is used to interconnect the networks, especially when the network is located onmultiple floors or multiple buildings.

Fiber-optic cable is the most expensive cable type, but it also handles the most datawith the least amount of data loss. The two major classifications of fiber are single-modeand multi-mode. Single-mode fiber-optic cable has only one light beam sent down thecable. Multi-mode fiber-optic cable allows multiple light signals to be sent along the samecable. Multi-mode fiber is cheaper and more commonly used than single-mode fiber andis good for shorter distance applications; but single-mode fiber can transmit a signal far-ther than multi-mode and supports the highest bandwidth.

The two most common types of connectors used with fiber-optic cable are ST and SC.Network Figure #10 shows these two connectors.

Network Figure 9: RJ-45 Pin 1 Assignments

Network Figure 10: Fiber-Optic Connector Types

ST SC

Network Cabling D-15

Fiber-optic cabling has many advantages including security, long distance transmis-sion, and bandwidth. Fiber-optic cabling is used by many government agencies because ofthe high security it offers. Light signals that travel down fiber are impossible to detectremotely, unlike signals from other cable media. Also, because light is used instead ofelectrical signals, fiber-optic cable is not susceptible to interference from EMI- or RFI-producing devices.

Each fiber-optic cable can carry signals in one direction, so an installation normallyhas two strands of fiber-optic cable in separate jackets. Fiber is used in the ring and startopologies. Network Figure #11 shows a fiber-optic cable.

Single-mode cable is classified by the size of the fiber core and the classing. Twocommon sizes are 8/125 and 9/125 microns. The first number represents the size of thecore; the second number is the size of the cladding. Single mode cable allows for distancesup to 10,000 meters (which is more than 32,000 feet or six miles). Multi-mode cable(62.5/125 microns) on the other hand, can support distances up to 2,000 meters or over amile.

The last type of cable is coaxial cable (usually shortened to coax). Coax cable is usedin older Ethernet 10Base2 and 10Base5 networks as well as mainframe and minicomputerconnections. Most people have seen coax cable in their homes. The cable used for cableTV is coax cable, but is a different type than network cabling. Coax cable has a centercopper conductor surrounded by insulation. Outside the insulation is a shield of copperbraid, a metallic foil, or both, that protects the center conductor from EMI. Network Fig-ure #12 shows a coax cable. Coax is used in star and bus topologies.

Network Figure 11: Fiber-Optic Cable


Network Table #2 lists the common types of coax cables.

Network Table 2: Coax Cable Types

Coax Cable Type Description

RG*-58 A/U Used in 10Base2 (Thinnet) networks and it allowsdistances up to 185 meters.

RG-8 Used in 10Base5 (Thicknet) networks and allowsdistances up to 500 meters; it is also known as theyellow garden hose.

RG-6 This is the least likely type of cable to be used in anetwork. It is suitable for distributing signals for cableTV, satellite dish, or rooftop antenna. It has bettershielding than RG-59.

RG-59 This type of cable is not used in LANs. It is used invideo installations.

*RG stands for Radio Grade

ACCESS METHODSBefore a computer can communicate on a network it must adhere to a set of communi-cation rules to which all computers on the network comply. This set of communicationrules is known as a common access method. Ethernet uses a common access method knownas CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect), whereas fiber networksand Token Ring use token passing as the common access method. Wireless networks and

Network Figure 12: Coax Cable with Connector

COAX CONNECTOR

BRAID

COAX CABLE

Access Methods D-17

Apple networks use CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance). Thepurpose of the common access method is to ensure that each workstation has an oppor-tunity to communicate with the other workstations.

With CSMA/CD, each workstation can place data onto the network cable at any time,but the network adapter checks the network cable to ensure that no other workstation isalready transmitting. In the acronym CSMA/CD, the CS stands for “Carrier Sense” whichmeans that it is checking the network cable for other traffic. “Multiple Access” means thatmultiple computers can access the network cable simultaneously. “Collision Detect” pro-vides rules for what happens when two computers access the network at the same time.One point to remember is that collisions are common and normal on Ethernet networks.

Take an example of a busy highway. The highway represents the network cable andcars on the highway represent data traveling down the cable. Each intersection that crossesthe highway is simply a computer wanting to connect onto the major highway. UsingCSMA/CD, the workstation checks that no other traffic is traveling down the highway(cable). If the way is clear, data is allowed to go onto the highway. If two workstationshappen to transmit at the same time, a collision occurs. Both workstations have to stoptransmitting data for a specified amount of time and then try transmitting again.

A Token Ring adapter uses token passing as the common access method. This methoddiffers from CSMA/CD because there are no collisions in the Token Ring environment.With token passing, a token (a small packet of data) is passed from one workstation toanother. Only the workstation that possesses the token is allowed to transmit data. Thetoken is passed around the ring from one workstation to another with each workstationreceiving a turn. When a workstation wants to transmit, it changes one bit inside the tokendata frame, adds data, and then places the data frame onto the cable. If a workstation doesnot want to transmit any data, the token is passed to the next workstation.

CSMA/CA is used with wireless LANs and Apple networks. Network devices listenon the cable for conflicting traffic just like CSMA/CD; however, with CSMA/CA, a work-station that wants to transmit data sends a jam signal onto the cable. The workstation thenwaits a small amount of time for all other workstations to hear the jam signal and then theworkstation begins transmission. If a collision occurs, the workstation does the same thingas CSMA/CD—the workstation stops transmitting, waits a designated amount of time, andthen retransmits.

ETHERNET ISSUES AND CONCEPTSSince Ethernet is the most common type of network, more time needs to be spent on someissues that deal directly with Ethernet. Some of these issues are full duplex and half duplextransmissions, network slowdowns, and increasing bandwidth.

Ethernet networks were originally designed to support either half duplex or full duplexdata transmissions. Half duplex transmission is data transmitted in both directions on acable, but not at the same time. Only one network device can transmit at a time. Oneexample of half duplex transmission is using a walkie-talkie. Full duplex transmission is


data transmitted in both directions on a cable simultaneously. This is similar to a phoneconversation. Both people can talk at the same time if they want to do so. Ethernet net-works were originally designed for half duplex transmission. Ethernet was also designedfor a 10Mbps bus topology and still performs as if it is connected in a bus network. Dueto CSMA/CD, each workstation has to listen to the cable to see if any other transmissionis occurring. Then, if no other network device is transmitting, the workstation starts trans-mitting data. In a request for a web page, for example, data would travel back to theworkstation from the web server. With half duplex transmission, the workstation transmitsand then later the web server transmits. The transmission could not occur simultaneouslyin both directions. The more workstations on the same network, the more collisions occurand the more the network slows down. In addition, with half duplex Ethernet, less than 50percent of the 10Mbps available bandwidth could be used because of collisions and thetime it takes for a network frame to transmit across the wire.

Today’s Ethernet networks support speeds of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1000Mbps. MostEthernet NIC cards are 10/100, which means they can run at either 10Mbps or 100Mbps.Ethernet networks are also known as 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT, 100BaseT, and1000BaseT. When considering the term 10Base2, the 10 means that the network runs at10Mbps. Base means that the network uses baseband technology. The 2 in 10Base2 meansthat the maximum coax cable length is 185 meters (which is close to 200 meters). A10Base2 network has terminators at both ends of the coax cable bus network. The T at theend of 10BaseT means that the computer uses twisted-pair cable. The 100 in 100BaseTmeans that the network supports 100Mbps and the 1000 in 1000BaseT means that 1000Mbpsis supported.

Ethernet networks now support full duplex transmissions. With full duplex imple-mented, collisions are not a problem. This is because full duplex takes advantage of thetwo pairs of cables, one for receiving and one for transmitting. Full duplex Ethernet cre-ates a direct connection between the transmitting station at one end and the receivingcircuits at the other end. Full duplex allows 100 percent of the available bandwidth to beused in each direction. In order to implement full duplex Ethernet, both network cards inthe devices must have the ability and be configured for full duplex.

Another way to speed up the network is to use a switch instead of a hub when con-necting network devices together. Full duplex Ethernet works great, but replacing hubswith switches also improves network performance. A switch has more intelligence than ahub. When a workstation sends data to a hub, the hub broadcasts the data out all portsexcept for the port the data came in on. This is inefficient. A switch, on the other hand,keeps a table of addresses. When a switch receives data, the switch forwards the data outthe port for which it is destined. A switch looks very similar to a hub and it is sometimeshard to distinguish between the two. Switches are very common devices in today’s busi-ness network environment.

Ethernet Issues and Concepts D-19

NETWORK STANDARDSThe IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers) committee created networkstandards called the 802 standards. Each standard is given an 802.x number and representsan area of networking. Standardization is good for the network industry because differentmanufacturers’ network components work with other manufacturers’ devices. NetworkTable #3 lists the various 802 standards.

Network Table 3: IEEE 802 Standards

802 Standard Purpose

802.1 Bridging and Management

802.2 Logical Link Control

802.3 CSMA/CD Access Method

802.4 Token-Passing Bus Access Method

802.5 Token Ring Access Method

802.6 DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) Access Method

802.7 Broadband LAN

802.8 Fiber-Optic

802.9 Isochronous LANs

802.10 Security

802.11 Wireless

802.12 Demand Priority Access

802.15 WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks)

802.16 Broadband Wireless Access

802.17 Resilient Packet Ring

For more information about the 802 standards, access the IEEE web site at http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/index.html.

OSI MODELThe International Standards Organization (ISO) has developed a model for network com-munications known as the OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model. The OSI model is astandard for information transfer across the network. The model sets several guidelinesincluding (1) how the different transmission media are arranged and interconnected, (2)how network devices that use different languages communicate with one another, (3) how


a network device goes about contacting another network device, (4) how and when datagets transmitted across the network, (5) how data is sent to the correct device, and (6) howit is known if the network data was received properly. All of these tasks must be handledby a set of rules and the OSI model provides a structure into which these rules fit.

Can you imagine a generic model for building a car? This model would state that youneed some means of steering, a type of fuel to power the car, a place for the driver to sit,safety standards, and so forth. The model would not say what type of steering wheel to putin the car or what type of fuel the car must use, but is just a blueprint for making the car.In networking, the OSI model is such a model. The OSI model divides networking intodifferent layers so that it is easier to understand (and teach). Dividing up the network intodistinct layers also helps manufacturers. If a particular manufacturer wants to make anetwork device that works on layer 3, the manufacturer only has to be concerned withlayer 3. This division makes networking technologies emerge much faster. Having a lay-ered model also helps to teach network concepts. Each layer can be taught as a separatenetwork function.

The layers of the OSI model (starting from the top and working down) are application,presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. Network Figure #13 showsthis concept.

Each layer of the OSI model uses the layer below it (except for the physical layer whichis on the bottom). Each layer provides some function to the layer above it. For example,the data link layer cannot be accessed without first going through the physical layer. Ifcommunication needs to be performed at the third layer, (the network layer), then thephysical and data link layers must be used first.

Certification exams contain questions about the OSI model and knowing the levels isa good place to start preparing for the exams. A mnemonic to help remember the OSIlayers is: A Person Seldom Takes Naps During Parties. Each first letter of the mnemonicphrase is supposed to remind you of the first letter of the OSI model layers. For example,

Network Figure 13: OSI Model Layers

OSI Model D-21

A in the phrase is to remind you of the application layer. The P in Person is to remind youof the Presentation layer, and so on.

Each layer of the OSI model from the top down (except for the physical layer) addsinformation to the data being sent across the network. Sometimes this information is calleda header. Network Figure #14 shows how a header is added as the packet travels down theOSI model. When the receiving computer receives the data, each layer removes the headerinformation. Information at the physical layer is normally called bits. When referring toinformation at the data link layer, use the term frame. When referring to information at thenetwork layer, use the term packet.

Each of the seven OSI layers performs a unique function and interacts with the layerssurrounding it. The bottom three layers handle the physical delivery of data across thenetwork. The physical layer (sometimes called layer 1) defines how bits are transferredand received across the network media without being concerned about the structure of thebits. The physical layer is where connectors, cable, and voltage levels are defined. Thedata link layer (sometimes called layer 2) provides the means for accurately transferringthe bits across the network, and it groups (encapsulates) the bits into usable sections calledframes. The network layer (sometimes called layer 3) coordinates data movement betweentwo devices. This layer provides path selection between two networks. Most companiesand even some homes have a router that they use to connect to the Internet through theirISP (Internet Service Provider). An ISP is a vendor who provides Internet access.

The top four layers handle the ins and outs of providing accurate data delivery betweencomputers and their individual processes, especially in a multi-tasking operating systemenvironment. The transport layer (sometimes called layer 4) provides a service to theupper layers so they do not have to worry about the details of how data is sent. Thetransport layer provides such services as whether the data should be sent “reliably” or not.This is similar to getting a return receipt for a package at the post office.

The session layer manages the communication and synchronization between two net-work devices. The presentation layer provides a means of translating the data from the

Network Figure 14: OSI Peer Communication


sender into data the receiver understands. This allows all types of computers to commu-nicate with one another even though one computer may be using one language (such asEBCDIC) while another computer uses a different language (such as ASCII). The appli-cation layer provides network services to any software applications running on the net-work. The application layer provides network services to a computer. This allows thecomputer to participate or enter the OSI model (the network). Some of the services theapplication layer provides include negotiating authentication (what type of authenticationwill be used in the communication), negotiating who has responsibility for error recovery,and negotiating quality of service across the network.

Certain network devices or components work at a specific OSI layer. For example,cables, connectors, repeaters, hubs, and patch panels all reside at layer 1 of the OSI model,the physical layer parts of the network card reside at layer 1, and part of the OSI modelresides at layer 2. A switch also resides at layer 2, the data link layer. A router, a networkdevice that determines the best path to send a packet, works at layer 3, the network layer.

The OSI model is very confusing when you are first learning about networking, butit is very important. Understanding the model helps when troubleshooting a network. Know-ing where the problem is occurring narrows the field of what the solution may be. Forexample, if a computer has problems communicating with a computer on the same net-work, then the problem is most likely a layer 1 or a layer 2 problem because layer 3 takescare of communication between two networks. Check the cabling and NIC settings. Net-work Table #4 summarizes the OSI model for you.

Network Table 4: OSI Model

OSI Model Layer Purpose

Application Provides network services (file, print and messagingservices) to any software application running on thenetwork.

Presentation Translates data from one character set to another.

Session Manages the communication and synchronization betweennetwork devices.

Transport Provides the mechanisms for how data is sent such asreliability and error correction.

Network Provides path selection between two networks. Routersreside at the network layer. Encapsulated data at this layeris called a packet.

Data Link Encapsulates bits into frames. Can provide error control.MAC address is at this layer. Switches reside at data linklayer.

OSI Model D-23

Network Table 4: OSI Model (continued)

OSI Model Layer Purpose

Physical Defines how bits are transferred and received. Defines thenetwork media, connectors, and voltage levels. Data at thislevel is called bits.

NETWORK PROTOCOLSA network protocol is a data communication language. There are three primary networkprotocols used: TCP/IP, NetBEUI, and IPX/SPX. TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the most common network protocol and is used when accessing theInternet. Most companies (and homes) use TCP/IP as their standard protocol. IPX/SPX(Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) is used when connectingto a Novell network, but Novell networks now use TCP/IP as their standard protocol.NetBEUI (NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface) is a non-routable network protocol. Thismeans that it can only be used on simple networks, not on multiple networks that are tiedtogether. A common place for NetBEUI is on a peer-to-peer network.

Another network protocol is AppleTalk. AppleTalk was used with Apple Macintoshcomputers. Apple computers today use TCP/IP.

NETWORK ADDRESSINGNetwork adapters normally have two types of addresses assigned to them—a MAC addressand an IP address. The MAC address is used when two network devices on the samenetwork communicate with one another. The MAC address is a 48-bit unique number thatis burned into a ROM chip located on the NIC and is represented in hexadecimal. A MACaddress is unique for every computer on the network. However, the MAC address has noscheme to it except that the first three bytes represent the manufacturer. The MAC addressis known as a layer 2 address.

The IP address is a much more organized way of addressing a computer than a MACaddress and it is sometimes known as a layer 3 address. The IP address is a 32-bit numberthat is entered into a NIC’s configuration parameters. The IP address is used when multiplenetworks are connected together and when accessing the Internet. The IP address is shownusing dotted decimal notation, such as 192.168.10.4. Each number is separated by periodsand represents eight bits, and the numbers that can be represented by eight bits are 0 to255.

IP addresses are grouped into classes. It is easy to tell which type of IP address is beingissued by the first number shown in the dotted decimal notation. Class A addresses haveany number from 0 to 127 as the first number; Class B addresses have any number from128 to 191 as the first number; and Class C addresses have numbers 192 through 223. For


example, if a computer has an IP address of 12.150.172.39, the IP address is a Class Aaddress because the first number is 12. If a computer has an IP address of 176.10.100.2,it is a Class B IP address because the first number is 176.

An IP address is broken into two major parts—the network number and the host num-ber. The network number is the portion of the IP address that represents which networkthe computer is on. All computers on the same network have the same network number.The host number is the portion of the IP address that represents the specific computer onthe network. All computers on the same network have unique host numbers or they willnot be able to communicate.

The number of bits that are used to represent the network number and the host numberdepends on which class of IP address is being used. With Class A IP addresses, the firsteight bits (the first number) represent the network portion and the remaining 24 bits (thelast three numbers) represent the host number. With Class B IP addresses, the first 16 bits(the first two numbers) represent the network portion and the remaining 16 bits (the lasttwo numbers) represent the host number. With Class C IP addresses, the first 24 bits (thefirst three numbers) represent the network portion, and the remaining eight bits (the lastnumber) represent the host number. Network Figure #15 illustrates this point.

