Nervous SystemNervous SystemJames Chung, Claire YangJames Chung, Claire Yang8th grade D block8th grade D blockAprilApril

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History of BrainHistory of BrainStart of BrainStart of BrainAristotle’s TheoryAristotle’s Theory““Skull Holes”Skull Holes”Phineas Gage CasePhineas Gage Case

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The Start of Brains‣100 million years ago100 million years ago

‣Formation of nervesFormation of nerves

‣Development of brainsDevelopment of brains

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Aristotle’s TheoryAristotle’s Theory

‣ Didn’t understand the functions of the brainDidn’t understand the functions of the brain

‣ Center of thought in the heartCenter of thought in the heart

‣ Brain, the air conditionerBrain, the air conditioner

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Ancient SurgeriesAncient Surgeries

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““Skull Holes”Skull Holes”‣ Skulls of South Americans and othersSkulls of South Americans and others

‣ Religion? Surgery?Religion? Surgery?

‣ The unbearable painThe unbearable pain

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Phineas Gage CasePhineas Gage Case

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Phineas Gage CasePhineas Gage Case‣ Railroad foreman in VermontRailroad foreman in Vermont‣ InjuryInjury

‣ Effects of InjuryEffects of Injury

‣ One of the most amazing recovery in the One of the most amazing recovery in the medical historymedical history

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- Pierced though his left cheek- Pierced though his left cheek- Passed into the skull- Passed into the skull- Shattered the upper jaw- Shattered the upper jaw- Passed behind the left eye- Passed behind the left eye- Pierced through the brain, making a 4-inch wide hole- Pierced through the brain, making a 4-inch wide hole

- Personality changes - easily aroused, - Personality changes - easily aroused, violentviolent- Physically move, talk, work- Physically move, talk, work

NeuronsNeuronsStructureStructureTypesTypesNerve impulseNerve impulse

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Neurons: StructuresNeurons: Structures

‣ DendritesDendrites

‣ Nerve cell bodyNerve cell body

‣ AxonAxon

- Long, thin branches - Long, thin branches - Receives nerve impulse- Receives nerve impulse- Carries it to the cell body- Carries it to the cell body- Nerve fiber- Nerve fiber

- Long, thick branches- Long, thick branches- Can have multiple tips- Can have multiple tips- Carries nerve impulse out- Carries nerve impulse out- Nerve fiber- Nerve fiber

- Similar to other types of cells- Similar to other types of cells- Nucleus- Nucleus

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Various StructuresVarious Structures

‣ AxonsAxons

‣ Cell bodyCell body

‣ DendritesDendrites

- Short vs. Long- Short vs. Long- Multiple vs. - Multiple vs. SingleSingle

- Halfway vs. End- Halfway vs. End

- Few vs. Thousands- Few vs. Thousands

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Bipolar nerve Bipolar nerve cellcell

Bipolar nerve Bipolar nerve cellcell

Pseudo-unipolar nerve Pseudo-unipolar nerve cellcell

Pseudo-unipolar nerve Pseudo-unipolar nerve cellcell

Multipolar nerve Multipolar nerve cellcell

Multipolar nerve Multipolar nerve cellcell

Myelinated vs. Myelinated vs. UnmyelinatedUnmyelinated‣ Myelinated axon vs. Unmyelinated axonsMyelinated axon vs. Unmyelinated axons

‣ MyelinMyelin

‣ Characteristics of myelinated neuronCharacteristics of myelinated neuron

‣ Characteristics of unmyelinated neuronCharacteristics of unmyelinated neuron

Myelinated axonMyelinated axon- Sheath composed of Schwann cells- Sheath composed of Schwann cells- Spinal cord & peripheral nerves- Spinal cord & peripheral nervesUnmyelinated axonUnmyelinated axon- No sheath- No sheath- Brain- Brain

- Fatty substance of Schwann cells’ - Fatty substance of Schwann cells’ membranemembrane- Wraps around the axon - Wraps around the axon

- Prevention of leakage & weakening- Prevention of leakage & weakening- Increase in speed- Increase in speed

- Possible leakage & weakening- Possible leakage & weakening- Slower speed- Slower speed

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Neurons: TypesNeurons: Types‣ Sensory neuron (Receptor)Sensory neuron (Receptor)

‣ Interneuron (Link)Interneuron (Link)

‣ Motor neuron (Execution)Motor neuron (Execution)

- Peripheral nerves- Peripheral nerves- Picks up stimuli signal- Picks up stimuli signal- Packaging of stimulus into nerve impulses- Packaging of stimulus into nerve impulses

- Present in spinal cord & - Present in spinal cord & brainbrain- Sensory neurons to motor - Sensory neurons to motor neuronsneurons- Interpreting nerves impulses- Interpreting nerves impulses- Receives nerve impulses from - Receives nerve impulses from interneuronsinterneurons- Sends nerve impulses to muscles - Sends nerve impulses to muscles or glandsor glands

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Nerve impulse: Nerve impulse: Transmission Transmission II‣ Travel within a neuronTravel within a neuron

‣ Possible receiversPossible receivers

- Travel along cell membrane- Travel along cell membrane- Electrical signals- Electrical signals 0.1 volt0.1 volt Thousandth of sec. Thousandth of sec. - Electric conduction- Electric conduction Ion movements Ion movements Ion pumps on cell membraneIon pumps on cell membrane

- Dendrite of another neuron- Dendrite of another neuron- Muscle or cell in another organ- Muscle or cell in another organ- Can be fired or not- Can be fired or not

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Nerve impulse: Nerve impulse: Transmission Transmission IIII‣ SynapseSynapse

‣ Synaptic end bulbSynaptic end bulb

‣ Receptors of another structureReceptors of another structure

-- Junction Junction- One structure to another: Chemicals- One structure to another: Chemicals Within a neuron: Electrical signals Within a neuron: Electrical signals

- Release of neurotransmitters- Release of neurotransmitters- Neurotransmitters- Neurotransmitters- Synaptic cleft- Synaptic cleft Gap: one hundredth of a hairGap: one hundredth of a hair

- Neurotransmitters land on the receptors- Neurotransmitters land on the receptors- Recycled neurotransmitters- Recycled neurotransmitters VesiclesVesicles

Fun FactFun Fact- Scientists asked these following questions during their initial research on neurons:- Scientists asked these following questions during their initial research on neurons:How do neurons use electricity and chemicals?How do neurons use electricity and chemicals?- Squid- SquidLarge neuron (compared to the neurons of other organisms)Large neuron (compared to the neurons of other organisms)

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Neurons and How They Neurons and How They WorkWorkhttp://video.google.com/videosearch?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=neuron&oe=UTF-8&um=1&ie=UTF-http://video.google.com/videosearch?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=neuron&oe=UTF-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wv#8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wv#

