Nervous System Objectives

• Identify structures of the nervous system.• Explaining differences in the function of the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system

• • Labeling parts of sensory organs, including the eye, ear, tongue, and skin receptors

• • Recognizing diseases and disorders of the nervous system

• Examples: Parkinson's disease, meningitis

Do Now: Monday, Nov. 3

• Objective: Nervous System

• Do Now:1. Name at least 3 purposes of the nervous

system (what does it do/why do we need it?)2. Name at least 3 parts of the nervous system.

1. Deals with sensory info: sight, sound, touch, taste, smell

2. How does it work?- Receives sensory info (hands, eyes…)- Sends info via nerves- Processes info in brain- Responds through muscles

Nervous System in Action

3. Example: TOUCHReceives sends processes responds

Hand: HOT! Arm nerves Brain Touch: HOT!

Nervous System in Action

4. Example: TASTEReceives sends processes responds

Taste, Mouth waters

Nervous System in Action

5. Example: SIGHTReceives sends processes responds

Slam on brakes

Nervous System in Action

6. Example: SOUNDReceives sends processes responds

Nervous System in Action

7. Example: SMELLReceives sends processes responds

NS is Divided into two parts:1) Central NS

a. Brain and spinal cordb. Processes info

2) Peripheral NSc. Nerves, sense organsd. Receives/sends info to

and from the body

Peripheral Nervous System

Divided into two parts:1. Somatic Nervous System a. Parts we consciously control ex. Skeletal muscles2. Autonomic Nervous system a. Parts we don’t consciously control ex. Smooth and cardiac muscles

Peripheral NS

Autonomic Nervous System

1. Sympathetic NS a. Prepares us for action/energy use

ex. Example: Run from bear2. Parasympathetic NS a. Normal, resting state ex. Example: breathing, digestion, etc.

Autonomic Nervous System

NS Graphic Organizer

Do Now: Tuesday, Nov. 4

• Objective: Types of Nerves/Reflex Arc

• Do Now:1. What is the difference between the

autonomic and somatic nervous systems?2. What two divisions make up the autonomic

nervous system?

Structure of a Neuron

Parts of a Neuron

• Neuron: cells of the nervous system– Dendrite: sends info to cell body– Soma/Cyton (cell body): gathers info and passes to

axon– Axon: carries info from cell body– Terminal buttons: send info to other neurons

Info Transmission

• Dendrite soma axon terminal buttons next neuron

Synapses

• Synapse: gap between neurons that is used to pass info from neuron to neuron

Reflex Arc

• Protection: quick decision to save body from damage

• Speed: doesn’t involve brain to save time• Uses 3 neurons

Reflex Arc Transmission

Sensory receptor afferent (sensory) neuron interneuron efferent (motor) neuron effector (muscle)

Reflex Arc Parts

• Sensory receptor: receives sensory info

• Afferent neuron: transmits info to spinal cord

• Interneuron: quickly processes info in spinal cord

• Efferent neuron: sends response to muscle

• Effector muscle: receives impulse and reacts

Check for Understanding

• Why do we have reflex arcs (2 reasons)?

• How many neurons are involved in a reflex arc and list them in order?

• What is a synapse?

• How is info transmitted from dendrite to the next neuron?

Independent Practice

• Write a letter to a fifth grader explaining how a reflex works in at least 5 COMPLETE sentences.

• You are not allowed to use large words.• You must explain the whole process in simple

terms a fifth grader will understand including making analogies to real-world examples (knee-jerk reflex, pulling your hand back from a boiling pot, etc. )

Do Now: Tuesday, Nov. 4

• Objective: Major CNS Regions

• Do Now:1. Draw a flow chart that describes a reflex arc

from receptor to effector.2. What is the difference between an afferent

and efferent neuron?

Discussion

• What would happen if you injured your brain?• Does it matter where it gets injured? Why or

why not?

Big Idea

• The brain is the main processing center of our central nervous system.

• Understanding the modularity of the brain is important not only in understanding how the brain functions but also how it evolved and how brain injuries impact individuals.

Vocabulary

• Olfactory: smell• Auditory: hearing• Optical: sight• Thermo: heat• Amplify: to make larger or stronger• Chronic: reoccurring, constant

Part of the Brain Focus.What do they control?

VOCABULARY:• Olfactory• Auditory• Optical• Thermo• Amplify• Chronic

MAJOR CNS REGIONS:• Frontal• Parietal• Occipital• Temporal• Cerebrum• Cerebellum• Brain stem• Spinal cord

Major CNS Regions• Temporal: long-term memory, object

recognition, auditory information, speech center

• Frontal: critical thinking, ranking reactions, selecting appropriate responses

Major CNS Regions

• Occipital: vision• Parietal: process sensory info from body (skin)

and spacial orientation (where things are around them)

Major CNS Regions

• Cerebrum: frontal, temporal, occipital, frontal• Cerebellum: takes in info on the position of

body parts and coordinates body movement

FG

FG

Major CNS Regions

• Brain Stem: reflexes, heart pumping, breathing, smooth muscle contractions

• Spinal cord: conduct nerve impulses to and from brain, spinal reflexes

Independent Practice

• Each station will discuss the symptoms of a brain-injury patient. You need to diagnose what region of the brain that individual injured based on their symptoms.

• There will also be stations that mention an area of the brain that has been injured and you need to list two different problems they would expect to see in those injured individuals.