In order to see how IP addressing works, it is best to use an example. A business hastwo networks connected together with a router. On each network, there are computer work-stations and printers. Each of the networks must have a unique network number. For thisexample, one network has the network number of 193.14.150.0, and the other network hasthe network number of 193.14.151.0. Notice how these numbers represent a Class C IPaddress because the first number is 193.

With a Class C IP address, the first three numbers represent the network number. Thefirst network has a network number of 193.14.150 and the second network has a networknumber of 193.14.151. Remember that each network has to have a different number thanany other network in the organization. The last number of the IP address will be used toassign each different network device its own IP address. On the first network, each devicewill have a number that starts with 193.14.150 because that is the network number and it

Network Figure 15: IP Addressing (Network Number and Host Number)

Network Addressing D-25

stays the same for all devices on that network. Each device will then have a differentnumber in the last portion of the IP address, for example, 193.14.150.3, 193.14.150.4,193.14.150.5.

On the second network, each device will have a number that starts with 193.14.151because that is the network number. The last number in the IP address changes for eachnetwork device, for example, 193.14.151.3, 193.14.151.4, 193.14.151.5, and so forth. Nodevice can have a host number of 0 because that number represents the network and nodevice can have a host number of 255 because that represents something called the broad-cast address. A broadcast address is the IP address used to communicate with all deviceson a particular network. So, in the example given, no network device can be assigned theIP addresses 193.14.150.0 or 193.14.151.0 because these numbers represent the two net-works. Furthermore, no network device can be assigned the IP addresses 193.14.150.255or 193.14.151.255 because these numbers represent the broadcast address used with eachnetwork. An example of a Class B broadcast is 150.10.255.255. An example of a Class Abroadcast is 11.255.255.255. Network Figure #16 shows this configuration.

In addition to assigning a computer an IP address, you must also assign a subnet mask.The subnet mask is a number that the computer uses to determine which part of the IPaddress represents the network and which portion represents the host. The subnet mask fora Class A IP address is 255.0.0.0; the subnet mask for a Class B IP address is 255.255.0.0;the subnet mask for a Class C IP address is 255.255.255.0.0. Network Table #5 recaps thisimportant information.

Network Figure 16: IP Addressing (Two Network Example)


Network Table 5: IP Address Information

Class First Number Network/Host Number Standard Subnet Mask

A 0−127 N.H.H.H* 255.0.0.0

B 128−192 N.N.H.H* 255.255.0.0

C 192−222 N.N.N.H* 255.255.255.0

*N = Network number & H = Host number

CONFIGURING NETWORKINGWhen you install a NIC card in a computer, there are four things that must be configuredbefore connecting to the network.1. An appropriate driver for the NIC must be installed. The type of driver needed depends

on which operating system is being used.2. You must give the computer a unique name and either a workgroup name (the same

name must be used, and this is implemented on a peer-to-peer network) or a domainname (the same name must be used, and this is implemented on a server-based network).

3. You must select the appropriate protocol being used (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, or NetBEUI).Contact the network administrator for this information. The majority of businessesand homes use TCP/IP.

4. A network client must be installed. The most common client used in industry isMicrosoft’s client for Microsoft networks.

There are always other things that could be required depending on the network environ-ment. For example, if the system is a peer-to-peer network, then file sharing (and possiblyprint sharing) must be enabled. If TCP/IP is configured, some other configuration param-eters may be necessary. Exercises at the end of the chapter demonstrate these concepts.

Name a computer using the Network control panel. Each device on the same networkmust be given a unique name. When you double-click on the Network Neighborhood (orMy Network Places) desktop icon, you can view the network device names. They can alsobe viewed by typing nbtstat −n from a command prompt. The command prompt can alsobe used to access network shares by using the UNC (Universal Naming Convention).For example, a computer called CSchmidt has a network share called TESTS. By typing\\CSchmidt\TESTS at the Run prompt, you can access the network share.

To share a folder, use My Computer or Explorer. Locate the folder to be shared andright-click on it. Click on the Sharing option. Click on the Sharing tab and click in theShared As radio button to enable sharing. In the Share Name text box, type a name for thenetwork share. This name appears in other computers’ Network Neighborhood or My Net-work Places when accessed across the network. In the Access Type section of the window,

Configuring Networking D-27

click on the appropriate radio button for the type of access remote users have to the folder.If a password is to be assigned, type it in the text box. Click on the OK button and test froma remote computer.

In a network, it is common to map a drive letter to a frequently used network share.To map a drive letter to a network share, right-click on the Network Neighborhood or MyNetwork Places (Windows 2000 and XP) desktop icon. Select the Map Network Driveoption. Select a drive letter in the Drive box by clicking on the down arrow. In the Folderor Path box (depending on the operating system), type the UNC for the network share oruse the Browse button or Shared Directories window (depending on the operating system)to select the network share. The Reconnect at Logon check box allows you to connect tothe mapped drive every time you logon.

When configuring TCP/IP, an IP address and subnet mask must be assigned to thenetwork device. The IP address is what makes the network device unique and what allowsit to be reached by other network devices. There are two ways to get an IP address: (1)statically define the IP address and mask or (2) use DHCP.

When an IP address is statically defined, that means that someone manually enters anIP address into the computer. This is done through the Network control panel. The appro-priate mask must also be entered. The correct IP address and mask can be obtained fromthe company’s network administrator. Entering an IP address that is a duplicate of anothernetwork device renders the new network device inoperable on the network. Most supportpeople do not statically define IP addresses unless the device is an important networkdevice such as a web server, database server, network server, router, or switch. Instead,technicians use DHCP.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a method of automatically assign-ing IP addresses to network devices. A DHCP server (software configured on a networkserver or router) contains a pool of IP addresses. When a network device has been con-figured for DHCP and it boots, the device sends out a request for an IP address. A DHCPserver responds to this request and issues an IP address to the network device. DHCPmakes IP addressing easier and keeps network devices from being assigned duplicate IPaddresses.

Another important concept that relates to IP addressing is a default gateway (or gate-way of last resort). A default gateway is an IP address assigned to a network device thattells the device where to send a packet that is destined for a remote network. The defaultgateway address is the IP address of the router that is directly connected to that immediatenetwork. A router’s job is to find the best path to another network. A router has variousnetwork numbers stored in memory. Consider Network Figure #17.


Network devices on the 193.14.150.0 network use the router IP address of 193.14.150.1as a default gateway address. When a network device on the 193.14.150.0 network wantsto send a packet to the 193.14.151.0 network, it sends the packet to the router’s IP addressthat is on the same network (the gateway address). The router, in turn, looks up the des-tination address (193.14.151.x) in its routing table and sends it out the other interface(193.14.151.1) to the remote network device on the 193.14.151.0 network.

The default gateway address for all network devices on the 193.14.151.0 network is193.14.151.1, the router’s IP address on the same network. Any network device on193.14.151.0 sending information to the 193.14.150.0 sends it to the default gatewayaddress. For network devices on the 193.14.151.0 network, the gateway address is193.14.151.1.

Network devices can receive their default gateway address from the DHCP server justlike they can an IP address. The DHCP server must be configured for the appropriatedefault gateway address to give to network devices. An important note is that a DHCPserver can give out IP addresses to network devices on remote networks as well as thenetwork to which the DHCP server is directly connected. Default gateway addresses areimportant for network devices that need to communicate with network devices on othernetworks. The default gateway address is configured using the Network control panel underthe TCP/IP section.

Other elements of TCP/IP information that may need to be configured are one or moreDNS server IP addresses and one or more WINS server IP addresses. A DNS (DomainName System) server is an application that runs on a network server that provides trans-lation of Internet names into IP addresses. DNS is used on the Internet, so you do not haveto remember the IP address of each site to which you connect. For example, DNS wouldbe used to connect to Scott/Jones Publishing by translating the URL (Universal ResourceLocator) www.scottjonespub.com into the IP address 167.160.239.173. A computer can

Network Figure 17: Default Gateway

Configuring Networking D-29

receive the DNS server’s IP address from DHCP if the DHCP server has been configuredfor this. A technician can also manually configure the system for one or more DNS serverIP addresses through the Network control panel.

If a DNS server does not know a domain name (it does not have the name in itsdatabase), the DNS server can contact another DNS server to get the translation infor-mation. Common three letter codes used with DNS (three letters used at the end of adomain name) are com (commercial sites), edu (educational sites), gov (government sites),net (network-related sites), and org (miscellaneous sites).

A WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) server keeps track of IP addressesassigned to a specific computer name. When connecting to another computer, a user typesa computer’s name and not the computer’s IP address. The WINS server translates thename to an IP address. The WINS server’s IP address can be configured under the Networkcontrol panel. WINS is very important especially on computers that receive their IP addressfrom DHCP. The IP address can change each time the computer boots because with DHCP,you can configure the DHCP server to issue an IP address for a specific amount of time.In addition, the DHCP server can send the WINS server’s IP address to a network devicejust like the server sends the default gateway address and the DNS address. Another impor-tant fact about WINS is that newer DNS servers can now provide the computer name aswell as the domain name to IP address translation.

NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTINGOne way to troubleshoot a network is to determine how many devices are affected. Forexample, if only one computer cannot communicate across a network, it will be handleddifferently than if several (or all) computers on a network cannot communicate. The easi-est way to determine how many devices are having trouble is by using a simple test. Sincemost computers use TCP/IP, one tool that can be used for testing is the ping command.Ping sends a packet to an IP destination (that you determine) and a reply is sent back fromthe destination device (when everything is working fine). The ping command can be usedto determine if the network path is available, if there are delays along the path, and whetherthe remote network device is reachable.

The ping utility can be used to test the NIC as well as the TCP/IP protocol running onthe NIC with the command ping 127.0.0.1. The 127.0.0.1 IP address is what is known asa private IP address, which means it cannot be used by the outside world. The 127.0.0.1is also known as a loopback address. A loopback address is not used to check connectionsto another computer, but is used to test a NIC card’s own basic network setup.

If the ping is successful (a message that a reply was received from 127.0.0.1), then theTCP/IP protocol stack is working correctly on the NIC. If the ping responds with a noanswer or 100% packet loss error, TCP/IP is not properly installed or functioning cor-rectly on that one workstation.


The ping command can be used to check connectivity all around the network. Net-work Figure #18 shows a sample network that is used to explain how ping is used to checkvarious network points.

The network consists of various network devices including two servers and two laserprinters. The devices connect to one of two switches that are connected together using theuplink port. This port allows two similar devices to be connected together with a standardEthernet cable or fiber cable. A router connects to the top switch and the router connectsto the Internet.

The 195.16.10.3 workstation cannot access a file on Server2 (195.16.10.100). The firststep in troubleshooting is to ping Server2. If this is successful (the destination reachable),the problem is in Server2 or the file located on the server. If the ping is unsuccessful, thereis a problem elsewhere. Right now, the ping is unsuccessful, so ping another device thatconnects to the same switch. From workstation 195.16.10.3, ping Server1 (195.16.10.2)which connects to the same switch. This ping is successful and tells you the connectionbetween the 195.16.10.3 workstation and the switch is good, the switch is working, thecable connecting to Server1 is fine, and Server1 is functioning. If the ping is unsuccessful,one of these things is faulty.

Network Figure 18: Sample Network Configuration

Network Troubleshooting D-31

Now ping workstation 195.16.10.101 (a device other than the server on the remoteswitch). If the ping is successful, (1) the uplink cable is operational, (2) the second switchis operational, (3) the cable that connects workstation 195.16.10.101 to the switch is good,and (4) the 195.16.10.101 workstation has been successfully configured for TCP/IP. If theping is unsuccessful, one of these four items is faulty. If the ping is successful, the prob-lems could be (1) Server2’s cable, (2) the switch port to which the server connects, (3)server NIC, (4) server configuration, or (5) the file on Server2.

To see the current IP configuration, use the WINIPCFG or IPCONFIG command froma DOS prompt. The WINIPCFG command is used with Windows 95 and Windows 98.The IPCONFIG command is used with Windows 98, NT Workstation, NT Server, 2000Professional, 2000 Server, and XP. To access the DOS prompt on Windows 9x, click onthe Start button, point to the Programs option, and click on the MS-DOS Prompt option.In NT Workstation or Server, click on the Start button, point to the Programs option, andclick on the Command Prompt option. When using Windows 2000 Professional or Server,click on the Start button, point to Programs, point to the Accessories option, and click onthe Command Prompt option. Network Figures #19 and #20 show you the switches andoutput of each command.

Network Figure 19: WINIPCFG


Make sure when using WINIPCFG, that you click on the down arrow to select the appro-priate NIC. Exercises at the end of the chapter step you through configuring a NIC andTCP/IP, and sharing network resources.

Use the ping command followed by the name of the device being tested, for example,ping www.scottjonespub.com. A DNS server translates the name to an IP address. If thesite can be reached by pinging the IP address, but not the name, there is a problem withthe DNS server.

A program that helps with DNS server troubleshooting is a tool called NSLOOKUP.NSLOOKUP is available on NT Server and 2000 Server. NSLOOKUP allows you to seedomain names and their associated IP addresses. When an Internet site (server) cannot becontacted by its name, but can be contacted using its IP address, there is a DNS problem.NSLOOKUP can make troubleshooting these types of problems easier.

The tracert command is also a commonly used tool. The tracert command is used todisplay the path a packet takes through the network. The benefit of using the tracert com-mand is that you can see where a fault is occurring in a larger network.

The following list are things that can help with NIC troubleshooting:• From a command prompt window, ping 127.0.0.1 to test the NIC. Ping another device

on the same network. Ping another device on a remote network. Ping the default gate-way. Use the tracert command to see if the fault is inside or outside the company.

Network Figure 20: IPCONFIG

Network Troubleshooting D-33

• Check the status light on the NIC to see if the physical connection is good. DifferentNICs have different colored lights, but the two most common colors used with statuslights to indicate a good connection are green and orange.

• Check the status light on the hub or switch that is used to connect the workstation NICto the network. Green is a common color for a good connection on these devices.

• Use Device Manager to ensure that no conflicts exist, to verify that the NIC is working,and use the Troubleshoot button for Windows assistance with the NIC.

• Check cabling. Even though the status lights may be indicating the connection is good,the cabling can still be faulty.

• Update the device driver by obtaining a newer one from the NIC manufacturer’s website.

• Check the IP addressing used. Use the ipconfig command from a prompt to ensure theNIC has an IP address assigned.

• Swap the NIC with another one.The NET command is also useful in network troubleshooting and configuration. A

good site for the NET command is www.computerhope.com/nethlp.htm. Network Table#6 shows the commonly used NET commands.

Network Table 6: NET Commands

NET Command Purpose

NET DIAG Used in Windows 98 and 2000 to run a hardwarediagnostic program between two computers.

NET LOGOFF Used in Windows 98 and 2000 to break a connectionbetween a computer and its connected networkresources.

NET USE Available in Windows to connect or disconnect acomputer from a network resource. It can also be usedto view information about network connections

NET VER In Windows 98 and 2000, this command displays thetype and version of the network redirector.

NET VIEW Available in Windows to display a list of computers ina workgroup or a specific computer’s shared networkresources.


CONFIGURING A NETWORKED PRINTERThere are three ways to network a printer.• Connect a printer to a port on a computer that is connected to the network and share the

printer.• Setup a computer or device that is designated as a print server. Connect the print server

to the network.• Connect a printer with a network connector installed directly to the network.Printers can also be password protected on the network.Anetworked printer is very commonin today’s home and business computing environment. Networking expensive printers suchas laser printers and color printers is cost effective.

Aprinter that is connected to a workstation can be shared across the network by enablingFile and Print Sharing. An exercise at the end of the chapter explains how to do this. OnceFile and Print Sharing is enabled, a printer is shared simply by clicking on the Start button,pointing to the Settings option, clicking on the Printer option, right-clicking on the printerto be shared, selecting Properties, and clicking on the Sharing option.

With Microsoft operating systems, networked printers are much easier to configurethan they used to be. To connect and use a networked printer, use the Add Printer wizard.A prompt is available that asks whether the printer is local or networked. A local printeris one that is directly attached to the computer and a networked printer is one attached toanother workstation, a print server, or directly connected to the network.

Even though print drivers normally automatically download, sometimes they causeprinting problems. The best way to tackle this situation is to manually load the print driverfor the networked printer.

NETWORK PRINTER TROUBLESHOOTINGTo begin troubleshooting a networked printer, do all the things that are normally donewhen troubleshooting a local printer. Check the obvious things first. Does the printer havepower? Is the printer on line? Does the printer have paper? Are the printer’s connector(s)secured tightly? Is the correct printer driver loaded? If all of these normal troubleshootingsteps check out correctly, the following list can help with networked printers.• Print a test page and see if the printer’s IP address outputs or see if the printer is labeled

with its IP address. If so, ping the printer’s IP address to see if there is network con-nectivity between the computer and the printer. Use the tracert command to see if thereis a complete network path to the printer.

• Check the printer’s properties page to see if the printer has been paused.• Cancel any print jobs in the print queue and resubmit the print job.• Delete the print driver and reinstall.

Network Printer Troubleshooting D-35

DIAL-UP NETWORKINGDUN (Dial-up Networking) is a remote computer that dials into the Internet or a corpo-ration using a modem. Another technology using dial-up networking is virtual privatenetworking. VPN (Virtual Private Networking) is a remote computer connecting to aremote network by “tunneling” over an intermediate network such as the Internet or aLAN. Once connected, the remote user can make use of network devices as if they weredirectly connected to the network. Network Figure #21 illustrates these concepts.