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Nervous System Nervous System DivisionsDivisionsCentral Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic SystemAutonomic SystemSomatic SystemSomatic SystemSympathetic SystemSympathetic SystemParasympathetic SystemParasympathetic System

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Nervous System: Nervous System: DivisionsDivisions

Central Nervous System

Nervous Nervous SystemSystem

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic System

Somatic SystemSpinal Cord BrainBrain

Sympathetic SystemParasympathetic System

* Click on different nervous system divisions to learn * Click on different nervous system divisions to learn more more

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Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System‣ Roles of Central Nervous SystemRoles of Central Nervous System

‣ BrainBrain

‣ Spinal cordSpinal cord

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- Control system of the body- Control system of the body- External & internal environment information- External & internal environment information

- Controls most of the body functions- Controls most of the body functions- Interprets nerve impulses- Interprets nerve impulses- Response to stimuli- Response to stimuli

- Thick column of nervous tissue- Thick column of nervous tissue- Link between the brain & peripheral nerves- Link between the brain & peripheral nerves- Carries impulses to the brain & peripheral - Carries impulses to the brain & peripheral nervous systemnervous system

Parts of Brains & Parts of Brains & Functions IFunctions I

‣Cerebrum

‣ Movement, Touch, Reading, Taste, Speech, Hearing, Abstract thought, smell, vision

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- Largest part- Largest part- Controls movement, senses, speech, - Controls movement, senses, speech, abstract thoughtabstract thought

Parts of Brains & Parts of Brains & Functions IIFunctions II

‣ Cerebellum

‣ Brain stem

‣ Medulla oblongata

‣ Pons

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- Coordinates muscles- Coordinates muscles- Maintain balance- Maintain balance

- Controls involuntary actions- Controls involuntary actions Ex. breathing, heart rateEx. breathing, heart rate

- Breathing, blood pressure- Breathing, blood pressure

- Sensory information between cerebrum and - Sensory information between cerebrum and cerebellumcerebellum

Emotions and AmygdalaEmotions and Amygdala

‣Amygdala

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- Controls modulation of memory consolidation- Controls modulation of memory consolidation

Fear and AnxietyFear and Anxiety

‣ Scared by external stimuliScared by external stimuli

‣ Stop what they are doingStop what they are doing

‣ Threat?Threat?

‣ Flight vs. Fight Flight vs. Fight

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How to Ruin Your Brain IHow to Ruin Your Brain I‣ Eat a lotEat a lot

*Eating too much can increase the brain *Eating too much can increase the brain vessel which will weaken your mental vessel which will weaken your mental strengthstrength

‣ SmokingSmoking*smoking would make you forget things, and *smoking would make you forget things, and get distracted easilyget distracted easily

‣ SugarSugareating too much sugar can result in blocking eating too much sugar can result in blocking the development of the brainthe development of the brain

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How to Ruin Your Brain IIHow to Ruin Your Brain II

‣ Poor sleepPoor sleep*sleeping gives the brain a time to rest. Sleeping less *sleeping gives the brain a time to rest. Sleeping less can result in brain not functioning wellcan result in brain not functioning well

‣ Lack of ThinkingLack of Thinking*less thinking can result in brain shrink*less thinking can result in brain shrink

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Did you Know...Did you Know...‣ 350-400 grams of brain weight for new born 350-400 grams of brain weight for new born

babiesbabies1300-1400 grams of brain weight for adults1300-1400 grams of brain weight for adults

‣ stegosaurus dinosaur weighed approximately 1,600 kg but had a brain that weighed only approximately 70 grams (0.07 kg) [0.004 % of the total body weight] While adult human approximately weighs 70 kg and has a brain weigh about 1.7 kg [2% of the total body weight]

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Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem‣ Roles of Peripheral Nervous SystemRoles of Peripheral Nervous System

‣ Peripheral nervesPeripheral nerves

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Fun factIt’s estimated that if all the peripheral nerves in a body were joined end to end, they would circle the earth’s circumference 3 times.

- Network of nerves- Network of nerves- Branch out of the central nervous system- Branch out of the central nervous system- Connect to other parts of the body- Connect to other parts of the body- Regulates some voluntary and involuntary actions- Regulates some voluntary and involuntary actions

- 43 pairs of nerves- 43 pairs of nerves 12 pairs: brain12 pairs: brain 31 pairs: spinal cord31 pairs: spinal cord- Spaces between the vertebrate- Spaces between the vertebrate- One pair- One pair One nerve to the right, the other to the leftOne nerve to the right, the other to the left- Divide into smaller branches- Divide into smaller branches- Top of the head - Tips of the fingers and toes- Top of the head - Tips of the fingers and toes

Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal Spinal NervesNerves‣ Spinal nerveSpinal nerve

‣ Spinal nerve divisionsSpinal nerve divisions

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- Contains sensory & motor neuron axons- Contains sensory & motor neuron axons

Sensory neuronsSensory neurons- Dorsal nerve root- Dorsal nerve root- Body’s sense organs to the brain- Body’s sense organs to the brain

Motor neuronsMotor neurons- Ventral nerve root- Ventral nerve root- Brain to the body parts- Brain to the body parts

Cervical nervesCervical nerves- Neck, shoulder, parts of arms- Neck, shoulder, parts of arms

Thoracic nervesThoracic nerves- Front & back of chest, between ribs- Front & back of chest, between ribs- Inside part of the arms- Inside part of the arms

Lumbar nervesLumbar nerves- Part of the back, hips, front & side of - Part of the back, hips, front & side of both legsboth legs

Sacral nervesSacral nerves- Groin, buttocks, back of legs & ankles- Groin, buttocks, back of legs & ankles

Coccygeal nervesCoccygeal nerves- Part of groin and buttocks- Part of groin and buttocks

Autonomic System vs. Somatic Autonomic System vs. Somatic SystemSystem‣ Autonomic & Somatic SystemsAutonomic & Somatic Systems

‣ Autonomic systemAutonomic system

‣ Somatic systemSomatic system

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- Parts of brain, spinal cord, - Parts of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervesperipheral nerves

- Controls involuntary actions- Controls involuntary actions Actions that happen subconsciouslyActions that happen subconsciously- Maintains homeostasis- Maintains homeostasis Ex. heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, glucose levelEx. heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, glucose level- “Fight vs. Flight” reactions- “Fight vs. Flight” reactions Ex. Increase in hearth rate, breathing, tensing of musclesEx. Increase in hearth rate, breathing, tensing of muscles

- Controls voluntary actions- Controls voluntary actions Actions directed with self-consciousActions directed with self-conscious Ex. typing, raising hands, turning off Ex. typing, raising hands, turning off televisiontelevision

ReflexesReflexes

‣Reflex

‣ Importance of reflexes

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- Automatic, instinctual movement- Automatic, instinctual movement- Assist development & survival- Assist development & survival Ex. Jerking your hand away from a hot stoveEx. Jerking your hand away from a hot stove

Pupillary Light ReflexPupillary Light Reflex‣ Keeps out excessive lightKeeps out excessive light

‣ External LinksExternal Links

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Pupillary Light Reflex AnimationPupillary Light Reflex Animationhttp://library.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperbrain/anim/reflex.html

Pupillary Light Reflex DemonstrationPupillary Light Reflex Demonstrationhttp://video.google.co.kr/videosearch?hl=ko&rlz=1T4GGLL_en&um=1&newwindow=1&q=pupillary%20reflex&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv#

Patellar Reflex (Knee-Patellar Reflex (Knee-jerk)jerk)‣ What’s happening?What’s happening?

