NetNeutrality:DeliveringInternetData

COMP6218LeslieCarr

Generalquestions

• WhatisthepointoftheWeb?WhydoweusetheWeb?• WhatvaluedoweexpecttheWebtoprovideus?• WhatvaluedowedelivertotheWeb?• HowistheWebsustainable?

LayersofInternet:WebInside!

3

Layers No. ComponentsContentandTransaction(social) 5 Informationexchangedandtheinteractionsandbehaviours

involved

Application(engineering) 4 Utilityprotocols:FTP,HTTP,SMTP.Providesprocess-to-processdataexchangeforapplications

Transport(engineering) 3 ProtocolsfordatatransportlikeTCP,UDP(chosenaccordingIPpacketindication),handlinghost-to-hostcommunication

Network/Internet(engineering) 2

IPcarriespacketsfromasourcetodestination,usingtheroutingprotocolstodeterminethepathstakenbythepackets,connectingindependentnetworks,thusestablishinginternetworking

Physical/hardwarelink(engineering) 1

Overwhichpacketsarecarried:ARP,NDP(auto-configurationofnodes:oldsandnews),MAC(Ethernet,DSL,FDDI),WiFi,satellitelinks…Containingcommunicationmethodsfordatathatremainswithinasinglenetworksegment(link)

TheOriginalInternetWorld

4

NSFNet

Universities

TheOriginalInternetWorld(2)

5

NSFNet

Universities

AOL

COMPU

SERV

E

TheEarlyWebEcosystem

6

InternetBackbone

ISPs

Yahoo MySpace Geocities Altavista

GeneralPublic

ModernWebEcosystem

7

Tier1- 3

ISPs

CDNs+Clouds

Google Facebook Amazon Twitter Netflix ...

Government Industry CivilSociety Universities

Publics

WhoPays?WhatValue?

• Web0:NSFNET1980s• Pre- andpre-historicweb• NRENaspublicgood,fromgovt researchfunds• UserestrictedtoresearchsectorinUS(atfirst)

• Web1.01990s• ISP/telcoassubscriptionaccesstoInternet.• Web/freeatpointofuse…emergenceofmonetisedproducts

• commercialservices(EBay,Amazon,Netflix)• webadvertising

• Web2.02010s• Mobileoperatorasmetered/cappedaccesstoInternet.• MonetisedsurveillanceisdominantfundingmodelforWebproperties• SocialWebasco-creativespacewhereparticipantsproducedata…emergenceofadata

tradingspace

8

Hugeincreaseinaccessibility

Hugeincreaseinaccessibility

WebParticipants

• TheWebisadataexchangingspace,wereceivedataifwedeliverdatainreturn.

• Datahavedifferentkindsofpotentialvalue• Informationhascontextualvalueupontime,space,placeandrecipient

• TheWebparticipants:people,governments,privatecompanies,communities.• Mostofthemparticipatethroughtheirwebsites

PublicGoods• Commonsareresourcesavailableforpublicbenefit,butindividualrivalrymaydepletetheresource,deprivingothersofbenefit• Publicgoodsarenon-rivalrous commons• Purepublicgoodsarealsonon-excludable,thatitisimpossibletopreventanindividualfromconsumingthem• Global publicgoodsrepresentuniversalbenefitsintermsofnations(globally),participants(stakeholdersandthepublic),andgenerations(presentandfuture).• Publicgoodsneedefficientallocation,otherwisemarketfailure.

10

TheInternetaspublicgoodTheInternetisanimpureglobalpublicgood(UNDP,1999).• Human-madeglobalcommons,• Subjecttonon-rivalconsumption,meaningthatadditionalindividualsbenefitatzeromarginal(production)cost.• Partlynon-excludable… transmission’scostsexcludepoorindividualstoaccess,orregulationsputentrybarriers.

TheInternetisaclubgood(WorldDevelopmentReport,2016)• Excludable• Non-rivalrous• Enormouspositiveexternalities

11

NetNeutrality– PaytoDeliverPremiumServices?