The type of connection, protocol, and settings that you configure on the remote com-puter depends on the company to which you are connecting. The most commonly usedprotocol is TCP/IP, but Microsoft operating systems do support IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.A connection protocol used with dial-up networking is PPP. PPP (Point-to-Point Proto-col) is a connection-oriented, layer 2 protocol that encapsulates data for transmission overphone lines. An older protocol that was used with dial-up networking and was the pre-decessor to PPP is SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol).

In Windows 98 to make a dial-up networking connection, make sure a modem isproperly installed. Then access the dial-up networking wizard by double-clicking on theMy Computer desktop icon, double-clicking on the Dial-up Networking folder, and thendouble-clicking on the Make New Connection icon. If the Dial-up Networking folder is notthere, you can install the required components using the Add/Remove Programs controlpanel.

Network Figure 21: Dial-Up Networking and VPN


In Windows 2000, click on the Start button, access the Settings option, and click onthe Network and Dial-up Connections folder. The Make New Connection wizard is usedto set up dial-up networking or configure a VPN connection.

In Windows XP, click on the Start button, select Control Panel, point to Network andInternet Connections, and select Network Connections. Under Network tasks, select Cre-ate a new connection. An area code may have to be entered. Click on the Next button.Select the appropriate type of network connection and click on the Next button. Type ina name for the connection and select Next. Enter the remote modem’s phone number andclick on the Next button. Ensure the Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop checkbox is enabled and click on the Finish button.

Before creating a remote connection, you should always determine what parametersare to be entered before starting the configuration. Contact the network administrator forexact details on how to configure the remote connection. If the connection is to the Internetvia an ISP, detailed instructions are available on the ISP’s web site and/or with the mate-rials that come with the Internet package from the ISP.

There are many types of network connections. Dial-up networking normally uses POTS(Plain Old Telephone Service) or ISDN. Businesses use various types of network con-nections leased from the local phone company or a provider. Network Table #7 shows thetypes of network connections and bandwidth.

Network Table 7: Network Connections

Connection Type Speed

POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) 2400bps to 115Kbps analog phone line

ISDN (Integrated Services DigitalNetwork)

64Kbps to 1.544Mbps digital line

Frame Relay 56K to 1.544Mbps

56K point to point 56K guaranteed bandwidth between twopoints

T1 1.544Mbps guaranteed bandwidth betweentwo points

T3 44Mbps guaranteed bandwidth betweentwo points

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 256Kbps and higher; shares data line withvoice line

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Up to 2Gbps

Dial-Up Networking D-37

INTERNET SOFTWAREOnce a dial-up networking configuration or the LAN configuration tasks have been com-pleted, you can connect to the Internet. Most people use a web browser when connectingto the Internet. A browser allows you to view web pages across the Internet. The two mostcommon Internet browsers are Internet Explorer (also known as IE) and Netscape Navigator.Other web browsers include Opera Software’s Opera and NeoPlanet, Inc.’s NeoPlanet.Internet Explorer comes with Microsoft operating systems. Netscape Navigator is avail-able from Netscape Communications Corporation (home.netscape.com) or free from someISPs when you enroll with their service. If Internet Explorer is not loaded on the computer,add it using the Add/Remove Programs control panel or go to Microsoft’s web site atwww.microsoft.com to download the latest version.

Keeping the web browser current is important. Internet hackers frequently target Inter-net browsers and constant updates are provided that help with these attacks. Before upgrad-ing, you should determine the web browser’s current version. With any software application,the version is determined by starting the application, clicking on the Help menu item, andclicking on the About x, where x is the name of the application. With Internet Explorer, thefirst two numbers listed are the software version numbers. There is another value calledCipher Strength that is a bit value for encryption. Encryption is changing your transmittedfiles into data so it cannot be recognized.

Internet browsers frequently need plug-ins. A plug-in is an application designed towork with the browser. Common plug-ins are Macromedia Flash, Macromedia Shock-wave, RealNetwork’s RealPlayer, Apple QuickTime, Adobe Acrobat Reader, and WinZip.Macromedia Flash allows web animations to be played. Macromedia Shockwave is forinteractive multimedia graphics and audio applications. RealPlayer is for playing stream-ing audio and video. QuickTime is used for playing video clips. Acrobat Reader is fordisplaying PDF documents. WinZip is used for compressing and expanding ZIP files.

Another common tool for a web browser is an accelerator. An accelerator speeds updownloads and Internet browsing (surfing). Some accelerators are plug-ins for the webbrowser software and others are standalone applications. Various download and browsingaccelerators are available on the Internet. One example is SpeedBit’s Download AcceleratorPlus; it’s available at www.speedbit.com. Two other popular ones are Go!Zilla availablefrom www.gozilla.com and NetSonic available from www.netsonic.com.

Another common Internet software application is an e-mail package. This softwareallows you to send messages across the Internet. Microsoft operating systems come withWindows Messaging (Inbox). Another popular freeware e-mail software program is EudoraLight. Many Internet providers also have their own e-mail package.

The e-mail service has to be configured. Many settings are configured through theMail control panel. Two common settings are POP and SMTP server addresses. POP standsfor Post Office Protocol and a POP3 server is a server used for retrieving e-mail. SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is used for sending e-mail. These settings for the e-mailservice are available from the network administrator or the ISP in their instructions forconfiguring dial-up networking.


A technician must be familiar with troubleshooting browser and e-mail applications.A good place to start is with the userid and password, POP3, and SMTP settings. In Inter-net Explorer, a technician needs to be familiar with the settings that can be configuredunder the Internet Options section of the Tools menu item. The Connections tab is a greatplace to start.

NETWORK TERMINOLOGYIn the networking field, there are tons of acronyms and terms with which you must befamiliar. Below are a few terms that are the most common.

Backbone—The part of the network that connects multiple buildings, floors, networks,etc., together.

Bandwidth—The width of a communications channel that defines its capacity fordata. Examples of bandwidth include up to 56Kbps for an analog modem connection,64Kbps to 128Kbps for an ISDN connection, up to 54Mbps for a wireless connection, andup to 1Gbps for an Ethernet network connection.

Baseband—A networking technology where the entire cable bandwidth is used totransmit a digital signal. Because LANs use baseband, there must be an access methodused to determine when a network device is allowed to transmit (token passing orCSMA/CD).

Broadband—A networking technology where the cable bandwidth is divided intomultiple channels. On these channels, simultaneous voice, video, and data can be sent.

E-mail—A shortened version of electronic mail. A method of communicating acrossthe Internet by using communications software.

Fast Ethernet—An extension of the original Ethernet standard that permits datatransmission of 100Mbps. Fast Ethernet uses CSMA/CD just like the original Ethernetstandard. Different types of Fast Ethernet are 100BaseT4, 100BaseTX, and 100BaseFX.

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)—A high-speed fiber network that uses thering topology and the token passing access method.

Frame—A term used for the encapsulated data found at layer 2 of the OSI model.FTP (File Transfer Protocol)—A protocol used when transferring files from one com-

puter to another across a network.HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)—The programming language used on the

Internet for creating web pages.HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)—A protocol used when communicating across

the Internet.Infrared—Many laptop computers have infrared ports on them that allow them to

communicate with other devices (such as another computer or a printer) across a wirelessnetwork. The common term used with this is IrDA (Infrared Serial Data Link).

Packet—A term used for the encapsulated data found at layer 3 of the OSI model.

Network Terminology D-39

POP (Point of Presence) or (Post Office Protocol)—A Point of Presence is an Inter-net access point. Post Office Protocol has two versions:POP2 and POP3. POP is used toretrieve e-mail from a network server. POP2 requires SMTP; with POP3, SMTP is optional.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)—A protocol that supports networkmonitoring and management.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)—A layer 4 connection-oriented protocol thatensures reliable communication between two devices.

Telnet—An application that allows connection to a remote network device.UDP (User Datagram Protocol)—A layer 4 connectionless protocol that applications

use to communicate with a remote device.

WIRELESS NETWORKS OVERVIEWWireless networks are networks that transmit data over air using either infrared or radiofrequencies. Wireless networks operate at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model. Most wirelessnetworks in home and businesses use radio frequencies. Wireless networks are very popularin home and business computer environments and are great in places that are not condu-cive to running cable, such as outdoor centers, convention centers, bookstores, coffee shops,and hotels, as well as between buildings and in between non-wired rooms in homes. Lap-tops are frequently used to connect to a wireless network. A technician must be familiarwith this technology for installation, configuration, and troubleshooting.

This chapter covers the types of wireless networks installed in most businesses andhomes. It does not cover Bluetooth. Bluetooth is a wireless technology for PANs (PersonalArea Networks). Bluetooth devices include PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), audio/visual products, automotive accessories, keyboards, mice, phones, printer adapters, cam-eras, and other small wireless devices.

WIRELESS NETWORK TYPESThere are two main types of wireless networks: ad hoc and infrastructure. An ad hocmode wireless network is also known as a peer-to-peer or IBSS (Independent Basic ServiceSet) mode. An ad hoc wireless network is when at least two devices such as two computershave wireless NICs (Network Interface Cards) installed. The two devices transmit andreceive data.

There are three major types of wireless NICs: PC Card, USB, and PCI. Network Figure#22 shows a D-link Systems, Inc.’s wireless NIC that could be installed in a laptop computer.


PCI wireless NICs allow desktop or tower computers to access a wireless network. NetworkFigure #23 shows D-Link Systems Inc.’s PCI wireless NIC.

The third most popular type of wireless NIC attaches to the USB port and is often foundin home networks. Network Figure #24 shows a LinkSys USB wireless NIC.

Network Figure 22: D-Link’s Wireless PC Card NIC

Network Figure 23: PCI Wireless NIC

Wireless Network Types D-41

An ad hoc mode wireless network is used when two people want to play a network-based game, two or more computers need to transfer data, or one computer connects to theInternet and the other computer(s) are not wired into the same network. Network Figure#25 shows an ad hoc mode wireless network that consists of two laptops communicatingover airwaves.

The infrastructure mode wireless network connects multiple wireless network devicesthrough an access point. An access point is a device that receives and transmits data frommultiple computers that have wireless NICs. Network Figure #26 shows a D-Link accesspoint. In the access point shown in Network Figure #26, there are two connectors on theside—an Ethernet connector and a power connector.

Network Figure 24: Linksys USB Wireless NIC

Network Figure 25: Ad Hoc Wireless Network


The easiest way to describe an access point is to think of it as a network hub—itconnects the wireless network. Network Figure #27 shows an infrastructure mode wirelessnetwork with an access point and multiple wireless devices.

Network Figure 26: A D-Link Access Point

Network Figure 27: Infrastructure Mode Wireless Network


The access point can also be wired to another wireless network or a wired network.The access point can then relay the transmission from a wireless device to another networkor to the Internet through the wired network. Network Figure #28 shows a D-Link accesspoint connected to a NETGEAR switch. This switch could also be further connected toother network infrastructure devices such as another switch or a router.

When multiple devices connect to an access point (whether that access point is wiredto a LAN or not), the configuration is known as a BSS (Basic Service Set). NetworkFigure #29 shows an infrastructure mode and an access point. The access point connectsto a wired network and gives the wireless devices access to the Internet.

Network Figure 28: D-Link Access Point Connected to NETGEAR Switch


When multiple access points connect to the same main network (known to some as thedistribution system), the network design is known as an ESS (Extended Service Set).Network Figure #30 shows an ESS wireless network.

Network Figure 29: Wireless Network Connected to Wired Network

Network Figure 30: Extended Service Set Wireless Network


Each access point can handle 60 to 200 network devices depending on vendor, wire-less network environment, amount of usage, and the type of data being sent. Each accesspoint is assigned an SSID (Service Set Identifier). An SSID is a set of 32 alphanumericcharacters used to differentiate between different wireless networks. Wireless NICs canautomatically detect an access point or can be configured manually with the access point’sSSID. Some manufacturers refer to the SSID in infrastructure mode as the ESSID (ExtendedService Set Identifier), but this is the same concept as SSID. In situations such as a wire-less cafhc), bookstore, or convention center, an SSID may not be required on the wirelessNIC. However, in a home or business environment, an SSID may be required.

If two access points are used and they connect two different wireless networks, twodifferent SSIDs would be used. Network Figure #31 shows this concept.

If two access points connect to the same wireless network, the same SSID is used.Network Figure #32 shows this concept.

Network Figure 31: Two Separate Wireless Networks with Two SSIDs


In addition to SSIDs, an access point can be configured with a password and a channelID. When an access point is purchased, a default password is assigned. Because defaultpasswords are available through the Internet, the password needs to be changed imme-diately so that unauthorized access is not permitted.The channel ID defines at what frequencythe access point operates. With the 802.11b standard (covered in greater detail in the nextsection), up to 14 channels are available depending on what part of the world the wirelessnetwork is being deployed. In the United States, only 11 channels are used and they arelisted in Network Table #8.

Network Table 8: 802.11b Frequency Channels

Channel ID Number Frequency (in GHz)

1 2.412

2 2.417

3 2.422

4 2.427

5 2.432

6 2.437

7 2.442

8 2.447

9 2.452

Network Figure 32: One Extended Wireless Network with the Same SSID on BothAccess Points


Network Table 8: 802.11b Frequency Channels (continued)

Channel ID Number Frequency (in GHz)

10 2.457

11 2.462

The frequencies shown in Network Table 8 are center frequencies. The center fre-quencies are spaced 5MHz apart. Each channel is actually a range of frequencies. Forexample, Channel 1’s range is 2.401 to 2.423 with the center frequency being 2.412. Channel2’s range is 2.406 to 2.428 with the center frequency being 2.417.

What is really important about channel IDs is that each access point must have adifferent frequency or non-overlapping channel ID. Channel IDs should be selected atleast five channel numbers apart so they do not interfere with one another. The wirelessdevices that connect to an access point have the same frequency setting as the access point.For most devices, this is an automatic detection feature.

The three commonly used non-overlapping channel IDs are 1, 6, and 11. By usingthese three channel IDs, the three access points would not interfere with one another. Thisis because each center frequency overlaps with the adjacent frequency channels. NetworkFigure #33 shows this concept.

Notice in Network Figure #33 how each center frequency is 5MHz from the next centerfrequency. Also notice how each channel is actually a range of frequencies shown by theshaded ovals. Channels 1, 6, and 11 clearly do not overlap and do not interfere with eachother. Other non-overlapping channel combinations could be channels 2 and 7, channels3 and 8, channels 4 and 9, as well as channels 5 and 10. The combination of channels 1,

Network Figure 33: 802.11b Non-overlapping Channels


6, and 11 is preferred because it gives you three channels with which to work. NetworkFigure #34 is a different way of looking at how channels 1, 6, and 11 do not overlap.

Network Figure #35 shows how the three non-overlapping channels can be used to haveextended coverage even with multiple access points.

With 802.11a (covered in greater detail in the next section), 12 20MHz channels areavailable in the 5GHz range. Out of these 12 channels, eight can be non-overlapping. The

Network Figure 34: The Most Commonly Used 802.11b Channel IDs: 1, 6, and 11

Network Figure 35: 802.11b Non-overlapping Channel IDs


802.11a standard breaks the 5GHz range into three subranges called UNII1 (UNII standsfor Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure), UNII2, and UNII3. In the UnitedStates, most chipsets support only UNII1 and UNII2, so four channels can be chosen fromthe UNII1 range and four channels from the UNII2 range. Network Table 9 shows the802.11a ranges.

Network Table 9: 802.11a Frequency Channels

Frequency Band Purpose Channel IDCenter Frequency(in GHz)

UNII1 (lower band)5.15 to 5.25GHzMaximum outputpower is 40mW

Indoor only 36 5.180

40 5.200

44 5.220

48 5.240

UNII2 (middle band)5.25 to 5.35GHzMaximum outputpower is 200mW

Indoor/outdoor 52 5.260

56 5.280

60 5.300

64 5.320

UNII3 (upper band)5.725 to 5.825GHzMaximum outputpower is 800mW

Outdoor only 149 5.745

153 5.765

157 5.785

161 5.805

The channel ID (frequency) between the access point and the adapter must match forcommunication to occur.

Most access points can be configured as a repeater to extend the coverage area of thewireless network. In this instance, the access point cannot normally be connected to thewired LAN. Instead, it attaches to a “root” access point. The repeater access point allowswireless devices to communicate with it and relays the data to the other access point.Another way to think of this is as two hubs connected together. Both access points willhave the same SSID. Network Figure #36 shows this concept.


ANTENNA BASICSWireless cards and access points can have either external antennas or antennas built intothem. An antenna is used to radiate or receive radio waves. Some laptops have the wire-less antenna built into the laptop screen. The quality of these integrated antennas is diverse.Some access points also have integrated antennas. Wireless NICS and access points canalso have detachable antennas depending on the make and model. With external antennas,you can simply move the antenna to a different angle to obtain a better connection. Withsome laptops, you must turn the laptop to a different angle to attach to an access point.External antenna placement is important in a wireless network.

There are two major categories of antennas: omnidirectional and directional. An omni-directional antenna radiates in all directions. A directional antenna radiates energy ina specific direction. Each antenna has a specific radiation pattern. A radiation pattern(sometimes called a propagation pattern) is the direction(s) the radio frequency is sent orreceived. It is the coverage area for the antenna that is normally shown in a graphicalrepresentation in the antenna manufacturer’s specifications. Network Figure #37 showsthe difference in radiation patterns with omnidirectional and directional antennas.