‣ Purpose of Patellar ReflexPurpose of Patellar Reflex

‣ External LinkExternal Link

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Patellar Reflex AnimationPatellar Reflex Animationhttp://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a496-patellar-reflex

- 50 milliseconds - Stretching of thigh muscle - Transmits message to the spain cord- Impulse is sent back

- Falling reflex- Falling reflex Off balancedOff balanced Help recover our footingHelp recover our footing- Lose your balance from an upright position- Lose your balance from an upright position- Slack patellar tendon- Slack patellar tendon- Quadriceps contract- Quadriceps contract

Autonomic System: Autonomic System: Sympathetic vs. Sympathetic vs. ParasympatheticParasympathetic

‣ Sympathetic & Parasympathetic SystemsSympathetic & Parasympathetic Systems

‣ Sympathetic systemSympathetic system

‣ Parasympathetic systemParasympathetic system

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- Nerve pathways- Nerve pathways Two sets of nerve impulses from the hypothalamusTwo sets of nerve impulses from the hypothalamus- Often control same body parts- Often control same body parts Opposite waysOpposite ways

- During stress & action- During stress & action Speed up & increase activitiesSpeed up & increase activities Ex. increasing heart rateEx. increasing heart rate

- During stress & action- During stress & action Slow down & decrease activitiesSlow down & decrease activities Ex. decreasing heart rateEx. decreasing heart rate

Nervous System Nervous System InteractionsInteractionsNervous System vs. Other Body SystemsNervous System vs. Other Body Systems

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Skeletal SystemSkeletal System‣ Skeletal System FunctionsSkeletal System Functions

‣ InteractionInteraction

- Framework of the body- Framework of the body- Allows muscle contraction- Allows muscle contraction- Storing & release of minerals- Storing & release of minerals- Protection of internal organs- Protection of internal organs- Production of blood cells- Production of blood cells

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System- Protects the brain & spinal cord- Protects the brain & spinal cord- Informs body position to the brain- Informs body position to the brain

Nervous SystemNervous System- The brain controls the muscles- The brain controls the muscles

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Muscular SystemMuscular System‣ Muscular System FunctionsMuscular System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractions

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Muscular SystemMuscular System- Informs body position & movements- Informs body position & movements

Nervous SystemNervous System- Controls skeletal muscle contraction- Controls skeletal muscle contraction

- Enables internal & external organs’ - Enables internal & external organs’ movementsmovements- Maintains body temperature- Maintains body temperature

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System‣ Cardiovascular System FunctionsCardiovascular System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractionsCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System- Maintains the blood-brain barrier- Maintains the blood-brain barrier- Send impulses about blood pressure to the brain- Send impulses about blood pressure to the brain

Nervous SystemNervous System- The brain regulates heart rate & blood pressure- The brain regulates heart rate & blood pressure

- Delivers oxygen, hormones, nutrients- Delivers oxygen, hormones, nutrients- Removes waste products- Removes waste products

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Respiratory SystemRespiratory System‣ Respiratory System FunctionsRespiratory System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractionsNervous SystemNervous System- Regulates respiratory volume & blood gas levels- Regulates respiratory volume & blood gas levels- Monitors respiratory rate- Monitors respiratory rate

- Supplies oxygen- Supplies oxygen- Removes carbon dioxide- Removes carbon dioxide

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Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

‣ Endocrine System FunctionsEndocrine System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractionsEndocrine System FunctionsEndocrine System Functions- Affect brain’s neural processing & development - Affect brain’s neural processing & development

Nervous SystemNervous System- Controls the pituitary gland & other endocrine - Controls the pituitary gland & other endocrine glandsglands

- Releases hormones- Releases hormones- Regulates metabolism, growth- Regulates metabolism, growth- Checks mineral & water balance- Checks mineral & water balance- Responds to stress - Responds to stress

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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System‣ Lymphatic System FunctionsLymphatic System Functions

‣ InteractionInteraction

- Protection from infection- Protection from infection

Nervous SystemNervous System- Activates defense mechanisms- Activates defense mechanisms

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Digestive SystemDigestive System

‣ Digestive System FunctionsDigestive System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractionsDigestive SystemDigestive System- Building blocks of certain neurotransmitters- Building blocks of certain neurotransmitters- Sends sensory messages to the brain- Sends sensory messages to the brain

Nervous SystemNervous System- Controls digestive tract- Controls digestive tract- Controls eating and drinking- Controls eating and drinking- Controls digestive muscles- Controls digestive muscles

- Digests food- Digests food- Distributes nutrients- Distributes nutrients- Eliminates waste & absorbs water- Eliminates waste & absorbs water

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Reproductive SystemReproductive System

‣ Reproductive System FunctionsReproductive System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractions

- Releases hormones- Releases hormones- Releases sperm & egg- Releases sperm & egg- Produces new life (growth of baby)- Produces new life (growth of baby)

Reproductive SystemReproductive System- Affect brain development & sexual behavior- Affect brain development & sexual behavior

Nervous SystemNervous System- Decides the time in which hormones are to be released- Decides the time in which hormones are to be released

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Urinary SystemUrinary System‣ Urinary System FunctionsUrinary System Functions

‣ InteractionsInteractionsUrinary SystemUrinary System- Sends sensory information to the brain- Sends sensory information to the brain

Nervous SystemNervous System- Regulates urination- Regulates urination

- Eliminates waste products- Eliminates waste products- Maintains water & chemical balance- Maintains water & chemical balance

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Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

‣ Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

‣ InteractionsInteractions

- Reduces water loss- Reduces water loss- Responds to stimuli- Responds to stimuli- Regulates body temperature- Regulates body temperature- Protection of internal contents- Protection of internal contents

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System- Send sensory messages to the brain- Send sensory messages to the brain

