Network Protocols Objectives Identify characteristics of TCP

Network Network

ProtocolsProtocols

ObjectivesObjectives

Identify characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, Identify characteristics of TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, and AppleTalkNetBIOS, and AppleTalk

Understand position of network protocols in OSI Understand position of network protocols in OSI ModelModel

Identify core protocols of each protocol suite and Identify core protocols of each protocol suite and its functionsits functions

Understand each protocol’s addressing schemeUnderstand each protocol’s addressing scheme

Install protocols on Windows 98 and Windows Install protocols on Windows 98 and Windows 2000 clients2000 clients

Introduction to ProtocolsIntroduction to Protocols

ProtocolProtocol Rules network uses to transfer dataRules network uses to transfer data Protocols that can span more than one LAN Protocols that can span more than one LAN

segment are segment are routableroutable

Multiprotocol networkMultiprotocol network Network using more than one protocolNetwork using more than one protocol

TCP/IPTCP/IP

Transmission Transmission Control Control Protocol/Internet Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)Protocol (TCP/IP)

Suite of small, Suite of small, specialized specialized protocols called protocols called subprotocolssubprotocols

OSI Model TCP/IP

Figure 3-1: TCP/IP compared to the OSI Model

TCP/IP Compared to theTCP/IP Compared to theOSI ModelOSI Model

Application layer roughly corresponds to Application layer roughly corresponds to Session, Application, and Presentation layers of Session, Application, and Presentation layers of OSI ModelOSI Model

Transport layer roughly corresponds to Transport layer roughly corresponds to Transport layers of OSI ModelTransport layers of OSI Model

Internet layer is equivalent to Network layer of Internet layer is equivalent to Network layer of OSI ModelOSI Model

Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Data Link and Physical layers of OSI ModelData Link and Physical layers of OSI Model

The TCP/IP Core ProtocolsThe TCP/IP Core Protocols

Certain subprotocols of TCP/IP suiteCertain subprotocols of TCP/IP suite Operate in Transport or Network layers of OSI Operate in Transport or Network layers of OSI

ModelModel Provide basic services to protocols in other Provide basic services to protocols in other

layers of TCP/IPlayers of TCP/IP

TCP and IP are most significant core TCP and IP are most significant core protocols in TCP/IP suiteprotocols in TCP/IP suite

Internet Protocol (IP)Internet Protocol (IP)

Provides information about how and where Provides information about how and where data should be delivereddata should be delivered

Subprotocol that enables TCP/IP to Subprotocol that enables TCP/IP to internetworkinternetwork To internetwork is to traverse more than one To internetwork is to traverse more than one

LAN segment and more than one type of LAN segment and more than one type of network through a routernetwork through a router

In an internetwork, the individual networks that In an internetwork, the individual networks that are joined together are called are joined together are called subnetworkssubnetworks


IP datagramIP datagram IP portion of IP portion of

TCP/IP TCP/IP frame that frame that acts as an acts as an envelope for envelope for datadata

Contains Contains information information necessary necessary for routers to for routers to transfer data transfer data between between subnetssubnets

Figure 3-2: Components of an IP datagram


IP is an unreliable, connectionless IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol, which means it does not protocol, which means it does not guarantee delivery of dataguarantee delivery of data ConnectionlessConnectionless

Allows protocol to service a request without Allows protocol to service a request without requesting verified session and without requesting verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of dataguaranteeing delivery of data

Transport Control Protocol (TCP)Transport Control Protocol (TCP)

TCPTCP Provides reliable data delivery servicesProvides reliable data delivery services Connection-orientedConnection-oriented subprotocol subprotocol

Requires establishment of connection between Requires establishment of connection between communicating nodes before protocol will transmit communicating nodes before protocol will transmit datadata

TCP segmentTCP segment Holds TCP data fieldsHolds TCP data fields Becomes encapsulated by IP datagramBecomes encapsulated by IP datagram

Transport Control Protocol (TCP)Transport Control Protocol (TCP)

PortPort Address on host where application makes itself available to Address on host where application makes itself available to

incoming dataincoming data

Figure 3-3: A TCP

segment

TCP/IP Application Layer TCP/IP Application Layer ProtocolsProtocols

Telnet Telnet Used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP protocol suite Used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP protocol suite

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Used to send and receive files via TCP/IPUsed to send and receive files via TCP/IP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server

to another, using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based to another, using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based networksnetworks

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Manages devices on a TCP/IP networkManages devices on a TCP/IP network

Addressing in TCP/IPAddressing in TCP/IP

IP AddressIP Address Logical address used in TCP/IP networkingLogical address used in TCP/IP networking Unique 32-bit numberUnique 32-bit number

Divided into four groups of Divided into four groups of octetsoctets (8-bit bytes) (8-bit bytes) that are separated by periodsthat are separated by periods

IP addresses are assigned and used IP addresses are assigned and used according to very specific parametersaccording to very specific parameters


Though 8 bits have 256 possible combinations, only the Though 8 bits have 256 possible combinations, only the numbers 1 through 254 are used to identify networks numbers 1 through 254 are used to identify networks and hostsand hosts

Numbers 0 and 255 are reserved for Numbers 0 and 255 are reserved for broadcastsbroadcasts Broadcast are transmissions to all stations on a networkBroadcast are transmissions to all stations on a network