Network Figure 36: Access Point as a Repeater

Antenna Basics D-51

As a wireless network installer, you must be familiar with the antenna’s radiationpattern so that the appropriate type of antenna can be chosen for the installation. As asignal is radiated from an antenna, some of the signal is lost. Attenuation is the amountof signal loss of a radio wave as it travels (is propagated) through air. Attenuation is some-times called path loss.

Attenuation is measured in decibels. The decibel is a value that represents a measureof the ratio between two signal levels. In general, the higher the decibels, the better thesignal. As a wireless device is moved farther away from the access point or other wirelessdevice, the more attenuation occurs. Walls, trees, obstacles, or other radio waves can causeattenuation. The type of radio antenna and length of antenna cable can also be a factor inattenuation. Things that affect an antenna’s path loss are the distance between the trans-mitting antenna and the receiving antenna, what obstructions are between the two anten-nas, and how high the antenna is mounted. Another factor that affects wireless transmissionis interference, including radio frequencies being transmitted using the same frequencyrange and external noises.

An important concept in relationship to antennas is gain and in order to understandgain, an isotropic antenna must be discussed. An isotropic antenna is not real; it is animaginary antenna that is perfect in that it theoretically transmits an equal amount of powerin all directions. The omnidirectional radiation pattern shown in the previous figure wouldbe one of an isotropic antenna. Antenna gain is the antenna’s output power in a particulardirection compared to the output power produced in any direction by an isotropic antenna.Antenna gain is measured in dBi, which is a measurement of decibels in relationship toan isotropic antenna. (The “i” is for isotropic.)

Network Figure 37: Antennas’ Basic Radiation Patterns


Some antennas are shown with a measurement of dBd instead of dBi. This measure-ment is referenced to a dipole antenna. (The “d” at the end is for dipole.) 0 dBd equals 2.14dBi. More gain means more coverage in a particular direction.

Gain is actually logarithmic in nature. Before any of you shut this area out of yourmind because a math term is mentioned, hang on. A 3dB gain is twice the output power.10dB is 10 times the power, 13dB is about 20 times the power, and 20dB is 100 times thepower. Gain that is shown with a negative value means there is a power loss. For example,a −3dB gain means the power is halved.

Imagine a round balloon that is blown up. The balloon represents an isotropic radia-tion pattern—it extends in all direction. Push down on the top of the balloon and theballoon extends out more horizontally than it does vertically. Push on the side of the bal-loon and the balloon extends more in one horizontal directional that the side being pushed.Now think of the balloon’s shape as an antenna’s radiation pattern. Antenna designers canchange the radiation pattern of an antenna, by changing the antenna’s length and shapesimilar to how a balloon’s looks can be changed by pushing on it in different directions.In this way, different antennas can be created to serve different purposes.

A site survey is an examination of an area to determine the best wireless hardwareplacement. Temporarily mount the access point. With a laptop that has a wireless NIC andsite survey software, walk around the wireless network area to see the coverage range.Most vendors provide site survey software with their wireless NICs.

The site survey can also be conducted by double clicking on the network icon on thetask bar. The signal strength is shown in the window that appears. Move the access pointas necessary to avoid attenuation and obtain the largest area coverage. Radio waves areaffected by obstructions such as walls, trees, rain, snow, fog, and buildings, so the sitesurvey may need to be done over a period of time for a larger project.

There are many different types of antennas, but four common ones are parabolic, Yagi,patch, and dipole. Parabolic antennas can come in either grid or dish type models and theyare usually used in outdoor environments. Parabolic dishes are used to provide the greatestdistances in a wireless network. Parabolic dish antennas may not come with mountinghardware, so you should research if additional hardware is needed before purchasing. Net-work Figure #38 shows a parabolic dish antenna from Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Figure 38: Cisco Systems’ Parabolic Dish Antenna

Antenna Basics D-53

A Yagi antenna can be used indoors or outdoors depending on the manufacturer. It isused for long distance communication and normally is not very large or hard to mount.The Yagi may or may not have mounting hardware. Network Figure #39 shows a Yagifrom Hyperlink Technologies, Inc.

A patch antenna can also be used indoors and outdoors. Patch antennas can be mountedto a variety of surfaces including room columns or walls. Network Figure #40 shows apatch antenna from Cisco Systems, Inc.

The last type of antenna covered in this section is a dipole antenna. A dipole antennais frequently referred to as a rubber ducky. A dipole antenna attaches to wireless NICs andaccess points and is used in indoor applications. Of all the previously mentioned antennatypes, the dipole has the lowest range. Network Figure #41 shows a dipole antenna attachedto an access point from D-Link Systems, Inc.

Network Figure 39: Hyperlink Technologies’ Yagi Antenna

Network Figure 40: Patch Antenna from Cisco Systems


WIRELESS NETWORK STANDARDSThe IEEE 802.11 committees define standards for wireless networks and these can bequite confusing. Network Table #10 shows the different standards as well as proposedstandards.

Network Figure 41: Dipole Antenna from D-Link Systems

Wireless Network Standards D-55

Network Table 10: IEEE 802.11 Standards

Standard Purpose

802.11 Research MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) was the originalpurpose. Operated in 2.4GHz range and ran at 1 or 2 Mbps. Nolonger in use.

802.11a Came out after 802.11b standard. Has speeds up to 54 Mbps, butis incompatible with 802.11b. Operates in the 5−6GHz range.

802.11b Currently, the most popular 802.11 standard. Operates in the2.4000 and 2.4835GHz radio frequency range with speeds up to11Mbps.

802.11g Recently released standard that operates in the 2.4 GHz rangewith speeds up to 54Mbps and is backwards compatible with802.11b.

802.11i Proposed specification for wireless network security.

802.11x Group of proposed standards that are being developed that willhelp with wireless network security including 802.11e (whichdeals with quality of service), 802.11f (which focuses on accesspoint interoperability), 802.11h (which covers interference), and,of course, 802.11i (the proposed security specification).

A technician must be most familiar with the 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g standards.Network Table #11 shows the major differences among these three standards, includingthe modulation types used. Modulation is when data is added to a carrier signal. Mostpeople are familiar with radio modulation, which can use either AM (amplitude modula-tion) or FM (frequency modulation). Different modulation techniques are used with wire-less networks to achieve greater speeds.


Network Table 11: 802.11 Major Standards Comparison

Standard Speed in Mbps Radio Band Modulations Used

802.11a 6, 9, 12, 18, 24,36, 48 or 54

5GHz BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)QPSK (Quadrature Phase ShiftKeying)

16-QAM (16 bit QuadratureAmplitude Modulation)

64-QAM (64 bit QuadratureAmplitude Modulation)

802.11b 1, 2, 5.5, or 11 2.4GHz DQPSK/CCK (Differential QuadraturePhase Shift Keying/ComplementaryCode Keying)

DQPSK (Differential Quadrature PhaseShift Keying)

DBPSK (Differential Binary PhaseShift Keying)

802.11g 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9,11, 22, 24, 33,36, or 54

2.4GHz OFDM/CCK (Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing/Complementary Code Keying)

OFDM (Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing)

DQPSK/CCK (Differential QuadraturePhase Shift Keying/ComplementaryCode Keying)

DQPSK (Differential Quadrature PhaseShift Keying)

DBPSK (Differential Binary PhaseShift Keying)

Use the Internet to research these modulation differences.Note that the data transfer speed between the wireless NIC and an access point or

another wireless device is automatically negotiated for the fastest transfer possible. Thefarther away from an access point a wireless device is located, the lower the speed. NetworkFigure #42 shows this concept.

Wireless Network Standards D-57

WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY OVERVIEWSecurity has been a big concern with wireless network installers because most people arenot familiar with network security or wireless security. Wireless networks by their natureare insecure. Wireless access points are normally mounted in the ceiling or on the wallwhere they are conspicuous. Normal networking equipment such as hubs, switches, routers,and servers are locked in a cabinet or behind a locked door in a wiring closet.

Data transmitted over air is normally in clear text, which means that with specialframe capturing software on a laptop with a wireless NIC installed, the data can be capturedand viewed. Negotiation between the wireless devices and the access point is normally inclear text over air and that can be captured. All frames include a source MAC address andsomeone with a laptop with a wireless NIC installed can capture the frame, use the MACaddress, and use that MAC address to gain access to other resources. (This is known assession hijacking or MAC spoofing.) By default, access points transmit their SSIDs inclear text over air. All of these issues must be considered when installing a wireless net-work.

AUTHENTICATION AND WEPThe current 802.11 standards define two mechanisms for wireless security: authenticationand data confidentiality. Authentication is the process of determining that a network deviceor person has permission to enter the wireless network through the access point. The two

Network Figure 42: Access Point Speed Ranges


types of authentication are open and shared key. Open authentication allows a wirelessnetwork device to send a frame to the access point with the sender’s identity (MAC address).Open authentication is used when no authentication is required. Shared key authentica-tion requires the use of a shared key, which is a group of characters that both the wirelessnetwork device and access point must have in common. Shared key authentication doesnot scale well with larger wireless networks because each device must be configured withthe shared key authentication (and this is time consuming), the users must be told of theshared key and their individual stations configured for this (which is time consuming), ora server is used to provide the shared key automatically. Also, when manually input sharedkeys are used the key is not changed very often.

When shared key authentication is being used, WEP must be enabled. WEP (WirelessEquivalent Privacy) encrypts data being transmitted. Encryption is the process of con-verting data into an unreadable format. WEP has two versions (some vendors may havemore), which are 64-bit and 128-bit. These same two versions may also be seen as 40-bitand 104-bit. This is because each of the two versions uses a 24-bit initialization vector: 40plus 24 equals 64 and 104 plus 24 equals 128. Sometimes you might even see that indocumentation or web site wording, the author mixes the two types of numbers such as40-bit and 128-bit, so it can be confusing.

With WEP enabled, the shared “secret” key is normally entered into the wireless NICconfiguration window. Vendors have a variety of ways of inputting this alphanumeric key,but normally it is input in either hexadecimal or ASCII characters.

If 64-bit WEP is being used, five ASCII characters are entered (five times eight bits—onefor each ASCII character—equals 40 bits) or 10 hexadecimal characters (10 times fourbits—one for each hexadecimal character—equals 40 bits). If 128-bit WEP is beingused and entering the key in ASCII, 13 characters are entered. And if hexadecimal isbeing used with 128-bit WEP, 26 characters are typed.

If WEP is being used, all wireless NICs must be configured for WEP with the same type(length) WEP key and the same secret key as the access point or access will be denied.In the Windows environment, the WEP key is encrypted when it is stored in the registry.

Most wireless NIC manufacturers allow entering multiple WEP keys; however, onlyone key is used at a time. The multiple WEP keys are for multiple environments such asa WEP key for the business environment and a WEP key for the home wireless networkusing the same wireless NIC. Network Figure #43 shows the configuration dialog box fora wireless NIC and where the WEP is enabled.

Authentication and WEP D-59

Notice in Network Figure #43 that there is a checkbox for enabling WEP. The defaultconfiguration when WEP is enabled is for the checkbox The key is provided for me auto-matically to be enabled as well. The 802.11 standard does not define how the WEP key isprovided to the NIC. Some bigger companies use a server that provides the key to thewireless NIC securely. However, most installations require that the WEP key be enteredmanually. To do this, unckeck the checkbox The key is provided for me automatically andtype the WEP key in the Network key and Confirm network key text boxes. Notice how thisadapter does not allow you to specify the length of the WEP key, so it is the 64-bit version.

Some vendors have configuration utilities that allow wireless NIC configuration. Forexample, in Network Figure #44, Cisco Systems, Inc.’s Aironet Client Utility is shown.

Network Figure 43: Wireless NIC Properties Window with WEP Enabled


Notice in Network Figure #44 how a radio button is used to enable WEP. In the middlesection, you can choose whether to enter the key in hexadecimal or ASCII. Up to four keyscan be entered, but remember that only one is used at a time. Also notice that in the bottomsection where the WEP key is entered, the key size can be selected.

As a final note, WEP can be hacked. With special software on a laptop with a NICinstalled, WEP can be compromised. There are better wireless security standards on theway, but enabling WEP is better than no encryption whatsoever. Also, third-party productscan be used with some vendor’s wireless solutions and some vendors provide extra secu-rity of their own with their NIC cards and access points. The drawback to this is that othervendors’ products are normally incompatible.

DEFAULT SETTINGSAll wireless networks have security features. Access points come with a default passwordand SSID. Change both of these settings as soon as the access point is powered on. Defaultpasswords are posted on the Internet and a hacker could lock out access from the accesspoint.

Network Figure 44: Cisco Systems’ Aironet Client Utility Wireless Network Security Tab

Default Settings D-61

Change the wireless device’s default password during installation. Do not leave it to thedefault. The default passwords are well known by many others who could attempt tohack or penetrate the wireless network. Make the password a strong one. Use as manycharacters as feasible. Use upper- and lowercase letters. Include non-alphanumeric char-acters such as #, %, &, or @.

As mentioned previously, the SSID (Service Set Identifier) is used to allow wirelessdevices to attach to the access point or to another wireless device. Almost all access pointsare configured for SSID broadcasting. SSID broadcasting is where the access point peri-odically sends out a beacon frame that includes the SSID. Wireless NICs can detect thisSSID automatically and attach to the access point. This can be a security issue.

If possible and feasible, disable SSID broadcasting and manually enter the SSID intoany wireless NIC’s configuration. Even though this requires more effort, it protects thewireless network to some extent.

Common default access point SSIDs are shown in Network Table #12.

Network Table 12: Default Access Point Passwords

Vendor Default SSID

Cisco tsunami or autoinstall or

D-link WLAN

LinkSys linksys

NetGear Wireless

SMC WLAN

SOHOware Same as MAC address

Symbol 101

TELETRONICS any

ZCOMAX any, mello, or Test

ZYXEL Wireless

WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy), covered previously, is disabled by default. Eventhough WEP can be broken, enable it. When configuring WEP, use the largest bit sizepossible that will be compatible with all wireless NICs. The larger the WEP key, the stron-ger the encryption.


WIRELESS SECURITY CONCLUSIONA lot of issues have been raised about wireless security. It is an important issue. Thefollowing list recaps some of the important issues and provides recommendations alongwith a few recommendations for a more secure wireless network.• Change the default password and make it as long as possible. The password should

include non-alphanumeric characters.• Change the default SSID.• Enable WEP on the access point to the highest level possible and still allow wireless

NIC access. Used shared key authentication instead of open authentication.• Put the wireless network on its own subnetwork and place it behind a firewall if possible.• If provided, enable MAC authentication on the access point. MAC authentication allows

you to input valid MAC addresses that are allowed to associate to the access point. Eventhough time consuming, it is a good feature.

• If supported, authenticate using a Radius server.• If the SSID is manually configured, periodically change the SSID.• Assign a static IP address to the access point rather than using DHCP for it.• Disable remote management of the access point.• Disable SSID broadcasting on the access point.• Place the access point in the center of the wireless network and not next to an outside

window.• Use wireless network scanning software to test the network security.• Require that wireless clients use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) tunnel to access the

access point and wireless network.Wireless networks have a huge presence today and in the future. The 802.11i standards

are being developed to tighten security for wireless networks. The proposed 802.11i includesport-based authentication as part of the standard. It also includes WPA (Wi-Fi ProtectedAccess). WPA uses TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) to improve security. How-ever, WPA might not be backward compatible with older wireless equipment. The 802.11iproposed standard also includes RSN (Robust Security Network), which allows dynamicnegotiation between the access point and wireless clients for authentication and encryptionalgorithms.

WIRELESS NETWORK CARD INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATIONBefore any wireless adapters are installed, the basic configuration parameters should bedetermined. The following list helps with these decisions.• Will the wireless adapter be used in an ad hoc environment or infrastructure mode?• What is the SSID?• Is WEP enabled?• If WEP is enabled, what is the key length?• Is authentication open or shared key?

Wireless Network Card Installation and Configuration D-63

• If shared key authentication is being used, what is the shared key?• What is the most current driver for the operating system being used?

Wireless network adapters can be USB, PCI, ISA, or a PC Card. Each of these adapt-ers install like any other adapter of the same type. Not all computers in the wireless networkhave to have the same type of wireless NIC. For example, a desktop computer could havea PCI wireless NIC installed, a laptop computer in a cubicle office could have an inte-grated wireless NIC, and another laptop in another cubicle could have a PC Card wirelessNIC. All three can access the same wireless network and access point.

With most wireless NICs, the manufacturer’s software is normally installed before theNIC is installed or attached to the computer. With all wireless NICs, the latest driver forthe particular version of Windows should be downloaded from the manufacturer’s Website before the card is installed. Once the adapter is inserted or attached and the computeris powered on, Windows recognizes that a new adapter has been installed and prompts forthe driver. You must browse to the location of the new downloaded driver. Another methodis to install the driver that comes with the adapter and then upgrade it once installed.

Once the wireless adapter is installed, SSID and security options can be installed.These parameters are normally configured through a utility provided by the wireless NICmanufacturer or through Windows network control if Windows XP is installed. NetworkFigure #45 shows the wireless NIC properties screen that is accessible through the Win-dows XP Network Connections control panel.

Network Figure 45: General Tab of the Wireless NIC Properties Window


To access the configuration for the wireless network, click on the Wireless Networkstab. Network Figure #46 shows this window.

To configure the wireless network adapter for ad hoc mode or infrastructure mode,click on the Advanced button at the bottom of the window. Network Figure #47 shows thescreen that appears where the selection can be made.