Nervous SystemNervous System- Monitors peripheral blood flow & sweat glands- Monitors peripheral blood flow & sweat glands- Control muscles connected to hair folicles- Control muscles connected to hair folicles

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Neurological DisordersNeurological DisordersCruetzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseCruetzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseTourette SyndromeTourette SyndromeParkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

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Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)(CJD)‣ What is Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease?What is Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

‣ StatisticsStatistics

- Extremely rare, deteriorating, rapid, fatal brain - Extremely rare, deteriorating, rapid, fatal brain disorderdisorder- Sponge-like brain (holes) - Sponge-like brain (holes)

- Every year one person out of million people worldwide- Every year one person out of million people worldwide- United States- United States 200 cases of CJD per year200 cases of CJD per year- Death rate- Death rate 90% of the patients die within a year90% of the patients die within a year

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CJD: CJD: CausesCauses‣ ““Slow virus”/ another organismSlow virus”/ another organism

‣ PrionPrion

- Failed to isolate a virus/another organism- Failed to isolate a virus/another organism- Is it a virus?- Is it a virus?- Characteristics unusual for a virus- Characteristics unusual for a virus No genetic information in forms of nucleic acidsNo genetic information in forms of nucleic acids- Difficult to kill the agent- Difficult to kill the agent Long incubation periodLong incubation period

- Leading theory- Leading theory- Prion that also causes mad cow disease- Prion that also causes mad cow disease

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CJD: CJD: TypesTypes‣ Sporadic CJDSporadic CJD

‣ Hereditary CJDHereditary CJD

‣ Acquired CJDAcquired CJD

- 85% of CJD cases- 85% of CJD cases- No known/apparent risk factors- No known/apparent risk factors

- 5-10% of CJD cases- 5-10% of CJD cases- Family history of CJD- Family history of CJD- Genetic mutation related to CJD- Genetic mutation related to CJD

- Rare type of CJD- Rare type of CJD- Transmitted- Transmitted Exposure to CJD infected brain/nervous Exposure to CJD infected brain/nervous tissuetissue

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CJD: CJD: SymptomsSymptoms‣ First appearance of symptomsFirst appearance of symptoms

‣ Physical symptomsPhysical symptoms

‣ Mental symptomsMental symptoms

Early stagesEarly stages- Lack of muscle coordination- Lack of muscle coordination- Visual disturbances- Visual disturbances

Later stagesLater stages- Involuntary movements & jerks (myoclonus)- Involuntary movements & jerks (myoclonus)- Possible blindness- Possible blindness- Weakness of appendages- Weakness of appendages

Early stagesEarly stages- Failing memory- Failing memory- Possible insomnia, depression, unusual sensations- Possible insomnia, depression, unusual sensations

Later stagesLater stages- Personality changes- Personality changes Impaired memory, judgement, thinkingImpaired memory, judgement, thinking- Possible comma- Possible comma

- Appears later in life- Appears later in life Age of 60Age of 60

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CJD: CJD: DiagnosisDiagnosis‣ Neurological examinationsNeurological examinations

‣ Most accurate diagnosisMost accurate diagnosis

‣ Possible CJD diagnostic testPossible CJD diagnostic test

- No one specific CJD diagnostic test- No one specific CJD diagnostic test- Spinal tap- Spinal tap- EEG (Electroencephalogram)- EEG (Electroencephalogram) Brain electrical patternsBrain electrical patterns- CT (Computerized tomography)- CT (Computerized tomography) Symptoms of other causes (ex. brain tumor, stroke)Symptoms of other causes (ex. brain tumor, stroke)- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) Brain deterioration pattersBrain deterioration patters

- Brain biopsy: neurological surgery- Brain biopsy: neurological surgery Extremely dangerous for the patient & surgeonExtremely dangerous for the patient & surgeon- Brain autopsy: examination after death- Brain autopsy: examination after death

- Detection of protein markers in the spinal fluid- Detection of protein markers in the spinal fluid

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CJD: CJD: Cure & TreatmentCure & Treatment‣ No cureNo cure

‣ TreatmentTreatment- No treatment that can control CJD- No treatment that can control CJD- Drugs tested:- Drugs tested: SteroidsSteroids AntibioticsAntibiotics AmantadineAmantadine InterferonInterferon- Didn’t benefit patients consistently- Didn’t benefit patients consistently- Purpose: alleviate CJD symptoms- Purpose: alleviate CJD symptoms Prescribing opiate drugs, clonazepam, sodium valproatePrescribing opiate drugs, clonazepam, sodium valproate

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Tourette Syndrome (TS)Tourette Syndrome (TS)

‣ What is Tourette Syndrome?What is Tourette Syndrome?

‣ StatisticsStatistics

- Disorder characterized by chronic, repetitive, involuntary movement & - Disorder characterized by chronic, repetitive, involuntary movement & vocalizationvocalization

- Males with TS = Females with TS x 3 to 4- Males with TS = Females with TS x 3 to 4- Americans with severe forms of TS- Americans with severe forms of TS 200,000 Americans200,000 Americans- Americans with milder symptoms of TS- Americans with milder symptoms of TS One in 100 AmericansOne in 100 Americans

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TS: TS: CausesCauses

‣ Brain abnormalitiesBrain abnormalities- Brain regions- Brain regions Basal gangliaBasal ganglia Frontal lobesFrontal lobes CortexCortex- Circuits connecting these brain regions- Circuits connecting these brain regions- Neurotransmitters- Neurotransmitters

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Symptoms: Symptoms: Motor Tics vs. Motor Tics vs. Vocal TicsVocal Tics‣ What are tics?What are tics?

‣ Motor tics vs. Vocal ticsMotor tics vs. Vocal tics

- Involuntary motor & vocal actions- Involuntary motor & vocal actions- Sensation/urge- Sensation/urge

Motor ticsMotor tics- Muscular movements done to satisfy his/her sensation- Muscular movements done to satisfy his/her sensationVocal ticsVocal tics- Vocalization of words/phrases & noises to satisfy his/her - Vocalization of words/phrases & noises to satisfy his/her sensationsensation

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Symptoms:Symptoms: Simple Tics vs. Simple Tics vs. Complex TicsComplex Tics‣ Simple ticsSimple tics

‣ Complex ticsComplex tics

Sudden, brief, repetitiveSudden, brief, repetitiveInvolvement of few body partsInvolvement of few body parts- - Simple motor ticsSimple motor tics Ex. Constant & repetitive eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, Ex. Constant & repetitive eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, head/shoulder jerkinghead/shoulder jerking- - Simple vocal ticsSimple vocal tics Ex. Constant & repetitive throat-clearing, sniffing, grunting soundEx. Constant & repetitive throat-clearing, sniffing, grunting sound