Table 3-1: Commonly used TCP/IP classes


FirewallFirewall Specialized device (typically a router)Specialized device (typically a router) Selectively filters or blocks traffic between Selectively filters or blocks traffic between

networksnetworks May be strictly hardware-based or may involve a May be strictly hardware-based or may involve a

combination of hardware and softwarecombination of hardware and software

HostHost Computer connected to a network using the Computer connected to a network using the

TCP/IP protocolTCP/IP protocol


Static IP addressStatic IP address IP address manually assigned to a deviceIP address manually assigned to a device

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)(DHCP) Application layer protocolApplication layer protocol Manages dynamic distribution of IP addresses Manages dynamic distribution of IP addresses

on a networkon a network

Viewing Current IP InformationViewing Current IP Information

Figure 3-5: IP address

information on a

Windows 2000

workstation

IPX/SPXIPX/SPX

Internetwork Packet Internetwork Packet Exchange/SequenceExchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange d Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)(IPX/SPX) Protocol originally Protocol originally

developed by Xeroxdeveloped by Xerox Modified and adopted Modified and adopted

by Novell in the by Novell in the 1980s for the 1980s for the NetWare network NetWare network operating systemoperating system

Figure 3-6: IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model

IPX/SPX Core ProtocolsIPX/SPX Core Protocols

Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Operates at Network layer of OSI ModelOperates at Network layer of OSI Model Provides routing and internetworking servicesProvides routing and internetworking services Similar to IP in TCP/IP suiteSimilar to IP in TCP/IP suite

Figure 3-7: Components

of an IPX datagram

IPX/SPX Core ProtocolsIPX/SPX Core Protocols

Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) Belongs to Transport layer of OSI ModelBelongs to Transport layer of OSI Model Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are

received:received:WholeWhole

In sequenceIn sequence

Error freeError free

NetBIOS and NetBEUINetBIOS and NetBEUI

Network Basic Input Output System Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS)(NetBIOS) Originally designed by IBM to provide Originally designed by IBM to provide

Transport and Session layer servicesTransport and Session layer services Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation

protocolprotocol Microsoft added Application layer Microsoft added Application layer

component called NetBEUIcomponent called NetBEUI

NetBIOS and NetBEUINetBIOS and NetBEUI

NetBIOS Enhanced User InterfaceNetBIOS Enhanced User Interface Fast and efficient protocolFast and efficient protocol Consumes few network resourcesConsumes few network resources Provides excellent error correctionProvides excellent error correction Requires little configurationRequires little configuration Can handle only 254 connectionsCan handle only 254 connections Does not allow for good securityDoes not allow for good security

NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Modelto the OSI Model

Figure 3-9: NetBIOS/NetBEUI compared to the OSI Model

AppleTalkAppleTalk

Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computerscomputers

Originally designed to support peer-to-peer Originally designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshesnetworking among Macintoshes

Can now be routed between network segments Can now be routed between network segments and integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-and integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based networksbased networks

AppleTalk networks are separated into logical AppleTalk networks are separated into logical groups of computers called groups of computers called AppleTalk zonesAppleTalk zones

Installing ProtocolsInstalling Protocols

After installing protocols, they must be After installing protocols, they must be binded to NICs and services they run on or binded to NICs and services they run on or withwith BindingBinding

Process of assigning one network component to Process of assigning one network component to work with anotherwork with another

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

Protocols define standards for Protocols define standards for communication between nodes on a communication between nodes on a networknetwork

Protocols vary in speed, transmission Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency, utilization of resources, ease efficiency, utilization of resources, ease of setup, compatibility, and ability to of setup, compatibility, and ability to travel between one LAN segmentstravel between one LAN segments

TCP/IP is becoming most popular TCP/IP is becoming most popular network protocolnetwork protocol


TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into four layers roughly corresponding to seven four layers roughly corresponding to seven layers of OSI Modellayers of OSI Model

Operating in Transport or Network layers of Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide OSI Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide communications between hosts on a networkcommunications between hosts on a network

Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, divided into four groups of octets separated divided into four groups of octets separated by periodsby periods


Every host on a network must have a unique Every host on a network must have a unique numbernumber

Internetworking Packet Exchange/Sequenced Internetworking Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a protocol Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a protocol originally developed by Xerox then modified originally developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for its and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare network operating system NetWare network operating system

Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at Transport and Network layers of OSI Modelat Transport and Network layers of OSI Model


Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called IPX addressesIPX addresses

Network Basic Input Output System Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) was originally developed by IBM to (NetBIOS) was originally developed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer servicesprovide Transport and Session layer services

Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation protocol, then added an Application layer protocol, then added an Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)Interface (NetBEUI)


To transmit data between network nodes, To transmit data between network nodes, NetBIOS needs to know how to reach each NetBIOS needs to know how to reach each workstationworkstation Each workstation must have a NetBIOS nameEach workstation must have a NetBIOS name

AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computersinterconnect Macintosh computers

An AppleTalk network is separated into An AppleTalk network is separated into logical groups of computers called AppleTalk logical groups of computers called AppleTalk zoneszones

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Network Protocols Objectives Identify characteristics of TCP