Network Figure 46: Wireless Networks Tab of the Wireless NIC Properties Window

Wireless Network Card Installation and Configuration D-65

On the Wireless Networks tab, select the Add button to configure the wireless NIC fora wireless network. On this screen, the SSID can be input, WEP can be enabled, and theshared key can be input. Network Figure #48 shows this window.

Network Figure 47: Window to Select Ad Hoc Mode or Infrastructure Mode

Network Figure 48: Windows XP’s Wireless NIC Configuration Screen


Wireless NICs are very easy to install. The utilities that are provided with the NICsare quite sophisticated and easy to use. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Allof the screens and configuration utilities have the same type of information. Understandingwhat the configuration parameters means is important. The hardest part about configuringwireless NICs is obtaining the correct parameters before installation begins. Incorrectlyinputting any one of the parameters will cause the wireless NIC to not associate with theaccess point or remote wireless device and not transmit. Planning is critical for these typesof cards.

ACCESS POINT INSTALLATIONMany of the parameters needed for wireless NIC configuration are also needed for

access point installation. However, an access point is more involved because it is the cen-tral device of the wireless network. The following list helps with access point installation.The questions should be answered before the access point is installed.• What is the SSID to be used?• Is WEP enabled?• If WEP is enabled, what is the key length?• Is authentication open or shared key?• If shared key authentication is being used, what is the shared key?• Is there power available for the access point? Note that some access points can receive

power through an in-line switch.• How will the access point be mounted? Is mounting hardware provided with the access

point or does extra equipment have to be purchased?• Where should the access point be mounted for best coverage of the wireless network

area? Perform a site survey to see best performance. Temporarily mount the access point.With a laptop that has a wireless NIC and site survey software, walk around the wirelessnetwork area to see the coverage range. The site survey can also be conducted by doubleclicking on the network icon on the task bar; the signal strength is shown in the windowthat appears. Move the access point as necessary to avoid attenuation and obtain thelargest area coverage.

• What channel ID will be used?• Will the access point connect to the wired network and, if so, is there connectivity avail-

able where the access point will be mounted?

Network Figure #49 shows Cisco Systems Inc.’s site survey tool window that is used inhelp determining where to mount an access point.

Access Point Installation D-67

WIRELESS NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTINGTroubleshooting wireless networks is sometimes easier than a wired network because ofthe mobility factor. A laptop with a wireless NIC installed can be used to troubleshootconnectivity, configuration, security, and so forth. Most wireless network problems stemfrom inconsistent configuration. The standards deployed must be for the lowest commondenominator. For example, if a wireless NIC only supports 64-bit WEP encryption, thenthat must be what is used even if 128-bit WEP encryption is available on some of the cards.

The list that follows are some general wireless networking tips designed to get a tech-nician in the right direction. Most of these tips have been discussed in previous sections,but it is nice to have a troubleshooting list in one spot.• Is the SSID correct?• Is the type of wireless network (ad hoc or infrastructure) correctly configured?• Is the wireless NIC seen by the operating system? (Use Device Manager to check.)• Is WEP enabled? If so, is the WEP key correctly configured? Is the WEP key length

correct?• Is open or shared key authentication being used? Check configuration.• Can any devices attach to the access point? If not, check the access point.• Is anything causing interference or attenuation? Check antenna placement.

Network Figure 49: Cisco Systems, Inc.’s Site Survey Tool


• Is there a channel ID overlap problem?• If a manufacturer’s utility is being used and Windows XP is installed, does the Network

Properties window have the Use Windows to configure my wireless network settingscheckbox unchecked? If not, uncheck this checkbox to allow the utility to configure thewireless NIC.

Wireless networking is an emerging technology and will continue to grow in size,technology, and support issues. Technicians today must be familiar with this technologyas corporations and home users install these types of products. Because the technology isreasonably priced, many new technicians install their own wireless network for the expe-rience. Enjoy this technology because more wireless technologies are evolving.

Wireless Network Troubleshooting D-69

Name

NETWORKING REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A home user connects to the Internet. The ISP provides hard drive space for the user’sweb page. Is this a network? Why or why not?

2. What type of network is a large business most likely to have?

3. Which type of network is least secure and why?

4. What device is normally at the center of a star topology?

5. Which type of network topology takes the most cable and why?

6. Which type of topology does a Token Ring network use?

7. How are Token Ring networks cabled?

8. List three types of network media.

9. Match the following:

A. CAT 3 UTP _____ Most common type of cable

B. CAT 5 UTP _____ Used in 10Base2 networks

C. Coax _____ Voice-grade cable

D. Fiber _____ Backbone cable

10. What cabling standard is the most common for UTP cable?

11. What is the most common mistake technicians make when installing UTP?

12. What is the most expensive type of cable?[ Coax / Fiber / UTP / STP ]


13. What are the two types of fiber-optic cable and what is the difference between thetwo?

14. 10Base5 networks use what type of cabling?

15. Ethernet networks use what type of access method?

16. Token Ring networks use what type of access method?

17. What types of access methods are used when network devices “listen” to the cablebefore transmitting?

18. What does the CD mean in the term CSMA/CD and how does this affect Ethernetnetworks?

19. Explain token passing.

20. What type of access method is used when a workstation sends out a jam signal beforetransmitting data?

21. Explain the difference between half duplex and full duplex transmissions.

22. [ T / F ] Ethernet networks support half and full duplex transmissions.

23. List the speeds that Ethernet networks can operate.

24. What does the 10 mean in the term 10Base2?

25. What does the 2 mean in the term 10Base2?

26. Explain how full duplex transmission helps with Ethernet collisions.

27. Which network device works at layer 1 and sends received data out all its ports?

28. List three guidelines provided by the OSI model.

29. Describe a benefit of using a layered model approach to networking.

Networking Review Questions D-71

30. Write down your own mnemonic phrase that describes the OSI model from bottom totop (layer 1 to layer 7).

31. What layer of the OSI model encapsulates data into frames?

32. What is an ISP?

33. The analogy of a post office return receipt is used to describe what OSI model layer?[ Session / Network / Data link / Transport ]

34. Sometimes, when logging into a network, you must provide a userid and password orauthenticate yourself. What OSI layer handles authentication?[ Session / Presentation / Application / Transport ]

35. At what OSI model layer does a hub reside?

36. At what OSI model layer does a router reside?

37. Match the following:

A. TCP/IP _____ Used on Novell networks

B. NetBEUI _____ Used on the Internet

C. IPX/SPX _____ Used on peer-to-peer networks

38. What is the most common network protocol?

39. Which protocol is not routable?[ TCP/IP / IPX/SPX / NetBEUI ]

40. Which type of address is 48 bits in length?

41. Which type of address is not burned into a NIC ROM?

42. How many MAC address bits represent the NIC manufacturer?

43. Each number in an IP address represents how many bits?


44. Determine the class of IP address for each IP address shown below.

_____ 156.122.10.59

_____ 122.6.158.2

_____ 172.10.148.253

_____ 201.56.199.45

_____ 194.194.194.194

_____ 58.22.12.10

45. Draw a line between the network number and the host number for each of the followingIP addresses:

141.2.195.177

193.162.183.5

100.50.70.80

46. Explain why no network device can have the number 255 as its host number.

47. List four network configuration tasks.

48. List one way to view network device names.

49. List two methods of assigning an IP address to a network device.

50. [ T / F ] Workstation IP addresses are normally statically defined.

51. Reference the following drawing:

What IP address is the default gateway for host 150.10.5.2?

52. [ T / F ] DHCP can provide IP addresses of the DNS and WINS servers to a host.


53. What command is used to determine if another network device is reachable?

54. What IP address is known as the NIC loopback address?

55. What are the two commands used on Microsoft networks to view the current IPconfiguration?

56. What NT and 2000 Server tool is used to troubleshoot DNS problems?

57. What tool is used to determine the path a packet takes through a network?

58. List three ways to network a printer.

59. What does DUN stand for and what does this term mean?

60. What is the term given for the part of the network that connects multiple buildings orfloors.

61. What is the term given for layer 3 encapsulated data?

62. What is the name of the transport layer protocol that is connectionless?

63. List three characteristics of wireless networks.

64. Distinguish between the two wireless network types.

65. Complete the following chart with the appropriate type of wireless NIC.

Features Wireless NIC Type

Used in laptops

Attaches to a computer port

Installs into a motherboardexpansion slot

66. List one reason to configure a wireless ad hoc network.


67. [ T / F ] An access point must connect to a wired network.

68. [ T / F ] An access point can connect to another access point.

69. Two access points connect two different wireless networks. List the SSIDs for eachaccess point in the chart below.

Access Point SSID

Access Point 1

Access Point 2

70. Two access points connect and extend the same wireless network. List the SSIDs foreach access point in the chart below.

Access Point SSID

Access Point 1

Access Point 2

71. Two 802.11b access points (AP1 and AP2) have overlapping coverage areas. List thetwo channel IDs to assign to each access point by filling in the chart below.

Access Point Channel ID

AP1

AP2

72. How many channels are available in the United States when using the 802.11b standard?

73. What are the two major types of antenna classifications and how do they differ?

74. List three things that can cause attenuation.

75. Describe how an isotropic antenna is important to understanding any other type ofantenna.


76. What is dBi and how is this measurement important for antennas?

77. What is a site survey and how does it relate to antennas?

78. [ T / F ] Most vendors provide site survey software with their wireless NIC.

79. Compare and contrast a parabolic antenna with a Yagi antenna.

80. How many channels are available in the U.S. when using the 802.11a standard?

81. For what is the UNII2 band used?[indoor only \ outdoor only \ both indoor and outdoor \ bridge mode only]

82. [ T / F ] When communicating with an access point, the wireless NIC and accesspoint must be configured to the same frequency.

83. Match the following definitions:

_____ 802 A. Operates in the 2.4GHz range with speeds up to 54Mbps

_____ 802.11a B. Operates in the 2.4GHz range with speeds up to 2Mbps

_____ 802.11b C. Operates in the 2.4GHz range with speeds up to 11Mbps

_____ 802.11e D. Proposed security specification

_____ 802.11f E. Operates in the 5GHz range with speeds up to 54Mbps

_____ 802.11g F. Specifies interoperability between access points

_____ 802.11h G. Standard for quality of service

_____ 802.11i H. Standard for wireless interference

84. What are the two types of authentication currently used in wireless networks?

85. What is a shared key?

86. What is encryption?

87. Describe the difference between 40-bit, 64-bit, 104-bit, and 128-bit WEP.

88. How many hexadecimal characters are typed if 64-bit WEP is being used?


89. Why should the default SSID and password be changed during initial configuration?

90. What is LinkSys access point’s default SSID?

91. [ T / F ] WEP is enabled by default.

92. [ T / F ] WEP has not been hacked and is a totally secure encryption method.

93. List three security recommendations for wireless networks.

94. List three decisions that must be made before a wireless NIC is installed.

95. [ T / F ] The wireless NIC configuration software is normally installed before thewireless NIC.

96. Describe the process of how to configure a wireless NIC for infrastructure mode usingWindows XP.

97. List three points to be considered before installing an access point.

98. List three troubleshooting tips for wireless networks.


Name

NETWORKING FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. A __________ is a group of devices connected together for the purpose of sharingresources.

2. The two basic types of networks are __________ and __________.

3. A home user has two computers connected together. Both computers have folders thatare shared and accessible by the other computer. One computer has a printer attachedthat the other computer can also use. This is an example of a _________ network.

4. Of the two basic types of networks, the __________ network is more secure.

5. A __________ network should consist of no more than 10 computers.

6. The __________ network topology is the most common, used with Ethernet networks,and has a direct connection between a network device and a centrally located hub orswitch.

7. With a __________ topology, all devices connect to a single cable.

8. Data from one cable interferes with another cable. This is known as __________.

9. __________ cable carries light pulses.

10. With a fiber-optic cable installation, __________ strands are normally used, one foreach direction.

11. An __________ is the set of rules for how workstations transmit on a network.

12. Apple networks use __________ as an access method.


13. ____________ transmission is when data is transmitted in both directionssimultaneously.

14. A phone conversation is an example of __________ transmission.

15. The __________ in 100BaseT means that twisted-pair cable is used.

16. A __________ is better than a hub in Ethernet networks because this device is a layer2 device and keeps a table of addresses for the network devices attached.

17. A UTP cable resides at the __________ layer of the OSI model.

18. The __________ layer provides best path selection through the network and theInternet.

19. The __________ layer provides reliable connectivity.

20. A mainframe terminal has data in one data format and a workstation has data in anotherformat. Both devices are able to communicate across a network with the help of the__________ layer because this layer translates from one language to another.

21. A switch resides at the __________ layer of the OSI model.

22. Three network protocols are __________, __________, and __________.

23. The MAC address is considered a layer __________ address.

24. MAC addresses are represented in __________ format.

25. Each position in an IP address can be a number from __________ to __________.

26. 153.12.250.14 is a Class __________ IP address.

27. The term associated with sending a packet to all devices on a single network is__________.

Networking Fill-in-the-Blank D-79

28. The __________ is used to determine which part of an IP address is the networknumber.

29. The standard mask used with a Class C IP address is __________.

30. A technician configures a workstation to automatically receive an IP address. The IPaddress comes from a __________ server.

31. A __________ address is used when a network device wants to communicate withanother network device located on a remote network.

32. __________ provides translation between a URL and an IP address.

33. __________ provides translation between a computer name and an IP address.

34. Newer __________ servers can provide computer name to IP address translation.

35. The command used to test the TCP/IP protocol on a NIC is __________.

36. The __________ command is used on Windows 2000 to view the IP configuration.

37. The __________ command is used to troubleshoot a remote network fault and to seethe path a packet takes through several networks.

38. A__________ “tunnels” over an intermediate network to use remote network resources.

39. __________ is a layer 2 protocol used with dial-up networking.

40. The term given for encapsulated layer 2 data is __________.

41. A layer 4 connection-oriented protocol is __________.

42. Wireless networks operate at OSI model layers __________ and __________.

43. __________ is a wireless network type that has a minimum of two wireless devices(and neither of the devices is an access point).


44. A wireless network device connected in __________ mode is the most commonlyused type of network in homes and businesses.

45. An __________ is used in infrastructure mode and it connects multiple wireless devicestogether.

46. An __________ has at least two access points connected to a common network.

47. The __________ uniquely identifies a wireless network.

48. Three commonly used channel IDs with 802.11b access points are __________,__________, and __________.

49. __________ Channel IDs are specified in the 802.11b standard.

50. The part of the wireless network that is responsible for sending and receiving radiowaves is the __________.

51. Another name for a propagation pattern is __________.

52. __________ can be defined as the amount of radio wave signal loss.

53. The comparison measurement between an antenna’s radiation pattern and an isotropicantenna’s radiation pattern is __________.

54. The __________ measurement is to show an antenna’s gain as compared to a dipoleantenna.

55. __________ dBi equals __________ dBd.

56. Four common types of antennas are __________, __________, __________, and__________.

57. An appropriate type of antenna to be used in a room that has a column in it or in along hallway would be a __________.

58. Another name for a rubber ducky antenna is __________.

Networking Fill-in-the-Blank D-81

59. When used in the U.S., the 802.11a standard supports 12 channels that each have a__________MHz range.

60. When used in the U.S., the 802.11a standard has center frequencies from __________to __________.

61. The 802.11 __________ [a/b] standard came out before the 802.11 __________[a/b] standard.

62. The 802.11 __________ and __________ standards use complementary code keying.

63. OFDM stands for ______________________________________ and is used in the__________ standard.

64. __________ is proving a network device has permission to join the wireless network.

65. The term given to the type of authentication used when the MAC address identifiesa wireless sender is __________.

66. The __________ authentication method requires WEP.

67. The WEP secret key is normally entered in either the __________ or the __________format.

68. When the access point periodically sends out the SSID in beacon frames, it is knownas __________.

69. In the proposed 802.11i standard, WPA is included and it uses __________ to improvesecurity.

70. To configure a SSID on a wireless NIC, the manufacturer’s __________ is used orWindows XP’s __________ control panel is used.


Name

INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING A NIC USING WINDOWS 9X

Objective: To be able to install and configure a NIC in a Windows 9x computer

Parts: Computer with Windows 9x installed, NIC card with driver

Note: The method used to install a NIC in Windows 9x depends on whether the NIC isa plug and play device or a non−plug and play or legacy device.

Installing a Plug and Play NIC

Step 1. With the computer turned off, remove the computer cover.

Step 2. Using proper ESD precautions, insert the NIC in a compatible bus slot and securewith a screw.

Step 3. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows 9x loads.

Step 4. Logon to Windows 9x using the userid and password provided by the instructor or labassistant.

Step 5. Windows 9x automatically detects and installs the NIC. If Windows 9x does not detecta driver for the NIC, you will be prompted for a driver location. If this is the case,insert the driver disk and enter the path to the driver. Proceed to the Checking theInstallation section.

Installing a Non−Plug and Play or Legacy NIC

Step 6. Using jumpers or a software configuration utility, configure the NIC so it will usesystem resources that do not conflict with any other device.



Step 9. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows 9x loads.


Step 11. Click on the Start button, point to the Settings option, and double-click on the ControlPanel option. The Control Panel window opens.

Step 12. Double-click on the Add/Remove Hardware icon. The Add/Remove Hardware wiz-ard opens. Select the Next button twice.

Installing and Configuring a NIC Using Windows 9X D-83

Step 13. Windows searches for new plug and play devices. When Windows does not find any,you are given the option to allow Windows to search for non−plug and play devicesor you can select the hardware from a list. Choose No, I want to select the hardwarefrom a list and click on the Next button.

Step 14. Scroll down and select Network Adapters and then click on the Next button.