Combinations of simple ticsCombinations of simple ticsTic patternsTic patternsInvolvement of several muscle tissueInvolvement of several muscle tissue- - Complex motor ticsComplex motor tics May seem purposefulMay seem purposeful More intense/bigger in actionMore intense/bigger in action Ex. Touching of objects, hopping, humping, bending, twisting, punching oneselfEx. Touching of objects, hopping, humping, bending, twisting, punching oneself- - Complex vocal ticsComplex vocal tics Several words/phrasesSeveral words/phrases Ex. More intense/obsessive forms of grunting, sniffing, barking, throat-clearing, Ex. More intense/obsessive forms of grunting, sniffing, barking, throat-clearing, swear words (coprolalia), repeating what others have said (echolalia)swear words (coprolalia), repeating what others have said (echolalia)

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Symptoms: Symptoms: Intensity of Intensity of TicsTics‣ AgeAge

‣ MoodMood

‣ Environmental stimuliEnvironmental stimuli

‣ SleepSleep

- Extreme tics: Excited & anxious- Extreme tics: Excited & anxious- Milder tics: Calm & concentrated- Milder tics: Calm & concentrated

- Tics don’t go away, but are milder- Tics don’t go away, but are milder

- Extreme tics: Observing his/her usual tics- Extreme tics: Observing his/her usual tics Ex. tight collars, hearing others sniff or gruntEx. tight collars, hearing others sniff or grunt

- Worst forms of symptoms: Early teen years - Late teen years- Worst forms of symptoms: Early teen years - Late teen years- Miler forms of symptoms: Late teen years - Adulthood- Miler forms of symptoms: Late teen years - Adulthood

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Symptoms: Symptoms: Control of TicsControl of Tics

‣ Can TS patients control their tics?Can TS patients control their tics?

‣ Controlling ticsControlling tics

- Involuntary- Involuntary- Particular people at certain times- Particular people at certain times- Suppress, camouflage, minimize severity of tics- Suppress, camouflage, minimize severity of tics

- They must express their tics at some point- They must express their tics at some point- Tension & strong sensation- Tension & strong sensation

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TS: TS: ProgressionProgression‣ ImprovementImprovement

‣ General mental stateGeneral mental state

‣ Possible symptomsPossible symptoms

- Improvement: Late teen - Early 20s- Improvement: Late teen - Early 20s- Can become symptom-free- Can become symptom-free- Don’t need tic suppression medication- Don’t need tic suppression medication

- Normal life expectancy- Normal life expectancy- Normal intelligence- Normal intelligence

- Depression- Depression- Panic attacks- Panic attacks- Mood swings- Mood swings

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TS: TS: DiagnosisDiagnosis

‣ Neurological examinationsNeurological examinations

‣ Symptom observationsSymptom observations

- No one specific TS diagnostic test- No one specific TS diagnostic test- MRI, CT, EEG, blood test- MRI, CT, EEG, blood test Eliminate any other disorders that can be confused with TSEliminate any other disorders that can be confused with TS

- Motor & vocal tics for at least one year- Motor & vocal tics for at least one year- Other neurological/psychiatric conditions- Other neurological/psychiatric conditions- Self-diagnosed by neighboring people- Self-diagnosed by neighboring people

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TS: TS: Cure & TreatmentCure & Treatment‣ No cureNo cure

‣ TreatmentTreatmentMedicationsMedications- Require no medication for tic suppression- Require no medication for tic suppression Exception: If their tics are self-destructiveException: If their tics are self-destructive- Medications for tic suppression:- Medications for tic suppression: Neuroloeptics, Haloperidol, PimozideNeuroloeptics, Haloperidol, Pimozide- Medications are not consistently effective for all TS patients- Medications are not consistently effective for all TS patients- Medication side effects:- Medication side effects: Sedation, Weight gain, TremorSedation, Weight gain, Tremor- Control of side effects by dose reduction- Control of side effects by dose reduction

PsychotherapyPsychotherapy- Coping with social & emotional difficulties- Coping with social & emotional difficulties

Behavioral treatmentBehavioral treatment- Awareness training- Awareness training- Competing response training- Competing response training

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I Have Tourette’s But Tourette’s Doesn’t I Have Tourette’s But Tourette’s Doesn’t Have MeHave Mehttp://video.google.com/videosearch?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=neuron&oe=UTF-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wv#q=tourette&hlhttp://video.google.com/videosearch?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=neuron&oe=UTF-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wv#q=tourette&hl=en&emb=0&client=safari =en&emb=0&client=safari

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Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD) (PD) ‣ What is Parkinson’s Disease?What is Parkinson’s Disease?

‣ StatisticsStatistics

- Motor system disorder- Motor system disorder- Inability to control movements smoothly- Inability to control movements smoothly- Loss of dopamine-producing brain cells- Loss of dopamine-producing brain cells

- United States- United States Over 1 million AmericansOver 1 million Americans- People with PD worldwide- People with PD worldwide One in 200 peopleOne in 200 people- People with PD over the age of 60 worldwide- People with PD over the age of 60 worldwide One in 100 people One in 100 people - Men > Women- Men > Women

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PD: PD: CausesCauses

‣ Normal brain vs. PD brainNormal brain vs. PD brainNormal brainNormal brain- Production of dopamine by certain neurons- Production of dopamine by certain neurons- Transmits signals- Transmits signals Smooth muscle movementSmooth muscle movement

PD brainPD brain- 80% of dopamine-producing neurons damaged/dead- 80% of dopamine-producing neurons damaged/dead- Wild firing of nerve impulses- Wild firing of nerve impulses

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PD: PD: SymptomsSymptoms

‣ Physical symptomsPhysical symptoms

‣ Mental symptomsMental symptoms

- Tremor/trembling- Tremor/trembling Hands, arms, legsHands, arms, legs Jaw, faceJaw, face- Rigidity- Rigidity Limbs, trunkLimbs, trunk- Slow movements- Slow movements- Postural instability- Postural instability- Impaired balance & coordination- Impaired balance & coordination- Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking- Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking- Urinary problems- Urinary problems- Skin problems- Skin problems

- Emotional changes- Emotional changes- Sleep disruptions- Sleep disruptions

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PD: PD: ProgressionProgression

‣ Varying progressionVarying progression

‣ Inconsistent progression speedInconsistent progression speed

‣ Inconsistent intensityInconsistent intensity

- Varies from individuals- Varies from individuals- Unpredictable progression speed & intensity- Unpredictable progression speed & intensity

- Severely disabled- Severely disabled- Minor motor disruptions- Minor motor disruptions