NetNeutrality– WhatkindofWebdowewant?

• ShouldInternetProvidersbeabletoinfluencewhatkindofmaterialcanappearontheInternet?

• Whoaretheactors?

• Howcontrol?• Block,throttlee.g.mediatypes,orservicetypes.• Onlyallowpromotedpartners.

ContentProviders

InternetServiceProviders

Users

Regulators

Regulation

• Chilein2010• Netherlandsin2011• Brazilin2014,• Slovenia• RecentlyintheUS• Andmostrecently27thOctober2015,theEuropeanCommissionhasadoptedtheTelecomsSingleMarketregulationincludingOpenInternetguarantees• IntheopenInternetalltrafficwillbetreatedequally• Subjecttopublicinterestexceptions– childporn,cybersecurity,malware• Compromiseforfastlane.

FOR– open,distributednetwork

• TheInternetconsideredahumanright?• TheWeb– theInternet– isanopen,publicsystemthatismadeupofmanyprivatelyownedcomponents.• Thosewhoownthenetworksandthesitesshouldn’tbeabletocontrolwhattheinternetisusedfor.• Likeawatercompanycontrollingwhetheryoucanwashyourhandsorhaveashower

• OracarcompanyFordforbiddingyoutoputSainsburyorWalmart’sgroceriesintheboot/trunk.

• Innovation• Wedidn’tknowin1980whattheinternetwouldbeusedfor(justemailandfiletransfer!)

• Wecan’tprejudgewhatnewkindsofdataandservicewillcomealong• Musthaveanequalaccessforstartupsandbigcompanies

FOR– Internetneedsprotection

• AswellasISPs(BT/AT&T),otherWebcompaniesareprovidingInternetservices• Facebook’sInternet.org - inAfrica• GoogleLoonproject– balloonsinthestratospherebeaminga4Gservice

• WilltheyonlyofferaccesstotheirbusinesspartnersWebsites?

• ISPsshouldnotbecomegatekeepersofwhatworkswellintheInternetandwhatdoesn´t.• Wehaven’tvotedforthem• Theyarebusinessoriented

• Thiscankillcompetitionandinnovation,especiallystartups.

FOR– protectionforindustryandconsumers

• Protectionforcontentprovider• youwon’tbesubjecttothewillingnessoftheISPtogiveyouafastoraslowlanetoyourdata.

• Protectionforcontentuser• whysomesitesshouldtakemoretimetoload,orevenneverload,astheproductofadecisionofyourISP?

• TheWebenvisionedbyTBLisneutral.Itisanopenplatformforcollaborationandinnovation.Thewebiswhatitisnowbecausehedesigneditfordatatobetreatedequally. #WEBWEWANT

SeeAlso

• NETNEUTRALITYINEUROPE:ASTATEMENTFROMSIRTIMBERNERS-LEE(2015)AstatementbyTimBerners-Leewhichwaspostedonthe26thOctober2015,thedaybeforetheEuropeanParliamentvote• http://webfoundation.org/2015/10/net-neutrality-in-europe-a-statement-from-sir-tim-berners-lee/

• HOWUKISPSHAVEACHOKEHOLDONOURINTERNETACCESS(2014)AnarticlewrittenbyJayMcGregorontheTechradar.com website• http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/uk-isps-a-private-members-club-stifling-progression--1246056

• WHYWESHOULDJOINTHEMOVEMENTTOSAVETHEINTERNETINEUROPE(2015)Anarticlewrittenonthe26thOctober2015byProfessorBarbaraSchewick,alawprofessorinStandford University,andLarryLessig whichisavailableontheBackchannelwebsite• https://medium.com/backchannel/why-we-should-join-the-movement-to-save-the-internet-in-europe-larry-lessig-and-barbara-van-189b7206c6ac

Against– someonehastopay!