Step 15. Select the NIC Manufacturer and Model from the list. If the NIC is not listed, selectHave Disk, enter a path to the driver files, and click on OK.

Step 16. After selecting the proper NIC, click on the Next button.

Step 17. Select Finish to continue the installation. If prompted, enter the proper configurationinformation for the NIC and click on OK.

Step 18. Restart the computer.

Checking the Installation

Step 19. From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click on the Control Panel option.

Step 20. From the Control Panel window, double-click on the System icon, and then selectDevice Manager.

Step 21. Expand Network Adapters, select the network adapter installed in the computer,and then click on Properties.

Step 22. Click on the General tab.

Question 1: What is the device status of your NIC?

Step 23. Select the Driver tab.

Question 2: What is the driver version number of the NIC?

Step 24. Select the Resources tab.

Question 3: What resources are being used by the NIC?

Question 4: Are any devices conflicting with your NIC? If so, list them below.

Step 25. Click on OK to close the Network Adapters Properties window.

Instructor’s Initials


Name

INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING A NIC USINGWINDOWS NT WORKSTATION

Objective: To be able to properly install and configure a NIC using Windows NT Workstation

Parts: Computer with Windows NT Workstation loadedNICOptional NIC driver disk

Note: Installing a NIC using NT Workstation is different from using Windows 95, 98, or2000 Professional because NT Workstation is not a plug and play operatingsystem.

Step 1. With the computer turned off, remove its cover.


Step 3. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows NT Workstation loads.

Step 4. Logon to NT Workstation using the userid and password provided by the instructoror lab assistant.

Question 1: What rights are required to be able to install a NIC in Windows NT Workstation?

Step 5. Right-click on the Network Neighborhood desktop icon and select Properties. TheNetwork window opens.

Question 2: What alternate method can be used to open the Network window?

Step 6. Select the Adapters tab. The Adapters Installation and Configuration window opens.

Step 7. Click on the Add button and the Select Network Adapter window opens.

Step 8. If the NIC that is installed in the computer is listed, click on it from the list. If theproper NIC is not listed, insert the NIC driver disk, click on the Have Disk button,and enter the path to the driver.

Step 9. If prompted, insert the Windows NT Workstation CD, or enter the path to the instal-lation files, and click on the Continue button.

Installing and Configuring a NIC Using Windows NT Workstation D-85

Step 10. If prompted, enter configuration information such as Ethernet ID, bus type, and slotnumber and click on the OK button.

Step 11. Windows NT Workstation copies and installs the NIC driver files.

Step 12. Click on the Close button to exit the Adapter Installation and Configuration window.



Name

INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING A NIC USINGWINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL

Objective: To be able to properly install and configure a NIC using Windows 2000Professional

Parts: Computer with Windows 2000 Professional installedNICOptional NIC driver disk

Note: The method used to install a NIC in Windows 2000 Professional depends onwhether the NIC is a plug and play device or a non−plug and play device (alsoknown as a legacy device).

Question 1: What type of NIC is to be installed into the computer, plug and play or non−plug andplay? Contact your instructor or lab assistant if unsure. Once the type of NIC is deter-mined, follow the directions appropriate for the type of NIC: Installing a plug andplay NIC or Installing a Non−plug and play or Legacy NIC.

Installing a Plug and Play NIC



Step 3. Turn on the computer and verify that Windows 2000 Professional loads.

Step 4. Logon to Windows 2000 Professional using the userid and password provided by theinstructor or lab assistant.

Step 5. Windows 2000 Professional automatically loads the drivers and configures the NIC.If Windows 2000 Professional does not have a driver for the NIC, you will be promptedfor a driver location. If this is the case, insert the driver disk into the floppy drive andenter the path to the driver (A:).

Step 6. Go to the section labeled Checking the Installation.

Installing a Non−Plug and Play or Legacy NIC


Installing and Configuring a NIC Using Windows 2000 Professional D-87




Step 11. Click on the Start button.

Step 12. Point to the Settings option.

Step 13. Click on the Control Panel option. The Control Panel window opens.

Step 14. Double-click on the Add/Remove Hardware icon. The Add/Remove Hardware wiz-ard opens.

Step 15. Click on the Next button.

Step 16. Choose the Add/Troubleshoot a device option, and select Next.

Step 17. Windows searches for plug and play devices. When the search is over, select the Adda new device option from the Choose a Hardware Device window, and then clickon the Next button.

Step 18. Choose the Yes, search for new hardware option and click on the Next button.

Step 19. Windows searches for non−plug and play hardware and displays devices found. Chooseyour NIC from the list and select Next.

Step 20. In the Found New Hardware wizard window select the Resources button.

Step 21. Ensure the resources assigned to the NIC are correct. Make any necessary changesand click on the OK button to return to the Found New Hardware Wizard window.

Step 22. Select the Finish button twice to complete the installation.

Step 23. Continue to the Checking the Installation section.


Step 24. Click on the Start button.

Step 25. Point to the Programs option.

Step 26. Point to the Administrative Tools option.

Step 27. Click on the Computer Management option. The Computer Management windowopens.

Step 28. In the left window, select Device Manager.

Step 29. In the right window, select the + (plus sign) next to Network adapters.

Step 30. Right-click on the NIC you just installed and select the Properties option from themenu. The Properties page opens.

Step 31. Click on the General tab.


Question 2: What is the device status of the NIC selected?

Step 32. Select the advanced tab (if available).

Question 3: Are any properties listed? If so, list one property and its value.

Step 33. Select the Driver tab.

Question 4: What is the driver version number of your NIC’s driver?

Step 34. Select the Resources tab.

Question 5: What resources are being used by your NIC?

Question 6: Are any devices conflicting with your NIC? If so, list them below.

Step 35. Click on OK to close the Properties page.


Installing and Configuring a NIC Using Windows 2000 Professional D-89

Name

INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING A NIC USING WINDOWS XP

Objective: To be able to properly configure a NIC using Windows XP

Parts: Computer with Windows XP installedPCI NICOptional NIC driver disk or CD

Note: The method used to install a NIC in Windows XP is vendor specific. Always fol-low the NIC manufacturer’s instructions when installing a NIC. The directionsgiven below are generic for most adapters. Also, you must have rights to installhardware on the computer. Check with the student assistant or instructor if thecomputer will not allow hardware to be installed.

Question 1: Who is the NIC manufacturer?

Installing a NIC

Step 1. Step 1. If possible, download the latest driver for the NIC to be installed later in theexercise.

Step 2. Power the computer off and remove the computer’s power cord.

Step 3. Remove the computer cover and install the NIC into an available expansion slot. Useproper ESD precautions when installing an adapter.

Step 4. Reinstall the computer’s power cord and power on the computer. If necessary, logonto Windows XP using the appropriate userid and password.

Step 5. Windows XP recognizes that new hardware has been installed and the Found NewHardware Wizard starts.

Step 6. Insert any CD or disk that came with the NIC, if available. Follow the prompts on thescreen. Windows XP may have a driver for the NIC if one is not available. If now,use the downloaded driver. A NIC cannot operate without a driver. Once the wizardcompletes, click on the Finish button. The computer may have to be reloaded.


Step 7. Click on the Start button and select Control Panel.


Step 8. If in Category View, select Network and Internet Connections, and select NetworkSelections. If in Classic View, double-click on the Network Connections icon.

Step 9. Right-click on the icon that represents the NIC that was just installed and selectProperties.

Step 10. Click on the Configure button.

Question 2: Does the Device Status window show that the device is working properly? If not,reboot the computer and check again. If it still shows a problem, perform appropriatetroubleshooting.

Step 11. Click on thee Advanced tab.

Question 3: What value is assigned to the Media Type?

Step 12. Click on the Driver tab.

Question 4: What is the driver version?

Question 5: Can the driver be updated from this tab?

Question 6: What is the purpose of the Roll Back Driver button?

Step 13. Click on the Resources tab.

Question 7: What IRQ is the adapter using?


Step 14. Click on the Cancel button.

Installing and Configuring a NIC Using Windows XP D-91

Name

INSTALLING THE MICROSOFT CLIENT ON AWINDOWS 9x COMPUTER

Objective: To install the Microsoft Client on a Windows 9x computer

Parts: Windows 9x computer with NIC installed and configured

Note: The Microsoft Client for Windows 9x enables a client computer to take advantageof the built-in Microsoft networking services in a Microsoft peer-to-peer network.It also allows a Windows 9x computer to access a Windows domain.

Step 1. Turn on the computer and verify that Windows 9x loads.

Step 2. If necessary, logon to Windows 9x using the userid and password provided by theinstructor or lab assistant.

Step 3. From the Start menu, point to the Settings option, click on the Control Panel option,and then double-click on the Network icon. The Network Properties window opens.

Question 1: What is another way to access the Network Properties window?

Step 4. Click on the Add button. The Select Network Component Type window opens.

Step 5. From the Select Network Component Type window, choose Client and then selectAdd. The Select Network Client window opens.

Step 6. Highlight the Microsoft option, select Client for Microsoft Networks, and then clickon the OK button.

Question 2: Which Microsoft network clients appear as available in the Select Network Clientwindow?

Step 7. From the Network Properties window, verify that Client for Microsoft Networksappears in the Installed Components window, and then click on the OK button.

Step 8. If prompted, insert the Windows 9x CD-ROM in the drive or enter a path to theinstallation files.


Step 9. When the Client for Microsoft Networks installation finishes, reboot the computer forthe new client to take effect.


Installing the Microsoft Client on a Windows 9x computer d-93

Name

INSTALLING NETWORKING ON AWINDOWS NT WORKSTATION COMPUTER

Objective: To install networking on a computer that uses NT Workstation

Parts: NT Workstation computer with NIC installed and configured

Note: The instructor or lab assistant must be prepared to answer questions such as these:Should the student select Workgroup or Domain network model? Is DHCP beingused in the lab?

You must configure NT networking a bit differently than the other operating systems.The Network Setup wizard steps you through the installation process.

Step 1. Turn on the computer and verify that NT Workstation loads.

Step 2. Logon to Windows using the userid and password provided by the instructor or labassistant.

Step 3. From the Start menu, point to the Settings option, click on the Control Panel option,and then double-click on the Network icon. A dialog box appears stating that net-working is not installed and asks if you want to install it. Click on the Yes button.

Question 1: What is another way to access the Network Properties window?

Step 4. The next prompt asks if you are wired to the network or if you are going to use amodem to connect. In a lab environment, you are probably wired to the network.Look at the back of the computer and see if a NIC is installed and a network cableconnects to the NIC. If so, click on the Wired to the network check box and clickon the Next button.

Step 5. On the next screen, click on the Start Search button so the operating system looksfor the installed NIC. This exercise assumes the NIC is installed, but if it hasn’t been,you can click on the Select from list button and install the NIC drivers and thencontinue. The NIC appears in the window. Click on the Next button.

Step 6. A list of protocols appears. Ensure the TCP/IP Protocol is selected and click on theNext button.


Step 7. The Network Services screen appears. These default services are what allow yourcomputer to participate in a peer-to-peer network or in a server-based network. Ensurethat RPC Configuration, NetBIOS Interface, Workstation, and Server are allchecked and click on the Next button.

Step 8. A message appears that NT is going to install the components. Click on the Nextbutton. Another screen appears that allows you to change your binding order. Simplyclick on the Next button. You may be asked to insert the NT installation CD or beprepared to type in the path to where the programs are stored. Contact your instructoror lab assistant if you are unsure what to do.

Step 9. Since TCP/IP was selected, you will be asked if there is a DHCP server connected tothe network. This is lab-dependent. Most schools have a DHCP server, but contact theinstructor or student assistant if unsure. If you select No, you must enter the IP address,mask, and default gateway information. If you select Yes, the computer will be assignedthis information by the DHCP server.

Step 10. Click on the Next button to start the NT networking services.

Step 11. You are asked to give the computer a name and determine if the computer participatesin a peer-to-peer network (Workgroup option) or a server-based network (Domainoption); either way, you will have to enter either a workgroup name or a domainname. Contact the instructor or lab assistant for the correct names if you are unsure.Click on the Next button after all information has been entered.

Question 2: What is the name of your computer?

Question 3: Is the computer participating in a peer-to-peer network or a server-based network?

Question 4: Is DHCP being used?

Step 12. Click on the Finish button to complete the installation.

Step 13. The computer must reboot in order for the setting to take effect. Click on the Yesbutton to restart the computer.

Step 14. After restarting and logging in, double-click on the Network Neighborhood desktopicon.

Question 5: How many other computers do you see on the network?


Installing Networking on a Windows NT Workstation Computer D-95

Name

INSTALLING THE MICROSOFT CLIENT ON AWINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER

Objective: To correctly install Microsoft Client on a Windows 2000 Professional computer

Parts: Windows 2000 Professional Workstation with NIC installed and configured (Clientfor Microsoft Networks is not installed.)

Note: Microsoft Client enables a computer to take advantage of the built-in Microsoftnetworking services in a Microsoft peer-to-peer network. It also allows a computerto access a Windows NT domain.



Step 3. Right-click on the My Network Places desktop icon, and select the Properties option.The Network and Dial-up Connections window opens.

Step 4. Right-click on the Local Area Connection icon and select the Properties option.The Local Area Connections window opens.

Question 1: Which installed network components are being used by this connection?

Step 5. Select the Install button. The Select Network Component Type window opens.

Step 6. Choose the Client option, and then click on the Add button. The Select NetworkClient window opens.

Question 2: What network clients are listed as available?

Step 7. Select the Client for Microsoft Networks option, and click on the OK button.

Step 8. If prompted, insert the Windows 2000 Professional installation CD-ROM or enter apath to the installation files.

Step 9. When prompted, reboot the workstation for the new network settings to take effect.



Name

INSTALL AND CONFIGURETHE TCP/IP PROTOCOL IN WINDOWS 9X

Objective: To be able to install and configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Windows 9xcomputer

Parts: Windows 9x computer with a NIC installed and configured

Note: The TCP/IP protocol is a routable protocol. It is the protocol that powers theInternet, so it is important that you understand how it is installed and configured.



Step 3. Right-click on the My Network Places desktop icon, and then select Properties. TheNetwork Properties window opens.

Question 1: What other method can be used to access Network Properties?

Step 4. Click on the Add button, and the Select Network Component Type window opens.

Question 2: What network component types are listed as available?

Step 5. Click on the Protocol item, and then click on the Add button. The Select NetworkProtocol window opens.

Step 6. Click on the Microsoft option in the left window. In the right window, click on theTCP/IP option and then click on the OK button.

Step 7. From Network Properties, scroll down and choose TCP/IP and then select Properties.

Step 8. If you are using DHCP on your network, choose Obtain an IP address automati-cally. If you are not using DHCP on your network, choose Specify an IP address,and enter an IP address and subnet mask. Contact the instructor or a lab assistantif you are unsure which option to use.

Install and Configure the TCP/IP Protocol in Windows 9x D-97

Step 9. If needed, select DNS configuration and enter DNS information, select Gateway andenter gateway information, and select WINS configuration and enter WINS infor-mation. Again, contact the instructor or lab assistant if you are unsure which optionto use.


Question 3: Which of the following is responsible for host name to IP address resolution: DNS,gateway, or WINS?

Question 4: Which of the following is responsible for NetBIOS name to IP address resolution,DNS, gateway, or WINS?

Step 10. Click on the OK button and if prompted, insert the Windows 9x CD-ROM or enterthe path to the installation files.

Step 11. Reboot the computer for the new settings to take effect.



Name

INSTALL AND CONFIGURE THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL INWINDOWS NT WORKSTATION

Objective: To be able to install and configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Windows NTWorkstation computer

Parts: Windows NT Workstation computer with a NIC installed and configured

Note: The TCP/IP Protocol is a routable protocol. It is the protocol that powers theInternet, so it is important that you understand how it is installed and configured.



Step 3. From the Start menu, point to the Settings option, click on the Control Panel option,and then double-click on the Network icon. The Network Installation and Configu-ration window opens.

Question 1: What alternate method can be used to access the Network Installation and Configu-ration window?

Step 4. Click on the Protocols tab. The Protocols window opens.

Question 2: Which protocols are already installed on your computer?

Step 5. Click on the Add button. The Select Network Protocol window opens.

Question 3: List the protocols that are available for installation.

Step 6. Select the TCP/IP Protocol option and click on the OK button.

Step 7. If DHCP is used on the network, select Yes to use DHCP, otherwise select No. Contactthe instructor or lab assistant if you are unsure which option to select.

Step 8. If prompted, insert the Windows NT Workstation CD-ROM or enter the path to theinstallation files and click on the Continue button. When TCP/IP finishes installing,select Close. The TCP/IP Properties page opens.

Install and Configure the TCP/IP Protocol in Windows NT Workstation D-99

Step 9. If DHCP is used on the network, select Obtain an IP address from a DHCP server.If DHCP is not used, select Specify an IP address and enter the IP address, subnetmask, and default gateway information provided by the instructor or lab assistant.

Question 4: When DHCP is not used, which one of the following is optional: IP address, subnetmask, or default gateway?

Step 10. If directed by the instructor, click on the DNS tab and enter the provided DNS infor-mation. Click on the WINS tab and enter the provided WINS information.

Step 11. When all TCP/IP configuration information has been entered click on the OK button.NT Workstation goes through a bindings process, and you will be prompted to restartthe computer. Restart the computer for the new settings to take effect.



Name

INSTALL AND CONFIGURE THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL INWINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL

Objective: To be able to install and configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Windows 2000computer

Parts: Windows 2000 Professional computer with a NIC installed and configured

Note: The TCP/IP protocol is a routable protocol. It is the protocol that powers theInternet, so it is important that you understand how it is installed and configured.