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PD: PD: DiagnosisDiagnosis

‣ Neurological examinationsNeurological examinations

‣ Medical historyMedical history

‣ Genetic testingGenetic testing

‣ Autonomic system testingAutonomic system testing

- No one specific PD diagnostic test- No one specific PD diagnostic test- SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography)- SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) Measurement & amount of dopamine-releasing neuronsMeasurement & amount of dopamine-releasing neurons

- Genetic mutation- Genetic mutation

- Impairment in Autonomic functions- Impairment in Autonomic functions Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive systemsCardiovascular, respiratory, digestive systems- Other possible diagnosis (ex. Multiple system atrophy)- Other possible diagnosis (ex. Multiple system atrophy)

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PD: PD: Cure & TreatmentCure & Treatment

‣ No cureNo cure

‣ TreatmentTreatment

- Stem cell transplant- Stem cell transplant Inconsistent resultsInconsistent results Milder symptomsMilder symptoms Dramatic side effectsDramatic side effects

MedicationsMedications- Bradykineia & anticholinergics- Bradykineia & anticholinergics Ease rigidity & tremorEase rigidity & tremor- Combination of levodopa & carbidopa- Combination of levodopa & carbidopa Dopamine productionDopamine production

SurgerySurgery- Deep brain simulation (DBS)- Deep brain simulation (DBS) Electrode implantElectrode implant Pulse generatorPulse generator Reduction of medication & its side effectsReduction of medication & its side effects

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Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)‣ What is Alzheimer’s Disease?What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

‣ StatisticsStatistics

- Dementia- Dementia- Disease mainly characterized by: - Disease mainly characterized by: Severe memory loss, confusionSevere memory loss, confusion Behavior & personality changesBehavior & personality changes Impaired decision-making & language skillsImpaired decision-making & language skills- Affect social life & career- Affect social life & career

- Americans with AD- Americans with AD 5.3 million Americans5.3 million Americans- United States- United States 6th leading cause of death6th leading cause of death

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AD: TypesAD: Types‣ Early onsetEarly onset

‣ Late onsetLate onset

- Ages 30-50- Ages 30-50- Genetic mutation- Genetic mutation

- Ages over 65- Ages over 65- 90% of AD cases- 90% of AD cases- Risk factors- Risk factors Head injuriesHead injuries Heart problemsHeart problems High blood pressure & cholesterolHigh blood pressure & cholesterol DiabetesDiabetes

Fun FactFun FactIn the past scientists thought that metals such as aluminum & mercury are risk factors of In the past scientists thought that metals such as aluminum & mercury are risk factors of ADAD

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AD: AD: CausesCauses

‣ Plaques & TanglesPlaques & Tangles- Breakdown of neuron connections- Breakdown of neuron connections- Death & damages of neurons- Death & damages of neurons Plaques & TanglesPlaques & Tangles- Dying neurons- Dying neurons

PlaquesPlaques- Beta-amyloid- Beta-amyloid

TanglesTangles- Tau- Tau

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AD: AD: Brain ComparisonBrain Comparison

Healthy Brain Size vs. AD Brain SizeHealthy Brain Size vs. AD Brain Size Healthy Brain Region vs. AD Brain RegionHealthy Brain Region vs. AD Brain Region

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AD: AD: SymptomsSymptoms‣ Early stagesEarly stages

‣ Middle stagesMiddle stages

‣ Later stagesLater stages

- Problems with short-term memory- Problems with short-term memory Ex. Failing to recall what he/she had for lunchEx. Failing to recall what he/she had for lunch- Mild personality changes- Mild personality changes IndifferenceIndifference Avoiding social interactionsAvoiding social interactions SpontaneitySpontaneity

- Problems with abstract thinking & intellectual - Problems with abstract thinking & intellectual functionsfunctions Ex. Understanding what he/she is readingEx. Understanding what he/she is reading- Agitated & hot-tempered- Agitated & hot-tempered- Difficulty in dressing properly- Difficulty in dressing properly Ex. wearing fur coat in the middle of hot summerEx. wearing fur coat in the middle of hot summer

- Confused/clueless of current month/year- Confused/clueless of current month/year- Inability to recall names of their own, friends, spouse, - Inability to recall names of their own, friends, spouse, etc.etc.- Inability to tell the location of his/her home- Inability to tell the location of his/her home

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AD: AD: DiagnosisDiagnosis

‣ Neurological examinationsNeurological examinations

‣ Family history of ADFamily history of AD

‣ Genetic testingGenetic testing

- No specific computerized AD diagnostic test- No specific computerized AD diagnostic test- Smell test- Smell test- EGG, CAT, PET, SPECT- EGG, CAT, PET, SPECT- Spinal tap- Spinal tap Protein markersProtein markers- Test measuring memory, reasoning, laungauge skills, math- Test measuring memory, reasoning, laungauge skills, math- DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)- DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) Criteria outline for diagnosing dementiaCriteria outline for diagnosing dementia

- Genetic mutation- Genetic mutation

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AD: AD: Cure & Treatment ICure & Treatment I

‣ No cureNo cure

‣ TreatmentTreatment- Can’t slow down AD progression- Can’t slow down AD progression- Temporary delay & prevention of symptoms- Temporary delay & prevention of symptoms

MedicationsMedications- Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine - Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine - Improvement of mental functions- Improvement of mental functions- Ease agitation & depression- Ease agitation & depression- Control behavioral problems- Control behavioral problems

Social interactionsSocial interactions- Maintain social & language skills longer- Maintain social & language skills longer

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AD: AD: Cure & Treatment IICure & Treatment II‣ Architectural designArchitectural design

‣ EducationEducation

‣ EstrogenEstrogen

‣ NicotineNicotine

‣ Huperzine A & PhosphyatidylserineHuperzine A & Phosphyatidylserine

‣ Anti-inflammatory drugAnti-inflammatory drug

‣ Neuron transplantNeuron transplant

- Ex. Circular floor & architectural signs- Ex. Circular floor & architectural signs- Finding his/her room independently- Finding his/her room independently- Action reminders- Action reminders

- Adults with less than 7 years of formal education - Adults with less than 7 years of formal education - Adults with more than 7 years of formal education- Adults with more than 7 years of formal education

- Female hormones- Female hormones- Prevent memory loss- Prevent memory loss- Women’s defense against fast progression- Women’s defense against fast progression

- 7-year anti-inflammatory drug project- 7-year anti-inflammatory drug project- 2 years of anti-inflammatory drug = reduced risk of getting - 2 years of anti-inflammatory drug = reduced risk of getting ADAD- Plaque prevention - Plaque prevention

- Moving neurons from one brain region to another region- Moving neurons from one brain region to another region

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Report: Alzheimer’s Rate Report: Alzheimer’s Rate AcceleratingAcceleratinghttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/#29866913http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/#29866913

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Effects of Drugs on Nervous Effects of Drugs on Nervous SystemSystemAlcoholAlcoholCaffeineCaffeineHeroinHeroinNicotineNicotineMarijuana Marijuana

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Alcohol: Alcohol: Visible EffectsVisible Effects

‣ Low dosesLow doses

‣ Medium dosesMedium doses

‣ High dosesHigh doses

- Relaxation- Relaxation- Impairs concentration & reaction time- Impairs concentration & reaction time- Slows reflexes- Slows reflexes- Reduced coordination- Reduced coordination

- Slur speech- Slur speech- Drowsiness- Drowsiness- Emotional changes- Emotional changes

- Vomiting- Vomiting- Breathing difficulties- Breathing difficulties- Unconsciousness- Unconsciousness

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Alcohol: Alcohol: Inside the BrainInside the Brain‣ Central nervous system depressantCentral nervous system depressant

‣ Affected & damaged regionsAffected & damaged regions

‣ Chemical changesChemical changes

‣ Is it addictive?Is it addictive?