• TheInternethasalreadybeenconsideredconsideredahumanright...• TheInternetisnotfree,someonehastopayforit.• ORIGINALLYITWASALLPAIDBYGOVERNMENT/MILITARYBECAUSEITWASSPECIALISEDANDSMALL

• However,noteveryonecanaffordit,andeveniftheycould,thereareareaswherethereisnoservice,but…

Against– Companiesworkinthepublicgood

• Greatnews!:Therearemovesbeingmadetowardsgrantingaccesstoeveryone,bothatindustryandgovernmentallevel.

• Companies:SiliconValleycompaniesnotonlyseekprofitTheyalsoknownforundertakingimportantsocialmissionsthatgovernmentscannotafford.Theinnovativenatureofindustrycanplayinbenefitforeveryone.Strictnetneutralityregulationscouldbedetrimentaltotheinnovativedriveofthesecompanies.

• Internet.org,byFacebook:providingfree(oraffordable)connectivitytounderservedregionsinAfrica,AsiaandLatinamerica.Althoughtheyarebasicservices,andchosenbytheprovider,itismuchbetterthannothing!Anditcanreallychangethelivesofmanypeople.

• ProjectLoon,byGoogle:releasinghighaltitudeballoonshighlycosteffectivetocreateanetworkoftransmittersthatcanprovideconnectivitytolargeareas.ItisGoogle,theymaybeafterourdata,buttheservicetheyareprovidingisinvaluable:connectivitytoeveryone,TBL’sdreamcometrue!

• Governments:Wearealsowitnessinghowgovernmentsareregulatingtowardstheprovisionofaffordableinternetforeveryone.Forexample,last27thofOctobertheEuropeanCommissionapprovedapackageofmeasuresthatincludetheendofroamingchargesby2017.TheyhavealsoallowedISPstocontinuetradingwithfastInternetlanes,whichisareasonablecompromise.Thatdecisionisontheinterestofeveryone,asitincentivates ISPstoprovideabetterservice

AGAINST– GovernmentInterference

• tightregulationcankillcompetition.ThiscompetitioniswhatismakingISPstoprovidebetterserviceatabetterprice,anditisanobel priceeconomistGaryBecker,whosaysthat:netneutralitycanbedetrimentaltoconsumerwelfare• Wecannottreatalldataequally.Videostreaming,forexample,ishighlydemanding,andsoisillegalP2Psharing.StrictNetneutralityregulationsaredangerousbecausetheycanoverloadthelanes withtrafficandcompromisethecirculationofimportantdata.• NicholasNegroponte’sexample:ifyouhaveapacemaker sendingandreceivingdatatothecloud,Netneutralitycanputyourlifeindangerbecauseanoverloadoftrafficcausedbyvideostreamerscanslowdownthedataexchangeofyourmedicaldevice.

SeeAlso

• NICHOLASNEGROPONTE:NETNEUTRALITYDOESN'TMAKESENSE• InthisvideoavailableontheBigThinkwebsite,MITMediaLabfounderNicholasNegropontediscusseswhyhethinksthatnetneutralitydoesn´tmakesense.Youmayliketoskipto3:04minutesforthefirstmentionofnetneutrality

• http://bigthink.com/videos/bits-bits-everywhere-with-mit-media-labs-nicholas-negroponte

• THEUKDOESN’TNEEDNETNEUTRALITYREGULATIONS…YET(2015)• InthisarticleavailableonTheConversationwebsite,ProfessorJonCrowcroft formCambridgeUniversitydiscusseswhynetneutralityregulationscouldbedetrimentaltotheservicethatISPsprovideinareaswherethereisfaircompetitionbetweenISPssuchastheUK,Europe,Japan,andSouthKorea

• https://theconversation.com/the-uk-doesnt-need-net-neutrality-regulations-yet-38204

MakeUpYourOwnMind

• ButargueCRITICALLYabouttheprosandcons• Don’tblindlyacceptanyone’spropaganda• CometoaREASONEDconclusion