Step 3. Right-click on the My Network Places desktop icon, and then select Properties. TheNetwork and Dial-up Connections window opens.

Step 4. Right-click on the Local Area Connection icon, and then select Properties. TheLocal Area Connections page opens.

Step 5. Choose Install, and the Select Network Component Type window opens.

Question 1: What types of network components are available?

Step 6. Choose Protocol, and then select Add. The Select Network Protocol window opens.

Question 2: Which network protocols are available for installation?

Step 7. Choose the TCP/IP protocol and then select OK.

Step 8. If prompted, insert the Windows 2000 Professional CD-ROM into the drive, or enterthe path to the installation files.

Step 9. From the Local Area Connection window, highlight TCP/IP, and then select Prop-erties. The TCP/IP Properties window opens.

Step 10. If you are using DHCP, select the Obtain an IP Address Automatically option. Ifyou are not using DHCP, select the Use the Following IP Address option, and enteran IP address, a subnet mask, and the default gateway information provided by theinstructor or lab assistant.

Install the TCP/IP Protocol in Windows 2000 Professional D-101

Question 3: Which of the following is optional: IP address, subnet mask, or default gateway?

Step 11. When you are finished entering TCP/IP configuration information, click on the OKbutton and close the Local Area Connections Properties window.



Name

INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING THE MICROSOFT CLIENT ANDTCP/IP USING WINDOWS XP

Objective: To be able to properly configure a NIC with the Microsoft client and the TCP/IPprotocol using Windows XP

Parts: Computer with a NIC and Windows XP installed

Note: Some adapters automatically install the client and a protocol when the adapter isinstalled.

Step 1. Power on the computer. If necessary, logon to Windows XP using the appropriateuserid and password.

Step 2. From the desktop, right-click on the My Network Places icon and select Properties.

Step 3. Right-click on Local Area Connection and select the Properties option.

Step 4. Ensure the Client for Microsoft Networks is listed in the center window. If the optionis not installed, click on the Install button, select the Client option, and click on theAdd button. Select the Client for Microsoft Networks option and click on the OKbutton.

Question 1: Was the Client for Microsoft Networks option already installed?

Step 5. Ensure the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is listed in the Properties window. If the optionis not installed, click on the Install button, select the Protocol option, and click onthe Add button. Select the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) option and click on the OKbutton.

Question 2: Was the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) option already installed?

Configuring TCP/IP

Step 6. Return to the Local Area Connection Properties window using the same method asdemonstrated previously.

Step 7. Ensure a network cable is connected to the NIC.

Installing the Microsoft Client and TCP/IP Using Windows XP D-103

Step 8. Double-click on the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) option. If DHCP is used on thenetwork, select Obtain an IP address automatically, otherwise select Use thefollowing IP address and input the appropriate IP address, mask, and default gate-way. Contact the instructor or lab assistant if you are unsure which option to select.

Step 9. Click on the Advanced button.

Question 3: What four tabs are available with the Advanced button?

Step 10. Click on the WINS tab.

Question 4: Is the Enable LMHOSTS lookup option enabled?

Question 5: What NetBIOS option is enabled by default?


Step 11. Click on the Cancel button and then click on the OK button twice.


Name

CREATING A STRAIGHT-THROUGH CAT 5 NETWORK CABLE

Objective: To create a functional CAT 5 UTP network cable

Parts: Category 5 UTP cableRJ-45 connectors CAT 5 stripper/crimper tool UTP cabletester

Note: Standard Ethernet networks are cabled with either CAT 5 UTP cable or RG-58coaxial cable. In this exercise, you create a standard CAT 5 cable for use witheither 10BaseT or 100BaseT networks connected through a central hub or switch.

Step 1. Category 5 UTP cable consists of four twisted pairs of wires, color coded for easyidentification. The color-coded wires are colored as follows:Pair 1: White/Orange and OrangePair 2: White/Blue and BluePair 3: White/Green and GreenPair 4: White/Brown and Brown

Step 2. Using the stripper/crimper tool, strip approximately 1/2 inch of the protective outersheath to expose the four twisted pairs of wires. Most strippers have a strip gauge toensure stripping the proper length. (See Network Exercise Figure #1.)

Note: In order to make it easier to sort the wire pairs, the sheathing can be stripped fur-ther than 1/2 inch, then the wires can be sorted properly and trimmed to theproper length.

Creating a Straight-Through CAT 5 Network Cable D-105

Step 3. Untwist the exposed wire pairs. Be careful that you do not remove more twist thannecessary. Sort the wires according to the following:

Wire 1: White/OrangeWire 2: OrangeWire 3: White/GreenWire 4: White/Blue

Wire 5: BlueWire 6: GreenWire 7: White/BrownWire 8: Brown

Ethernet cabling utilizes wires 1, 2, 3, and 6. Using the above wiring scheme meansthat the cable will use the White/Orange-Orange and White/Green-Green wire pairs.(See Network Exercise Figure #2.)

Network Exercise Figure 51


Question 1: Will both ends of the cable need to follow the same wiring schematic?

Step 4. Insert the sorted and trimmed cable into an RJ-45 connector. The RJ-45 connector’skey should face downward. Verify that all eight wires fully insert into the RJ-45 con-nector and that they are inserted in the proper order. (See Network Exercise Figure#3.)




Step 5. Insert the cable-connector assembly into the stripper/crimper tool and crimp theconnector firmly. (See Network Exercise Figure #4.)

Step 6. Remove the cable/connector assembly from the stripper/crimper tool and verifythat the wires fully insert into the connector and that they are in the proper order. (SeeNetwork Exercise Figure #5.)

Step 7. Repeat Steps 2 through 6 for the other end of the CAT 5 UTP cable. (See NetworkExercise Figure #6.)




Question 2: Can the cable be used at this point?



Step 8. Before using the cable, it should be tested with a cable tester. This verifies that youhave end-to-end continuity on individual wires and proper continuity between wirepairs. Insert the RJ-45 connector into the proper cable tester receptacle and verifythat the cable is functional. (See Network Exercise Figure #7.)




Name

CREATING A CAT 5 CROSSOVER NETWORK CABLE

Objective: To create a functional CAT 5 UTP crossover cable

Parts: Category 5 UTP cableRJ-45 connectorsStripper/crimper toolUTP cable tester

Note: In normal situations, straight-through CAT 5 UTP cabling is used to connect to acentral hub or switch. In this exercise, you create a crossover CAT 5 cable for usewhen connecting two network devices (computers without using a central hub orswitch).

Step 1. Category 5 UTP cable consists of four twisted pairs of wires that are color coded foreasy identification. The color-coded wires are as follows:Pair 1: White/Orange and OrangePair 2: White/Blue and BluePair 3: White/Green and GreenPair 4: White/Brown and Brown

Step 2. Using the CAT stripper/crimper tool, strip approximately 1/2 inch of the protectiveouter sheath to expose the four twisted pairs of wires. Most tools have a strip gaugeto ensure stripping the proper length. (See Network Exercise Figure #8.)

Note: In order to make it easier to sort the wire pairs, the sheathing can be stripped fur-ther than 1/2 inch. The wires can then be sorted properly and trimmed to theproper length.

Creating a CAT 5 Crossover Network Cable D-111

Step 3. Untwist the exposed wire pairs. Be careful that you do not remove more twist thannecessary. Sort the wires as follows:

Wire 1: White/OrangeWire 2: OrangeWire 3: White/GreenWire 4: White/Blue

Wire 5: BlueWire 6: GreenWire 7: White/BrownWire 8: Brown

Ethernet networks utilize wires 1, 2, 3, and 6. Using the above wiring scheme meansthe cable will use the White/Orange-Orange and White/Green-Green wire pairs. (SeeNetwork Exercise Figure #9.)



Question 1: When making a crossover cable, will both ends of the cable need to follow the samewiring schematic?

Step 4. Insert the sorted and trimmed cable into a RJ-45 connector. The RJ-45 connector’skey should face downward. Verify that all eight wires fully insert into the RJ-45 con-nector, and that they are inserted in the proper order. (See Network Exercise Figure#10.)




Step 5. Insert the cable-connector assembly into the CAT 5 stripper/crimper tool and crimpthe connector firmly. (See Network Exercise Figure #11.)

Step 6. Remove the cable/connector assembly from the CAT 5 stripper/crimper tool andverify that the wires are fully inserted into the connector and that they are in theproper order. (See Network Exercise Figure #12.)




Step 7. To create the crossover cable, the wire pairs must be put in a different order. Toaccomplish this, repeat Steps 2 through 6 on the opposite end of the cable, but whensorting the wire pairs, use the following color codes. (See Network Exercise Figure#13.)

Wire 1: White/GreenWire 2: GreenWire 3: White/OrangeWire 4: White/Blue

Wire 5: BlueWire 6: OrangeWire 7: White/BrownWire 8: Brown

Question 2: Can the crossover cable be used at this point?

Step 8. Before using the crossover cable, it should be tested with a cable tester. This verifiesthat you have end-to-end continuity on individual wires and proper continuity betweenwire pairs. Insert the RJ-45 connector into the proper cable tester receptacle andverify that the cable is functional.

Note: Your cable tester must have the capability to test crossover cables. (See NetworkExercise Figure #14.)






Name

CONNECTING TWO WINDOWS 9X COMPUTERSUSING A CAT 5 CROSSOVER NETWORK CABLE

Objective: To connect two computers together using a CAT 5 crossover network cable

Parts: CAT 5 crossover network cableTwo Windows 9x computers with network cards installed and configured

Note: In normal situations on Ethernet networks, all networked computers connect to acentral hub or switch using CAT 5 straight-through cables. In this exercise, youconnect two Windows 9x computers using a CAT 5 crossover cable.

Step 1. Plug the CAT 5 crossover cable directly into the network cards’ RJ-45 ports on thetwo Windows 9x computers.

Question 1: Can you connect more than two computers together using a CAT 5 crossover networkcable? Why or why not?

Step 2. Turn the computers on and verify that Windows 9x loads.

Step 3. Logon to both Windows 9x computers using the userid and password provided by theinstructor or lab assistant.

Step 4. Right-click on the Network Neighborhood desktop icon and select Properties. TheNetwork Properties window opens.

Step 5. From the General tab, select the File and Print sharing button. Verify that the I wantto be able to give others access to my files check box is selected, and click on OK.

Step 6. Select the Identification tab. Verify that both computers are members of the sameworkgroup.

Step 7. Click on OK to close the Network Properties window.

Step 8. If prompted, insert the Windows CD into the CD-ROM and restart the computers.

Step 9. From the My Computer desktop icon, right-click on the C: drive and select Sharing.

Step 10. From the Sharing window, select Shared as, enter a share name, and click on OK.

Question 2: What is the significance of a share name?

Connecting Two Windows 9x Computers Using a CAT 5 Crossover D-117

Step 11. After finishing sharing both C: drives, double-click on the Network Neighborhooddesktop icon.

Step 12. If the crossover cable connection is working, both computers should appear in theNetwork Neighborhood browser window. If it is not working, check the NIC con-figuration settings, the crossover cable, or redo the steps in this exercise. Show theinstructor or lab assistant the two computer names in the Network Neighborhoodbrowser window.



Name

SHARING A LOCAL PRINTER USING WINDOWS 9X

Objective: To be able to share a local printer on a Windows 9x computer, so it will be avail-able to other workstations

Parts: Windows 95 or 98 with a NIC installed and configured, and a printer physicallyattached and configured

Note: A printer that is physically attached (local) to a networked workstation can acceptand process print jobs from other workstations on the network. Before this canhappen, the local printer must be shared on the network. Before a printer can beshared in Windows 9x, Printer Sharing must be installed.

Installing Printer Sharing



Step 3. Right-click on the Network Neighborhood desktop icon and select the Propertiesoption. The Network Properties window opens.

Step 4. Choose File and Print Sharing, select I want to be able to allow others to printto my printers, and then click on the OK button.

Question 1: What will this setting allow you to share?

Step 5. From the Network Properties window, click on the OK button.

Step 6. If prompted, insert the Windows 9x installation CD-ROM or enter a path to the instal-lation files.

Step 7. Reboot the computer when prompted.

Sharing a Windows 9x Printer

Step 8. From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click on the Printers option. ThePrinters folder opens.

Step 9. Right-click on a specific printer that is attached to the computer, and then select theSharing option. The Printer Sharing window opens.

Sharing a Local Printer Using Windows 9x D-119

Step 10. Select the Shared As radio button, and enter a share name of TESTPRINT in theShare Name field.

Step 11. In the Comment field, enter a user-friendly description of this printer.

Step 12. In the Password field, type the word password.

Question 2: What effect will setting a password have?

Step 13. Click on the Apply button to save your sharing settings, re-enter the password

Step 14. Click on the OK button to exit the Printer Sharing window. Your printer is now sharedand available on the network.



Name

SHARING A LOCAL PRINTER USING WINDOWS NT WORKSTATION

Objective: To be able to share a local printer on a Windows NT Workstation so it will beavailable to other workstations on the network

Parts: Windows NT Workstation with NIC installed and configured, and a printer physi-cally attached and configured

Note: A printer that is physically attached (local) to a networked workstation can acceptand process print jobs from other workstations on the network. Before this canhappen, the local printer must be shared on the network.



Step 3. Click on the Start button, point to Settings, and then click on the Printers option.The Printers folder opens.

Question 1: What other method can be used to access the Printers folder?

Step 4. Right-click on the name of the printer that is attached to the workstation. Select theSharing option. The Printer Sharing window opens.

Question 2: What other method can be used to access the Printer Sharing window?

Step 5. Click on the Shared radio button and enter a name in the Share Name field.

Question 3: What name did you assign to the printer?

Step 6. Click on the OK button to return to the Printers folder. The printer is now shared.

Question 4: How can you verify that the printer has been shared?


Sharing a Local Printer Using Windows NT Workstation D-121

Name

SHARING A LOCAL PRINTER USING WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL

Objective: To be able to share a local printer on a Windows 2000 Professional Workstationso it will be available to other workstations

Parts: Windows 2000 Professional Workstation with NIC installed and configured, and aprinter physically attached and configured

Note: A printer that is physically attached (local) to a networked workstation can acceptand process print jobs from other workstations on the network. Before this canhappen, the local printer must be shared on the network.



Step 3. Click on the Start button, point to the Settings option, and then click on the Printersoption. The Printers folder opens.

Step 4. Right-click on the local printer attached to the workstation and select the Propertiesoption. The printer’s Properties window opens.

Step 5. Click on the Sharing tab. From the Sharing window, you can share the printer, giveit a share name, and install additional drivers for each type of Windows operatingsystem connected to the network that will use the printer. You can also publish theprinter in Active Directory if the workstation is part of a Windows 2000 domain.

Step 6. Choose the Shared as option and type TestShare in the Share Name field.

Question 1: If you have Windows NT 4.0 Workstations, Windows 98 client computers, and otherWindows 2000 Professional Workstations on the network, and they all will be usingthis shared printer, which additional drivers should you install on this workstation?

Step 7. Choose Apply and then click on the OK button. The printer’s Properties windowcloses and then returns to the Printers folder. The local printer is now shared and isavailable to other workstations on the network.

Question 2: How can you tell the printer has been shared?



Name

CONNECTING TO A NETWORKED PRINTER IN WINDOWS 9X

Objective: To understand how to connect to and use a networked printer on a Windows 9xcomputer

Parts: Windows 9x computer with NIC installed and configured and local printerinstalled and shared on the network

Note: A printer that is physically attached (local) to a networked computer and sharedon the network can accept and process print jobs from remote computers on thenetwork. Before this can happen, the remote computers must be connected to theshared printer and have the proper printer driver installed.

Step 1. Turn the computers on and verify that Windows 9x loads.



Step 4. Double-click on the Add Printer icon and the Add Printer wizard runs.

Step 5. Click on the Next button, select the Network printer option, and then click on theNext button.

Step 6. Locate the shared printer, highlight the printer, and then click on the OK button.Contact the instructor or lab assistant if you cannot locate the shared printer. Theprinter’s UNC name appears in the Network path or Queue Name field.

Question 1: What does UNC stand for?

Step 7. Choose No to the Do you print from MS-DOS based programs prompt, and clickon the Next button.

Step 8. Enter the name LABTEST for this printer in the Printer Name field.

Question 2: Where does this printer name appear?

Step 9. Select the Yes option in order to have Windows use this printer as the default printer,and then click on the Next button.

Connecting to a Networked Printer in Windows 9x D-123

Step 10. Choose Yes to print a test page, and then select Finish.

Step 11. The printer driver downloads and installs on your local computer.

Step 12. To complete the connection, type password for the printer share password and thenclick on the OK button.

Question 3: Can the printer be used across the network without a network user supplying thepassword?

Step 13. If the printer connection and driver installation was successful, a printer test pageprints.



Name

CONNECTING TO A NETWORKED PRINTER INWINDOWS NT WORKSTATION

Objective: To be able to connect to and use a networked printer in Windows NT Workstation

Parts: Windows NT Workstation with NIC installed and configured and a local printerinstalled and shared on the network

Note: A printer that is physically attached (local) to a networked computer and sharedon the network can accept and process print jobs from remote computers on thenetwork. Before this can happen, the remote computers must be connected to theshared printer and have the proper printer driver installed.

Step 1. Turn the computers on and verify that Windows NT Workstation loads.

Step 2. Logon to Windows NT Workstation using the userid and password provided by theinstructor or lab assistant.