Short-term useShort-term use- Spinal cord- Spinal cord- Cerebellum- Cerebellum- Cerebral cortex- Cerebral cortex- Neurotransmitter systems- Neurotransmitter systems

Long-term useLong-term use- Damage in frontal lobes- Damage in frontal lobes- Brain size reduction- Brain size reduction

- Increase turnover of dopamine- Increase turnover of dopamine- Increased production of beta-endorphin- Increased production of beta-endorphin

- Addictive- Addictive

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Caffeine: Caffeine: Visible EffectsVisible Effects‣ Mental effectsMental effects

‣ Physical effectsPhysical effects

‣ Caffeine vs. AlcoholCaffeine vs. Alcohol

- Increase alertness- Increase alertness- Reduce fine motor coordination- Reduce fine motor coordination- Cause insomnia- Cause insomnia- Possible headaches- Possible headaches- Possible nervousness & dizziness- Possible nervousness & dizziness

- Increased heart rate- Increased heart rate- Narrower blood vessels- Narrower blood vessels- Relaxed air passages- Relaxed air passages- Improved breathing- Improved breathing- Better muscle contraction- Better muscle contraction

- Opposite effects- Opposite effects- Don’t counteract- Don’t counteract

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Caffeine: Caffeine: Inside the BrainInside the Brain‣ CaffeineCaffeine

‣ AdenosineAdenosine

‣ Caffeine & AdenosineCaffeine & Adenosine

‣ Is is addictive?Is is addictive?

- Xanthine chemical group- Xanthine chemical group

- Brain’s natural xanthine- Brain’s natural xanthine Acts as neurotransmitters in certain synapsesActs as neurotransmitters in certain synapses

- Caffeine interferes adenosine activities- Caffeine interferes adenosine activities

- Addictive- Addictive

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Heroin: Heroin: Visible EffectsVisible Effects‣ Mental effectsMental effects

‣ Physical effectsPhysical effects

‣ Course of EffectsCourse of Effects

- Reduction in physical pain- Reduction in physical pain- Breathing difficulties- Breathing difficulties- Reduction in coughing- Reduction in coughing- Can cause death- Can cause death

- Brief euphoria- Brief euphoria- Nausea & Drowsiness- Nausea & Drowsiness- Sedation- Sedation- Reduction in anxiety- Reduction in anxiety

Next several hours after the last injectionNext several hours after the last injection4-6 hours4-6 hours- Desperate for heroin- Desperate for heroin

8-12 hours (can continue for 1-3 days)8-12 hours (can continue for 1-3 days)- Yawns & Eyes tear- Yawns & Eyes tear- Fever- Fever- Stomach & muscle cramps- Stomach & muscle cramps- Diarrhea- Diarrhea

7-10 days to fully recover7-10 days to fully recover

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Heroin: Heroin: Inside the BrainInside the Brain‣ ““Pleasure system”Pleasure system”

‣ Is is addictive?Is is addictive?

- Midbrain dopamine neurons- Midbrain dopamine neurons- Nucleus accumbens- Nucleus accumbens- Cerebral cortex- Cerebral cortex Pleasurable effectsPleasurable effects

- Highly addictive- Highly addictive

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Nicotine: Nicotine: Visible EffectsVisible Effects‣ Physical effectsPhysical effects

‣ Mental effectsMental effects

Short-term effectsShort-term effects- Increased blood pressure & hear rate- Increased blood pressure & hear rate- Faster respiration- Faster respiration- Narrowing of arteries- Narrowing of arteries

Long-term effectsLong-term effects- Heart problems- Heart problems- Cancer- Cancer

Short-term effectsShort-term effects- Stimulating or relaxing- Stimulating or relaxing- Mood & dosage- Mood & dosage

Fun factNicotine can be found in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplants (extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant to us)

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Nicotine: Nicotine: Inside the BrainInside the Brain‣ Affected systemsAffected systems

‣ Is is addictive?Is is addictive?

- Central nervous system- Central nervous system- Peripheral nervous system- Peripheral nervous system

- Highly addictive- Highly addictive Limbic pathwayLimbic pathway DopamineDopamine- Attempt to stop- Attempt to stop Irritability & anxietyIrritability & anxiety Depression & fatigueDepression & fatigue HeadachesHeadaches

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Marijuana: Marijuana: Visible EffectsVisible Effects‣ Physical effectsPhysical effects

‣ Mental effectsMental effectsMedium dosesMedium doses- Relaxation- Relaxation- Reduced coordination- Reduced coordination- Sleepiness- Sleepiness- Altered sense of time & space- Altered sense of time & space

High dosesHigh doses- Hallucinations & delusions- Hallucinations & delusions- Impaired memory & confusion- Impaired memory & confusion

Short-term effectsShort-term effects- Increased heart rate- Increased heart rate- Bloodshot eyes- Bloodshot eyes- Dry mouth & throat- Dry mouth & throat

Long-term effectsLong-term effects- Reduction of short-term memory- Reduction of short-term memory- Reduced concentration & coordination- Reduced concentration & coordination

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Marijuana: Marijuana: Inside the BrainInside the Brain

‣ THCTHC

‣ Affected brain regionsAffected brain regions

‣ Is is addictive?Is is addictive?

- Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol- Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol- Neurons’ cannabinoid receptors- Neurons’ cannabinoid receptors- Anandamide- Anandamide Brain’s natural THCBrain’s natural THC- What’s the function of anandamide?- What’s the function of anandamide?