Last Slide for Friday, Nov 14

• Objective: Senses (Touch, taste, smell, pain)

• Do Now: What do the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes each control?

Wednesday-November 13,2014Big Idea - Senses

• Sensory information comes at our bodies in many forms. Knowing what types of receptors our bodies have, what triggers them, and where they are located is important to understanding how to interact with the world around us and why we perceive it the way we do.

Introduction

• What are the main senses of the body? • Where are the receptors for each sense?

Types of Sensory Receptors

• 1. Chemoreceptor: sense chemicals• 2. Thermoreceptors: sense heat or cold (2

types)

Types of Sensory Receptors

• 3. Photoreceptors: sense light• 4. Mechanoreceptors: sense pressure (many

types and vary on level of sensitivity)• 5. Nociceptors: sense pain

Touch

• Most sensory receptors are in our skin. • Touch is a combination of mechanoreceptors

and thermoreceptors.

Smell• Olfactory receptors: hairs stick out that

respond to the shape of molecules in the air. • Located high up in the nasal cavity (why we

breathe in deeply when we smell).

Taste

• Taste buds located all over tongue: sweet, bitter, salty, sour, and umami.

• Taste hairs stick out and respond to shape of food molecules to produce taste.

Taste Buds Regions

Pain

• Pain receptors are widely spread in skin and tissues (except brain).

• Tissue damage stimulates them and they persist for a long time.

Referred Pain

• Pain receptors on skin often share a pathway to the brain with certain organs.

• Referred pain: leads to feelings of pain on the skin when organs are damaged.

Referred Pain

Check for Understanding

• What type of receptors detect….– 1. Pressure?– 2. Pain?– 3. Chemicals?– 4. Temperature?– 5. Light?

Check for Understanding

• 1. Where are most of the sensory receptors?• 2. Why do we breathe in deeply when we try to

smell?• 3. What are the 5 types of taste buds and

where are they located?• 4. Where are pain receptors located?• 5. What is referred pain and why does it occur?

Practice Questions

• Create FIVE multiple choice questions.• Switch your questions with a partner and see

how many you can get write without your notes.

• Discuss the questions you got wrong with the writer.

Put both names on each sheet and hand in when completed.

Example Questions:

1. What type of sensory organ processes smells?a. Mechanoreceptors c. Thermoreceptorsb. Photoreceptors d. Olfactory receptors

2. Which of the following is not a category of taste buds:

a. Sweet c. Bitterb. Savory d. Salty

Do Now: Friday., Nov. 14

• Objective: Structure of the Eye

• Do Now: 1. What are the five types of taste buds?2. Where are most of the sensory receptors?3. What type of receptors detect light, pain, and

temperature?

• How do you hear? Write down everything that you know about how your ear works and what is in it.

• Auditory Nerve-transfers auditory signals to the brain

Parts of the Ear

• Outer Ear: collects sounds and funnels them through the auditory system.

• Middle Ear: eardrum and bones that send vibrations to the inner ear.

• Inner Ear: involved with hearing and balance.

Outer Ear

• Auricle (pinna) - outer ear• External Auditory Meatus – external ear canal

Middle Ear

• Tympanic Membrane (eardrum): captures sound waves

• Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) - transmit vibrations and amplify the signal

• Eustachian tube - connects to throat and helps maintain air pressure

Inner Ear

• Cochlea - turn the sound waves into signals for the auditory nerves

• Semicircular canals - keep balance

• 1. Sound waves enter external auditory meatus2. Eardrum vibrates3. Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) amplify vibrations4. Stapes hits oval window and transmits vibrations to cochlea5. Organs of corti contain receptor cells (hair cells) that deform from vibrations6. Impulses sent to the vestibulocochlear nerve7. Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe interprets sensory impulses8. (Round window dissipates vibrations within the cochlea)

Eye Vocabulary

• Cornea: clear, front of eye where light enters• Lens: focuses light that enters the eye• Retina: light sensitive layer of eye that

contains eye cells• Optic Nerve: takes visual info to brain• Photoreceptor cells: cells that respond to light

Eye Structure

Astigmatism

• Description: Causes images to appear blurry and stretched out because light strikes at more than one location.

Astigmatism

• Causes: – Cornea in normal eye curved like a basketball– Cornea in astigmatism like a football

Astigmatism

• Treatment: – Eyeglasses or contacts– Surgery to change shape of cornea

Myopia vs. Hyperopia

Myopia• Description: AKA nearsightedness

– Close objects appear clearly– Distant objects appear blurry

Hyperopia• Description: AKA farsightedness

– Distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near.

Myopia

• Causes: images form in front of retina causing blurry vision– Cornea is to steep

Hyperopia

• Causes: images form behind retina causing blurry vision– Cornea is too flat

Myopia and Hyperopia

• Treatment: Eyeglasses, contacts, or surgery to change shape of cornea.

Cataract

• Description: Gradual loss of the clarity of visions, difficulty seeing contrasts (light/dark), eventually loss of vision.

• Causes: Cloudy lens - caused by radiation, diabetes, injury or advanced age.

Cataract

• Treatment: Surgery to remove the lens and replace it with a plastic one.

Glaucoma

• Description: Gradual loss of vision and sometimes with ocular (eye) pain.

• Causes: Increased pressure of fluids in eye that damages optic nerve photoreceptor cells.

Glaucoma• Treatment: Drugs or surgery (normal or laser)

to reduce eye pressure.