Step 4. Double-click on the Add Printer icon and the Add Printer wizard runs.

Step 5. Choose Network Printer Server and then click on the Next button. The Connect toPrinter window opens.

Step 6. From the Connect to Printer window, browse through the available computers andshared printers until you locate the appropriate shared printer. After several minutesof browsing, contact the instructor or lab assistant if you cannot locate the sharedprinter.

Step 7. Click on the appropriate shared printer. The Printer’s UNC name appears in thePrinter field. Click on the Next button.

Question 1: The UNC name is made up of two parts. What do these two parts represent?

Step 8. Choose Yes for Windows applications to use this printer as the default printer, andthen click on the OK button.

Step 9. The printer driver downloads and installs. Click on the Finish button to exit the AddPrinter wizard. You have now connected to and installed the driver for a networkedprinter.

Connecting to a Networked Printer in Windows NT Workstation D-125

Question 2: How can you tell the printer has been connected to a shared printer?



Name

CONNECTING TO A NETWORKED PRINTER INWINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL

Objective: To connect to and use a networked printer in Windows 2000 Professional

Parts: Windows 2000 Professional with NIC installed and configured, and a local printerinstalled and shared on the network

Note: A printer that is physically attached (local) to a networked workstation and sharedon the network can accept and process print jobs from remote workstations on thenetwork. Before this can happen, the remote computers must be connected to theshared printer and have the proper printer driver installed.

Step 1. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows 2000 Professional loads.


Step 3. From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click on the Printers option. ThePrinters folder opens.

Step 4. Double-click on the Add Printer icon and the Add Printer wizard opens.

Step 5. Click on the Next option, and the Local or Network Printer window opens.

Step 6. Choose Network Printer and then select Next. The Locate Your Printer windowopens.

Step 7. If the workstation is part of an Active Directory domain, you could choose the Finda printer in the directory option or select the Connect to a printer on the Internetor on your intranet option and enter the URL for the printer. Contact the instructoror lab assistant if you are unsure about which option to choose.

Question 1: What does the acronym URL stand for?

Step 8. Choose the Type the printer name or click on Next to browse for a printer optionand then click on the Next button. The Browse for Printer window opens.

Step 9. From the Browse for Printer window, browse through the available computers andshared printers until you find the appropriate shared printer. Contact the instructor orlab assistant if you are unsure about which printer to choose.

Step 10. Highlight the shared printer. The printer’s UNC name displays in the Printer Namefield. Click on the Next button.

Connecting to a Networked Printer in Windows 2000 Professional D-127

Question 2: The UNC name is made up of two parts. What do these two parts represent?

Step 11. From the Default Printer window, choose Yes for Windows to use this printer as yourdefault printer, and then select Next.

Step 12. From the Completing the Add Printer Wizard window, review the settings and clickon Finish.

Step 13. The printer driver automatically downloads from the host workstation and you returnto the Printers folder after the driver downloads. You have now connected to andinstalled the driver for a networked printer.

Question 3: How can you tell the printer has been connected to a shared printer?



Name

SHARING A PRINTER AND CONNECTING TO A SHARED ORNETWORKED PRINTER USING WINDOWS XP

Objective: To be able to properly share a printer and use a shared or networked printer usingWindows XP

Parts: Networked computer with a printer attached and Windows XP installed



Step 3. If in Category View, select the Printers and Other Hardware option and then selectPrinters and Faxes. If in Classic View, double-click on the Printers and Faxesoption.

Step 4. Right-click on the printer to be shared and select the Sharing option.

Step 5. Click on the Sharing tab and select the Share this printer radio button.

Step 6. In the Share name textbox, type in a unique printer name and limit it to eight char-acters if possible. It is very important that this name be unique.

Question 1: What name was assigned to the printer?

Step 7. Click on the OK button.

Printing to a Shared or Networked Printer

Step 8. Open the Printers and Faxes control panel using the previously described steps.

Step 9. In the Printer Tasks window on the left side, click on the Add a printer option andthe Add Printer Wizard opens. Click on the Next button.

Step 10. Click on the A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer radiobutton.

Sharing a Printer and Connecting to a Shared or Networked PrinterUsing Windows XP D-129

Step 11. There are two methods to finding a shared or networked printer and they list below:

• Select the Find a printer in the directory radio button, click Next, click on theBrowse button, select the printer location, and click on the OK button. Click theFind Now button, select the printer, and click on the OK button.

• Select the Connect to this printer (or to brose for a printer, select this optionand click Next) radio button. Either type the name of the printer using the fol-lowing format— \\computer_name\printer_share_name, or browse the network forthe printer name, click on the Next button, select the printer in the Shared printerswindow, and click on the Next button.

Select one of these options and locate the shared printer. Print a test page to the sharedprinter.

Question 2: Does the test page print properly? If not perform appropriate printer troubleshooting.



Name

CREATING A DIAL-UP CONNECTION USING WINDOWS 98

Objective: To understand how to create a dial-up connection using Windows 98

Parts: Windows 98 computer with a modem and Dial-up Networking installed andconfiguredPhone number of a dial-up server

Note: The Windows Dial-up Networking (DUN) utility allows you to create and config-ure dial-up connections to dial-up access servers. In this exercise, you create adial-up connection using Windows 98.

Step 1. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows 98 loads.

Step 2. Logon to Windows 98 using the userid and password provided by the instructor or labassistant.

Step 3. Double-click on the My Computer desktop icon and then double-click on the Dial-upNetworking folder. The Dial-up Networking folder opens.

Question 1: Can you create a new connection if a modem has not been installed?

Step 4. Double-click on the Make New Connection icon. The Make New Connection win-dow opens.

Step 5. Type Test in the Connection Name field and, from the Select a device drop downmenu, select the modem to use for this connection. Click on the Next button.

Step 6. Enter the area code and phone number of the remote dial-up server to be dialed,select the Country or Region code from the drop down menu, and click on the Nextbutton. Contact the instructor or lab assistant for this number.

Step 7. Click on the Finish button to create the Test connection.

Step 8. Close the Make New Connection window. The Test Connection icon appears in theDial-up Networking folder.

Question 2: Can you modify the dialing properties of the Test connection after it has been created?

Creating a Dial-up Connection Using Windows 98 D-131

To use the Test connection, follow these steps:

Step 9. Double-click on the My Computer desktop icon and then double-click on the Dial-upNetworking folder. The Dial-up Networking folder opens.

Step 10. Double-click on the Test Connection icon. The Connect to window opens.

Step 11. Enter a username and password for the connection, verify the proper phone numberis listed, and click on the Connect button. The Dial-up Networking utility will com-plete the connection to the remote dial-up server.



Name

CREATING A DIAL-UP CONNECTION USINGWINDOWS NT WORKSTATION

Objective: To use the Dial-up Networking utility to create a dial-up connection in WindowsNT Workstation

Parts: Computer with Windows NT Workstation and a modem and Dial-up Networkinginstalled

Note: Windows NT Workstation comes with Dial-up Networking to enable you to createa dial-up connection to a remote dial-up access server.

Step 1. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows NT Workstation loads.


Step 3. Double-click on the My Computer desktop icon and then double-click on the Dial-upNetworking icon. The Dial-up Networking window opens.

Step 4. To create a new dial-up connection, select New. The New Phonebook Entry wizardstarts.

Step 5. Type Test in the Name the phonebook entry field and click on the Next button.

Step 6. From the Server window, select the type of dial-up connection you are configuring.

Question 1: Which type of connection would you choose for browsing the web?

Step 7. Choose I am calling the Internet and click on Next.

Step 8. Enter the phone number of the Internet Service Provider (ISP) you are calling andclick on Next.

Step 9. Click on Finish to complete the creation of the Test connection.

Question 2: Where will the new connection appear?

Step 10. To use the Test connection, double-click on the My Computer desktop icon and thendouble-click on the Dial-up Networking icon.

Step 11. From the Phonebook Entry drop down menu, select the Test connection.

Creating a Dial-up Connection Using Windows NT Workstation D-133

Step 12. Select Dial, enter a username, password, and domain (if required), and click onOK. Dial-up Networking dials the Internet Service Provider and completes theconnection.



Name

CREATING A DIAL-UP CONNECTION USINGWINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL

Objective: To use the Dial-up Networking utility to create a dial-up connection in Windows2000 Professional

Parts: Computer with Windows 2000 Professional and a modem installedPhone number of a dial-up server

Note: Windows 2000 Professional comes with Dial-up Networking to enable you tocreate a dial-up connection to a remote dial-up access server.

Step 1. Turn the computer on and verify that Windows 2000 Professional loads.


Step 3. From the Start menu, choose Settings, and then select Network and Dial-upConnections.

Question 1: What other method can be used to access Network and Dial-up Connections?

Step 4. Double-click on the Make New Connection icon. The Network Connection wizardstarts.

Step 5. Click on the Next button.

Step 6. From the Network Connection Type window, you can select the type of connectionyou are making.

Question 2: Which connection type would you select to allow your computer to act as a RemoteDial-up Access Server?

Step 7. Select Dial-up to Private Network and click on the Next button.

Step 8. Enter the Phone number of the Remote Dial-up Access Server. Contact the instructoror lab assistant for the number. Click on the Next button.

Step 9. Select Create this connection for all users and click on the Next button.

Step 10. Enter Test in the Connection Name field and click on the Finish button.

Step 11. A new Dial-up connection appears in the Network and Dial-up Connection window.

Creating a Dial-up Connection Using Windows 2000 Professional D-135

Step 12. Double-click on the Test connection icon, enter a Username and Password, andclick on Dial. Dial-up Networking places the call and completes the connection to theremote dial-up access server.



Name

INSTALLING A DIAL-UP CONNECTION USING WINDOWS XP

Objective: To understand how to create a dial-up connection when using Windows XP

Parts: Windows XP computer with a modem and Dial-up Network installed correctlyPhone number of a dial-up serverOptionally a username and password to the access server

Note: The Windows Dial-up Network (DUN) utility allows you to create and configuredial-up connections that allow connectivity to access servers. In this exercise, youcreate a dial-up connection using Windows XP.


Step 2. Click on the Start button and select the Control Panel option.

Step 3. If in Category View, select the Network and Internet Connections option andselect Network Connections. If in Classic View, double-click on the NetworkConnections icon.

Step 4. In the Network Tasks window on the left, select the Create a new connection option.The New Connection Wizard opens. Click on the Next button.

Step 5. Select the Connect to the Internet radio button and click on the Next button.

Step 6. Select the Set up my connection manually radio button and click on Next.

Step 7. Select the Connect using a dial-up modem radio button and click on Next.

Step 8. In the ISP Name, type a name that refers to the dial-up connection you are creating.

Question 1: What name was chosen for the dial-up connection?

Step 9. Click on the Next button. In the Phone number text field, type in the phone numbergiven to you by your instructor or lab assistant. This is the phone number to thedial-in access server. Once typed, click on the Next button.

Step 10. Some servers require a username and password to access the server. Type in theusername, password, and retype the password in the Confirm password textbox. Clickon the Next button. Click on the Finish button.

Step 11. Return to the Network Connections window and an icon with the dial-up connectionname chosen in Step 8 lists in the window. Double-click on the icon and test theconnection.

Installing a Dial-Up Connection Using Windows XP D-137

Question 2: Did the dial-up connection work? If not, perform appropriate troubleshooting.



Name

IDENTIFYING BASIC WIRELESS NETWORK PARTS

Objective: To be able to identify basic parts of a wireless network and determine the type ofwireless network being used.

Question 1: Using the graphic below, identify the major parts of a wireless network. For Question#5, write the type of wireless network being illustrated.

5. Type of Wireless Network ________________

Identifying Basic Wireless Network Parts D-139

Name

INSTALLING A WIRELESS NIC

Objective: To install a wireless NIC into a computer and have it attach to an access point

Parts: A computer with access to the Internet and permission to download filesA wireless NICAn access point that has already been configured by the instructor or lab assistant

Note: (1) In order to verify that a wireless NIC works once installed, it must haveanother wireless device such as another computer with a wireless NIC installed oran access point. This lab assumes that an access point is available and allowsattachment of wireless devices. The students will need any security informationsuch as WEP key before they begin.

(2) Each student will download the installation instructions and driver for the wirelessNIC. Frequently these files may be in zipped or PDF format. The computer they areusing may need to have Adobe’s Acrobat Reader and/or a decompression softwarepackage loaded.

Step 1. Determine what type of wireless NIC is being installed.

Question 1: What type of wireless NIC is being installed? [ PCI \ USB \ PC Card ]

Question 2: Who is the manufacturer of the wireless NIC?

Question 3: What operating system is being used on the computer in which the wireless NIC willbe installed?

Step 2. Using the Internet, determine the latest version of wireless NIC driver for the oper-ating system being used and download the driver.

Question 4: What is the latest driver version?


Step 3. Using the Internet, download the installation instructions for the wireless NIC beingused.

Question 5: What is the name of the installation document?

Step 4. Open the document that details how to install the wireless NIC.

Step 5. Follow the directions and install the wireless NIC.

Question 6: Does the wireless NIC automatically detect a wireless network? If not, contact the labassistant or instructor for any settings that must be configured on the wireless NIC.List any specifications given to you by the instructor/lab assistant in the space below.


Installing a Wireless NIC D-141

Name

CONFIGURING AN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORK

Objective: To configure two Windows XP computers that have wireless NICs installed as anad hoc wireless network

Parts: Two Windows XP-based computers that have wireless NICs installed

Note: (1) Students must have rights to change the hardware configuration on the com-puter for this lab.

Step 1. Power on the computer and gain access to the desktop.


Step 3. If in Category view, select Network and Internet Connections and then NetworkConnections. If in Classic view, double-click on the Network Connections icon.

Step 4. Right-click on the Wireless Network Connection icon and select Properties. If theWireless Network Connections icon is unavailable, install a wireless NIC or performtroubleshooting as appropriate.

Question 1: What type of wireless NIC is installed?

Step 5. Click on the Wireless Networks tab. Click on the Add button.

Step 6. In the SSID box, type happy. If available, click on This is a computer-to-computer(ad hoc) network; wireless access points are not used checkbox. Click on the OKbutton.

Step 7. Click on the Advanced button.

Question 2: Which of the three options is currently selected: (1) Any available network (accesspoint preferred), (2) Access point (infrastructure) networks only, or (3) Computer-to-computer (ad hoc) network; wireless access points are not used?

Step 8. Select the Computer-to-computer (ad hoc) networks only radio button and click onthe Close button. Click on the OK button.

Step 9. Go to the second computer and do the same procedure. Once associated to each other,both computers should show a network icon on the bottom that looks like two com-puters stacked on top of one another. A red X should not be over the icon.


Question 3: Do both computers have the wireless network icon available? If not, perform appro-priate troubleshooting. The computers may have to have their antennas adjusted or,if a laptop, the laptop may have to be turned at a different angle to perform association.

Step 10. Point to the wireless network icon on the task bar. Do not click or double-click on thisicon. A balloon should appear.

Question 4: What words appear in the wireless network icon balloon?


Step 11. Using the wireless network connection Properties screen, reconfigure the wirelessnetwork card to the original mode type. Refer to the answer to Question 2 if unknown.

Question 5: Is the wireless connection still available?


Configuring an Ad Hoc Wireless Network D-143

Name

WIRELESS NETWORK CASE STUDY

Objective: To design and price a wireless network based on parameters given

Parts: Computer with Internet access

Note: (1) The instructor or lab assistant can speak on behalf of the faculty members ifany design questions arise.

Scenario: A building has just been renovated to include faculty offices and two new class-rooms. The only wired networks are in the computer classroom (not shown) andthe administrator’s office (not shown). The wired network allows access to theInternet. The wired network connections are in the wiring closet shown in the dia-gram at the intersection of the two hallways.

Five faculty members are being issued laptop computers. The laptops do not includewireless NICs. The faculty members want to be able to use their laptops in theirclassrooms and offices. There are also comfortable chairs in the hallways and facultywould like to be able to use their laptops in the hallways as well.

The faculty would like (1) access to the Internet and (2) access to a printer. Currentlythere are no printers in the classrooms or the faculty area that they can use.


Tasks: (1) Design a wireless network to allow faculty to use their laptops and gain accessto the Internet. Provide this drawing in electronic form to the instructor. This canbe done in Word, Visio, or some other drawing package.

(2) Provide a detailed list of wireless network parts, part numbers, price and a weblink where the prices were obtained. This will include antenna type, a printout of thewireless antenna radiation pattern, and antenna coverage range.

(3) Provide the instructor with a type written list of policies and configuration settingsfor the wireless network. You are the designer and implementer and what you decidegoes.

Wireless Network Case Study D-145

Name

INTERNET DISCOVERY

Objective: To access the Internet to obtain specific information regarding a computer or itsassociated parts

Parts: Access to the Internet

Question 1: On an HP BRIO computer and after installing a 10/100 BT PCI Ethernet adapter, NTWorkstation displays the error message, “At least one service failed to start.” Whatis the problem, solution, and at what Internet address did you find the solution?

Question 2: What does the term Wake on LAN mean and at what URL did you find the answer?

Question 3: On a clone computer running Windows 95 and with a 3Com 3C359B adapter installed,the “Divide by zero error R6003” error appears. The computer is upgraded to Win-dows 98 and the problem does not change. What is the solution? List the URL wherethe answer was found.

Question 4: How can you tell if an infrared device is within range on a Windows 2000 Profes-sional computer? Write the answer and the URL in the space below.

Question 5: Find an Internet site that explains the differences between CAT 5 and CAT 5E UTPcable. Write one difference and the URL in the space below.


Documents

Networking