- Highly addictive- Highly addictive

- Hippocampus- Hippocampus- Cerebral cortex- Cerebral cortex- Cerebellum- Cerebellum

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Mouse PartyMouse Partyhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mohttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.htmluse.html

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Current Issue: Current Issue: Stem Cell & Spinal Stem Cell & Spinal Cord Injuries Cord Injuries

89

Spinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord InjuriesStem CellStem Cell- Research- Research- Transplant- Transplant

Spinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord Injuries‣ Spinal cord protectionSpinal cord protection

‣ StatisticsStatistics

- Hollow space within the backbone- Hollow space within the backbone- Muscles, tendons, etc.- Muscles, tendons, etc.

- United States- United States One in every 10,000 emergency hospital visitsOne in every 10,000 emergency hospital visits

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Spinal Cord Injuries: Spinal Cord Injuries: CausesCauses‣ SportsSports

‣ WoundsWounds

‣ Bone-related illnessBone-related illness

‣ WhiplashWhiplash

Ex. Horseback-riding, diving in shallow watersEx. Horseback-riding, diving in shallow waters

- Inertia- Inertia- Seat belt- Seat belt- Chin hits the chest- Chin hits the chest- Tensing muscles- Tensing muscles

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Ex. Gunshot & stab woundsEx. Gunshot & stab wounds

Ex. Bone cancer, extremely weak backboneEx. Bone cancer, extremely weak backbone

Spinal Cord Injuries: Spinal Cord Injuries: EffectsEffects‣ General symptomsGeneral symptoms

‣ Area of injuryArea of injury

Damage in sensory & motor nervesDamage in sensory & motor nerves- Loss of reflexes- Loss of reflexes

Damage in sensory nervesDamage in sensory nerves- Numbness- Numbness- Inability to sense physical stimuli- Inability to sense physical stimuli- Possible aches, tingling, pain- Possible aches, tingling, pain

Damage in motor nervesDamage in motor nerves- Muscle weakness- Muscle weakness- Paralysis- Paralysis

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Effects of spinal cord injuryEffects of spinal cord injury- Ex. high up in the neck, chest, lower back- Ex. high up in the neck, chest, lower back- Below the damage area- Below the damage area Types of spinal cord injuryTypes of spinal cord injuryParaplegiaParaplegia- Damage of lower back- Damage of lower back- Numbness/paralysis of lower body & legs- Numbness/paralysis of lower body & legsQuadriplegiaQuadriplegia- Damage of lower neck- Damage of lower neck- Numbness/paralysis of all four limbs & down- Numbness/paralysis of all four limbs & down

Stem CellStem Cell‣ What is stem cell?What is stem cell?

‣ DifferentiationDifferentiation““The” signalThe” signal- Type of cell- Type of cell

Before the signalBefore the signal- Division- Division

Receives signalReceives signal- Differentiate (change)- Differentiate (change)- Destined cell type- Destined cell type- Activate certain genes- Activate certain genes- Produce new proteins- Produce new proteins

New proteinsNew proteins- Physical characteristics- Physical characteristics- Job- Job

After it differentiatesAfter it differentiates- Stop division- Stop division

- Cell whose job is not assigned yet- Cell whose job is not assigned yet

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What Are Some Different Types of What Are Some Different Types of Stem Cells?Stem Cells?http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/sctypes/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/sctypes/

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Stem Cell Research: Stem Cell Research: PurposePurpose‣ Incurable disease & injuriesIncurable disease & injuries

‣ Stem cell transplantStem cell transplant- Damaged area- Damaged area- Directing stem cells to grow new tissue- Directing stem cells to grow new tissue- “Coax” stem cells already in the body to produce new - “Coax” stem cells already in the body to produce new tissuestissues

- Spinal cord injuries- Spinal cord injuries- Neurological disorders- Neurological disorders- Diabetes- Diabetes- Heart disease- Heart disease- Burns- Burns- Limb amputations- Limb amputations

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Stem Cell Transplant: Stem Cell Transplant: Step 1 & 2Step 1 & 2‣ Step 1Step 1

‣ Step 2Step 2

Define the problemDefine the problemDisorders, disease, injuriesDisorders, disease, injuries- Ex. Dead/damaged cells- Ex. Dead/damaged cells

Determine the type of stem cellDetermine the type of stem cell- Differentiate into a needed cell type- Differentiate into a needed cell type

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Stem Cell Transplant: Stem Cell Transplant: Step 3Step 3‣ Step 3Step 3

Match the donor’s stem cells with the recipient’sMatch the donor’s stem cells with the recipient’sImmune systemImmune system- Attacks foreign substances- Attacks foreign substances Ex. Disease-causing agents, cells, tissuesEx. Disease-causing agents, cells, tissues

Donor’s stem cells vs. Recipient’s stem cellsDonor’s stem cells vs. Recipient’s stem cellsTissue typing testTissue typing test- HLA antigens- HLA antigens

Weak immune response in the brainWeak immune response in the brain- Non-matching tissue transplant- Non-matching tissue transplant- No intense immune response- No intense immune response

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Stem Cell Transplant: Stem Cell Transplant: Step 4Step 4‣ Step 4Step 4

Implant stem cells in the right areaImplant stem cells in the right areaSurgerySurgery- Small holes in skull- Small holes in skull- Stem cell injection- Stem cell injection

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Stem Cell Transplant: Stem Cell Transplant: Step 5Step 5‣ Step 5Step 5

‣ ResultResult

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Observe stem cell’s progressionObserve stem cell’s progressionSurvive vs. dieSurvive vs. die- Receive/respond to the environment’s signals- Receive/respond to the environment’s signals- Malfunction- Malfunction

Behave as wishedBehave as wished- Brain imaging- Brain imaging

Observe the patientObserve the patient- Changes in symptoms- Changes in symptoms

Successful casesSuccessful cases- Survived & worked as desired- Survived & worked as desired- Lessening of symptoms- Lessening of symptoms

Unsuccessful casesUnsuccessful cases- Severe side effects- Severe side effects

Future Stem Cell Future Stem Cell TherapyTherapy‣ GoalGoal

‣ ProblemProblem

‣ New methodsNew methods

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Main issueMain issue- Rely on donated stem cells- Rely on donated stem cells- Rejection- Rejection

Samples of the patient’s own stem cellsSamples of the patient’s own stem cells- Regenerate tissue- Regenerate tissue- Dangers of rejection- Dangers of rejection

- Promising results- Promising results- Consistent- Consistent- Effective & safe- Effective & safe

Using patient’s own stem cellsUsing patient’s own stem cells- Creation of new tissue in the laboratory- Creation of new tissue in the laboratory- Tissue transplant- Tissue transplant

Therapeutic cloningTherapeutic cloning- Creation of embryonic stem cells- Creation of embryonic stem cells- Genetically identical- Genetically identical

Assigning jobs to stem cellsAssigning jobs to stem cells- Drug- Drug- Act on certain stem cells- Act on certain stem cells- Restore lost function- Restore lost function

Bibliography IBibliography I

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